A Biocultural Management PlanFor the Ahupua‘a of ‘Ōhikilolo and Keaʻau

Samantha AlvaradoMEM Capstone

April 2020

Introduction

ʻŌhikilolo

Keaʻau

Ahupuaʻa of ʻŌhikilolo Ahupuaʻa of Keaʻau

Knowledge Gap

A lack of historical, cultural,

and ecological knowledge

about the ahupuaʻa of

ʻŌhikilolo and Kea’au as

relating to stewardship

practices.

K. N. OlivasT. Oshiro

Your Company Name

Motivation

ʻikePreserve cultural,

ecological, and stewardship knowledge

Your Company Name

ʻāina

Motivation

Protect natural areas and restore native ecosystems

ʻikePreserve cultural,

ecological, and stewardship knowledge

Your Company Name

ʻāina mālama

Motivation

Protect natural areas and restore native ecosystems

Properly care for and manage land

in a place - specific way

ʻikePreserve cultural,

ecological, and stewardship knowledge

Your Company Name

ʻāina mālama keiki

Motivation

Protect natural areas and restore native ecosystems

Properly care for and manage land

in a place - specific way

Prepare the next generation

ʻikePreserve cultural,

ecological, and stewardship knowledge

Main Objective

Support ʻŌhikilolo and

Keaʻau land managers to

ensure the implementation

of informed, place-based,

and sustainably-centered

stewardship.

K. N. Olivas

Main Objective

Support ʻŌhikilolo and

Keaʻau land managers to

ensure the implementation

of informed, place-based,

and sustainably-centered

stewardship.

K. N. Olivas

Main Objective

Support ʻŌhikilolo and

Kea’au land managers to

ensure the implementation

of informed, place-based,

and sustainably-centered

stewardship.

K. N. Olivas

Main Objective

Support ʻŌhikilolo and

Keaʻau land managers to

ensure the implementation

of informed, place-based,

and sustainably-centered

stewardship.

K. N. Olivas

1) What is biocultural management?a) What is the approach? b) What is the value of creating a biocultural product?

Research Questions

1) What is biocultural management?a) What is the approach? b) What is the value of creating a biocultural product?

2) What are the components of a biocultural management plan, given a focus ona) indigenous and biocultural approaches to care and stewardship b) the needs and practical / cultural uses of the land managers,c) the landscape and ecology and the natural resources of the site?

Research Questions

1) What is biocultural management?a) What is the approach? b) What is the value of creating a biocultural product?

2) What are the components of a biocultural management plan, given a focus on

a) indigenous and biocultural approaches to care and stewardship b) the needs and practical / cultural uses of the land managers,c) the landscape and ecology and the natural resources of the site?

3) How can participatory research approaches be applied to create a biocultural management plan for ʻŌhikilolo and Keaʻau?a) How does this impact the research process, outcomes, and outputs for this place

and community specifically?

Research Questions

Outputs

1) Biocultural Management Plan for the

ahupuaʻa of ʻŌhikilolo and Keaʻau

K. Markell

Outputs

1) Biocultural Management Plan for the

ahupuaʻa of ʻŌhikilolo and Keaʻau

2) Community workday to facilitate

involvement, education, and

development of a reciprocal relationship

between the ranch and community.

K. Markell

DefinitionsManagement Plan

A management plan is a document that provides the foundational basis for a place

or organization. They may comprise elements such as goals, priorities, projects,

resources, strategies, and protocol.

Biocultural addressing both cultural and biological

diversity (Gavin et al 2015)

Biocultural Management Planintegrating biophysical and culturally significant conservation goals into planning and

stewardship and giving recognition to the inextricable linkages between biophysical and cultural realms (Gavin et al 2015)

Components of my Biocultural Management Plan● Defining Land Management & Biocultural

