A Bibliography of Remanufacturing References A … Bibliography of Remanufacturing References A...

©Oakdene Hollins Ltd May 2007

OAKDENE HOLLINS

A Bibliography of Remanufacturing

References

A Component of the Remanufacturing Pilot

for

Defra, BREW Programme

May 2007

©Oakdene Hollins Ltd May 2007

This report has been prepared by: David Parker Checked as a final copy by: Katie Deegan Reviewed by: ………………………………………. Date: 2nd May 2007 Contact: [email protected] File reference number: DEFR02 089 Review.doc

Printed on recycled paper

©Oakdene Hollins Ltd. 2007 March 2007

Appendix E: References

Ref. Title Précis Ref 1 Directive 2002/ ... /EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of ...

on waste electrical and electronic equipment, Common Position (EC) No 20/2002

Art 3(d) Re‐use Art 3(e) Recycling in the context of WEEE

Ref 2 European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste, Art.3(5)

ʹRe‐use` shall mean any operation by which packaging, which has been conceived and designed to accomplish within its life cycle a minimum number of trips or rotations, is refilled or used for the same purpose for which it was conceived, with or without the support of auxiliary products present on the market enabling the packaging to be refilled; such re‐used packaging will become packaging waste when no longer subject to re‐use;

Ref 3 Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end‐of life vehicles, Art. 2(6)

Art 2(6): ‘re‐use’ means any operation by which components of end‐of life vehicles are used for the same purpose for which they were conceived; Art 2(7): ‘recycling’ means the reprocessing in a production process of the waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes but excluding energy recovery. Energy recovery means the use of combustible waste as a means to generate energy through direct incineration with or without other waste but with recovery of the heat;

Ref 4 OECD/Eurostat Joint Questionnaire on waste Re‐use shall mean any operation by which end of life products and equipment (e.g. electrical and electronic equipment) or its components are used for the same purpose for which they were conceived.

Ref 5 Office of Solid Waste: Measuring Recycling: A Guidance for State and Local Governments. Appendix A: Glossary

Refers to the use of a product or component of municipal solid waste in its original form more than once. Examples include refilling glass or plastic bottles, repairing wood pallets, using corrugated or plastic containers for

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http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2002/ce110/ce11020020507en00010022.pdf



http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=31994L0062&model=guichett

http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=31994L0062&model=guichett

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2000/l_269/l_26920001021en00340042.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2000/l_269/l_26920001021en00340042.pdf

http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.org_info?P_REG_AUTH_ID=1028&P_LIST_OPTION_CD=ORG

http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.org_info?P_REG_AUTH_ID=1&P_DATA_ID=20025&P_VERSION=1&P_LIST_OPTION_CD=INFO



storage, and returning milk crates.

Ref 6 Office of Solid Waste: Glossary! To clean or repair something old and use it again instead of throwing it away.

Ref 7 Office of Communications, Education, and Media Relations : Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms (Revised December 1997) Term Detail

Using a product or component of municipal solid waste in its original form more than once; e.g. refilling a glass bottle that has been returned or using a coffee can to hold nuts and bolts.

Ref 8 Taking Back the SS BLUE LADY: Malaysia’s Legal Obligation under the Basel Convention

Any waste trader can coin a new phrase other than ‘disposal’ or ‘recycling’ to evade Basel’s jurisdiction. For instance, a waste trade can claim that an EoL vessel is destined for ‘re‐deployment’, ‘re‐conversion’, ‘associated applications’, etc. and since these terms are not found in Basel, it can be claimed that the treaty does not apply. This similar tact is employed in the ‘re‐use’ rumours of the SS BLUE LADY.

Ref 9 Thierry (1995) in Seitz: Thierry, M., M. Salmon, J. Van‐Nunen and L. Van‐Wassenhove. (1995). ‘Strategic Issues in Product Recovery Management’ California Management Review, 37 (2), 114.

Ref 10 Guide, V.D.R. (1999) ‘Remanufacturing production planning and control: U.S industry best practice and research issues.’ Second International Working Paper on Re‐use, (Conference, Eindhoven), pp 115‐128.

Ref 11 Guide, V.D.R. and S.M. Gupta. (1999) ‘A queuing network model for a remanufacturing environment’ Second International Working Paper on Re‐use, (Conference, Eindhoven), pp. 129‐140.

