AABS, see Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymers; American

Bureau of ShipsAcetals, 359–360ACIS (American Committee for Introperable Systems), 713Acoustic enclosures, 1244–1245Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) polymers (ABS), 344, 345Acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346Adhesives, 805–806, 810Adversaries, project, 586Advocates, project, 586Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS), 27Affinity diagram, 991Algorithm for problem solving, see ARIZAlkyd resins, 374Allowable unit stress, 498Alloys

aluminum, see Aluminum alloyscopper, see Copper alloysmagnesium, see Magnesium alloysnickel, see Nickel alloysshape memory, 428–429super-, see Superalloystitanium, see Titanium alloys

Alloy Center, 460–461Alloy elements, microstructure/properties of, 233, 234Alloy steel(s), 29–37

aluminum in, 23boron in, 23–24calcium in, 24carbon in, 19–21chromium in, 22copper in, 22dual-phase steels, 31elements used in, 18–24heat-resistant steels, 35–36higher alloy steels, 31–37

heat-resistant steels, 35–36stainless steels, 31–35tool steels, 35ultrahigh-strength steel, 36–37wear-resistant steels, 36

high-performance steels, 31hydrogen in, 24lead in, 24low-alloy steels, 29–31manganese in, 20, 22microalloyed steels, 30molybdenum in, 22nickel in, 22niobium in, 23nitrogen in, 24phosphorus in, 21–22rare earth elements in, 24residual elements in, 24selenium in, 24

silicon in, 21stainless steels, 31–35

austenitic, 19, 32–33duplex, 34ferritic, 3, 32–33martensitic, 34precipitation hardening, 35

sulfur in, 22tantalum in, 23titanium in, 23tool steels, 35trip steels, 31tungsten in, 23ultrahigh-strength steels, 36–37vanadium in, 22–23wear-resistant steels, 36zirconium in, 24

Alpha alloys (titanium), 237, 238Alpha-beta alloys (titanium), 238–239Alpha iron, 6Altschuller's Levels of Inventiveness, 614 –615Alumina-based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389Aluminum, in steel, 23Aluminum alloys, 59–114

advantages of, 60–62cast aluminum alloys, 62wrought aluminum alloys, 60–61

by alloy class, 92–111cast alloys, 106–111wrought alloys, 92–107

applications of, 92–113by alloy class, 92–111by market area, 111–113

cast alloys, 106–111advantages, 62limitations, 63mechanical properties, 78–85

corrosion behavior of, 86–88galvanic corrosion, 87–88general corrosion, 86–87pitting corrosion, 87

designation systems for, 63–70cast, 65, 67–70tempered, 68, 70wrought, 64–67

finishing of, 90–92applied coatings, 91–92chemical finishes, 90clear anodizing, 91color anodizing, 91electrochemical finishes, 90electrolytically deposited coloring, 91electroplating, 91hard anodizing, 91integral color anodizing, 91mechanical finishes, 90

limitations of wrought/cast, 62–63machining of, 88–90

multipoint tool operations, 89–90single-point tool operations, 88–89

market-area applications, 111–113aircraft and aerospace, 112automotive, 112building and construction markets, 111electrical markets, 111marine transportation, 112–113in packaging, 113petroleum and chemical industry components, 113rail transportation, 113specialty products, 113

mechanical properties of, 71–85castings, 78–85wrought, 71–77

nature of, 59–60wrought alloys, 92–107

advantages of, 60–61limitations, 63mechanical properties, 71–77

Aluminum bronzes, 144American Bureau of Ships (ABS), 27American Committee for Introperable Systems (ACIS), 713American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way

Association (AREMA), 27Amino resins, 375AMS (Aerospace Materials Specifications), 27Annealing, 25Anode, 47Anodic coatings, 285Anthropometry, 765–767

data and use, 766in design, 766–767

Antimony, 24AOD, see Argon-oxygen decarburizationApplication software, 691Aramid fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of

Way Association), 27Argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD), 4, 47 –49, 317–319ARIZ (algorithm for problem solving), 635 –639

caution, 639flowchart, 636model of ideal solution step, 638–639problem analysis step, 637resource analysis step, 637–638

Aromatic polyamides, 358, 359Aromatic polyketones, 369, 370Arsenic, 24ASA (acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate) polymers, 345, 346Ashby's method (materials selectio n), 471–472ASM International, 460–461ASTM E140, 16Austenite, 18

Austenitic alloysnickel, 40stainless steels, 19, 32–33welding of, 55–56

Automated drafting, 654Automotive engines, ceramic wear components, 439 –440Axial stress, 493

BBainite, 13, 15, 25Ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117

contact angle of, 1113–1115curvature sum and difference of, 1116 –1117geometry of, 1112–1117race conformity of, 1112, 1113selection of, 1032–1035shoulder height of, 1115

Baron fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389Bars, steel, 5BASIC, 699Basic oxygen furnace (BOF), 4, 824 –827Beams, stresses on, 510–530

continuous beams, 522–525curved beams, 524–527and design, 520–523flexure, 510–520

bending moment, 515equilibrium conditions, 511–512

impact stresses, 527–530axial impacts, 528–529live loads, 528rupture from impact, 529–530sudden loads, 527–528

vibratory stresses, steady/impulsive, 530Bearings

ball, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112–1117in ceramic wear applications, 438, 439gas-lubricated, 1068–1091

journal bearings, 1069–1084thrust bearings, 1075–1091

hydrostatic, 1060–1069compensating elements of, 1066–1069pad coefficients, 1062–1066

liquid-lubricated journal, 1044–1051liquid-lubricated thrust, 1050–1061and lubrication, 1032–1035

Benchmarking, 988Bending, 535–536Bending moment, 515Bend tests, 973–974Beta alloys (titanium), 239Binary phase diagrams, 6Biological corrosion, 919Biomechanics (ergonomics), 769–773

joint movements, 769–771muscle forces, 771–772

tissue tolerances, 771–772BOF, see Basic oxygen furnaceBond-testers, 1276Boring (copper alloys), 194, 200Boron, 23–24Boundary film

formation of, 1149–1152physical properties of, 1151–1153thickness of, 1153–1155

Boundary lubrication, 1148–1157effect of operating variables, 1154 –1156extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157film thickness, 1153–1155formation of films, 1149–1152physical properties of films, 1151–1153regime, 1040–1041

Brake systems, 1018Brass(es), 44, 119, 130

envirobrasses, 141free-cutting, 197, 198, 203high strength yellow brasses, 140leaded brasses, 131leaded red brasses, 138leaded semired brasses, 139red brasses, 138semired brasses, 139silicon brasses, 134, 140tin brasses, 132yellow brasses, 139

Brazing, 134, 202Breaking strength, 495Bridge network, 1009–1010Brinnelling failure, 863Brittle-coating method, 936Brittle fracture, 863Brittle materials, 962–976

confidence limits for, 968, 976environmentally enhanced fracture in, 966 –968

constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968inert strength for indented specimens, 968

general considerations for, 963–964lifetime prediction for, 963, 968–970

calculation, 968confidence limits, 968process, 969–970

reliability of, 962–963strength/dynamic fatigue tests of, 972–975

bend tests, 973–974best practices, 975dangers, 975dynamic fatigue measurements, 974, 975indented inert strength, 975standard flaws, 974

strength of, 964–966minimum strength overload proof test, 965nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966

statistical strength distribution, 964–965Weibull tests of, 970–972

Brittleness, 496Bronzes, 119

alumnium, 144high-leaded tin bronzes, 143leaded phosphor bronzes, 133leaded tin bronzes, 142nickel-tin bronzes, 143phosphor bronzes, 133silicon bronzes, 134, 140tin bronzes, 142

Brush seals, 1192–1198brush seal flow modeling, 1197brush seal materials, 1197–1198design considerations for, 1193–1195leakage performance comparisons, 1195 –1197

Buckling, 716

CCAB (cellulose acetate butyrate), 351CA (cellulose acetate), 351Cache memory, 670–671CAD, see Computer-aided designCantilever beam, 510Carbon and carbon composites (CCCs)

mechanical properties of, 404–405physical properties of, 414

Carbon fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388Carbon matrix materials, 393Carbon steels, 27–29, 53–55Cast alloys

aluminum, 62, 63, 65, 67–70, 78–85, 106–111copper, 138–146manganese bronze, 140titanium, 240, 245–247

Casting(s)continuous, 4–5copper alloys, 199–201mechanical properties of, 281, 282with superalloys, 316–321

AOD, 317–319component production, 321–322considerations, 320–321remelted ingot processing, 320VIM, 318–320

titanium alloys, 250–251Cast leaded manganese bronze alloys, 140Cast special alloys, 146Cast superalloys

compositions of, 296–297dynamic moduli of elasticity for, 310effect of temperature on, 300–301physical properties of, 308

Catalysts, smart, 428Cathode, 47

CAVEvis, 744Cavitation, 919CCCs, see Carbon and carbon compositesCCCT (critical crevice corrosion temperature), 46C (computer language), 699–700C++ (computer language), 700Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 351Cellulose acetate (CA), 351Cellulose proprionate (CP), 351Cellulosic polymers, 351Cementite, 9, 14, 20, 25Central Processing Unit (CPU), 648, 662 –663Ceramic failure, 942–961

delayed, 947–948and design applying multiaxial Weibull statistics, 953 –956

global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953local multiaxial criterion, 954–956strength under compression loading, 953

flaws, 944fracture mechanics, 944–946at high temperatures, 958–961

creep rupture, 960creep strain, 959–960

scatter, 948–952of lifetime, 951–952of strength, 948–952

strength, 945–947thermal shock, 957–958

Ceramic materials, 433–449brittleness of, 435–437for corrosion resistance, 442–443for electronic packaging materials, 804 –805future trends in, 448–449information sources about, 446–448in passive electronics, 442–444piezoceramics, 444–445processing of advanced, 434–435standards and test methods, 446–448thermostructural applications, 440–442transparent, 445, 446in wear applications, 437–440

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs)mechanical properties of, 402–404physical properties of, 414

