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• A branch of biology that studies interactions between organisms and their environment.
• Ecologists use both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (descriptive) data to describe their research when observing organisms
Biotic factors – ALL living things (plants, animals, even bacteria) in an environmentA Predator/Prey relationship is an example
Lions (consumers) keep antelope populations in check
I want an
antelope !!!!!!!!
I want an
antelope !!!!!!!!
Dang LionsDang Lions
Abiotic Factors are non-livingwater, rocks, soil, ponds, lakes, ocean, desert, mountains or weather such as temperature, cloud cover, rain, snow, hurricanes, etc.
• This graph shows how the plant’s glucose (food) production is affected by temperature (an abiotic factor).
5
10
15Food Production in Salt Bush
10 20 30 40 50Temperature (°C)
Food
pro
duct
ion
(mg
of g
luco
se/h
r)
Organism
Population – Group of same species that interbreed
Community – Interacting populations of plants and animals and other living things
Ecosystem – all of the above and abiotic factors
Biosphere
The Biosphere - area of Earth that supports ALL life from the deepest parts of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere (The
ozone layer is included!)
• An ecosystem interacting populations in a biological community that includes abiotic factors.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
ON LAND!!!!
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater
Other Sites for Ecosystems
Human body• Skin• Intestine• Mouth
Buildings• Mold in walls, floors, or basement• Ventilation systems•Bathrooms
Food• Any moldy food• Refrigerator
•Such as a forest,• Old farm field• Meadow• Yard• Garden plot• Empty lot• Compost heap• Volcano site• Rotting log
• Pond• Lake• Stream• Estuary
Salt Water (Marine)•Ocean• Estuary• Aquarium
IN WATER !
Habitat – Area where an organism lives out its life
This Cardinal’s
niche, his role in the
environment, is to eat and
live in the crabtree. It’s habitat is a backyard
Niche
Where an organism lives AND interacts with biotic and abiotic factors. Where it:
EatsFinds Shelter
Reproduces
A Habitat contains MANY niches. One for each organism!
• Symbiosis means living together. Three kinds of symbiotic relationships are:
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
Definition Example
Relationship where BOTH species benefit
The pollinator gets the nectar while the flower gets pollinated
One species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
The little sucker fish gets the big fishes “seconds”
One species benefits while the other is harmed but usually doesn’t die
Tick bites and feeds of deer blood
Biodiversity/Biological Diversity the variety of all species in a particular area
Tropical Rainforest (about the equator) has the greatest diversity!
All living things are connected – Like the food web we made; stability in an ecosystem
Everything has adapted to live in their current environmentEliminating an organism can have an effect on the
others
We depend on other organisms for our needs. No organisms, no needs met…Animals for foodplants for cures (aspirin for headaches,
quinine for malaria) penicillin comes from mold snake venom to numb your gums at the
dentist !
Expanding human population causes habitat loss
Hunting animals to extinction
Introduction of non-native speciesKudzu (picture at right)
Human causes: acid rain, pesticide use, water and land pollution
Preserve natural resources parts of the environment that are useful and/or necessary to organisms
Habitat can be preserved by the government
Creating laws Establish national parks Protected areas
What Can We Do ????
Plants and grass and trees and stuff…… You remember, those things that make their own food!! You remember photosynthesis, don’t you??
Don’t forget me! I’m Algae
Don’t forget me! I’m Algae
Herbivores eat plants………….
Carnivores eat only meat (i.e. other heterotrophs)……
Oh Crap, a hawk !
Omnivores eat both meat (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs)…..
Scavengers don’t kill, but eat rotten, dead things ……..
Mmmmmmmm, road kill
Decomposers breakdown dead stuff into simple organic compounds that release nutrients…..
** Includes, but not limited to, bacteria, some fungi and little critters called protozoans……
Carbon is the building block of the molecules of all life forms
Molecule of the gas CO2
(That is Carbon Dioxide. The gas you breath out)
Atmospheric CO2
Dissolved CO2
Open burning Photosynthesis
RespirationRespirationFuel Combustion
Fuel Combustion
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Death and decay
Death and decay
Fossil fuels
CO2 enters the biotic parts of the biosphere by photosynthesis and exits by cellular respiration (breathe in breathe out!!!) explain the rest !!!
