Reading Inside Level 3

UNIT 01 CultureReading 1 Kwanzaa Every year, African Americans celebrate a holiday called Kwanzaa from December 26 to January 1. Dr. Maulana Karenga, an African-American scholar, began this holiday in 1966 to unite African Americans. Dr. Maulana wanted them to care about their heritage. After researching African celebrations, he created the holiday and named it with a Swahili word that means “harvest.”

Kwanzaa includes seven principles: unity, choice, responsibility, teamwork, purpose, creativity, and trust. Dr. Maulana chose these values because he believed they could improve the African-American community. During Kwanzaa, people prepare seven candles called Mishumaa Saba. Three are red, three are green, and one is black. Each candle represents one of the seven principles.

Every night during Kwanzaa, it is a tradition to light one of the candles and discuss one of the seven principles. For example, on the first night, the black candle in the center is lit, and the principle of unity is discussed. There are many other ways Kwanzaa is celebrated as well. People make music with African drums and read poems and stories. Also, the whole family gathers to enjoy a meal together. As Dr. Maulana intended, this relatively new holiday has become a great way to help African Americans honor their heritage.

Reading 2Sea NomadsAlthough nearly half of all species on Earth live in the ocean, most people probably prefer to live on land. The Sama-Bajau people of South east Asia, however, are different. They call the ocean their home.

The Sama-Bajau are an ethnic group who has lived at sea for centuries. Traveling the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, they have deep links to the ocean. The Sama-Bajau are proud of their *nomadic lifestyle. Traditionally, they live on long, narrow boats called lepa-lepa and drift with the currents. This has led some people to describe the Sama-Bajau as “sea nomads.”

Over generations, the Sama-Bajau have even developed physical adaptations to marine environments. When hunting for fish, they can free-dive to great depths. They also can stay there for long periods on a single breath. Sama-Bajau children have strong underwater vision because their eyes have adapted to salt water. Plus, since the Sama-Bajau spend so much time at sea, they sometimes feel “landsick” when they step on the ground.

Recently, some Sama-Bajau people have begun to move onto the land because they find it too difficult to live at sea. However, you can still find the traditional Sama-Bajau boats peacefully floating among the coral reefs today.

*nomadic: 유목의, 방랑의

UNIT 02 History Reading 1Alchemy Today, the idea of turning iron into gold is like something from the Harry Potter series. But many of the world’s early scientists believed it was possible. This practice, called *alchemy, is part of the history of science.

Coming from ancient Egypt and China, this unique practice reached its peak in medieval Europe. Alchemists thought that metals were composed of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth. They also thought that changing the proportions of these elements would create a different metal, such as gold. To make it happen, however, something special was needed: the **philosopher’s stone.

According to legends, the philosopher’s stone was able to change ordinary metals such as iron into expensive ones, including gold and silver. It was also believed to have the power to cure illnesses and even to give eternal life to its owner.

Interest in alchemy, however, decreased with the rise of modern science. Although the philosopher’s stone was a myth, the alchemists’ work influenced modern science. They studied a lot of metals, and this led to the beginnings of chemistry.

*alchemy: 연금술**philosopher’s stone: 현자의 돌

Reading 2 The Medici FamilyThe Renaissance period began in the 1300s in Florence, Italy. The power of wealthy families was essential in its development—the Medicis were one of these families.

At that time, artists needed the help of financial supporters so they could focus on their work without worrying about money. The Medici family supported Renaissance masters such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Botticelli. Because of the family’s support, Michelangelo was able to paint the Sistine Chapel. It also allowed famous buildings to be constructed, including the Milan Cathedral.

In addition to arts, science was of great interest to the Medici family. They supported many scientists, such as da Vinci and Galileo. Galileo was able to study the universe from money earnedteaching the Medici children. He even named some of the stars he found after the children of the family. Moreover, the family established a science academy that attracted many scientists to Florence. They also helped scholars study ancient texts and sponsored schools and libraries. Without the family’s love for arts, science, and culture, the history of arts would be a lot different today.

UNIT 03 Places Reading 1The GherkinFrom Big Ben to the London Eye, London is home to a lot of great architecture. One of the most unusual buildings in London’s skyline was completed in 2004, standing 180 meters tall with 40 floors. The building was given the nickname “the Gherkin” by Londoners because it looks like a pickle.