● Kulana Noiʻi & Co-production

● Environmental Background & Introduction to

Place

○ Ahupuaʻa○ Climate

○ Terrestrial Zones

○ Native and Non-native Species

○ Place Names

● History of ʻŌhikilolo & Keaʻau

○ Early History, Settlement, & Pre-contact

Agricultural Practices

○ Post-contact History & Agricultural

Practices

○ Present Day Land Use & Activities

● Folk Maps

○ ArcGIS Maps

● Visioning Maps

○ Stakeholder Values

● Photovoice

○ Goals & Objective Statements

● Agroforestry

○ Silvopastoral Systems

○ Recommendations: Species & Design

● Results

○ Management Strategies Informed by

Traditional Stewardship

○ Plant Lists: Native & Crops

○ Soil Samples & Recommendations

○ Community Research Protocol

○ Conditions for Collaborative Success

● Outcomes

○ Aloha ʻĀina Unity March

○ Service Event

What is Kūlana Noiʻi?● University of Hawaiʻi SEED Inclusion ● Diversity, Equity, Access and Success Program

(IDEAS)● He‘eia National Estuarine Research Reserve ● University of Hawaiʻi Sea Grant College

Program ● Kuaʻāina Ulu ʻAuamo (KUA) ● UH Faculty● UH Students

“established a partnership with a goal of promoting more collaborative and mutually-beneficial partnerships between UH faculty and students conducting research, and the local communities who care for and utilize natural resources.”

(Kūlana Noiʻi)

Your Company Name

Approach: Kulana Noiʻi = Research Standards Building and Nurturing Pilina

1) Respect - history, people, & place

2) Reciprocity - give back to the land

3) Self-Awareness and Capacity - consider personal intentions, power, & value

4) Communication - Be inclusive and transparent

Aʻo aku, Aʻo mai / Aloha aku, aloha mai

5) Maintain a long-term focus - contribute positively to mālama ʻāina

6) Community Engagement & Co-Review - co-development of methods & goals

7) Knowledge, Ownership, and Access - Share findings with the community

8) Accountability - problem solving & conflict management (Kūlana Noiʻi)

“How will the community review and provide input into presentations, papers, and other research products?”

(Kūlana Noiʻi)

Co-production

Environmental Background & Introduction to Place

● Place names ○ ʻŌhikilolo, Nahikilolo, Ahikilolo

■ “Prying out brains”■ “Crazy crabs”

○ Barking Sands○ Keaʻau

■ Keaʻaunui■ Keaʻauiki

● Stream names○ Waikomo ○ Puʻukeaʻau

● Wind names○ Kaiāulu○ Pahelehala○ Pakaiea

Ecological Knowledge

Climate & Topography ● Terrestrial / vegetative zones ○ Kahakai - Coastal zone ○ Kula - Plains ○ ʻApaʻa - Shrub and Dryland Forest○ Wao - Wild Forested Areas

Kahakai

Kula

Apaʻa

Wao

ʻŌhikilolo Keaʻau

Flora & Fauna ● Native & Cultural Use

Plants○ ʻAʻaliʻi○ ʻUala○ Wiliwili○ ʻUhaloa / Hiʻaloa○ ʻIlima

K. N. Olivas

● Introduced Animals○ Cattle○ Horses○ Pigs○ Goats○ Peacocks ○ Pheasants○ Quails ○ Ducks

K. N. Olivas

ʻAʻaliʻi

Speckled Charolais

Cultural Use & Traditional Practices

Features & Sites● 11/21 recorded sites in ʻŌhikilolo were

marked as agricultural sites● ~80/115 sites in Keaʻau● Agricultural related walls, mounds,

terraces○ Means to clear for planting○ Boundary features○ Protection features○ Water control features○ Erosion prevention features

Agriculture ● Dryland systems

○ May have been year round or intermittent/seasonal use

○ Hypothesized mostly rain fed systems

○ Possible? Dryland irrigation systems ■ Water conservation strategies

not diversion strategies ■ Slow, spread, hold/capture

○ Growing of ʻuala and ipu

Other Cultural Uses

● Pā hale (walls of a house lot)● Flat top mounds used for growing gourds● Heiau hoʻouluʻai (husbandry heiau)● Bird gathering● Tool manufacturing (basalt flakes)● Nearshore fishery

○ Fish and shellfish ● Brackish water fish pond ● Kalaeopaʻakai (salt point) ● Grinding stones

Folk Map ProcessL. Furuuchi

Sam’s ArcGIS Folk Map

Rayven’s Hand-draw Folk Map

● Yellow: Gates● Blue: Corral● Brown: Pastures● Purple: Tie-down

poles● Red: Saddle House ● Green: Road

● Information gained:○ Large gates

■ Security■ Rotation of horses■ Separation of herds

○ Scope■ Only included ranch

○ Scale■ Not drawn to scale

may be reflective of value & significance

○ No words or labels ■ Style

Key● Yellow: Gates● Blue: Corral● Brown: Pastures● Magenta: Structures● Purple: Tie-down poles● Light pink: Our Lady of