Ref 12 Nasr, N.Z. (2004) ‘Remanufacturing from Technology to Applications’, Proceedings of the Global Conference on Sustainable Product Development and Life Cycle Engineering, Berlin, Germany, 29th September – 1st October 2004

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http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.navigate_term?p_term_id=14131&p_term_cd=TERMDIS


Ref 13 Bras, B. and Hammond, R. (1996) ‘Design for Remanufacturing Metrics’ Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Re‐use, (Eindhoven, The Netherlands,). 11‐13th November

Ref 14 Ijomah, W.L. (2002). ‘A model‐based definition of generic remanufacturing business process.’ Doctoral thesis, University of Plymouth

Ref 15 Sundin, E. (2002) ‘Design for remanufacturing from a remanufacturing process perspective’ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linköpings University.

Ref 16 Steinhilper, R. (1998) ‘Remanufacturing, the ultimate form of recycling’ Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart.

Ref 17 Fleischmann, M., Bloemhof‐Ruwaard, J.M., Van der Dekker, R., Laan E, J. Van Nunen, J. and Van Wassenhov, L (1997) ‘Quantitative models for reverse logistics: a review’, Journal of Operational Research, 103, pp. 1–17.

Ref 18 Sundin, E. (2004) ‘Product and Process Design for Successful Remanufacture’, Linkoping studies in Science and Technology, Linkoping Institute of Technology, Dissertation no. 906.

Ref 19 Sprow, E. (1992) ‘The Mechanics of Remanufacturing’, Manufacturing Engineering: 38‐52.

Ref 20 WTO Negotiating Group on Market Access (2005) ‘Market Access for Non‐Agricultural; Negotiating NTBs Related to Remanufacturing and refurbishing’, TN/MA/W/18/Add.11, 5 December 2005

Ref 21 Hammond, R., Amezquita, T., and Bras, B.A. (1998) ‘Issues in the

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Automotive Parts Remanufacturing Industry: Discussion of Results from Surveys Performed among Remanufacturers’, International Journal of Engineering Design and Automation – Special Issue on Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 27‐46, 1998

Ref 22 King, A.M. and Ijomah, W. (2004) ‘Reducing End‐of‐life Waste: Repair,

Recondition, Remanufacture or Recycle?’, http://64.233.183.104/ search?q=cache:5sYwaCFUZ9EJ:www.remanufacturing.org.uk/pdf/ Salt_Lake_City_v6_AK.doc +waste+repair&hl=en (viewed January 5th, 2006)

This paper examines the issues that must be considered before remanufacturing a product, from an economic and ecological standpoint.

Ref 23 Ijomaha, W., Childe, S., McMahon C. ‘Remanufacturing: A Key Strategy for Sustainable Development’

This study firstly defines remanufacture, reconditioning and repair, then goes on to try and design a framework for a generic remanufacturing business process.

Ref 24 King, A.M. and Burgess S.C. (2005) ‘The Development of a Remanufacturing Platform Design: a strategic response to the Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment’, Proceedings of the IMechE, Vol. 219 Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture

This paper examines strategy that may be employed in the design phase of a product family to enable re‐use of modules and enable easy upgrade.

Ref 25 Majumder, P. and Groenevelt, H. (2001) ‘Competition in Remanufacturing’, Production and Operations Management, Summer 2001

This study examines the competition between OEM who wish to remanufacture and independent operators seeking to acquire cores for remanufacture. Research on competition in recycling differs from this; in recycling the manufacturer does not recycle, and the recyclers are price takers. In this paper, OEM may also remanufacture, and both players set prices. The determinants of consumer behaviour for recycling are relevant, since similar determinants may influence the rate of returns for used items. Remanufacturing also differs from durable goods markets since the remanufactured items are functionally similar to original items and may be sold as such. The competition stems from other remanufacturers, not a secondary market created by goods sold earlier by the original manufacturer. The engineering and operations literatures do not consider competition at all.

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Ref 26 Kulkarni, A.G., Parlikad, A.K., McFarlane, D.C. & Harrison, M.G.,

‘Networked RFID Systems in Product Recovery Management’

This study examines the possibility of improving material recovery and identification through the use of RFID tagging at a component level.