Ceramic matrix materials, 393Cerium, 24CFD, see Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)Chemical engineering, virtual reality applied to, 754 –757Chemical failure, 931, 932Chemical finishes (aluminum alloys), 90Chemical method, 936–937Chemical resistance

in electronic packaging materials, 785of plastics, 337

Chromium, 22, 40, 268CISC (complex instruction set computer), 663 –664

CISC/RISC (complex instruction set computer/reducedinstruction set computer), 663–664

Civil engineering, virtual reality applications in, 752 –755CMCs, see Ceramic matrix compositesCNC machining, 728–730Coke, 4Cold cracking, 54–55Columns

defined, 536eccentric loads on, 539stresses on, 536–543

steel columns, 542–543theory, 537–539wooden columns, 539–542

Combined stresses, 502–506Comparing/ranking (as method of materials selection), 452,

473–476digital logic, 474–476performance index, 475–476weighted-properties, 474–476

Complex instruction set computer (CISC), 663 –664Component mounting, 806–808

discrete components, 806, 807printed circuit board components, 807 –808

Composite materials (composites), 380 –414classes/characteristics of, 381–382comparative properties of, 382–386manufacturing considerations for, 385 –386matrix, 386, 390–393

carbon, 393ceramic, 393metal, 393polymer, 390, 392–393properties of, 391

mechanical properties of, 396–405carbon/carbon composites, 404–405ceramic matric composites, 402–404metal matric composites, 400–402polymer matric composites, 396–400

physical properties of, 393–396, 405–414carbon/carbon composites, 414ceramic matrix composites, 414metal matrix composites, 413–414polymer matrix composites, 408, 409, 411, 412

reinforcement, 386–390alumina-based fibers, 389aramid fibers, 389baron fibers, 389carbon fibers, 388fiber, 387, 388glass fibers, 388high-density polyethylene fibers, 389–390silicon-carbide based fibers, 389

Composite panel, 1243–1244Compressive strain, 493Compressive stress (compression), 492

Compressor systems, 1019Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), 743 –746

CAVEvis, 744NASA Virtual Wind Tunnel, 743–744ViSTA FlowLib, 744–746VR-CFD, 744–745

Computed tomography (CT), 1266–1267Computers, 656–701

and CISC/RISC, 663–664classes of, 658–659CPU, 656–657, 662–663evolution of, 659–661input devices, 678–686

digitizer, 683–685keyboard, 678–679light pen, 682–683mouse, 681–682scanner, 685–686touch pad, 679–680touch screen, 680–681trackball, 682TrackPoint, 682

input/output (I/O), 656, 657mainframe, 661–662memory systems, 667–678

external memory, 671–678internal memory, 670–671nonvolatile, 668organizational methods, 669–670PROM, 669RAM, 668–669ROM, 669volatile, 668

micro-computers, 662mini-computers, 662networked, 662output devices, 686–691

electronic displays, 686–688hard-copy devices, 689–691

parallel-processing, 666–667PCs, 664–665software for, 691–701

computer languages, 697–701GUI, 694–695operating systems, 692–694X Window System, 695–697

super-computers, 661and word length, 662workstations, 665–666

Computer-aided design (CAD), 642–655, 701–722. See alsoStandard for the Exchange of Products

applications of, 717optimization, 718–719rapid prototyping, 720–722stereolithography, 721–722virtual prototyping, 719–720

and computer-aided manufacturing, 722design applications for, 647–655

automated drafting, 654documentation, 654dynamic analysis, 653, 654experimental analysis, 654finite-element analysis (FEA), 652–653hybrid solid modeling, 651kinematic analysis and synthesis, 653solid modeling, 651static analysis, 653surface modeling, 650wireframe modeling, 649

and design process, 645–647geometric definition, 702–703hardware used in, 655historical perspective on, 643–644software for, 701–712

graphics software, 701–703solid modeling, 703–712

standards for and translators of, 712–717ACIS (American Committee for Introperable Systems),

713analysis software, 713–714buckling, 716DFX (Drawing Exchange Format), 713dynamic response, 717IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 712 –713linear statics, 716nonlinear statics, 716–717normal modes, 716STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Products), 713

transformations, 708–711Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 651, 722Computerized materials databases, 485 –486Computer languages, 697–701Concatenation, 710Conceptual design

and virtual reality (VR), 739–7423DM, 7403-Draw, 739COVIRDS (Conceptual VIRtual Design System), 740, 741HoloSketch, 740JDCAD, 740virtual sculpting, 741–742

Conceptual VIRtual Design System (COVIRDS), 740, 741Condensation polymers, see Engineering thermoplasticsConduction, 815–816Confidence limits (brittle materials), 968, 976Conformal surfaces, 1030–1032Constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968Constrained beam, 510Constrained optimization methods, 839 –843

direct search, 839–841linearization, 841–842SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming), 843

transformation, 841Construction, virtual reality applications in, 752 –755Constructive solid geometry (CSG), 705 –706Contact stress(es), 551, 552, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096Contact stress theory, 551Continuous beams, 510, 522–525Continuous casting, 4–5Continuous-cooling transformation (CT) diagram, 14, 16Continuous fields, noncontinuous vs., 1278 –1279Continuous vibratory systems

of a bar, 1219of a beam, 1219–1220free-vibration solution, 1220–1222

normal-mode solution, 1220–1222wave solution, 1220, 1221

of a shaft, 1219of a string, 1217–1218

Contradiction matrix, 622–624Contradictions, 616–618Control charts, 993–994Convection

forced, 816free, 816

Copper, 117biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 144 –146physical properties of, 118, 119, 121, 123, 147 –148pure, 118, 119, 121, 123, 147–148, 154in stainless steel, 41in steel, 22, 24

Copper alloys, 117–219biostatic/antimicrobial properties of, 144 –146casting, 199–201compositions of, 118, 120–146copper-nickel-zinc, 119copper-silicon, 134corrosion behavior of, 131, 137–140, 144, 195–196

dealloying/parting, 137, 138erosion-corrosion/cavitation, 138, 196forms of, 137–139, 196galvanic/dissimilar-metal, 138, 139health/environment, 139, 140, 144stress--corrosion/cracking, 139

designations of, 118, 119early history, 117–118fabrication of, 146, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –207

casting, 199–201forging, 201, 202machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203welding/brazing/soldering, 202, 204 –207

families of, 119forging, 201, 202machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203

boring, 194, 200chip appearance and machinability, 146, 148, 196drilling, 194, 200free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203

milling, 154, 157, 199reaming, 194, 201recommended practices, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –203sawing, 196, 197, 203single-point turning tools, 148, 154, 197–199threading/tapping, 196, 202

mechanical properties of, 127, 131, 154 –194C10100-C19200, 158–163C23000-C28000, 163–165C36000-C52700, 166–168C61300-C69400, 169–171C70600-C77000, 171–175C81100-C89550, 176–182C90300-C93800, 183–188C95200-C96400, 189–193temper designations, 155–157

physical properties of, 123, 144–146, 149–153sleeve bearings, 214, 216, 217, 219standards and specifications, 219strengthening mechanisms for, 127, 128, 154and temperature, 130, 131, 194temper of, 128, 129, 155–157tube/pipe products, 207–219

fuel gas distribution systems, 214nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214plumbing tube, 207–212

welding of, 202, 204–207coppers and high-copper alloys, 202, 204crack preventions, 206–107dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205distortion control, 206filler metals, 206safety and health, 207shielding gas requirements, 205welding processes, 205weld properties, 207

Corrosionof aluminum alloys, 86–88

galvanic corrosion, 87–88general corrosion, 86–87pitting corrosion, 87

ceramic materials, 442–443of copper and copper alloys, 131, 137 –140, 144, 195–196

dealloying/parting, 137, 138erosion-corrosion/cavitation, 138, 196forms of, 137–139, 196galvanic/dissimilar-metal, 138, 139health/environment, 139, 140, 144stress--corrosion/cracking, 139

dry, 268–269as failure, 863, 913–920

biological corrosion, 919cavitation, 919crevice corrosion, 917direct chemical attack, 914, 915erosion corrosion, 918–919

galvanic corrosion, 914–917hydrogen damage, 919intergranular corrosion, 918pitting corrosion, 917–918selective leaching, 918stress corrosion cracking, 920

galvanic, 87–88hot-corrosion resistance, 329and magnesium and magnesium alloys, 284 –285of nickel and nickel alloys, 267–273

dry corrosion, 268–269nickel-copper alloys, 268oxidation, 269pitting attack, 269wet corrosion, 268

pitting corrosion, 87of stainless steels, 39–40, 43–47

crevice corrosion, 45–46galvanic corrosion, 47general corrosion, 43intergranular corrosion, 46pitting corrosion, 45stress--corrosion cracking, 44–45

superalloys:hot-corrosion resistance, 329postservice refurbishment/repair, 330–331thermal barrier coatings, 329–330

of titanium alloys, 222–223, 252–253wet, 268

Cost-benefit analysis (materials selection), 482, 483Cost-per-unit-property method (materials selection), 470 –471COVIRDS (Conceptual VIRtual Design System), 740, 741CP (cellulose proprionate), 351CPU, see Central Processing UnitCPU and I/O (Central Processing Unit and input/output) devices,

656–657Cracking

in copper alloys, 139welding of copper alloys, 206–207

Creep, 36, 48, 506–508, 893–898defined, 496in electronic packaging materials, 789 –790equations for calculating, 506–507mechanism of, 506prediction of long-term, 894–896under uniaxial state of stress, 895–898

Creep limit, 497Creep rupture, 960Creep strain, 959–960Creep stress, 499Crevice corrosion, 45–46, 917Critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCCT), 46Crystal lattice, 6, 7CSG (constructive solid geometry), 705 –706CT (computed tomography), 1266 –1267CT diagram, see Continuous-cooling transformation diagram

Curved beams, 524–527Customer needs mapping, 993CyberGlove, 735–736CyberGrasp, 735–736CyberTouch, 735–736Cylinders, stresses on, 543–545