Keaʻau Lands● Teal: Non-perennial

Stream

Rayven’s ArcGIS Folk Map - A closer look at the Ranch

Rayven’s ArcGIS Folk Map

Visioning Maps

Rayven’s Vision for the Future - Hand-drawn

Key● Yellow: Gates● Blue: Corral● Brown: Pastures● Purple: Tie-down poles● Red: Saddle House ● Black: Road● Green: Garden beds, trees, green spaces

Visioning Folk Map Prompts

● What do these gathering places do for you / the ranch / riding business?

● What are some aspects of your design and why did you include them?

● What sparked your inspiration for these concepts? “I value _______ about this place”

Key● Yellow: Gates● Blue: Corral● Brown: Pastures● Red: Structures● Purple: Tie down poles● Green and black: Green

space or garden beds● Teal: Non-perennial Stream

Rayven’s Vision for the Future - ArcGIS

Photovoice

H. Casco L. Furuuchi

Photovoice Steps

1. Write Promptsa. Promptsb. Questions

2. Talk story sessiona. Image selection

3. Narration a. Informal Interview using

prompts and photosb. Collection of narration notes

4. Organize narrative into themes

5. Translating themes into goals

(Wang and Burris, 1997) K. N. Olivas

Example PromptsPhotovoice Narrative Prompts

● What elements of of this photo align with your management goals?● What personal values are reflected in these photos?● What do you see in this photo? Why did you like this photo?● What management strategies do you see in this photo?● Did the scale of the system impact your selection of this photo? If yes, why?● What products/outputs of the system do you hope to get out of this system?● What benefits do you see this photo providing?

Example of Image & Narration process

● Want some diversity but not too much

● Has a water source● Diversity but not too much ● Roads contribute to ease of access,

safety, and increased effectiveness (can use vehicles and machines)

● Managed ● Transportation● Navigation ● Sectioned off into different cropped

areas ● Mulching and soil production ● Windbreak and lumber

Photovoice Outputs: Purpose Statement

‘Ōhikilolo Ranch is a community-based ranch and potential future agroforestry venture located in the ahupua’a of Keaʻau in the Moku of Waianae on the island of Oʻahu. By weaving values of biocultural knowledge, sustainable management, and participatory stewardship, we are a gathering space for people to contribute and connect to ‘āina. Our work is inspired by the legacy of late Uncle Albert Silva, a paniola and community leader who advocated for inter-generational management and the country lifestyle.

G. Santiago

Photovoice Outputs: Goal Statements● Produce healthy, accessible, and diverse food

sources for the community

● Provide gathering spaces for community events, activities, and workshops

● Utilize sustainable, low to no-waste livestock and agroforestry management practices

● Preserve and protect biocultural resources through community engagement, partnerships, and promotion of ecological and cultural stewardship knowledge

● Diversify the sustainable uses of agricultural land to protect them from development, degradation, and deterioration

K. N. Olivas

Agroforestry K. N. Olivas

Approach1. Dryland Ag

and place-based Literature review

2. Studied Dryland systems on Big Island

3. Incorporated Knowledge of vegetative zones

(Allen, 2004)

Approach Continued4. Recommended Silvopastoral AGF System based on both Visioning Maps & History / Traditional Uses

5. Management Strategies, Design, Species lists

H. CascoK. N. Olivas

Outcomes ● Access to place-based knowledge for

the 1st time ● Land managers make informed

decisions about this site and new Waianae valley site

● Personal connection with stakeholders and increased access to place

● Increased community interest, awareness, and participation (“community in-reach”)

Aloha ʻĀina Unity March

CTAHR Ambassador Work Day

Mahalo

Hauʻoli Mau Loa Foundation

Biocultural Initiative of the

Pacific

CTAHR Ambassador

Program

Alvarado Ohana

Rayven Martines

Lana Furuuchi

Nohili Olivas

Hiʻilei Casco

Dr. Vaughan

Dr. Evensen

Dr. Litton

Nakachi Ohana

Mahalo

MahaloAny Questions?

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