Ref 27 Rodger, D. & Tibben‐Lembke, R. ‘Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices’

This paper examines the current climate in the US and Europe for firms wishing to employ some form of reverse logistics. It also tries to model and predict future trends.

Ref 28 Jackson, T. & Leach, ‘Industrial and Social Ecology of Urban Resource Flows’

A paper examining the mass flows and constitution of waste generate in the UK urban sector with regards to time and geography. An assessment is made of the impact of schemes such as retail take‐back and remanufacture.

Ref 29 Clegg, A & Williams, D. ‘The Strategic and Competitive Implications of Recycling and Design for Disassembly in the Electronics Industry’

Examines the options open to the electronics industry in the light of the WEEE Directive.

Ref 30 Lindahl, M., Sundin, E. & Östlin, J. ‘Managing Design, Remanufacture and Reverse Logistics – Important Issues for Getting Functional Sales as an Efficient Business System’

This short paper looks at the literary evidence available for creating new business oportunities from a remanufacturing strategy.

Ref 31 Barthel, M. and Hughes, H. for WRAP ‘Promoting Sustainable Innovation in UK Retail’

This study concentrates on the packaging used in the UK retail market, and addresses issues such as reduction and re‐use of packaging.

Ref 32 Amezquita, T. (1996) ‘Lean Remanufacturing in the Automotive

Industry,’, Master of Science Thesis, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

Ref 33 Amezquita, T., Hammond, R. and Bras, B. (1995a) ‘Characterizing the Remanufacturability of Engineering Systems’, 1995 ASME Advances in Design Automation Conference, DE‐Vol. 82, Boston, Massachusetts, ASME, pp. 271‐278.

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Ref 34 Amezquita, T., Hammond, R. and Bras, B. (1995b) ‘Design for Remanufacturing’, 10th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 95), Praha, Czech Republic, Heurista, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 1060‐1065.

Ref 35 Berko‐Boateng, V.J., Azar, J., De Jong, E. and Yander, G. A. (1993) ‘Asset Recycle Management – A Total Approach to Product Design for the Environment’, International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, Arlington, VA, IEEE, pp. 19‐31.

Ref 36 Boothroyd, G. and Dewhurst, P. (1991), ‘Product Design for Assembly’, Boothroyd and Dewhurst, Inc., Wakefield.

Using this approach a product’s development is to be completely optimized based on simplifying assembly process costs by minimizing the number of components used within the product, possible directions used to assemble components together, and assessment of the required annual unit production volumes.

Ref 37 Congress, U.S. (1992) ‘Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner Environment’, Office of Technology Assessment.

Ref 38 Fiksel, J., (1996) ‘Towards Sustainable Development,’ Design for Environment – Creating Eco‐Efficient Products and Processes’, McGraw‐Hill, New York, pp. 23‐33.

Ref 39 Hammond, R.C., (1996) ‘Development of Design Metrics for Remanufacturing’, Master of Science Thesis, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

Ref 40 Haynsworth, H.C. and Lyons, R.T., (1987) ‘Remanufacturing by Design, The Missing Link’, Production and Inventory Management, Vol. No. Second Quarter, pp. 25‐28.

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Ref 41 Kutta, R.M. and Lund, R.T., (1978) ‘Remanufacturing: A Preliminary Assessment’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

First assessment of the nature of remanufacturing in the U.S.

Ref 42 Lund, R.T. (1983) ‘Remanufacturing: United States Experience and Implications for Developing Nations’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ref 43 Lund, R.T. 1984) ‘Remanufacturing’, Technology Review, Vol. 87, No. pp. 18‐23.

Ref 44 Lund, R. T., Clark, J. P., Tuler,.F.R., Barnett, C.J., Bollinger, L., Grand, R., Kutta, R.M. and Stanovsky, C.S. (1980) ‘Energy Savings Through Remanufacturing: A Pre‐Demonstration Study’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ref 45 Lund, R.T. and Denney, W.M., (1977) ‘Opportunities and Implications of Extending Product Life’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ref 46 Lund, R.T. and Skeels, F.D., (1983a) ‘Guidelines for an Original Equipment Manufacturer Starting a Remanufacturing Operation’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ref 47 Lund, R.T. and Skeels, F.D., (1983b) ‘Start‐up Guidelines for the Independent Remanu‐facturer’, Center for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ref 48 Navin‐Chandra, D. (1993) ‘ReStar: A Design Tool for Environmental Recovery Analysis’, 9th International Conference on Engineering Design, The Hague, Heurista, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 780‐787.