DDamping capacity (hysteresis), 500Dargies's method (materials selection), 472 –473Data, 450–464

for analytical comparisons, 452for failure analysis, 455for final design, 453for maintenance, 455for manufacturing, 454for material specification, 453–454for materials selection, 451–452metadata, 456–457for modeling material/product performance, 451numeric databases as type of, 456for preliminary design, 452–453for quality assurance, 454–455sources of, see data sourcestextual, 456

Databases, computerized materials, 485 –486Data sources, 457–464

Alloy Center, 460–461ASM International, 460–461catagories of, 457–458Internet, 462–464knovel.com, 462platforms for, 459–460quality/reliability of, 458–459STN International, 461–462

Dealloying ("parting"), 137, 138Decibels, 1231, 1234–1235Deformation

nickel alloys, 269, 271of a solid, 558–560

Degassing, 4, 24Delta iron, 6Deming wheel, 991–992Design

computer-aided, see Computer-aided design (CAD)final, 453for optimization, see Optimizationpreliminary, 452–453and TQM, 986–991

benchmarking, 988guidelines, 990–991Kume's approach, 989–990plans for acquisition/process control, 989process design review, 988–989product design review, 986–987quality design characteristics, 986

quality function deployment (QFD), 987quality loss function, 987–988Six Sigma, 990steps for controlling design, 986Taguchi's approach, 989

Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), 581–610background of, 581IDDOV process, 587–608

defining requirements, 589–591developing the concept, 591–598identifying the project, 588–589optimizing the design, 597–608verifying and launching, 607–608

management of, 584–587myths about, 582

DFX (Drawing Exchange Format), 713Diallyl phthalate, 375Die castings, mechanical properties of, 281, 282Diffusion, 6, 7Digital logic method (materials selection), 474 –476Digitizers, 683–685Dilatometer, 14, 16Dimension-driven design, 651Dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097Direct chemical attack, 863, 914, 915Direct-search optimization methods, 838, 839 –841Direct-view storage tube (DVST), 688Discontinuities, and stress, 500–501Discontinuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 401Discrete components, 806, 807Discrete wiring, 810Dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205Distortion-Energy Theory (Hencky--Von Mises Theory), 504Distributed Virtual Workspace for Enhancing Communication

(DIVERCITY), 753–754Double seals, 1182, 1183Double walls, 1245–1246Drawing Exchange Format (DFX), 713Drilling (copper alloys), 194, 200Driving simulation, 746–748Dry corrosion, 268–269Dual-phase steels, 31Ductile rupture, 863Ductility, 496, 788–789Duplex stainless steels, 34, 51, 57DVDs, 677–678DVST (direct-view storage tube), 688Dynamic analysis, 653, 654Dynamic fatigue measurements, 974, 975Dynamic response, 717Dynamic seals, 1174–1199

brush seals, 1192–1198brush seal flow modeling, 1197brush seal materials, 1197–1198design considerations for, 1193–1195leakage performance comparisons, 1195 –1197

emission concerns, 1180–1184sealing approaches, 1181–1184

honeycomb seals, 1191–1192initial seal selection, 1174–1177labyrinth seals, 1188–1191

applications of, 1190and computer analysis tools, 1191configuarations of, 1188–1190leakage flow modeling, 1188–1191and rotordynamic stability, 1190, 1191

mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180balance, 1176, 1178leakage, 1178–1179materials, 1179–1180seal face flatness, 1179

noncontacting seals, 1183–1188Dynamic stress, 499

EEC inspection, see Eddy current inspectionECTFE (poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene)), 372Eddy current (EC) inspection, 1280–1285

impedance plane, 1281–1284skin effect, 1281

Elastic deformation, 863, 867–869Elasticity, 493Elastic limit, 494Elastohydrodynamic lubrication, 1084 –1087, 1089–1147

contact stress/deformations, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096elliptical contacts, 1086, 1087, 1089–1096rectangular contacts, 1094, 1096

dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097fluid film lubrication thickness, 1099–1104hard-EHL results, 1097–1099regimes, 1040rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147soft-EHL results, 1099

Elastomers, 375–377, 801–802Elastorestrictive materials, 424Electrical contacts, 796Electrical steels, 29Electromagnetic shielding, 787Electronic displays, 686–688Electronic packaging, 782–818

component mounting, 806–808discrete components, 806, 807printed circuit board components, 807 –808

concerns with, 782–783design techniques for, 783–784fastening/joining, 808–810

adhesives, 810mechanical fastening, 808–809welding/soldering, 809–810

interconnection, 810–811board level, 810discrete wiring, 810

fiber-optic connections, 811interequipment, 811intermodule, 811intramodule, 810

materials for, see electronic packaging materialsprotective, 817–818

shipping environment, 817–818storage equipment protection, 817

shock/vibration, 811–813fragility, 811shock, 811–812testing, 812–813vibration, 812

structural design, 813–815complexity/mechanical impedance, 813 –814degree of enclosure, 814stresses, 814–815thermal expansion, 814–815

thermal design, 815–817conduction, 815–816evaporation, 817forced convection, 816free convection, 816objectives, 815radiation, 817

Electronic packaging materials, 784 –806applications, 791–798

electrical contacts, 796encapsulation, 796–797equipment attachment, 791–792equipment/module enclosures, 792equipment racks/frames/mounting structures, 792finishes, 794–795harsh-environment endurance, 797–798mechanical joints, 793–794position-sensitive assemblies, 795–796temperature control, 792–793

candidate materials, 798–806adhesives, 805–806ceramics/glasses, 804–805metals, 798–801plastics/elastomers, 801–804

selection process, 784–791chemical inertness, 785combustability, 789corrosion, 785–786creep, 789–790density, 787ductility, 788–789electrical conductivity, 784electromagnetic and electrostatic shielding, 787fatigue resistence, 788hardness, 788magnetic shielding properties, 787–788moisture absorption, 790–791strength, 787

sublimation, 789temperature range, 786thermal conductivity, 784thermal emissivity, 784–785thermal expansion, 785wear resistance, 789

strength of, 787thermal expansion of, 785

Electroplatingof aluminum alloys, 91of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 285

Electrorheological materials, 424Electrostatic shielding, 787Electrostrictive materials, 422Embrittlement, 22Enameling steel, 29Encapsulation, 796–797Engineering thermoplastics, 351–365

polyamides (nylon), 355–360polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361polycarbonates (PCs), 360polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355

Engineering workstations, 665–666Envirobrasses, 141Environmental failure, 931, 932Environmentally enhanced fracture (brittle materials), 966 –968

constant-loading-rate experiments, 967–968inert strength for indented specimens, 968

Environmental stress, 774–775heat stress, 774–775vibration, 774–775

Epoxy resins, 373Ergonomics, physical, see physical ergonomicsErosion corrosion, 138, 196, 918–919Esawi's and Ashby's method (materials selection), 473Euler's formula, 537–538Evaporation, 817Experimental analysis, 654Expert systems, 486–487Exponential distribution (hazard rate model), 1002 –1003External memory, 671–678External work, 499Extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157

FFabrication, see ManufacturingFactor of safety, 498Failure, 860–921, 925–932

analysis/restrospective design, 920 –921brinnelling, 863brittle fracture, 863ceramic, see Ceramic failurechemical, 931, 932

corrosion, 863, 913–920biological corrosion, 919cavitation, 919crevice corrosion, 917direct chemical attack, 914, 915erosion corrosion, 918–919galvanic corrosion, 914–917hydrogen damage, 919intergranular corrosion, 918pitting corrosion, 917–918selective leaching, 918stress corrosion cracking, 920

creep/stress rupture, 893–898prediction of long-term creep, 894–896under a uniaxial state of stress, 895–898

criteria of, 860–861and design, 927–930direct chemical attack, 863ductile rupture, 863elastic deformation/yielding, 863, 867 –869environmental, 931, 932fatigue, 875–893

fatigue crack propogation, 888–893loading/laboratory testing of, 876–880nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888S--N--P curves, 879–886

fracture mechanics/unstable crack growth, 869 –875fretting, 898–907and material selection, 926–927mechanical, 928modes of, 508–510and process, 927, 928, 930and reliability, 1010–1011and service conditions, 928, 931thermal, 931types of, 861–867wear, 898, 907–913yielding, 863

Failure analysis, 931, 933–941brittle-coating method, 936chemical method, 936–937fractography, 939–940heat reversion, 937–938identification analysis, 933–934materials data for, 455mechanical testing, 938, 939microtoming, 938, 939nondestructive testing techniques (NDT), 939simulation testing, 941strain gauge method, 936stress analysis, 934–937thermal analysis, 939visual examination, 933

Failure data and failure data collection sources, 1019 –1020Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), 697, 988, 1016 –

1017

Failure rate allocation method, 1013Failure rate estimation models, 10 18–1019

for brake systems, 1018for compressor systems, 1019for filters, 1019for pumps, 1019

Fatigue, 507–510, 863, 875–893fatigue crack propogation, 888–893loading/laboratory testing of, 876–880localized, 774nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888resistence in electronic packaging materials, 788S--N--P curves, 879–886whole-body, 773–774

Fatigue crack propogation, 888–893Fatigue stress, 499Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), 1017FEA, see Finite-element analysisFeature-based modeling, 652–654FEM, see Finite-element methodFEP (fluorinated ethylene--propylene), 371–372Ferrite, 9, 25Ferritic stainless steels, 3, 33–34, 49–50Fibers, as composite reinforcement, 387, 388Fiber-optic connections, 811Film-based radiography, 1263–1264Filters, failure rates for, 1019Final design, materials data for, 453Finishing

aluminum alloys, 90–92magnesium alloys, 284–285

Finite-element analysis (FEA), 652–653, 742–743Finite-element method (FEM), 557–580

and deformation of solid, 558–560differential properties of shape functions, 570–572differentiation in referential coordinates, 572 –575and equilibrium, 560–562FEM approximation, 567–568foundations of, 565–566global/local transformations, 569–570Hilbertian Sobolev spaces in, 566–567and infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 562–565one-dimesional example of, 576–579processing, 575–576in three dimensions, 567