In addition to the Gherkin’s unusual shape, its unique design has many practical features. Firstly, its curved shape allows the wind to flow smoothly around the building. This reduces pressure on it and decreases the amount of strong wind for pedestrians near the building. Secondly, its floor-to-ceiling windows capture natural light and lessen the need for artificial lighting. Thirdly, there are plans to add a new “green wall” to the Gherkin. Over time, plants such as grass will grow across parts of the building. This wall will provide shade and *insulation for the building while reducing air pollution. With its innovative design, the Gherkin is expected to use up to 50% less energy than ordinary office buildings.

Since its construction, the Gherkin has received a lot of attention because of its unique appearance. But it’s clear that the building also has brilliant design features that work in harmony with its environment.

*insulation: 단열 처리

Reading 2 Svalbard Global Seed VaultWhat’s the most important thing to save if there’s a global catastrophe? Surprisingly, many scientists believe that it is seeds, as they are essential for producing food. In case of such a disaster, the Norwegian government built the world’s largest seed vault in 2008. It is located in a mountain of the Arctic Circle, and was named the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The primary mission of the vault is to store seeds, and it will be opened if a regional or global crisis threatens the Earth’s plants.

Actually, there are other seed vaults around the world, but many of them have been destroyed by wars or natural disasters. The Svalbard Vault, however, is protected by its isolated and chilly location. The mountain’s ice and rock make the vault cold enough to keep the seeds frozen without electricity. In addition, the vault is protected from flooding, as it’s placed well above sea level.

The vault was opened for the first time in 2015, in order to help out an agricultural research center in Syria, in the Middle East. Due to a civil war, scientists could no longer operate the center and had to move to a safer place. They requested essential seeds from the Svalbard Vault to continue their research. The vault was opened a lot earlier than expected, but this incident showed its importance.

UNIT 04 Nature Reading 1Leafcutter AntsHumans have farmed for thousands of years. But there is another species of farmers on Earth: the *leafcutter ant. Instead of searching for food, leafcutter ants grow a special **fungus with advanced farming techniques.

Leafcutter ants collect fresh leaves to feed their fungus. Leafcutter ants are so sensitive that they can find which leaves their fungus prefer. If they sense that a certain leaf is toxic to their fungus, they no longer collect it. Leafcutter ants also give fertilizer to the field of fungus. The fertilizer is a nitrogen-rich bacteria that makes the fungus grow faster. And, like human farmers, leafcutter ants are careful to keep their fungus free from pests.

Within a leafcutter colony, each class of ant has a different task. The smallest ants care for the fungus deep inside the nest. The medium-sized ants search for leaves and cut them into small pieces. Then they carry the leaves to the nest. The largest ants guard the nest and fight off enemies as soldiers. This organized system has helped the leafcutter ants become successful farmers and maintain some of the largest ant colonies in the world.

*leafcutter ant: 가위 개미**fungus: 균류, 버섯

Reading 2IcelandIceland is a country that makes every visitor fall in love with its breathtaking landscapes. According to a legend, a wizard turned into a whale and swam toward Iceland to control it with his magic. But he was stopped by the island’s spirits, who bravely protected their homeland. Today, you may not meet those same spirits. However, Iceland’s huge volcanoes and grand glaciers will surely make you believe in magic.

The island was created 20 million years ago when magma bubbled up along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The smoking ground and lava looked like a battlefield of the gods, so the earliest residents of Iceland thought they had found an ancient land.

Even now, the land is still being formed. About 130 volcanoes are spread across the island, erupting twice every ten years. Though some eruptions are not that big, others release large amounts of lava. Of all the volcanoes, Grímsvötn is the most active. Due to its eruption, 900 flights were cancelled in 2011.

Ice is another natural force that is shaping Iceland. Over the past 7,000 years, glaciers on the island have melted away and formed the beautiful *fjords and valleys of Iceland. These glaciers still cover nearly ten percent of the country.

*fjord: 피오르드 지형

UNIT 05 Environment Reading 1The Paris AgreementGlobal warming is probably the world’s biggest concern right now. Rising temperatures will destroy plant and animal habitats, and reduce the production of important food crops. Also, more people will be exposed to extreme flooding and drought. Experts say that if temperatures rise just 2°C, the land that 300 million people live on will be flooded.

To avoid dangerous climate change, more than 190 countries gathered in Paris in 2015 and negotiated a new global agreement. In the Paris Agreement, all countries aim to keep the temperature rise to less than 1.5°C. The number sounds small, but it can save millions of lives in the future.