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Ref 49 Sorge, M. (1991) ‘Delco Remy Hikes Remanufacturing’, Wardʹs Auto World, October, pp. 46.

Ref 50 Strandberg, K.W. (1990) ‘Rebuilding and Remanufacturing in Mass Transit’, Mass Transit, September/October, pp. 80‐82.

Ref 51 Stauffer, R.N. (1990) ‘Making the Right Moves in Machine Makeover’, Manufacturing Engineering: 49‐53.

Ref 52 Amezquita T.B., Bras B.A. and Hammond R. (1998) ‘Issues in the Automotive Parts Remanufacturing Industry: Discussion of Results from Surveys Performed among Remanufacturers’, International Journal of Engineering Design and Automation‐Special Issue on Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing, 4, 1, pp27‐46.

Results from three surveys among independent automotive remanufacturers are presented, highlighting what a segment of the remanufacturing industry perceives as critical issues, as well as their relative importance.

Ref 53 Rodgers, D., Tibben‐Lembke, R. (1998) ‘Going Backwards: Reverse logistics trends and practices’, Reno, Nevada, Reverse Logistics Executive Council.

Ref 54 Amezquita, H.A., Bras, B.A., Hammond, R.C. and Salazar, D.M. (1995) ‘Characterizing the Remanufacturability of Engineering Systems’, Proceedings 1995 ASME Advances in Design Automation Conference, Boston, MA, DE‐82, September 17‐20, 271‐278.

The principal goal in this paper is to identify design characteristics which facilitate remanufacturing. This is accomplished by addressing the principal driving factors for remanufacturing, as well as identifying existing remanu‐facturing guidelines, philosophies, and practices. The remanufacturability of a product which is not currently remanufactured ‐ an automobile door ‐ is investigated and design changes which increase remanufacturability are proposed.

Ref 55 Anderson, R.W. (1984), ‘Durable Goods Monopoly and Futures Markets’, Columbia University Working Paper Series CSFM‐85, June 1984.

Ref 56 Clarke, R.A., Stavins, R.N., Green J.L. and Bavaria J.L. (1994) ‘The Challenge of Going Green’, Harvard Business Review, 71, 4, 37‐50.

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Ref 57 Crandall, R.W. (1996) ‘From Competitiveness to Competition‐The Threat of Minimills to Large National Steel Companies’, Resources Policy, 22, 1/2, 107‐118.

Ref 58 Daniel, S.E., Diakoulaki, D.C. and Pappis, C.P. (1997) ‘Operations Research and Environmental Planning’, European Journal of Operational Research, 102, 248 ‐263.

Ref 59 De Ron, A.D. and Penev, K. (1995) ‘Disassembly and Recycling of Electronic Consumer Products: An Overview’, Technovation, 15, 6, 363‐374.

To satisfy legal requirements and address environmental issues, manufacturers have started to think about product designs which allow the re‐use of components and the recycling of materials. Such designs have special requirements with respect to materials, fixings, and assembly and disassembly techniques. Costs, and working conditions of employees involved in disassembly and dismantling need to be optimised.

Ref 60 Ferrer, G. (1996a) ‘Product Recovery Management: Industry Practices and

Research Issues’, INSEAD Working Paper 96/55/TM.

Ref 61 Ferrer, G. (1996b) ‘The Economics of Tire Remanufacturing’, INSEAD Working Paper 96/58/IM.

Ref 62 Ferrer, G. (1996c) ‘On the Economics of Remanufacturing a Widget’, INSEAD Working Paper 96/64,rfM.

Ref 63 Ferrer, G. (1996d) ‘Market Segmentation and Product Line Design in Remanufacturing’, INSEAD Working Paper 96/66/TM.

Ref 64 Ferrer, G. (1997) ‘The Economics of PC Remanufacturing’, INSEAD Working Paper 97/37/TM.