Fishbone diagram, 992Fixed beam, 510Flexure, theory of, 511–520Floppy disks, 673Fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372Fluorinated thermoplastics, 370–372

fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE), 372poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372

polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372FMEA, see Failure Modes and Effect AnalysisForced convection, 816Forced-harmonic vibration, 1211Forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211 –1212Forced-vibration response, 1217Force field analysis, 993Forging

of copper alloys, 201, 202of magnesium alloys, 284of steel, 5of superalloys, 322–323of titanium alloys, 249–250

FORTRAN, 698Fractography, 939–940Fracture, types of, 497Fracture mechanics, 869–875, 944–946Frames, 792Free convection, 816Free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203Free-machining steels, 22Free-vibration, 1208–1211

normal-mode solution, 1220–1222response, 1216–1217wave solution, 1220, 1221

Freeware, 691Frequency (of sound), 1231Frequency response, 717Fretting, 898–907Frit, 29FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), 1017Fuel gas distribution systems, 214

GGalling failure, 866Galvanic corrosion, 914–917

of aluminum alloys, 87–88copper alloys, 138, 139in electronic packaging materials, 800of stainless steels, 47

Gamma iron, 6Gamma loop, 34Gap analysis, 995–996Gaskets, 1161–1168

metallic, 1165nonmetallic, 1165practical considerations for, 1166–1168required bolt load, 1165

Gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091journal bearings, 1069–1084

herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084pivoted pad, 1069–1077

thrust bearings, 1075–1091Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091

Gels, smart, 427–428

General distribution (hazard rate model), 1003Geological engineering, virtual reality ap plied to, 754–757Geometric dimensioning/tolerancing, STEP for, 727 –728Gerber's Law, 508Glass fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388Global multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 953Goal programming, 831–833Gold, 800–801Goodman's Law, 508, 887–888Gradient-based methods, 838–839Graphical user interface (GUI), 694 –695Graphite fibers (as composite reinforcement), 388Grease (as lubricant), 1037–1038Guest Theory (Maximum-Shear Theory), 504GUI (graphical user interface), 694–695

HHadfield manganese steels, 20–21Hard-copy devices, 689–691Hard disks, 673Hard-EHL, 1097–1099Hardenability (of steel), 16–18Hardness, 496Hardware, 655

for CAD, 655–656for virtual reality (VR), 734–738

input devices, 735–737output devices, 736–738

Harsh-environment endurance, 797–798Hazard rate models, 1002–1003

exponential distribution, 1002–1003general distribution, 1003normal distribution, 1003Weibull distribution, 1003

HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 339, 340Head hardening, 13Health issues, see Safety and health issuesHeat-resistant steels, 35–36Heat reversion, 937–938Heat stress, 774–775Heat treatment

of nickel and nickel alloys, 272–276of steel, 25–26

Hencky--Von Mises Theory (Distortion-Energy Theory), 504Herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084High-copper alloys, 119

cast, 138wrought, 124–129

High-density polyethylene fibers (as composite reinforcement),389–390

High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 339, 340Higher alloy steels, 31–37

heat-resistant steels, 35–36stainless steels, 31–35tool steels, 35ultrahigh-strength steel, 36–37

wear-resistant steels, 36High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 342, 343High-leaded tin bronzes, 143High-molybdenum alloys, 57High-performance materials, 364–370

aromatic polyketones (PEK, PEEK), 369, 370liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367polyamide imides (PAIs), 369polyarylsulfones (PSU, PES, PPSU), 365, 366polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369polyimides (PMDA-ODA), 366–368polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365

High-performance steels, 31High strength yellow brasses, 140Hilbertian Sobolev spaces, 566–567HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), 342, 343HoloSketch, 740Honeycomb seals, 1191–1192Hooke's law, 493Horizontal shear, 512, 521Hoshin planning method (TQM), 994–995Hot-corrosion resistance, 329Hot cracking, 54–56Hot shortness, 20, 22Human error, 1017–1018Hybrid reliability allocation method, 1013 –1014Hybrid solid modeling, 651Hydrodynamic lubrication, 1044–1061, 1068–1091

gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044–1051liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061regime, 1038–1040

Hydrogels, 427–428Hydrogen

in steel, 24in titanium alloys, 236

Hydrogen damage, 919Hydrogen flakes, 24Hydrostatic bearings, 1060–1069

compensating elements of, 1066–1069pad coefficients, 1063–1066

Hypereutectoid steels, 9, 13Hypoeutectoid steels, 9Hysteresis (damping capacity), 500

IIDDOV process, 587–608

defining requirements, 589–591developing a concept, 591–598identifying the project, 588–589methodology, 582–584optimizing the design, 597–608verifying and launching, 607–608

Ideality, 615–617Identification analysis, 933–934IF (interstitial-free) steels, 3

IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 712 –713Immersadesk, 750Impact failure, 864–865Impact polystyrene (IPS), 342, 343Impact stress(es), 499, 527–530Indented inert strength, 975Inert strength for indented specimens, 968Infinitesimal linearly elastic constitutive laws, 562 –565Infrared cameras, 1279–1280Ingots

melting/casting, 320steel, 5

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), 712 –713Initial screening (materials selection), 469 –473

Ashby's method, 471–472cost-per-unit-property, 470–471Dargies's method, 472–473Esawi's and Ashby's method, 473limits on material properties, 470

Input devices, computer, 678–686digitizer, 683–685keyboard, 678–679light pen, 682–683mouse, 681–682scanner, 685–686touch pad, 679–680touch screen, 680–681trackball, 682TrackPoint, 682for virtual reality (VR), 735–737

CyberGlove, 735–736CyberGrasp, 735–736CyberTouch, 735–7366DOF mouse, 735tracking devices, 735–736

Input/output device (I/O), 656–657Integer programming (IP), 835, 837Intergranular corrosion, 46, 918Interleaved memory, 669–670Internal memory, 670–671Interstitial-free (IF) steels, 3Inventiveness, Altschuller's theory of, see TRIZ (Theory of the

Solution of Inventive Problems)I/O (input/output) device, 656–657IP, see Integer programmingIPS (impact polystyrene), 342, 343Iron, 6, 799Iron--carbon equilibrium diagram (steel), 6 –13Ironmaking, 4Iron sulfide, 20Isothermal transformation diagram (steel), 12 –15

JJDCAD, 740Johnson's apparent elastic limit, 494Joining

electronic packaging, 808–810adhesives, 810mechanical fastening, 808–809welding/soldering, 809–810

magnesium and magnesium alloys, 283, 284plastics, 854, 856superalloys, 324, 325titanium alloys, 251–252

Joint movements (ergonomics), 769 –771Jominy test, 16Journal bearings

herringbone groove, 1071, 1075, 1078 –1084liquid-lubricated, 1044–1051pivoted pad, 1069–1077

KKaizen method (TQM), 992–993Keyboards, 678–679Kinematic analysis and synthesis, 653Knovel.com, 462Knowledge-based systems, 486–487K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008Kume's approach (Process Improvement), 989 –990

LLabyrinth seals, 1188–1191

applications of, 1190and computer analysis tools, 1191configuarations of, 1188–1190leakage flow modeling, 1188–1191and rotordynamic stability, 1190, 1191

Ladle, 4Lamellar, 9Lanthanum, 24LCPs (liquid crystalline polyesters), 365 –367LDPE (low-density polyethylene), 339–340Lead, 24, 801Leaded brasses, 131Leaded coppers, 119, 145Leaded phosphor bronzes, 133Leaded red brasses, 138Leaded semired brasses, 139Leaded steels, 30Leaded tin bronzes, 142Light pens, 682–683Light-sensitive materials, 426Limestone, 4Linearization optimization methods, 841 –842Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 339 –341Linear programming, 835Linear static analysis, 716Liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367Liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044–1051Liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061Liquid penetrants, 1257

limitations of inspections of, 1259

penetrant process, 1257, 1258reference standards, 1258

LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 339–341Localized fatigue, 774Local multiaxial fracture criterion (ceramics), 954 –956Low-alloy steels, 29–31Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 339 –340Lubrication, 1024–1157

and bearing selection, 1032–1035boundary, 1148–1157

effect of operating variables, 1154 –1156extreme-pressure lubricants, 1156–1157film thickness, 1153–1155formation of films, 1149–1152physical properties of films, 1151–1153

on conformal/nonconformal surfaces, 1030 –1032elastohydrodynamic, 1084–1087, 1089–1147

contact stress/deformations, 1086, 1087, 1089 –1096dimensionless grouping, 1096–1097film thickness, 1099–1104hard-EHL results, 1097–1099rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147soft-EHL results, 1099

equations relevant to, 1041–1044history of, 1024–1025hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication, 1044 –1061, 1068–

1091gas-lubricated bearings, 1068–1091liquid-lubricated journal bearings, 1044–1051liquid-lubricated thrust bearings, 1050–1061

hydrostatic bearings, 1060–1069materials for, 1035–1038

grease, 1037–1038oil, 1036–1037viscosity of, 1035–1036

regimes for, 1038–1041boundary, 1040–1041elastohydrodynamic, 1040hydrodynamic, 1038–1040

symbols used with, 1025–1030

MMachining

of aluminum alloys:multipoint tool operations, 89–90single-point tool operations, 88–89

of copper alloys, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196 –203boring, 194, 200chip appearance and machinability, 146, 148, 196drilling, 194, 200free-cutting brass, 197, 198, 203milling, 154, 157, 199reaming, 194, 201recommended practices, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196–203sawing, 196, 197, 203single-point turning tools, 148, 154, 197–199

threading/tapping, 196, 202of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 282of nickel and nickel alloys, 276

Magnesium, 278–280in electronic packaging material s, 800nonstructural applications of, 279structural applications of, 279–280

Magnesium alloys, 278–285corrosion/finishing of, 284–285

anodic coatings, 285chemical conversion coatings, 284 –285electroplating, 285painting, 285

fabrication of, 282–284forming, 284joining, 283, 284machining, 282

properties of, 280–282castings, 281, 282physical, 282, 283wrought materials, 281, 283

recycling of, 285Magnetic media, 671–675Magnetic-particle inspection method, 1277–1279

continuous vs. noncontinuous fields, 1278 –1279demagnetizing the part, 1279inspection process, 1279magnetizing field, 1277–1278