The agreement contains a few other important points. For example, rich countries are encouraged to help poorer nations with “climate finance.” It is very hard for developing countries to cut greenhouse gases. They need factories to develop their economies, but eco-friendly technology is too expensive for them. Climate finance will enable them to invest in eco-friendly technology. Furthermore, as part of the agreement, each country will be reviewed every five years to see if it’s meeting its emissions targets. Hopefully, this will keep our planet from getting too warm!

Reading 2 Wangari Maathai“When we plant trees, we plant the seeds of peace and hope.” These are the words of Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai. Born in Kenya in 1940, she grew up in a small, rural village. Later, she started an environmental movement that helped thousands of poor, rural women.

During the 1970s, Kenya’s environment was under threat from the impact of economic development. Forests were being cut down and land was being destroyed. The destruction of the environment threatened the lives of rural women who got their resources from forests. They suffered from a lack of fuel, water and food. To improve their lives, Maathai believed that forests should be protected and that rural women needed a source of income.

Maathai decided to solve both problems together. In 1977, she started the Green Belt Movement and encouraged rural women to participate in it. She trained them to plant trees and care for the soil. 70% of the planters were women, and they earned a small income for each tree that survived. The movement was a huge success. Overall, 30 million trees were planted and 900,000 women learned planting skills. As a result, they earned an income and achieved financial independence.

In 2004, Maathai became the first East African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. She remains an inspiration, showing an individual’s power to change society and the environment.

UNIT 06 Arts Reading 1 Islamic ArtIn Islamic countries such as Turkey, you’ll find ceilings and floors of mosques and palaces covered in elegant patterns. Islamic art is unique because it’s a mix of math, art, and Islamic culture. In particular, Islamic artists are proud of developing wonderful patterns.

Since Muslims believe that only God can create life, they do not depict images of people or animals in their artwork. Instead, Islamic artists try to show beauty by using shapes such as triangles, squares, and pentagons. Moreover, they combine and rotate them to create more complex shapes. For example, 8-pointed stars are often used in their artwork. They are formed by two squares, one rotated by 45 degrees. Then Islamic artists make repeating patterns of the stars, laying thousands of shapes side by side. Surprisingly, the artists can create the complex patterns only with a ruler and a pair of compasses.

Repeating geometric shapes in Islamic art has a deep meaning. For Muslims, repetitive mathematical patterns describe the infinite nature of God. Islamic art shows that art becomes a great way to represent how people see the world.

Reading 2 The Elf-King The Elf-King, one of the best-known pieces by Franz Schubert, is based on a Goethe’s poem of the same title. Because Schubert admired Goethe, he borrowed the poet’s legendary poem and changed it into music.

Schubert composed the music for a singer and piano with the poem’s story. To show the characters effectively, he used a different voice for each character: a medium voice for the narrator, low tones for the father, high tones for the boy, and smooth, attractive tones for the Elf-King.

In the beginning, the piano imitates a running horse as the father and his son ride through the forest at night. When the father sees his son trembling with fear, he asks the boy why he is afraid. Then his son tells his father that he is terrified of the Elf-King. Soon, the piano softens into a gentle melody with the Elf-King’s voice. He speaks sweetly to the boy, trying to lure him away. But the boy cries out in fear. Suddenly, the pianist plays intense chords as the Elf-King tries to grab the boy, who screams out in pain. The pianist plays fast while the horse runs out of the forest. Finally, the music becomes sorrowful as the father realizes his son is dead.

UNIT 07 Technology Reading 1 3D ArtGenerally, art museums allow visitors to view artwork, but not to touch it. However, this is a problem for the blind. Since they cannot see, how can they appreciate the artwork? Fortunately, Spain’s Prado Museum recognized this problem. It decided to create an exhibit in which visually impaired visitors could touch the works on display.

The Prado Museum created 3D versions of famous works to make the exhibit possible. They used a process called “Didú” to add physical features to works of art. First, they printed a copy of each painting with special ink. Next, they applied a chemical mixture to certain parts to add texture and volume. Finally, they covered these copies with the original colors of the artwork. The museum hoped that blind people could create mental images of the great works by feeling the surface with their hands.