•Burning fossil fuels and deforestation of the rain forest have led to an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
•Extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is believed to cause global warming.
Grass(Producers)
Grasshopper (Primary or first order/Level Consumer)
Frog (Secondary or second order/Level Consumer)
Snake (Tertiary or Third Level/order Consumer)
**All of these guys will die and decomposers like bacteria and some fungi will feed on their dead, rotting carcasses
Hawk (quaternary or fourth level/order consumer)
**Organisms don’t always eat the same thing. Thus food webs contain numerous food chains.
3rd Order (tertiary)Consumer
2nd Order(secondary) Consumer
1st Order (primary)
Producers (store ALL
the energy!)
The arrows point towards the consumers
Arrows indicate the direction of matter and energy flow throughout the ecosystem
Consists of four levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.
It is shaped like a pyramid because each level gets 10% of the energy of the last one. That is why there are fewer consumers than producers.
The pyramid of numbers shows the relationship between producers, herbivores and carnivores trophic level in terms of their numbers. For example, in a grassland the producers are grasses which are maximum in number. This number decreases towards the higher trophic levels.
In a terrestrial ecosystem, the maximum biomass occurs in producers, and there is progressive decrease in biomass from lower to higher trophic levels. Thus, the pyramid of biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem is upright.
Lesson 40: Human Impacts on the EnvironmentLesson 40: Human Impacts on the EnvironmentChanges to the Human Population affect the environment.
•Called a “J curve” because looks like the letter J•Unlimited growth (exponential growth from unlimited resources)
The maximum number of organisms that can live in a population without using up all resources.
K
Population Growth Curve
•Called a “S curve” because looks like the letter S•Carrying capacity is at value K on this graph
Carrying capacity (K)
Fluctuations at the Carrying Capacity are Caused by Limiting Factors
Fluctuates – Limiting Factors!
Limiting Factors = anything that limits the size of a given population
Density-Dependent Factors = limits to growth of a population based on the density (numbers of individuals in a given area) of the population.
• Individuals compete for resources (food, mates, shelter), and amount of resources available limit the population.
• EX: Predator-Prey Ratios The amount of prey (rabbit) may limit the predatory (lynx)population.
Density-Independent Factors = limit the growth of a population regardless of its size/density.
• Extreme temperatures• Cataclysmic events (tidal waves, volcanoes, floods, drought, etc.)
EX: This terrestrial salamander was one of the commonest 40 years ago on the cloud forest slopes of the Tajumulco volcano. After the volcano erupted it only be found on neighboring slopes.
*How do we count the number of individuals in a population?
•Mark and recapture is a method used to calculate approximate numbers using a random sample
•Tag organism, let go into wild, recapture random sampling and count # with tags
•Can also use quadrant studies•Focus on one area to determine species diversity and monitor changes in an ecosystem over time.
StarvationSpread of Disease such as Ebola
Overcrowding and Poverty Increase in Aggression
Threat Cause Possible Results
Greenhouse Effect
Burning fossil fuels and losing forests
Changes in climate, melting of polar ice, drought, flooding
Acid Rain Burning fossil fuels
Destruction of forests, poison lakes, dead wildlife, damaged buildings
Ozone Depletion
CFC’s chlorofluorocarbons
More skin cancer, mutations
Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels and wood
More diseases
Water Pollution
Waste, heat, chemicals
Dead wildlife, loss of drinking water, loss of irrigation water
Soil Degradation and Depletion
Erosion, overuse, pesticides
Loss of agriculture, dead wildlife
Habitat Destruction
Poisoned lakes, cut forests
Dead wildlife, upset balance of nature
Threats to the Environment
To take care of the earth in a healthy way.