Magnetic shielding, 787–788Magnetic tape, 675–676Magnetizing field, 1277–1278Magneto-optical drives, 673–674Magnetoresistive heads, 674–675Magnetorheological materials, 424–425Magnetostrictive materials, 423Mainframe computers, 659, 661–662Maintenance, materials data for, 455Malleability, 496Maltron ergonomic keyboard, 679Manganese, 20, 22Manganese bronze, 140Manual material-handling systems, 776–777Manufacturing

ceramic materials, 446–448of composites, 385–386of copper alloys, 146, 148, 154, 157, 194, 196 –207

casting, 199–201forging, 201, 202machining, 146, 148, 154, 157, 196–203welding/brazing/soldering, 202, 204 –207

of magnesium alloys, 282–284forming, 284joining, 283, 284machining, 282

materials data for, 454of nickel alloys, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275

deformation, resistance to, 269, 271strain hardening, 271, 272, 274, 275

and virtual reality (VR), 748–752assembly, 750–752factory and process models, 749–751

Maraging steel, 36–37Martensite, 13–15, 25Martensitic stainless steel

age-hardening, 50Martensitic stainless steels, 34, 50Materials data, see DataMaterials databases, 485–486Materials selection, see Selection of materialsMatrix materials, 386, 390–393

carbon, 393ceramic, 393metal, 393polymer, 390, 392–393properties of, 391

Maximum-Shear Theory (Guest), 504Maximum-Strain Theory (Saint Venant), 504Maximum-Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory), 504MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 339Mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180

balance, 1176, 1178leakage, 1178–1179materials, 1179–1180seal face flatness, 1179

Mechanical failure, 928Mechanical fastening, 808–809Mechanical testing, 938, 939Medical gas piping systems, nonflammable, 212, 214Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 339Melting

superalloys, 316–321AOD, 317–319considerations, 320–321remelted ingot processing, 320VIM, 318–320

titanium alloys, 247–249cutting the cost, 248defects/control, 248–249

Memory (computers), 667–678cache, 670–671external, 671–678interleaved, 669–670internal, 670–671nonvolatile, 668organizational methods, 669–670PROM, 669RAM, 668–669ROM, 669virtual, 671volatile, 668

Memory organizational methods, 669–670Metadata, 456–457

Metal matrix, 393Metal matrix composites (MMCs)

mechanical properties of, 400–402discontinuous fiber-reinforced MMCs, 401particle-reinforced MMCs, 401

physical properties of, 413–414Microalloyed steels, 30Microcomputers, 659, 662Microtoming, 938, 939Minicomputers, 659, 662Minimills, 4Minimum strength overload proof test, 965MINLP (mixed-integer nonlinear programming), 837Mish metal, 24Mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINL P), 837MMCs, see Metal matrix compositesModule enclosures, 792Modulus, section, 516, 519Modulus of elasticity, 497

defined, 495superalloys:

cast superalloys, 310wrought superalloys, 309–310

Modulus of rupture, 516Mohr's Circle, 503Mohr's hypothesis, 953Molybdenum, 40–41, 44

in stainless steel, 40–41in steel, 22

Moment of inertia, 516, 531MOS RAM, 670Mounting structures, 792Mouse, 681–682, 735Mufflers, 1249–1250Multiaxial Weibull statistics, 953–956

global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953local multiaxial criterion, 954–956strength under compression loading, 953

Multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 1215–1217equations of motion, 1215–1216forced-vibration response, 1217free-vibration response, 1216–1217

Multivariable unconstrained optimization methods, 838–839Muscle forces (ergonomics), 771–772Music wire, 37

NNASA Virtual Wind Tunnel, 743–744NDI, see Nondestructive inspectionNDT (nondestructive testing techniques), 939Networks

computer, 662reliability, 1003–1009

bridge network, 1009–1010K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008parallel network, 1005

parallel-series network, 1006–1007series network, 1004series-parallel network, 1005, 1006standby system, 1008–1009

Neutron radiography, 1261–1263Nickel, 256–257

pure, 257in stainless steel, 41in steel, 22

Nickel alloys, 256–277and austenitic stainless steels, 51–53classification of, 257–259corrosion of, 267–273

nickel-copper alloys, 268oxidation, 269pitting attack, 269

fabrication of, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275deformation, resistance to, 269, 271strain hardening, 271, 272, 274, 275

heat treatment of, 272–276prepared atmosphere, 275reducing atmosphere, 274, 275

machining of, 276mechanical properties of, 261nickel alloys, 260nickel-chromium-iron, 263–265nickel-chromium-iron alloys, 263–265nickel-chromium-molybdenum, 266–267nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, 266–267nickel-copper alloys, 260–263, 268nickel-iron, 266nickel-iron-chromium, 265–266nickel-iron-chromium alloys, 265–266rupture stress, 262trademarks of, 277welding of, 276

Nickel-chromium-iron alloys, 263–265Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, 266–267Nickel-copper alloys, 260–263, 268Nickel-iron, 266Nickel-iron-chromium alloys, 265–266Nickel-tin bronzes, 143Nitrogen

in steel, 24in titanium alloys, 237

Noise control, 601–602, 1239–1252absorption, 1240–1242mufflers, 1249–1250recommendations for, 1250–1252sound-isolation, 1242–1246

acoustic enclosures, 1244–1245composite panel, 1243–1244double walls, 1245–1246transmission loss, 1242, 1243

vibration damping, 1247–1249vibration isolation, 1246–1248

Nonconformal surfaces, 1030–1032Noncontacting seals, 1183–1188Noncontinuous fields, continuous vs., 1278 –1279Nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966Nondestructive inspection (NDI) , 1253–1303

electronic references relating to, 1255future capabilities of, 1255–1256information sources for, 1254–1255instrumentation qualities in, 1254liquid penetrants in, 1257magnetic-particle, 1277–1279

continuous vs. noncontinuous fields, 1278 –1279demagnetizing the part, 1279inspection process, 1279magnetizing field, 1277–1278

radiography, 1259–1267attenuation of X-radiation, 1262, 1263computed tomography, 1266–1267film-based, 1263–1264generations/absorptions of X-radiation, 1260, 1261neutron radiography, 1261–1263penetrameter, 1264–1265real-time, 1265–1266

thermal methods, 1279–1285eddy current inspection, 1280–1285infrared cameras, 1279–1280probes/sensors, 1285–1286thermal paints, 1280thermal testing, 1280

ultrasonic, 1267–1276, 1286–1303bond-testing, 1276inspection process, 1272–1276properties of materials, 1286–1303reflection/transmission of sound, 1269 –1270refraction of sound, 1270–1272sound waves, 1268, 1269

Nondestructive testing techniques (NDT), 939Nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214Nonlinear static analysis, 716–717Nonvolatile memory, 668Nonzero mean stress, 883, 886–888Normal distribution (hazard rate model), 1003Normal-mode analysis, 716Normal stress, 493Numerical databases, 456Numeric databases, 456NURBS, 650–651Nylons, see Polyamides

OOil (as lubricant), 1036–1037Operating systems, 692–694Opportunity analysis, 996Optical data storage, 676–678Optical mouse, 681–682Optimization, 819–845

applications of, 823–834analysis/data reduction applications, 833–834design applications, 824–830operations/planning applications, 830 –833

constrained methods, 839–843direct search, 839–841linearization, 841–842SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming), 843transformation, 841

requirements for application of, 820–822software, 843–844structure of problems, 834–837unconstrained methods, 838–839

multivariable, 838–839single-variable, 838

O-rings, 1168–1170as basic sealing mechanism, 1168–1170material selection/chemical compatibilty of, 1170preload/compression of, 1168–1170in rotary applications, 1170thermal effects on, 1170

Output devices, computer, 686–691electronic displays, 686–688hard-copy devices, 689–691for virtual reality (VR), 736–738

Oxidationof mickel alloys, 269

Oxygenin steelmaking, 4in titanium alloys, 237

PPAs, see PolyamidesPackings/braided rope seals, 1170–1174PAIs (polyamide imides), 369PARs (polyarylates), 361, 362Parallel network, 1005Parallel-processing, 666–667Parallel-series network, 1006–1007Parametric modeling, 651Parametric solutions, 614Pareto diagram, 992"Parting" (dealloying), 137, 138Pascal, 698–699PASCC, see Polythionic acid stress--corrosion crackingPassivation, 43Passive electronics, 442–444Patenting, 37PBT/PC alloy, 352–354PBT (poly(bytylene terephthalate)), 352, 353PCs, see Personal computers; PolycarbonatesPC/ABS (polycarbonate/ABS) alloys, 360, 361PCTFE (poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)), 371Pearlite, 9, 13, 20, 25PECs (polyestercarbonates), 361, 362PEEK (polyetheretherketone), 369, 370

PEIs (polyetherimides), 368–369PEK (polyetherketone), 369, 370Penetrameter, 1264–1265PE (polyethylene), 339–341Performance, modeling material/product, 451Performance index (materials selection ), 475–476Personal computers (PCs), 664–665PES (polyethersulfone), 365, 366PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)), 353, 354Pet projects, 586Phenolic resins, 373Phosphor bronzes, 133pH-sensitive materials, 426Physical contradictions, 617, 618, 624 –625Physical ergonomics, 762–779

analysis in, 765–775anthropometry, 765–767biomechanics, 769–773environmental stress, 774–775localized fatigue, 774range of motion, 767–768strength, 768–769whole-body fatigue, 773–774

basis of, 763–764defined, 762in design process, 764–765disciplines contributing to, 764example applications of, 775–779

manual material-handling systems, 776–777refuse collection, 777–779

history of, 762–763Piezoceramics, 444–445Piezoelectric materials, 419–422Pitch-catch inspection, 1272–1273Pitting corrosion, 917–918

aluminum alloys, 87nickel alloys, 269stainless steel, 40, 41stainless steels, 45

Pivoted pad, 1069–1077Plastics, 335–377, 847–858

additives in, 337chemical/solvent resistance of, 337classification of, 336–337elastomers, 375–377for electronic packaging materials, 801 –804engineering thermoplastics, 351–365

polyamides (nylon), 355–360polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361polycarbonates (PCs), 360polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355

fluorinated thermoplastics, 370–372fluorinated ethylene--propylene (FEP), 371–372

poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE), 372poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372

functions of, 852–853high-performance materials, 364–370

aromatic polyketones (PEK, PEEK), 369, 370liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs), 365 –367polyamide imides (PAIs), 369polyarylsulfones (PSU, PES, PPSU), 365, 366polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369polyimides (PMDA-ODA), 366–368polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365

joining techniques, 854, 856materials selection techniques, 853–856part design, 854part material selection strategy, 856, 857and polymers, 847–852polyolefinic thermoplastics, 339–342

polyethylenes, 339–341polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342polypropylene (PP), 340, 341

polyurethane/cellulosic resins, 350 –351properties of, 337–339reinforced, 853side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 342 –350

acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) polymers, 344, 345acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347polystyrenes (PS, IPS, HIPS), 342–343polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349 –340styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347,