The exhibition included masterpieces like Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan by Velázquez and Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Audio and *Braille guides gave visitors extra information. “I can feel the texture of the skin … even the look of surprise on the man’s mouth,” one visitor said, while touching a painting by Velázquez. This new technology helps blind people “see” what others see!

*Braille: 점자

Reading 2Opinions on Digitizing GenomesNew technologies appear each year, but they often create unexpected problems. Some of them even cause ethical and legal issues. Recently, scientists predicted that we may be able to digitize a person’s *genome in the future. Some people think that if this were possible, it would create more problems than benefits. However, others think this innovation could make many things better. What do you think?

Amy: I think that digitizing people’s genomes could lead to more benefits than problems. For instance, it would completely change healthcare. Doctors would be able to analyze a person’s genetic information and develop specific medical treatments for individual patients. This would make the treatments more effective. Also, doctors could find flexible ways of fighting deadly diseases.

Jake: We should think about the problems digitizing people’s genomes might cause. First, there might be serious security problems because this kind of information could be easily shared on the Internet. This technology could also be abused in other ways. For example, insurance companies could demand people’s digital genomes and refuse to **cover those who show a high risk of genetic disease. As a result, people with possible genetic diseases might be treated unfairly.

*genome: 게놈(세포나 생명체의 유전자)**cover: (보험으로) 보장하다

UNIT 08 Social IssuesReading 1 Changes at HarvardOn the seal of Harvard Law School, you can find three bundles of wheat beneath the word “VERITAS.” The Latin word veritas, which means “truth” in English, is Harvard University’s motto. But what about the three bundles of wheat? This is actually an image borrowed from the family seal of Isaac Royall Jr. He funded the first law professor position at Harvard.

Unfortunately, there is a problem due to the history of the Royall family. The family made its fortune by using slave labor on a Caribbean sugar plantation. For this reason, many students protested the seal. They insisted that using Royall’s family seal showed support for the history of slavery. The dean of Harvard Law School and the faculty members also agreed that the Royall family’s seal was too closely related to slavery, and that it didn’t represent the values the school pursues. As a result, the school decided to change the seal.

Furthermore, Harvard University announced that it would change the title of its residential administrators from “house master” to “faculty dean.” Since slaves in America were forced to call their owners “master,” the term is also considered inappropriate today. As this issue shows, society must continue to move away from the wrongs of its past.

Reading 2 Kenny, the White TigerQ: Can you tell me the story of Kenny, the white tiger?A: Kenny was rescued in 2000 from a private owner. Due to his short nose, broad face, and ugly teeth, he barely looked like a tiger. His owner said Kenny looked this way because he often hit his face against the wall. But actually, he suffered from genetic problems caused by *inbreeding.Q: What are the issues caused by inbreeding?A: In nature, a white tiger only occurs about once in every 10,000 births. White tigers haven’t been seen in the wild since 1951. Strangely, however, there are still many white tigers. This is because tigers are being bred over and over to get the gene that creates a white coat. Unfortunately, this kind of inbreeding gives them a number of genetic problems. Almost all white tigers have the problems that Kenny had. It also shorten their life spans. Usually, only about one out of every 30 white tigers looks “normal,” and the rest are thrown away.Q: What can people do to stop this from happening?A: Some zookeepers talk as if white tigers were endangered. They trick the public into believing that they are helping white tigers. However, they are just using the tigers to make their zoos more popular. I strongly suggest people stay away from zoos with white tigers. They should not use these animals for marketing purposes.

*inbreed: 동족 교배[번식]시키다

UNIT 09 Health Reading 1Our Chins Why do only humans have chins? Apes such as chimpanzees are similar to humans in many ways, but they don’t have chins. Scientists don’t know the exact reason, but they have some interesting theories.

One theory is that the chin helps us speak. According to this theory, the tongue needs some added force when we speak. Some scientists think the chin provides this force. However, the chin is actually too far from the tongue to give it force. Plus, we don’t use much force when we speak.

Another theory suggests that the chin makes us more attractive to the opposite gender. It is similar to how male peacocks impress mates with their feathers. Like the colorful feathers of male peacocks attract females, chins can be a feature that causes a person to choose a mate. Still, there is a problem with this theory. This kind of feature usually exists in only one gender, not both.

A third theory says the chin helps us eat. Perhaps it helped our ancestors chew uncooked food. And it may have been passed down in our DNA even after we learned to cook. This theory, however, is easy to prove wrong. Apes do not have chins but eat the same way our ancestors did.

