1 June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 1 (SUSTAINABLE) DEVELOPMENT A brief timeline of the Post-War Development “Project” June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 2 “Development” is a contested term Development as economic growth, first and foremost (conventional definition, environmental “Kuznets” curve) Development as growth *with* improved human development indicators (UNDP) Development as sustainable growth (Brundtland) Development as discourse/knowledge/ power (Escobar, W. Sachs) Big D v. little d development (Hart) June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 3 “Sustainable” is a contested term IUCN 1980: Resource use such that species & ecosystems can be renewed indefinitely Solow 1992: No need to bequeath any particular thing (with *some* exceptions), just capital to achieve a standard of living as good as our own (or better) WCED 1987: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Key question: Can we meet current & future needs and not destroy the environmental resource base? June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 4 1990s Interventionist era Basic Needs era Neoliberal backlash Neo- neoliberalism 1930s: Big dam building in the US (part of the New Deal) 1944: Marshall Plan 1940s-late 60s: Decolonization 1960s: Green Revolution 1970s: OPEC oil crises 1972: Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment 1973: McNamara’s speech at the World Bank 1976-85: UN Decade for Women 1981-90: Int’l Decade for Drinking Water & Sanitation 1990s: Developing countries liberalize PPPs, Decentralization & Social Capital are mainstream 2000: MDGs adopted 2002: Johannesburg Summit on Env & Dev Today: climate change drives sustainable dev’ment agenda 1982: Debt crisis 1987: Brundtland report 1985: UK privatizes under Thatcher Mid-late 1980s on: Structural adjustment 1989: Berlin Wall falls 2000s Environment & development timeline
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 1
(SUSTAINABLE) DEVELOPMENT
A brief timeline of the Post-WarDevelopment “Project”
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 2
“Development” is a contested term
Development as economic growth, first and foremost(conventional definition, environmental “Kuznets” curve)
Development as growth *with* improved human developmentindicators (UNDP)
Development as sustainable growth (Brundtland)
Development as discourse/knowledge/ power (Escobar, W.Sachs)
Big D v. little d development (Hart)
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 3
“Sustainable” is a contested term
IUCN 1980:Resource use such that species & ecosystems can be renewedindefinitely
Solow 1992:No need to bequeath any particular thing (with *some* exceptions), justcapital to achieve a standard of living as good as our own (or better)
WCED 1987:Development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds
Key question:Can we meet current & future needs and not destroy theenvironmental resource base?
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 4
1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
Neo-neoliberalism
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1990s: Developing countriesliberalize
PPPs, Decentralization &Social Capital aremainstream
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
Environment & development timeline
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 6
Interventionist Era: 1940s-1960s (1)
War-wrecked countriesrebuilt their economiesthrough the Marshall Plan;Bretton Woods Institutionscreated
Former colonies protectedtheir nascent industriesthrough restricting imports(e.g. import substitutionindustrialization in LatinAmerica, Asia)
Source: www.marshallfoundation.org
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 7
Interventionist era: 1940s-1960s (2)
Capital intensiveprojects pursued (trunksewers and waterpipes, river basindevelopment)
Strong synergies withthe start of the GreenRevolution in thedeveloping world
Results: Important advances inwater supply and agriculture(food became cheaper, moreabundant), but smallholdersdid not benefit proportionately(or even at all)Ecological impact ofmonoculture & heavy chemicaluse became clearer later
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 8
1930s-1960s 1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
Environment & development timeline
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 9
Basic Needs Era – Redistribution withGrowth: 1970s
“The basic problem of poverty and growth inthe developing world can be stated verysimply. Growth is not equitably reaching thepoor. And the poor are not significantlycontributing to growth.”
McNamara’s speech to the Board of Governorsof the World Bank (1973)
“Basic needs include essential servicesprovided for and by the community at large,such as safe drinking water, sanitation, publictransport, and health, education, and culturalfacilities” – ILO Report (1976)
Robert McNamara,President of the WorldBank Group 1968 -1981
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 10
Environment, women, poverty: the 1970sagenda
1970s: *huge* decade forenvironmental laws in the USA& elsewhere
1972: Stockholm Conference onthe Human Environment
1976: Start of UN Decade forWomen; women seen as centralto dev’ment & environment
OPEC oil crises of 1973 and1979: windfall profits of oil-producing countries madeavailable “petro” dollars forcommercial lending
Third World debt climbedform $75 billion in 1970 to~$600 billion by 1983 – 1/3of which was from privatebanksResults: Created the conditionsfor the debt crisis which, inturn, led to a shift in the rolesof the IMF and World Bank.
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 12
1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1982: Debt crisis
1987: Brundtland reportpublished
1985: UK privatizesunder Thatcher
Mid-late 1980s on:Structural adjustment
1989: Berlin Wall falls
Environment & development timeline
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 13
Neoliberal backlash: 1980s
1982: Interest rates increased making loans difficultto pay back + decreasing demand for Third Worldexports = debt crisis
World Bank/IMF structural adjustment programs(SAPs) imposed based largely on the WashingtonConsensus, e.g.: Fiscal austerity (= reduce public spending) Financial deregulation Trade liberalization Privatization
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 14
1980s: privatization / decentralization /development with environment
Utilities / railroadsin the UK privatized
WCED reportpublished: “OurCommon Future”
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 15
Divergence between the UN andWorld Bank/IMF: late 1980s
“The IMF inadvertently contributesto a cycle of deprivation in its role asnet recipient of capital fromdeveloping countries. It is a sourceof conditional loan finance to whomneeded resources are delivered inthe form of interest payments. Debtservicing obligations siphon exportearnings and divert cash from socialwelfare programs”.
UNICEF (1988)
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 16
1989: Berlin Wall falls
http://www.remote.org/frederik/culture/berlin/
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 17
1930s-1960s 1980s 1990s1970s
Interventionistera
BasicNeeds era
Neoliberalbacklash
Neo-neoliberalism
1930s: Big dambuilding in the US(part of the NewDeal)
1944: Marshall Plan
1940s-late 60s:Decolonization
1960s: GreenRevolution
1970s: OPEC oil crises
1972: StockholmConference on theHuman Environment
1973: McNamara’sspeech at the WorldBank
1976-85: UN Decade for Women
1981-90: Int’l Decade for DrinkingWater & Sanitation
1990s: Developing countriesliberalize
PPPs, Decentralization &Social Capital aremainstream
World Bank adopts idea of social capitalunder Serageldin, drawing from ideas ofPutnam on trust, networks, solidarity
The “local” as the place where socialcapital can be generated; civil societyis central to sustainability *and* growth
Social and environmental impactassessments are today mandatory inWorld Bank projects
June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 20
2000: The MDGs
1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger2. Achieve universal primary education3. Promote gender equality, empower women4. Reduce child mortality5. Improve maternal health6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases7. Ensure environmental sustainability8. Develop a global partnership for development
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June 27 2011 Isha Ray | ELP 2011 21
To conclude…1. Thinking wrt public vs. private provision is somewhat more balanced than before as long as they are efficient andrecover costs) [see e.g. ADB site]
2. Market and state are both seen as essential forsustainability -- how & how much depends significantly onideology
3. Environment, women, participation, poverty alleviation: all remain on the agenda despite numerous policy disagreements on achieving the necessary goals4. Climate change has become *the* driver for sustainabledevelopment4. “Conflict” between growth and sustainable growth remainsa huge debate