348syndiotactic polysterene (SPS), 343, 344

thermosets, 372–375alkyd resins, 374amino resins, 375diallyl phthalate, 375epoxy resins, 373phenolic resins, 373unsaturated polyesters, 373–374vinyl esters, 374

Plasticity, 493–494Plates, stresses on, 545–549Plate steels, 5Plotters, 689–691Plumbing tube, copper-alloy, 207–212PMCs, see Polymer matrix compositesPMDA-ODA, 366–368PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), 346, 347PMP (polymethylpentane), 341, 342Poisson's ratio, 493

Poka-yoke method (TQM), 994Polar moment of inertia, 531Polumeric materials, see plasticsPolyacetals, 359–360Polyamides (PAs, nylons), 355–360

acetals, 359–360aromatic, 358, 359PA 4/6, 357PA 6 and PA 6/6, 355, 356PA/PPE alloys, 356–357semiaromatic polyamides, 357, 358

Polyamide imides (PAIs), 369Polyarylates (PARs), 361, 362Polyarylsulfones, 365, 366Poly(bytylene terephthalate) (PBT), 352, 353Polycarbonates (PCs), 360Polycarbonate/ABS alloys (PC/ABS), 360, 361Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), 371Polyesters

thermoplastic, 352–355unsaturated, 373–374

Polyestercarbonates (PECs), 361, 362Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 369, 370Polyetherimides (PEIs), 368–369Polyetherketone (PEK), 369, 370Polyethersulfone (PES), 365, 366Poly(ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene) ( ECTFE), 372Polyethylene (PE), 339–341Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 353, 354Polyimides, 366–368Polyketones, aromatic, 369, 370Polymers, 847–852. See also Plastics

defined, 848smart, 426–427thermoplastic, 848

Polymerization reactions, 848Polymer matrix, 390, 392–393Polymer matrix composites (PMCs)

mechanical properties of, 396–400physical properties of, 408, 409, 411, 412

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347Polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342Polymides, 366–368Polyolefinic thermoplastics, 339–342

polyethylenes, 339–341polymethylpentane (PMP), 341, 342polypropylene (PP), 340, 341

Polyphenylene ether (PPE), 362–364Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 364–365Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 365, 366Polypropylene (PP), 340, 341Polystyrene (PS), 342–343Polysulfone (PSU), 365, 366Poly(tetrafluorethylene) (PTFE), 370, 371Polythionic acid stress--corrosion cracking (PASCC), 44–45Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), 354, 355

Polyurethanes (PUs), 350Polyurethane resins (PURs), 350Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), 372Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349 –340Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 372Portable ultrasonic systems, 1275–1276Position-sensitive assemblies, 795–796Powder metallurgy

superalloys, 323–324titanium alloys, 245–247

PPE, see Polyphenylene etherPP (polypropylene), 340, 341PPS, see Polyphenylene sulfidePPSU, see PolyphenylsulfonePrecipitation hardening stainless steels, 35Preliminary design, materials data for, 452 –453Printed circuit board components , 807–808Probes/sensors, 1285–1286Problem solving, algorithm for, see ARIZProcess annealing, 25Proeutectoid phase, 9Programmable read-only memory (PROM), 669PROM (programmable read-only memory), 669Proportional limit, 494Protective electronic packaging, 817 –818

shipping environment, 817–818storage equipment protection, 817

Prototypingrapid, 720–722virtual, 719–720

PS (polystyrene), 342–343PSU, see PolysulfonePTFE, see Poly(tetrafluorethylene)PTT, see Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)PUs (polyurethanes), 350Pugh method, 482, 594–597Pulse-echo inspection, 1272–1273Pumps, failure rate estimation models for, 1019PURs (polyurethane resins), 350PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 348, 349PVDC (poly(vinylidene chloride)), 349 –340PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 372, 420 –422PVF (poly(vinyl fluoride)), 372

QQFD (quality function deployment), 987Quality assurance

materials data for, 454–455traditional approach to, 982

Quality function deployment (QFD), 987Quantitative methods of materials selection, 466 –487

case study, 476–481comparing/ranking, 473–476

digital logic, 474–476performance index, 475–476

weighted-properties, 474–476computerization, 485–487

databases, 485–486expert systems, 486–487

initial screening, 469–473Ashby's method, 471–472cost-per-unit-property, 470–471Dargies's method, 472–473Esawi's and Ashby's method, 473limits on material properties, 470

optimum solution, 476requirements, 467–473

cost, 469functional, 467processability, 467, 469reliability, 469resistance to service conditions, 469

substitution, 480, 482–484case study, 484cost-benefit analysis, 482, 483Pugh method, 482

and types of material information, 484 –485Quenching, 25, 26QUEST, 750

RRace conformity

of ball bearings, 1112, 1113of roller bearings, 1117

Racks, 792Radiation, 817Radiography (as nondestructive inspection method), 1259 –1267

attenuation of X-radiation, 1262, 1263computed tomography, 1266–1267film-based, 1263–1264generations/absorptions of X-radiation, 1260, 1261neutron radiography, 1261–1263penetrameter, 1264–1265real-time, 1265–1266RT (radiography testing), 1259testing, 1259

Radiography testing (RT), 1259Radius of gyration, 536–537RAM (random access memory), 668 –670Random access memory, 668–670Range of motion (ROM), 767–768Rankine's Theory (Maximum-Stress Theory), 504Ranking, see Comparing/rankingRapid prototyping, 720–722Raster plotters, 690–691Raster-scan terminals, 688Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087Reaction injection molding (RIM), 350Read-only memory (ROM), 669Real-time radiography, 1265–1266Reaming (copper alloys), 194, 201

Red brasses, 138Reduced instruction set computer (RISC), 663 –664Refuse collection, 777–779Reinforced plastics, 853Reliability, 1000–1020

of brittle materials, 962–963and design, 1011–1017

failure rate allocation method, 1013FMEA (Failure Modes and Effect Analysis), 1016 –1017FTA (Fault Tree Analysis), 1017hybrid reliability allocation method, 1013 –1014safety factor/safety margin, 1014–1015stress-strength interference theory method, 1015 –1016

and failure, 1010–1011and failure data, 1019–1020failure rate estimation models of, 1018 –1019

brake system, 1018compressor system, 1019filter, 1019pump, 1019

hazard rate models of, 1002–1003exponential distribution, 1002–1003general distribution, 1003normal distribution, 1003Weibull distribution, 1003

and human error, 1017–1018networks of, 1003–1009

bridge network, 1009–1010K-out-of-m-Unit network, 1007–1008parallel network, 1005parallel-series network, 1006–1007series network, 1004series-parallel network, 1005, 1006standby system, 1008–1009

statistical distributions of, 1001–1002Rephosphorized steels, 22Resilience, 499–501Resisting moment, 531Resisting shear, 512Resources, maximal use of, 617, 618Restrained beam, 510RIM (reaction injection molding), 350RISC (reduced instruction set computer), 663 –664Roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120

crowning of, 1117curvature sum and difference of, 1118 –1120free endplay and contact angle of, 1118, 1119geometry of, 1107–1111race conformity of, 1117

Rolling-element, 1102–1147ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117bearing types, 1102–1111kinematics, 1120–1123roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120

Rolling-element bearings, 1102–1147ball bearings, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112 –1117

contact angle of, 1113–1115curvature sum and difference of, 1116 –1117geometry of, 1112–1117race conformity of, 1112, 1113shoulder height of, 1115

bearing types, 1102–1111kinematics, 1120–1123roller bearings, 1107–1111, 1117–1120

crowning of, 1117curvature sum and difference of, 1118 –1120free endplay and contact angle of, 1118, 1119geometry of, 1107–1111race conformity of, 1117

Rolling (steel), 5ROM, see Range of motion; Read-only memoryRT (radiography testing), 1259Rupture

creep and stress, 893–898modulus of, 516work required for, 500

Rupture strength, 495Rusting, 47

SSafety, factor of, 498Safety and health issues

copper and copper alloys, 139, 140, 144, 207vibration, exposure to, 774–775

Safety factor, 1014–1015Safety margin, 1014–1015SAN (styrene/acrylonitrile) copolymer, 343, 344Sant Venant Theory (Maximum-Strain Theory), 504Scanners, 685–686Scatter (ceramic failure), 948–952

of lifetime, 951–952of strength, 948–952

SCC (stress corrosion cracking), 920Seal(s), 1161–1199

double seals, 1182, 1183dynamic, 1174–1199

brush seals, 1192–1198emission concerns, 1180–1184honeycomb seals, 1191–1192initial seal selection, 1174–1177labyrinth seals, 1188–1191mechanical face seals, 1176, 1178 –1180noncontacting seals, 1183–1188

single seals, 1181–1182static, 1161–1174

gaskets, 1161–1168o-rings, 1168–1170packings/braided rope seals, 1170 –1174

tandem seals, 1182, 1183Secant formula, 538Section modulus, 516, 519Selection of materials

materials data for, 451–452plastics, 853–856quantitative methods, see Quantitative methods of materials

selectionSelective leaching, 918Selenium, 24Semiaromatic polyamides, 357, 358Semired brasses, 139Sensitization, 33Series network, 1004Series-parallel network, 1005, 1006SFMs, see Su-field modelsShafts, torsional stresses in, 531–535

angle of twist, 532–533formula for round shafts, 531–532noncircular cross sections, 533shearing stress, 532ultimate strength, 533, 535