Ref 65 Guide V.D.R. (1994) ‘Rough Cut Capacity Planning for Remanufacturing

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Firms’, Air Force Institute of Technology, AFIT‐LA‐TM‐942.

Ref 66 Guide, V.D.R. and Srivastava, R. (1997a) ‘An Evaluation of Order Release Strategies in a Remanufacturing Environment’, Computers and Operations Research, 24, 1, 37‐47.

Ref 67 Guide, V.D.R. and Srivastava, R. (1997b), Invited Review ‘Repairable Inventory Theory: Models and Applications’, European Journal of Operational Research, 102, 1‐20.

Ref 68 Ketzenberg, M.E., Souza, G.C., and Guide, V.D.R. (2003) ‘Mixed Assembly And Disassembly Operations for Remanufacturing’, Production and Operations Management, Fall 2003.

This paper considers the problem of designing a mixed assembly‐disassembly line for remanufacturing. Two main configurations are studied, under the assumption that the disassembly sequence is exactly the reverse of the assembly sequence.

Ref 69 Guide, V.D.R., Kraus, M.E. and Srivastava, R. (1997) ‘Scheduling Policies for Remanufacturing’, International Journal of Production Economics, 48, 187‐204.

Ref 70 Hornik, J., Cherian, J., Madansky, M. and Narayana, C. (1995) ‘Determinants of Recycling Behavior: A Synthesis of Research Results’, The Journal of Socio‐Economics, 24, 1, 105‐127.

Ref 71 Lund, R.T. (1996) ‘The Remanufacturing Industry: Hidden Giant’, Boston University Study 1996 funded by Argonne National Laboratory.

Ref 72 Puxom, D. (1992) ‘Exploring the Relationship between the Markets for New and Used Durable Goods: The Case of Automobiles’, Marketing Science, 11, 2, 154‐167.

Ref 73 Savaskan, C. (1999) ‘Channel Choice and Coordination in a Remanufacturing Environment’, Working Paper series 99/14/TM INSEAD.

This paper addresses the problem of choosing the appropriate channel structure for the recollection of post‐consumer products from customers. It

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find that agencies that are closer to the customer, e.g. retailers, are the most effective undertakers of the recollection effort for the manufacturer.

Ref 74 Silva, G.C., Ketzenberg, M.E. and Guide, V.D.R. (2002) ‘Capacitated remanufacturing with service level constraints’, Production and Operations Management, Summer 2002.

This research examines production planning and control for a remanufacturer that can sell returned items on a graded as‐is basis or remanufacture the returned items. The results provide key insights into the decision‐making process required to maximize profits and minimize average flow times for remanufactured products.

Ref 75 Toktay, B.L., Wein, L.M., and Zenios, S.A. (1997), ‘Inventory Management of Remanu‐facturable Products’, Working Paper, Operations Research Center, MIT (1997).

Ref 76 Van Der Laan, E. and Solomon, M. (1997) ‘Production Planning and Inventory Control with Remanufacturing and Disposal’, European Journal of Operational Research, 102, 264‐278.

Ref 77 Guide, V.D.R., and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2001) ‘Managing product returns for remanufacturing’, Production and Operations Management, Summer 2001.

Develops a framework for analyzing the profitability of re‐use activities and show how the management of product returns influences operational requirements.

Ref 78 Bates, C. 1998). ‘A remanufacturer with a past’, American Machinist: 118‐123.

Ref 79 Bates, C. (1998) ‘Niche remanufacturing’, American Machinist: 5.

Consideration of how three companies fill product gaps between old manual machines and their new, expensive counterparts by remanufacturing a specific type of machine.

Ref 80 Bates, C. (1998) ‘Remanufacturing a path to automation’, American Machinist: 58‐62.

Ref 81 Bras, B. (1997) ‘Incorporating Environmental Issues in Product

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Realization’, Industry and Environment, United Nations UNEP/IE, United Nations: 7‐13.

Ref 82 Bras, B. and McIntosh, M.W. (1999) ‘Product, process, and organizational design for remanufacture ‐ an overview of research’, Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing 15: 167‐178.

Ref 83 Brown, S.A. (1999) ‘Remanufacturing vs. New Procurement’, Program Manager:2‐5.

Ref 84 Calverd, A. (1998) ‘Remanufacturing. Medical Device Technology’.