Despite these theories, the purpose of the chin remains a mystery. Still, it is fascinating to study this unique feature that only humans have.

Reading 2 The Sanitation Movement In the picture on the right, a man is giving a white card to the river while holding his nose. A dirty monster from the river is reaching out for the card. In fact, the man is testing how dirty the River Thames is with his card. This picture shows the situation in London in the 19th-century.

At that time, British cities were not pleasant places to live in. The IndustrialRevolution had attracted millions of people to cities, which made those places dirty and overcrowded. Factories pumped out pollution, and diseases such as cholera spread throughout the cities.

These issues mainly affected the poor, but also gained the attention of doctors. The doctors began to investigate the lives of the poor. Then they published detailed reports on their dirty living conditions. This shocked and horrified the government and the upper classes. The reports created widespread concern about public health and led to a *sanitation reformation movement. As a result, facilities such as the drain and water systems were developed. To this day, people highly respect the work of these doctors. Without their efforts, the lives of millions of British people would not have been improved.

*sanitation reformation movement: 공중 위생 혁신 운동

UNIT 10 Language & Literature Reading 1 The Ransom of Red Chief

written by O. HenryTwo thieves, Bill and Sam, plan to kidnap a child and demand a $2,000 *ransom. They select nine-year-old Johnny, the only child of Mr. Dorset, a rich man.

However, it’s not easy to kidnap the boy, because he is very naughty. When Bill and Sam get close to the boy, Johnny throws a piece of brick at Bill’s eye. Bill and Sam grab Johnny and drive him out to a mountain cave. When Sam gets back from returning the car to the town, Bill has been forced to play a game of cowboys and Indians with the boy. Johnny is now “Red Chief,” and Bill is covered with bruises. They soon realize that Johnny hates school and loves camping out in the mountains. The next morning, little “Red Chief” leaps upon Bill like a horse and even puts a hot potato down his shirt.

Bill and Sam quickly write a letter, asking Mr. Dorset to pay only $1,500 for the return of his son. Surprisingly, Mr. Dorset replies that he will only take Johnny back if they pay him $250! Considering Johnny’s past behavior, they decide they’d rather lose some money. Bill and Sam return Johnny to his father and pay the money. However, Johnny doesn’t want his adventure to end, and he clings to Bill’s leg. Finally, Bill and Sam are able to escape while Mr. Dorset holds his son.

*ransom: 몸값

Reading 2 Following FolktalesIn The Wolf and the Seven Kids, a popular folktale in Europe and the Middle East, a mother goat leaves her kids at home while she searches for food. Meanwhile, a wolf tries to trick the kids into entering the house. Similarly, Little Red Riding Hood includes a wolf who tricks a little girl by pretending to be her grandmother. This tale has many other versions, such as The Grandmother Tiger from China, Japan, and Korea.

Dr. Jamie Tehrani became interested in these different but similar folktales. He believed folktales change in different cultures in the same way that biological species adapt to different environments. He found that some parts of stories developed in certain cultures, while others disappeared. To find out how the stories evolved, Dr. Tehrani reviewed 58 stories and listed the differences. They included the number of children, the type and trick of the bad character. He then looked at how the stories had changed over time.

The results were pretty interesting. From his research, he suggested that Little Red Riding Hood not only evolved from early versions of The Wolf and the Seven Kids, but also inspired its later versions. Also, he suggested that the European version of Little Red Riding Hood inspired the Asian versions. In the Asian story, however, the wolf changed into a tiger!

UNIT 11 Psychology Reading 1Interview with an AuthorInterviewer Today, we are joined by Dr. Brown, who is the author of the best-selling book, How Emotions Have Changed. Dr. Brown, according to your book, the way we view emotions has changed over time. Can you tell us more, please?Brown Sure. Let’s talk about homesickness, for example. It was considered a serious illness and called nostalgia during the late 1700s. Sufferers became really exhausted and depressed when they longed to go home. They would also have bad sores and get fevers. Eventually, they stopped eating, which would lead to their deaths. But nowadays, we don’t consider nostalgia deadly!Interviewer What has made people view homesickness so differently?Brown Well, improvements in transportation, such as cars and planes, have made travel more convenient. Phones and the Internet have also helped connect people living far away. But more than that, our culture and values have changed greatly. Rather than stay in our comfortable homes, we now want to explore unknown things, which makes homesickness less serious.Interviewer What’s another emotion that we think of differently now?Brown From the 1100s to the 1600s, looking at something in wonder was a natural part of human experience. People thought our world was filled with magical animals and objects. For example, alligator teeth were considered treasure because people thought they came from dragons. And *bezoar stones were collected for medicine. Things changed in the 18th-century, when people began to consider science more important than magic. So the old days of wonder were left behind.