Ways to Protect the Environment
ACTION EFFECTReduce, reuse, and recycle
Reduces waste, reduces burning, reduces use of raw materials to make products
Use fuel-efficient vehicles
Reduces acid rain, reduces global warming, reduces dependency on oil
Conserve electricity and water
Reduces use of fossil fuels, protects fresh water resources
Grow and buy organic food
Reduces use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Public transportation / drive less
Reduces air pollution and protects natural resources
1. Innate Behavior 2. Learned Behavior3. Social Behavior
Taxis – animal moves toward or away from a stimulus (light)
2. Instinct – behavior an animal is born with (suckling milk)
3. Migration – purpose for food and temperature Estivation – dormancy during periods of extreme
heat or drought to conserve resources during extreme conditions (frogs)
Hibernation – dormant (sleep-like state) in winter to survive winters when there is little available food.
1. Habituation - an animal becomes accustomed to a stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure Ex: You live next to the train track and you don’t even “hear” the train any more.
2. Imprinting - learning based on early experience; keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them
3. Classical Conditioning – teaching a response to a new stimulus Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs
4. Trial and Error – learning through positive (food, praise) and negative (punishment) reinforcement
1. Communication in social insects using pheromones.(ex: bees, ants)
2. Courtship Dances 3. Territorial Defense – protects
organisms from getting hurt by fighting (ex: Fighting Fish)
Form And
Function
Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck blood
Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey
Male birds using elaborate mating displays or rituals to attract females.
Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto female when mating. Ensures egg and sperm will meet.
1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – transport materials and support
2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent dehydration
3. Pollen – allows fertilization without water
1. Gills become lungs2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales
or other coverings – prevent dehydration
3. Internal fertilization –4. Amniote egg5. Legs move under the animal to allow
easier movement
- Unicellular and multicellular- Heterotrophic and autotrophic- Sexual and asexual reproduction- Close association with water- Often referred to as the “dumping
ground”- Ex: algae, protozoans, fungus-like
protists
Kingdom Protista
- Unicellular (yeast) though most are multicellular
- Heterotrophic- Reproduce asexually
(spores) and sexually- Cell walls made of chitin
(polysaccharide)
- Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesis- True roots, stems, leaves- Multicellular- Sessile- Chloroplasts and cell walls
Heterotophs Able to move at some point in their
life Multicellular
Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies.
Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids.
Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system
Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O2 and CO2) with the environment
Nutrition: How organisms break down and absorb foods.
Synthesis: How organisms build necessary molecules.
Reproduction: Continuation of the species thru sexual or asexual reproduction.
Growth and Development
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transport
Nutrition: food vacuolesReproduction: mostly asexual, binary
fission
Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed system
Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segment
Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cord
Respiration: breath through their skin
Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion)
Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggs
Development: from eggs
Transport: open circulatory systemExcretion: Malpighian tubulesRegulation: hormones, nervous system,
pheromonesRespiration: tubes called tracheaeNutrition: insects have a wide variety of
mouth parts to eat a variety of foods
Reproduction/Development: metamorphosis
Incomplete: egg young adultComplete: egg larva pupa adult
Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys/urinary bladderRegulation: hormones (control
metamorphosis), nervous systemRespiration: gills, lungs, skinNutrition: larva (herbivores), adults
(carnivores)
Reproduction: sexual, external fertilization and development
Development: metamorphosisEgg larva adult
Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys Regulation: hormones, well developed
nervous system (developed senses)Respiration: lungsNutrition: digestive tracts vary according
to what the animal eats
Reproduction: sexual with internal fertilization
Development: External duck billed platypus and spiny
anteater lay eggsInternal Marsupials – partial placentalMost mammals have a well developed
placenta (uterus)
Mosses and liverwortsTransport: no xylem and phloem, must
use osmosis and diffusionRespiration: gas exchange through
diffusionSynthesis: carry out photosynthesis and
make sugars and other macromolecules
Reproduction: fertilization requires water for sperm to swim to egg
Development: moss cycle between a sexual phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes spores
Means “naked seed”, includes the conifersTransport: xylem and phloemRespiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and out of
leaf through stomataSynthesis: photosynthesisReproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen
grain
Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via wind
Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seeds
Flowering plantsTransport: xylem and phloemRegulation: plant hormones like auxin,
cause stems to bendRespiration: stomataSynthesis: photosynthesisReproduction: pollination and fertilization
Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and bats
Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal.
Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure that aids dispersal