The market for remanufactured medical equip. is well established, particularly in the U. S. and seems set to grow in Europe. This article discusses some of the concepts involved and sets out some factors that make it viable. Example are drawn from the medical imaging sector.

Ref 85 Elliott, R.L. (2000) ‘Pulling the plug on an old machine’, American Machinist: 104‐110.

Basic criteria for deciding whether rebuilding or remanufacturing an ailing machine tool is worth the effort. Shops can accurately diagnose their situations, know when to rebuild or remanufacture a machine tool, which machines are good candidates and how to evaluate and select a rebuilding/remanufacturing source.

Ref 86 Forrester, H. (1993) ‘Recycling cathode‐ray tubes’, Information Display: 15‐18.

Ref 87 Greenslet, E. S. (1996) ‘The financial case for new airplanes’, Interavia: 34‐38.

Ref 88 Hauser, W.M., Lund, R.T. et al. (2000) ‘Remanufacturing Enterprise for theInner City’ Boston, Boston University.

This study proposes a remanufacturing enterprise as an economic development vehicle in the inner city. It focuses specifically on the dental chair as a primary product.

Ref 89 Hauser, W.M. and Lund, R.T. (2003) ‘The Remanufacturing Industry: Anatomy of a Giant’, Boston, MA, Boston University: 165 pp.

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Ref 90 Hormozi, A.M. (1997) ‘Parts Remanufacturing in the Automotive

Industry’, Production and Inventory Management Journal: 26‐29.

Ref 91 Jiang, Z.H., Shu L.H., et al. (1999) ‘Steady‐State Reliability Analysis of Repairable Systems Subject to System Modifications’, Transactions of the ASME 121: 614‐620.

Ref 92 Jiang, Z.H., Shu L.H., et al. (2000) ‘Reliability Analysis of Non‐Constant‐Size Part Populations in Design for Remanufacture’, Transactions of the ASME 122: 172‐178.

Ref 93 Krupp, J.A.G. (1992) ‘Core Obsolescence Forecasting in Remanufacturing’, Production and Inventory Management Journal Second Quarter, 1992): 12‐17.

Ref 94 Lewis, P. (1999) ‘New from Old’, Flight International: 3

Ref 95 Lund, R.T. (1983) ‘Remanufacturing: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review’, Cambridge, M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives.

Ref 96 Lund, R.T. and L. Bollinger, et al (1981). ‘Remanufacturing Survey Findings’, Cambridge, M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives.

Ref 97 Lund, R.T. and Denney, W.M. (1981) ‘Reliability and Durability in Major Appliances’, Cambridge, M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives

Ref 98 Lund, R.T., Tuler, F. et al. (1981) ‘Life Forecasting as a Logistics Technique’, M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives.

Ref 99 Lund, R.T., Bollinger, L. et al. (1981) ‘Energy Recapture Through Remanufacturing: Final Report of Pre‐Demonstration Study. Cambridge’,

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M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives.

Ref 100 Lund, R.T., Skeels, F.D. et al. (1982) ‘Engineering Feasibility Study of the Remanufacture of Chain Saws’, Cambridge, M.I.T., Center for Policy Alternatives.

Ref 101 Lund, R.T. (1993) ‘Remanufacturing. The American Edge, Leveraging Manufacturingʹs Hidden Assets’, ed. J. Klein. New York, McGraw‐Hill.

Ref 102 Lund, R.T., Blum, D.L. et al. (1995). ‘Remanufacturing: Database and Networks’ Boston, Boston University, Interim report of Argonne National Laboratory study.

Ref 103 Lund, R.T. (1997) ‘Remanufacturing, Exploring an Iceberg’, 1997 APICS Remanufacturing Symposium.

Ref 104 Nagler, B. (1999) ‘Reintroducing remanu‐facturing’, Machine Design: 78‐80.

Ref 105 Sherwood, M. and Shu, L.H. (1999) ‘Analysis of the waste stream of an original equipment remanufacturer: Towards the development of integrated lifecycle design guidelines.’, Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Life Cycle Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, International Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP).

Ref 106 Sherwood, M. and Shu, L.H. (2000) ‘Supporting Design for Remanufacture through Waste‐Stream Analysis of Automotive Remanufacturers’, Annals of the CIRP 49/1/2000: 87‐90.