*bezoar: (위 또는 장에 생기는) 결석

Reading 2 Hip-hop TherapyTherapists say that expressing emotions is the first step to dealing with them and healing. However, some teenagers struggle to talk about their feelings. Fourteen-year-old Ellis was one of them. Whenever he got angry, he would get into fights. But now he has found a new way to deal with his anger: he raps about it. Ellis said, “Now I make songs about my feelings instead of punching people. I write verses, and it cools me down.”

Ellis was helped by a program that uses hip-hop. The program is to reach teenagers who don’t respond to traditional counseling. Hip-hop therapy is nothing new. However, it is becoming more common with the increasing popularity of hip-hop music. It is now helping many troubled teenagers express their feelings and struggles. Hip-hop therapy programs offer students the chance to write and record songs and put them online. Through this process, they are encouraged to speak out about their personal troubles, such as fighting with parents, losing a best friend, or being stressed about grades.

In addition to the therapy’s direct benefits, teens also receive many learning opportunities. They often use dictionaries to improve their songwriting vocabulary. And they learn how to make music videos and use real recording and editing equipment. Clearly, this creative program helps today’s teens in many ways.

UNIT 12 Sports Reading 1 42.195 KilometersThe long distance race called the marathon has been run since ancient times. According to Greek historians, a messenger ran 40 kilometers to share news of a Greek victory, before dying of exhaustion. This tale inspired the modern marathon, which is why the distance was initially 40 kilometers. Then, at the 1908 London Olympics, the length was increased to what it is today: 42.195 kilometers.

So what happened in 1908? Some say Queen Alexandra demanded that Windsor Castle’s lawn be the starting line of the marathon, not the stadium at the 1908 Olympics in London. She wanted the royal kids to watch the race from home. She also requested that the race end in front of the viewing box for royalty at the stadium. These requests added another 2.195 kilometers to the distance.

But there’s another story about how this distance became permanent. During the race at the London Olympics, Italian runner Dorando Pietri struggled to finish. He fell repeatedly but never gave up. Impressed with his efforts, referees helped him up when he fell down. Eventually, Pietri won the race. However, because he received help, he was disqualified and another runner was named the winner. Nevertheless, the media focused on Pietri’s strong will, making him an international star. People say that this story might have influenced the officials’ decision to keep the distance at 42.195 kilometers.

Reading 2 KabaddiIf you ever watch kabaddi, you’ll find it really leaves you breathless! Kabaddi originated in southern India, where it was used to practice village defense and group hunting. Later, the game evolved into an international game testing teamwork and lung power.

In kabaddi, two teams of seven each occupy one half of a small court. They take turns sending an attacker into their opponents’ half. The attacker must touch an opposing player and get back to his side. If he succeeds, the tagged opponent is out. The defenders try to catch the attacker to prevent him from escaping their side. If the attacker is taken to the ground or fails to tag an opponent, then he is out of the game. Whenever a player leaves the game, the other team gets a point.

But there’s a special rule: The attacker cannot take a breath before getting back to his side! To show he is not inhaling, the attacker must chant “kabaddi, kabaddi, kabaddi” continuously. If he stops chanting or takes a break, he must leave the game.

Kabaddi is now played in other countries such as China and Japan, and has been in the Asian Games since 1990. Do you think you could win gold for Korea?

UNIT 13 LifestylesReading 1Living near VolcanoesMount Merapi, located in Indonesia, is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. Surprisingly, there are about one million people who live within 20 miles of it. And the local population is growing. Why would so many people live near something so dangerous? Well, believe it or not, living near a volcano has many benefits.

First, the soil around volcanoes is rich in minerals, so it provides plants with nutrients. Also, many volcanic products are actually quite useful. For example, *sulphur can be used as an ingredient in medicine or matches. Other valuable materials including gold, silver, and diamonds are also found near volcanoes. For this reason, mining towns are often built near volcanoes.

In countries such as Iceland and New Zealand, volcanoes are used as a source of **geothermal energy. People use steam heated by underground magma to drive engines in power stations. This produces electricity that can be used in homes and factories.

