Page 1
Chapter – V
Growth and Development of
Oil Mills in Solapur City
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Introduction
Number of Edible Oil Mills in 2007-2008
Number of Edible Oil Mills during 1990-91 to 2007-08
Number of Tel-Ghani in 2007-08
Method of Oil Extraction
A] Tel Ghanis
a) Improved Bullock Driven Ghani
b) Overhead Driven Ghani
c) Portable Power Ghani
B] Expellers
a) Mini Expeller
b) Medium Scale Expeller
c) Large Scale Expeller
Place and Production Capacity
Conclusion
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CHAPTER - V
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL
MILLS IN SOLAPUR CITY
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Vegetable oil is an essential commodity of daily consumption
and extensively used as raw material for Vegetable Ghee and Soap.
Many factors are essentially responsible for the location of this
industry in Solapur. The surrounding areas are suitable for the
cultivation of groundnut, sunflower, safflower. Secondly, cheap
labour is available in plenty. Thirdly, Solapur is a Railway Junction
and well connected with the rest of the country. Also it is connected
with Hyderabad, Aurangabad, Mumbai, Pune, Bijapur, Gulbarga etc.
by National and state Highways. Fourthly, as it is a big city, banking
and other commercial facilities are easily available and a ready
market for consumption of oil exists automatically.
There were 3 big oil mills in Solapur in 1938-39. (D. R. Gadgil-
Solapur City Socio Economic Studies, P.P. Number 133, 1965).
They were located 1 each in Bhawani Peth, Murarji Peth and Sadar
Bazar. These mills produced only groundnut oil and oil cake. The
raw material required was only the groundnut which used to be
purchased, mainly from local commission agents as well as from the
agents outside Solapur, i.e. from Bijapur, Akkalkot, Gulbarga etc.
and other areas in the neighborhood in Solapur city.3
There were 37 small and big mills registered with the
Municipal Corporation of Solapur in 1967-68 (M. R. Bhandari and P.
G. Gupta – “A Brief Study of Edible Oil Mills in Solapur City”
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149
published by Shivaji University, Kolhapur–1969-70). Out of them 18
were actually working in July and August, 6 were found to have been
sold out and 13 were closed temporarily mainly because of great
fluctuation in the price of groundnut, groundnut oil and oil cake. 9
mills were governed by the Factory Act, as they employed more than
10 workers. But only 4 mills under Factory Act were actually
working.2
Before the establishment of oil production by the expeller, the
oil pressers were only in the form of small industries for the
production of oil. It is true production capacity of oil depends upon
the number of expellers, and the size of the expellers. Slowly, in the
development of oil industries, the expellers by large or small have
found the significant place for the oil industries. There were 2 types
of expellers in use. One is known as a big expeller and other as a
baby expeller. The following table shows the different expellers and
their number in existing 31 oil mills in 1967.11
Table 5.1
Number of Expellers in Oil Mills in 1967
Sr.
No.
Size Foreign
Made
Indian
Made
Total
1. Big 15 8 23
2. Baby Nil 33 33
Total: 15 41 56
SOURCE: M. R. Bhandari and P. G. Gupta – “A Brief Study of Edible Oil Mills
in Solapur City” published by the Shivaji University, Kolhapur 1969-1970.
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5.2 Number of Edible Oil Mills in 2007-08:
During all the previous years, especially during the preceding
6 years i.e. from 2003 to 2008 oil mills in Solapur city supply the
edible oil for the Solapur city. There is a special location Agro
Industry for these oil mills. However, there is also an Agricultural
Produce Market Committee (APMC) add a large part of the area has
been specially kept and maintained for the establishment of oil mills
from the last 6 years. At present there are 98 oil mills as productive
units detailed under the following table. It shows the name of the oil
mills, size of expellers, number of expellers and crushing capacity.
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Table 5.2
Oil Mills in Solapur City in 2007-08
Sr.
No.
Name of the Mill Size
of
Expellers
Number
of
Expellers
Crushing
Capacity in
8 Hrs.
1. Mokale Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
2. Anand Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
3. T. K. Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
4. Vijay Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
5. Shri Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
6. Jyoti Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
7. Dipak Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
8. Shri Samarth Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
9. Vijaykumar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
10. Shri Sangameshwar Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
11. Ashok Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
12. Paras Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
13. Shriniwas Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
14. Shri Siddheshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
15. Vinayak Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
16. Atul Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
17. Suraj Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
18. Shri Ganesh Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
19. Mahesh Oil Mill Double Chamber
1 100 Bags
20. Nagnath Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
21. Madhav Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
22. Pipare Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
23. Hirolli Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
24. Shri Siddhivinayak Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
25. Niranjan Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
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Table 5.2 Contd.....
Sr.
No.