Ref 107 Steinhilper, R. (1995) ‘Environment‐Friendly Design and Recycling in Industry’, Melbourne, Australia, Fraunhofer‐Institut fur Productions‐technik und Automatisierung (IPA): 53.

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Ref 108 Williams, J. and Shu, L.H. (2000) ‘Analysis of Toner‐Cartridge

Remanufacturer Waste Stream’, Proceedings of the IEEE International Sysposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, IEEE.

Ref 109 Williams, J., Shu, L.H. et al. (2000) ‘Current Status of Extended Producer Responsibility Legislation and Effects on Product Design’, Proceedings of the ASME Japan‐USA Symposium on Flexible Automation, Ann Arbor, MI, ASME.

Ref 110 Sherwood, M. and Shu, L.H. (2000) ‘Remanufacturer Waste‐Stream Data Collection for Development of Design‐for‐Remanufacture Guidelines’, Proceedings of the 2000 NSF Design & Manufacturing Research Conference, Vancouver, BC.

Ref 111 Shu, L.H. and Flowers, W.C. (1993) ‘A Structured Approach to Design for Remanufacture. Proceedings of the Symposium on Intelligent Concurrent Design: Fundamentals, Methodology, Modelling & Practice’, New Orleans, LA, ASME.

Ref 112 Shu, L.H. and Flowers, W.C. (1995) ‘Considering Remanufacture and other End‐of‐Life Options in Selection of Fastening and Joining Methods’, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, Orlando, FL, IEEE.

Ref 113 Shu, L.H. and W.C. Flowers (1996) ‘Towards Life‐Cycle Fastening and Joining Cost Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms’, The ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference, Irvine, CA, ASME.

Ref 114 Shu, L.H., Wallace, D.R. et al. (1996) ‘Probabilistic Methods in Life‐Cycle Design’, Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and

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the Environment, Dallas, TX, IEEE.

Ref 115 Shu, L.H. (1996) ‘Application of a Design‐for‐Remanufacture Framework to the Selection of Product Life‐Cycle Fastening and Joining Methods’, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cambridge, MA, M.I.T.: 75.

Ref 116 Shu, L.H. and Flowers, W.C. (1998) ‘Reliability Modeling in Design for Remanufacture’, Transactions of the ASME Journal of Mechanical Design 120(4 (December 1998)): 620‐627.

Ref 117 Shu, L.H. and Flowers, W.C. (1999) ‘Application of a design‐for‐remanufacture framework to the selection of product life‐cycle fastening and joining methods’, Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing 15: 179‐190.

Ref 118 Shu, L.H., Wallace, D.R. and Tomiyama, T. (2000) ‘Design for Remanufacture. Elements of Environmentally Conscious Design and Demanufacturing: European, Japanese and North American Perspectives’. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Ref 119 Steinferg, G.M. (1985) ‘Recycled Weapons’ Technology Review: 28‐38.

Ref 120 Parker, D. (2003 ) ‘Remanufacturing in the UK: A Significant Contributor to Sustainable Development?’, Oakdene Hollins, Aylesbury

Ref 121 Grant, D. (1999) ‘Recycling and Market Power: A More General Model and Re‐Evaluation of the Evidence’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17, 59 ‐ 80.

Ref 122 Purohit, D. (1992) ‘Exploring the Relationship between the Markets for New and Used Durable Goods: The Case of Automobiles’, Marketing Science v11 n2 pp 154‐167

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Ref 140 Robotis, A., Bhattacharya, S., and Wassenhowe, L.N.V. (2005) ‘The effect of remanufacturing on procurement decisions for resellers in secondary markets’, European Journal of Operational Research, 2005: 163 (pp. 688‐705).

Ref 141 Johnson, M.R. and Wang, M.H. (1995) ‘Planning product disassembly for material recovery opportunities’, Int J of Production Research, 1995: 33 (11) pp. 119‐42.

Ref 142 Porada, T. (1994) ‘Materials recovery: Asset alchemy’, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment Conference, San Francisco 1994, pp. 171‐173.

Ref 143 United States Environmental Protection Agency (1997) ‘Remanufactured products: good as new’.

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