In addition, volcanoes draw a lot of tourists, who come to see volcanic features such as hot springs. In Hawaii, visitors can even visit the exotic beaches whose black sand is made from volcanic rocks. And all of these attractions create jobs for local people. Now do you see why so many people live near volcanoes?

*sulphur: 황, 유황**geothermal energy: 지열 에너지

Reading 2The History of BreakfastHaving breakfast is the first thing many people do in the morning. However, it is a relatively recent tradition for Westerners.

In medieval Europe, there were two daily meals — one at midday and one in the early evening. Surprisingly, some people considered it a sin to eat in the morning. Because of this belief, only people from the lower classes, such as farmers or laborers, ate breakfast. These were people who needed the energy to work in the morning. Historians believe that the word “breakfast” originated around this time. They suggest the term refers to the breaking of the night’s *fast.

This idea of breakfast changed with the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19th century. At that time, all classes of people began to leave the house for work in the morning. Consequently, more and more people began the day by eating food such as cheese and bread before going to work.

Another shift happened around the early 20th century. An American named John Harvey Kellogg accidentally created breakfast cereal by cooking wheat. Having discovered how tasty the cereal was, he advertised it as a healthy breakfast containing vitamins and minerals. Ever since, eating a breakfast of cereal with milk has been popular with people around the world.

*fast: 단식

UNIT 14 SpaceReading 1 A Beautiful View from HDEVYou don’t have to watch a movie if you want to view the Earth from space. You can see this spectacular sight live on your smartphone! A NASA project called High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) has been running since April 2014. It broadcasts live images over the Internet from four cameras in orbit around the Earth.

The project is led by the engineers at the Johnson Space Center in the USA. But surprisingly, high school students helped design some parts of the HDEV cameras. Now these students are participating in the project’s operations.

The cameras are installed on the outside of the International Space Station (ISS). Each camera is set up to film the Earth from a different position. They record videos from different angles while moving with ISS in its orbit. The recording process is automatic and needs only ISS’s power to run. When the cameras send images to NASA, they are displayed on the Internet in real time. Therefore, anyone can enjoy the images online at any time.

So why does NASA show us these images of the Earth? Actually, the purpose of the HDEV project is to test the quality of the cameras and observe how they perform in space. The cameras are exposed to the tough conditions of space such as harsh radiation and extreme temperature. If they can endure these challenges, they will be used in later space missions. Now pick up your smartphone and go to NASA’s official website. It’s time to enjoy the Earth!

Reading 2Exploring EuropaRadio Host Good afternoon, listeners. Today I’m going to interview George Adams, the European Space Agency scientist. He’s working on a plan to explore Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons. Do you think there’s life on Europa, Mr. Adams?Adams Well, it’s possible. Europa is covered with an icy surface. Beneath its icy surface, Europa may have an environment suitable for life. There are three ingredients necessary for life, and all ofthese seem to exist on Europa.Radio Host What are the three ingredients?Adams The first is liquid water. Scientists believe that under Europa’s icy surface is an ocean of salty water. Europa is a moon of Jupiter, so it’s influenced by Jupiter’s gravity. The gravity causes strong *tidal forces in Europa, which creates heat. This keeps the water from freezing.Radio Host I see.Adams The next ingredient is essential chemical elements. The tidal forces might also create volcanic activity on the seafloor, which could produce these elements. That would make the ocean suitable for living things.Radio Host Fascinating! So, what’s the final ingredient?Adams A source of energy. The interaction of material in the ocean and the ice might provide a source of chemical energy that could sustain life.Radio Host Do you have any specific plans to explore Europa?Adams Yes. In 2022, we will launch a **probe called the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE). JUICE will study how suitable Europa’s environment is for life. This mission could significantly broaden our understanding of our cosmos.

*tidal force: 조류 운동을 일으키는 힘 **probe: 무인 우주 탐사선

UNIT 15 People Reading 1 Raoul WallenbergDuring World WarⅡ, many people risked their lives to save Jewish people. However, perhaps no other person was as brave as Raul Wallenberg. In 1944, the Nazis tried to transport around 700,000Jewish people living in Hungary to German *concentration camps. To help them, Wallenberg was hired as a Swedish diplomat and sent to Hungary. Despite having no experience in diplomacy, Wallenberg led the most successful rescue missions of the **Holocaust.