Shape functions, differential properties of, 570 –572Shape memory alloys, 428–429Shareware, 691Shear

deflection due to, 519–520horizontal, 512, 521resisting, 512vertical, 512

Shear diagrams, 512Shear strain, 493Shear stress, 492Shielding

electromagnetic, 787electrostatic, 787magnetic, 787–788

Shipping environment protection, 817 –818Shock

and electronic packaging, 811–812isolation of, 1225–1226spectrum of, 1212–1214

Side-chain-substituted vinyl thermoplastics, 342 –350acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) polymers, 344, 345acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylate (ASA) polymers, 345, 346poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 346, 347polystyrenes (PS, IPS, HIPS), 342–343polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 348, 349poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 349–340styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347, 348syndiotactic polysterene (SPS), 343, 344

Silicon brasses, 134, 140Silicon bronzes, 134, 140Silicon-carbide based fibers (as composite reinforcement), 389Silver, 800–801Simple beam, 510Simple stress, 493Simulation testing, 941

Single-degree-of-freedom systems, 1207–1212equation of motion, 1208forced-harmonic vibration, 1211forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211–1212free vibration, 1208–1211

Single seals, 1181–1182Single-variable unconstrained optimization methods, 8386DOF mouse, 735Six Sigma, 990. See also Design for Six SigmaSKETCHPAD, 643–644SLAM II, 750Slenderness ratio, 537Smart catalysts, 428Smart materials, 418–431

catalysts, 428elastorestrictive materials, 424electrorheological materials, 424electrostrictive materials, 422future considerations for, 430–431hydrogels, 427–428light-sensitive materials, 426magnetorheological materials, 424–425magnetostrictive materials, 423pH-sensitive materials, 426piezoelectric materials, 419–422polymers, 426–427shape memory alloys, 428–429thermoresponsive materials, 425unusual behaviors of, 429versatility of, 430

Smart polymers, 426–427SMA (styrene/maleic anhydride) copolymer, 347SMMA (styrene/methyl methacrylate) copolymer, 347, 348S--N--P curves, 879–886Socket action, 550–551Soderberg's Law, 508Soft-EHL, 1099Software, 691–701

for computer-aided design (CAD), 701–712graphics software, 701–703solid modeling, 703–712

for computer languages, 697–701for GUI (graphical user interface), 694 –695for operating systems, 692–694for optimization, 843–844for virtual reality (VR), 738, 739for X Window System, 695–697

Solaris, 693Soldering, 202. See also BrazingSolid, deformation of a, 558–560Solid modeling, 651, 703–712

concatenation, 710constructive solid geometry (CSG), 705 –706dimension-driven design, 651feature-based, 652–654parametric, 651

scaling, 711transformations, 708–711

three-dimensional, 710–711two-dimensional, 708–710

translation, 709–710variational, 651

Solubility, 7Solvent resistance (of plastics), 337Sound, 1230–1252. See also Noise control

analyzers of, 1235characteristics of, 1230combined sources of, 1234control of, see noise controlcorrection for background, 1236decibels, 1231, 1234–1235frequency/wavelength of, 1231measurements of, 1236–1239meters for, 1234power/pressure of, 1231ultrasonic:

reflection/transmission of, 1269–1270refraction, 1270–1272

ultrasonic waves, 1268, 1269velocity of, 1231–1233

Sound-level meter, 1235Sound measurement, 1236–1239

of machines in semireverberant locations, 1237of small machines in free field, 1236two-surface method of, 1237–1239

Spalling failure, 866Special copper alloys, 119Spheres, stresses on, 543, 545Spheriodizing, 25, 26Spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091SPS (syndiotactic polystyrene), 343, 344SQP (Successive Quadratic Programm ing), 843Stainless steel(s), 31–35, 39–58

and AOD/dual certification/chemistry control, 47 –49austenitic, 19, 32–33availability of, 49chromium in, 40copper in, 41and corrosion, 39–40, 43–47

crevice corrosion, 45–46galvanic corrosion, 47general corrosion, 43intergranular corrosion, 46pitting corrosion, 45stress--corrosion cracking, 44–45

duplex, 34, 51effect of alloying elements on, 39–43ferritic, 3, 33–34, 49–50martensitic, 34, 50molybdenum in, 40–41nickel alloy, 51–53nickel in, 41

precipitation hardening, 35Web sites related to, 58welding of, 53–57

austenitic alloys, 55–56carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55duplex stainless steels, 57high-molybdenum alloys, 57

Standard for the Exchange of Products (STEP), 713, 725 –730applications for, 725, 726applications protocols for, 725–727for CNC machining, 728–730future of, 730for geometric dimensioning/tolerancing, 727 –728

Standby system, 1008–1009Static analysis, 653Static seals, 1161–1174

gaskets, 1161–1168metallic, 1165nonmetallic, 1165required bolt load, 1165

o-rings, 1168–1170as basic sealing mechanism, 1168–1170material selection/chemical compatibilty of, 1170preload/compression of, 1168–1170in rotary applications, 1170thermal effects on, 1170

packings/braided rope seals, 1170–1174for high-temperature service, 1171–1174

Statistical strength distribution, 964–965Steel(s), 3–37

alloy, see Alloy steel(s)carbon, 27–29classification/specifications, 26–27development of properties of, 5–18

continuous-cooling transformation diagram, 14, 16departure from equilibrium, 9, 12hardenability concept, 16–18iron--carbon equilibrium diagram, 6–13

electrical, 29enameling, 29free-machining, 22heat treatment of, 25–26

full annealing, 25normalizing, 25quenching, 26recrystallization annealing, 25spheriodizing, 25, 26stress relieving, 25tempering, 26

hypereutectoid, 9, 13hypoeutectoid, 9leaded, 30manufacture of, 4–5

continuous casting, 4–5ironmaking, 4rolling/forging, 5

steelmaking, 4maraging, 36–37plate, 5rephosphorized, 22weathering, 22

Steel columns, stresses on, 542–543Steelmaking, 4STEP, see Standard for the Exchange of ProductsStereolithography, 721–722Stiffness, 496STN International, 461–462Storage environment protection, 817Strain, 493, 495Strain-Energy Theory, 504Strain gauge method, 936Strain hardening (nickel alloys), 271, 272, 274, 275Strand casting, 4–5Stratification method (TQM), 996Strength

breaking, 495of brittle materials, 964–966

minimum strength overload proof test, 965nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966statistical strength distribution, 964–965tests, 972–975

and ceramic failure, 945–947minimum strength overload proof test, 965nondestructive flaw detection, 965–966in physical ergonomics, 768–769rupture, 495statistical strength distribution, 964–965of titanium alloys, 222–223ultimate, 494yield, 494

Stress(es), 491–555, 934–937allowable unit, 498axial, 493on beams, 510–530

continuous beams, 522–525curved beams, 524–527and design, 520–523flexure theory, 510–520impact stresses, 527–530vibratory stresses, steady/impulsive, 530

on columns, 536–543steel columns, 542–543theory, 537–539wooden columns, 539–542

combined, 502–506compressive, 492concentration factors, 501contact, 551, 552creep, 499, 506–508on cylinders/spheres, 543–545

thick walls, 544–545thin walls, 543–544

definitions, 492–499determination of principal, 502–503discontinuities, 500–501dynamic, 499in electronic packaging, 814–815fatigue, 499, 507–510impact, 499information sources about, 553–555nonzero mean, 883, 886–888normal, 493on plates, 545–549on rotating elements, 551, 553shafts/bending/torsion, 530–536shear, 492simple, 493socket action, 550–551static, 492–499tensile, 492torsional, 530–536

bending, 535–536in shafts, 531–535

total, 492true, 495on trunnions, 545, 549–550unit, 492and work/resilience, 499–501

Stress corrosionof copper and copper alloys, 139of stainless steels, 44–45

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 920Stress rupture, 893–898Stress--strain relationship, 494–496Stress-strength interference theory method, 1015 –1016Styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer, 343, 344Styrene/maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, 347Styrene/methyl methacrylate (SMMA) copolymer, 347, 348Sublimation, 789Successive Quadratic Programming (SQP), 843Su-field models (SFMs), 626–631Superalloys, 287–334

component production, 321–328casting, 321–323forging/powder metal, 322–324information resources, 325, 327–328joining, 324, 325overview, 324–326

compositions of:cast superalloys, 296–297wrought superalloys, 293–295

corrosion and coatings, 328–330hot-corrosion resistance, 329postservice refurbishment/repair, 330 –331thermal barrier coatings, 329–330

effect of temperature on:cast superalloys, 300–301wrought superalloys, 298–299, 302–304

evolution of, 315–317for high-temperature applications, 332–333intermediate-temperature applications, 331–332manufacture of articles using, 289, 290melting/casting, 316–321

AOD, 317–319considerations, 320–321remelted ingot processing, 320VIM, 318–320

modulus of elasticity of:cast superalloys, 310wrought superalloys, 309–310

obtaining information on, 290–292properties of, 307, 310, 311, 313–315

cast superalloys, 308mechanical, 314–315physical/environmental, 307, 310, 31 1, 313–314wrought superalloys, 305–307

strengthening of, 288–291Supercomputers, 658–659, 661Surface modeling, 650Syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), 343, 344Systems evolution, laws of, 625–627