When Wallenberg arrived in Budapest, Hungary, he immediately opened a Swedish embassy near a Jewish ghetto and hired 400 Jewish people. Wallenberg and his team built safe houses, hospitals, and schools for thousands of Jewish people. Then Wallenberg made people raise the Swedish flag on the buildings. This meant that they were Swedish territories and the Nazis could not take any of the Jewish people inside.

In addition, Wallenberg personally rescued Jewish people from a train. Just as the train was about to take the Jewish people from Budapest to German concentration camps, Wallenberg appeared. He reached into the windows to hand out Swedish passports to every person he could reach. Then he argued that the people with the passports had to be let off the train because they were legally Swedish. When the war finally ended in 1945, more than 100,000 Jewish people remained alive in Budapest, thanks to Wallenberg and his team.

*concentration camp: 강제 수용소**Holocaust: 홀로코스트 (나치의 유대인 대학살)

Reading 2Ambroise ParéIn medieval Europe, every barber shop could be easily recognized by a red and white striped pole outside. These poles are still used today, but they originally had a surprising meaning. The red stripes symbolized blood and the white symbolized bandages. This is because, in medieval times, barbers were also surgeons. In fact, they were called barber-surgeons. They performed many tasks, such as pulling out rotten teeth and performing surgery. Barber-surgeons were very common and some also played an important role in medical history. One of them was Ambroise Paré, who took the first steps towards modern surgery.

Ambroise Paré was born in France in 1510. After studying under a barber-surgeon, he spent 30 years as a military surgeon. At that time, military surgeons treated gunshot wounds by burning the wound with boiling oil. Paré, however, observed that this dangerous approach caused patients great pain. Therefore, he treated wounds with a mild mixture of egg yolk and rose oil. His treatment was not only better for reducing the patient’s suffering, but also was less damaging.

Paré carefully wrote down all his findings and published them in a series of books. Unlike other medical texts, which were written in Latin, Paré’s were written in French. This allowed many more barber-surgeons to read about his techniques. What’s more, Paré’s book was only based on his surgical experience, which laid the foundation for modern medical treatments in Europe.

UNIT 16 Economy Reading 1Share a CokeImagine buying a bottle of Coca-Cola. While opening it, you see your name written on the side. It seems like this Coke was made especially for you, doesn’t it? In 2013, Coca-Cola launched a creative marketing campaign. They found the 250 most popular names in a country and replaced its famous logo with the names. So consumers were able to find their names on the bottles at the supermarket and convenience stores. In addition, Coca-Cola started the “Share a Coke” tour for people whose names weren’t picked. It let people print any name on Coca-Cola cans at a traveling *kiosk.

More interestingly, Coca-Cola encouraged consumers to share stories and photos about the product on Twitter. Soon, the campaign took Twitter by storm. By the end of 2014, the campaign had generated 235,000 tweets from 111,000 people, and Coca-Cola had sold more than 150 million bottles. The campaign became one of the most successful marketing campaigns ever, expanding to countries all around the world.

So what’s the secret of its success? First, individual names on bottles inspired people to tell stories about themselves. While sharing their stories on social networking sites, they talked about the product naturally. This means that consumers promoted Coca-Cola without feeling like they were advertising anything at all! This campaign shows that using a personal touch can be a very smart marketing strategy.

*kiosk: 가판대

Reading 2 High-tech WalletsQ: I saw a new commercial featuring a “mobile wallet” app for smartphones. It sounded amazing! It lets users buy stuff just by sliding a phone on a payment device. But when I considered getting the app, my friend told me that I shouldn’t get it because of its security problems. Now I’m worried that my financial information could be stolen while using the app. Is it really safe?A: Yes, it is. You don’t have to worry about security problems. Most mobile wallets use “tokenization” technology, and it is this technology that keeps your information secure. To buy something with your app, you should save your financial information on the app. However, whenever you make a purchase, the app replaces your information with a random number, or digital “token.” This token contains none of your real financial data. Instead, it contains a one-time-use security code. This is the key allowing the retailer to access to your financial data.

Actually, this technology is more effective than the traditional payment system in preventing credit card crimes. In the past, hackers could steal financial data such as credit card numbers from retailers. However, with tokenization, they will only find unusable digital tokens inside a retailer’s system. Thanks to this technology, your real data stays safe inside the bank, so you can shop with your mobile device with confidence.