TTandem mill, 5Tandem seals, 1182, 1183TBCs, see Thermal barrier coatingsTechnical contradictions, 617Temperature capability

titanium alloys, 222Temperature(s)

ceramic failure at high, 958–961creep rupture, 960creep strain, 959–960

and copper, 130, 131, 194effect of, on superalloys:

cast, 300–301wrought, 298–299, 302–304

Tempered aluminum alloys, 68, 70Tempering, 25

copper alloys, 128, 129, 155–157steel, 26

Tensile strain, 493Tensile stress (tension), 492Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, see TRIZTertiary phase diagrams, 6Textual data, 456Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems, see TRIZThermal analysis, 939Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), 329 –330Thermal expansion, 814–815Thermal failure, 931Thermal nondestructive inspection methods, 1279 –1285

eddy current inspection, 1280–1285infrared cameras, 1279–1280

probes/sensors, 1285–1286thermal paints, 1280thermal testing, 1280

Thermal paints, 1280Thermal shock, 957–958Thermal testing, 1280Thermoplastic polyesters, 352–355

PBT/PC alloy, 352–354poly(bytylene terephthalate) (PBT), 352, 353poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 353, 354poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), 354, 355

Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), 350Thermoplastics, 802–803Thermoresponsive materials, 425Thermosets, 372–375, 803–804

alkyd resins, 374amino resins, 375diallyl phthalate, 375epoxy resins, 373phenolic resins, 373unsaturated polyesters, 373–374vinyl esters, 374

3DM, 7403-Draw, 739Thrust bearings

liquid-lubricated, 1050–1061Rayleigh step bearing, 1075–1078, 1085–1087spiral-groove thrust bearings, 1078–1084, 1088–1091

Time--temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams, 12Tin

in electronic packaging materials, 801in steel, 24

Tin brasses, 132Tin bronzes, 142Tissue tolerances (ergonomics), 771 –772Titanium alloys, 221–255

biomedical applications of, 253corrosion, 252–253cryogenic applications of, 253high temperatures of, 226–229information resources for, 255manufacturing processes for, 246–252

casting, 250–251forging, 249–250joining, 251–252residual stresses, 251vacuum arc melting, 247–248

melting, 247–249cutting the cost of, 248defects/control, 248–249

metallurgy of, 225–226microstructure/properties of, 229–247

alloy composition/general behavior, 229 –232alpha alloys, 237, 238alpha-beta alloys, 238–239beta alloys, 239

cast alloys, 240, 245effects of alloy elements, 233, 234elastic constants/physical properties, 233 –235hydrogen in, 236intermetallic compounds/transient secondary phases, 233mechanical properties, 237–247oxygen/nitrogen in, 237powder-formed alloys, 244, 245processing effects, 234, 236strengthening, 230, 233wrought/cast/powder metallurgy products, 245 –247

strength/corrosion capability of, 222 –223strengthening mechanisms for, 223, 224temperature capability of, 222

Tool steels, 35Torsional stresses, 530–536

bending, 535–536defined, 530–531in shafts, 531–535

angle of twist, 532–533formula for round shafts, 531–532noncircular cross sections, 533shearing stress, 532ultimate strength, 533, 535

Total quality management (TQM), 980 –996approaches to, 984–985

Crosby's, 985Deming's, 984–985Juran's, 985

barriers to success, 984in design phase, 986–991

benchmarking, 988guidelines, 990–991Kume's approach, 989–990plans for acquisition/process control, 989process design review, 988–989product design review, 986–987quality design characteristics, 986quality function deployment (QFD), 987quality loss function, 987–988Six Sigma, 990steps for controlling design, 986Taguchi's approach, 989

elements of, 982, 983methods of, 991–996

affinity diagram, 991control charts, 993–994customer needs mapping, 993Deming wheel, 991–992fishbone diagram, 992force field analysis, 993gap analysis, 995–996Hoshin planning, 994–995Kaizen, 992–993opportunity analysis, 996Pareto diagram, 992

poka-yoke, 994stratification, 996

origins of, 980–981principles of, 983traditional quality assurance program, 982

Total strain, 493Total stress, 492Touch pad, 679–680Touch screen, 680–681Toughness, 496TPUs (thermoplastic polyurethanes), 350TQM (total quality managment), 980–996Trackball, 682Tracking devices, 735–736TrackPoint, 682Tramp elements, 24Transformations, 708–711

optimization methods, 841three-dimensional, 710–711two-dimensional, 708–710

Transient response, 717Translation, 709–710Transmission loss, 1242, 1243Transparent ceramics, 445, 446Trip steels, 31TRIZ (Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems), 595, 596,

612–640ARIZ, 635–639

caution, 639flowchart, 636model of ideal solution step, 638–639problem analysis step, 637resource analysis step, 637–638

class 4 standards, 630–635group 4-1, 630, 631group 4-2, 631, 632group 4-3, 632–633group 4-4, 633–634group 4-5, 634–635

and contradictions, 628–630definition of, 613foundational principles of, 615–618

contradictions, 616–618ideality, 615–617maximal use of resources, 617, 618

origins of, 613–615scientific approach to, 618–622Su-field synthesis, 629–631tools of, 622–628

analytical tools, 626–628contradiction matrix, 622–624laws of systems evolution, 625–627physical contradictions, 624–625Su-field, 626–628

True discoveries, 614True strain, 495

True stress, 495True stress--strain relationship, 495–496Trunnions, stresses on, 545, 549–550TTT diagrams, see Time--temperature transformation diagramsTube/pipe products (copper and copper alloys), 207 –219

fuel gas distribution systems, 214nonflammable medical gas piping systems, 212, 214plumbing tube, 207–212

Tungsten, 23, 41Tuyeres, 4Twisting moment, 531Two-surface method, 1237–1239

UUHMWPE (ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene), 339Ultimate strength, 494Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 339Ultrahigh-strength steels, 36–37Ultrasonic nondestructive inspection methods, 1267 –1276,

1286–1303bond-testing, 1276inspection process, 1272–1276

portable ultrasonic systems, 1275–1276pulse-echo/pitch-catch inspection, 1272–1273transmission vs. pulse echo, 1273–1275

properties of materials, 1286–1303reflection/transmission of sound, 1269 –1270refraction of sound, 1270–1272sound waves, 1268, 1269

Unconstrained methods for optimization, 838 –839multivariable, 838–839single-variable, 838

Unified Numbering System (UNS), 26Unit strain, 493Unit stress, 492, 498UNIX, 692–693Unsaturated polyesters, 373–374UNS (Unified Numbering System), 26

VVacuum arc melting, 247–248Vacuum induction melding (VIM), 318 –320VADE (Virtual Assembly Design Environment), 751Variational modeling, 651Vector plotters, 689–690Vector refresh terminals, 686–688Vertical shear, 512Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), 339Vibration(s), 1204–1212, 1215–1228. See also Shock

adverse health outcomes from, 774 –775of beams, 530of continuous vibratory systems, 1217 –1222damping, 1247–1249and dynamics study, 1204and electronic packaging, 811–813isolation of, 1222–1226, 1246–1248

modeling of, 1205–1207in multi-degree-of-freedom systems, 1215–1217

equations of motion, 1215–1216forced-vibration response, 1217free-vibration response, 1216–1217

in single-degree-of-freedom systems, 1207–1212equation of motion, 1208forced-harmonic vibration, 1211forced nonharmonic vibration, 1211–1212free vibration, 1208–1211

sources of, 1204standards for, 1226–1227study of, 1205symbols used with, 1227–1228

VIM, see Vacuum induction meldingVinyl esters, 374Vinyl thermoplastics, side-chain substituted, see Side-chain-

substituted vinyl thermoplasticsVIRCON, 753Virtual Assembly Design Environment (VADE), 751Virtual memory, 671Virtual prototyping, 719–720Virtual Reality Laboratory, 756Virtual reality (VR), 732–757. See also Computer-aided design

(CAD)in civil engineering/construction, 752 –755

DIVERCITY, 753–754VIRCON, 753

in concept design, 739–7423DM, 7403-Draw, 739COVIRDS, 740, 741HoloSketch, 740JDCAD, 740virtual sculpting, 741–742

in data visualization, 742–746CFD, 743–746. See also Computational Fluid Dynamics

(CFD)FEA (Finite-Element Analysis), 742–743

defined, 732–733in driving simulation, 746–748in geology/chemical engineering, 754 –757hardware for, 734–738

input devices, 735–737output devices, 736–738

in manufacturing, 748–752assembly, 750–752factory and process models, 749–751

software for, 738, 739types of, 733–734

Virtual sculpting, 741–742ViSTA FlowLib, 744–746Visual examination, 933VLDPE (very low-density polyethylene), 339Volatile memory, 668VR, see Virtual reality

VR-CFD, 744–745VR-Fact!, 749–750VRFactory, 750

WWear, 789, 898, 907–913Wear-resistant steels, 36Weathering steels, 22Weibull distribution (hazard rate model), 1003Weibull statistics, 953–956

compression loading, 953global multiaxial fracture criterion, 953local multiaxial fracture criterion, 954 –956

Weibull tests, 970–972Weighted-properties method (materials selection), 474 –476Welding. See also Brazing; Soldering

beam, design of welded, 827–830carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55of copper and copper alloys, 202, 204 –207

coppers and high-copper alloys, 202, 204crack prevention, 206–207dissimilar-metal combinations, 204, 205distortion control, 206filler metals, 206safety and health, 207shielding gas requirements, 205welding processes, 205weld properties, 207

nickel and nickel alloys, 276of stainless steels, 53–57

austenitic alloys, 55–56carbon vs. stainless steel, 53–55duplex stainless steels, 57high-molybdenum alloys, 57

Welding/soldering, 809–810Wet corrosion, 268Whole-body fatigue, 773–774Windows NT, 693–694Wire, music, 37Wireframe modeling, 649Wireless mouse, 681WITNESS VR, 750Wooden columns, stresses on, 539–542Word length, 662Work, 499–501Workstations, 665–666Wrought alloys

aluminum, 92–107copper, 124–129, 131–136titanium, 245–247

Wrought superalloyscompositions of, 293–295dynamic moduli of elasticity for, 309 –310effect of temperature on, 298–299, 302–304physical properties of, 305–307

XX-radiation

attenuation of, 1262, 1263generations/absorptions of, 1260, 1261

X Window System, 695–697

YYellow brasses, 139Yielding failure, 863, 867–869Yield point, 494Yield strength, 494