Name of the Mill Size
of
Expellers
Number
of
Expellers
Crushing
Capacity in
8 Hrs.
26. Pawan Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
27. Vikranth Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
28. Shivanand Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
29. Shivanna Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
30. Shivaling Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
31. Kalashetti Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
32. Sujata Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
33. Bhogade Oil Mill 27” x 5” 2 60 Bags
34. Akash Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
35. Kamalesh Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
36. Rasul and Kondaji Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
37. Gajanan Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
38. Valsangkar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
39. Toshniwal Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
40. Mahalaxmi Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
41. Basawaraj Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
42. Ambika Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
43. Banshetti Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
44. Gavarishankar Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
45. Nandkishor Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
46. Akash Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
47. Balasahib Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
48. Shalimar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
49. Kalpesh Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
50. Renuka Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
51. Pampanna Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
52. Vaibhav Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
53. Suryakant Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
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Table 5.2 Contd.....
Sr.
No.
Name of the Mill Size
of
Expellers
Number
of
Expellers
Crushing
Capacity
in 8 Hours
54. Shitanshu Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
55. Dhangapure Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
56. Mangalure Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
57. Shri Hanuman Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
58. Chandrashekhar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
59. Narendra Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
60. Manthalkar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
61. Navin Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
62. Vasant Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
63. Siddhivinayak Oil Mill 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
64. Dnyaneshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
65. Chugi Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
66. Shri Siddheshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
67. Shri Sangameshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
68. Shri Yoginath Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
69. Basaveshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
70. Shedulkar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
71. Kalshetty Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
72. Jeure S. V. Oil Industry 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
73. Birajdar S.S. Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
74. Hirolikar Oil Mill (A) 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
75. Hirolikar Oil Mill (B) 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
76. Hirolikar Oil Mill (C) 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
77. Laxmi Oil Industry 25” x 7” 1 30 Bags
78. Pardeshi Oil Industry 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
79. Shri Siddhivinayak Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
80. Rohan Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
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Table 5.2 Contd.....
Sr.
No.
Name of the Mill Size
of
Expellers
Number
of
Expellers
Crushing
Capacity
in 8 Hours
81. C. V. Kalshetty Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
82. Shri Sindagi Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
83. Shri Channabasaveshwar Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
84. Basavraj Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
85. Pandurang Oil Industry 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
86. Toshniwal Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
87. Bhawani Oil Industry 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
88. Siddhanath Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
89. S. G. Pipare Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
90. Mashale Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
91. Mayur Oil Mill 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
92. D. R. Ghala Oil Mill 33” x 6” 2 100 Bags
93. Chadchankar Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
94. Konapure Oil Mill 33” x 6” 1 50 Bags
95. Dulange Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
96. Vyankateshwara Oil Industry 33” x 6” 3 150 Bags
97. Vishwanath Oil Industry 27” x 5” 1 30 Bags
98. Banshankari Oil Mill 27” x 5” 2 60 Bags
Total: 170
SOURCE: Solapur Oil Mill Association, Solapur.17
The above table shows that there are 98 oil mills including 170
expellers, the big expellers are 152 and small expellers are 18 in
Solapur city. There is 1 double chamber oil expeller and 80 tel-ghani
units including 160 tel-ghanis in Solapur city. The same has been
found under the Survey.
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In 1966-67 there were total 56 oil mills in Solapur city. Out of
56 oil mills 15 were foreign made expellers and 41 were Indian
made. These 56 oil mills were having baby size expellers.
From 1970 to 1980 the number of oil mills increased by 15%.
During 1990-91 to 2007-08 the number of oil mills increased fastly.
This shows an increase in demand for edible oil. In 2007-08 there
were 98 oil mills consisting maximum number of medium scale
expellers.
5.3 Number of Edible Oil Mills during 1990-91 to 2007-08:
In the year 1990-91 there were total 66 oil mills in Solapur city.
Upto 1998-99 the yearly increase in the number of oil mills is ranging
from 1 to 5%, only in the year 2003-04 an increase in the number of
oil mills is 8.24% compared to the year 2002-03. The following table
shows an increasing number of oil mills in Solapur city. In the year
2007-08 there were 98 oil mills. It also shows within 18 years the
number of oil mills increased by 32 i.e. from 66 (1990-91) to 98 oil
mills (2007-08). From 1990-91 to 2007-08 in this period i.e. in the
period of 18 years 67.35% oil mills were increased in Solapur city.
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Table 5.3
Number of Oil Mills in Solapur City During 1990-91 to 2007-08
Sr. No. Year Number of Oil Mills
Increase %
1. 1990-91 66 --
2. 1991-92 69 4.54%
3. 1992-93 69 --
4. 1993-94 70 1.45%
5. 1994-95 70 --
6. 1995-96 70 --
7. 1996-97 70 --
8. 1997-98 71 1.43%
9. 1998-99 71 --
10. 1999-00 72 1.41%
11. 2000-01 78 8.33%
12. 2001-02 81 3.85%
13. 2002-03 85 4.94%
14. 2003-04 92 8.24%
15. 2004-05 96 4.35%
16. 2005-06 98 2.08%
17. 2006-07 98 --
18. 2007-08 98 --
SOURCE: Solapur Oil Mill Association, Solapur.17
The above table shows that within 18 years the number of oil
mills increased by 32. An increase in number of oil mills in Solapur
city is due to an increase in demand for edible oils in local and state
market. One of the reasons is modernisation of oil extraction method
i.e. conversion of ghani units in expellers.
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According to the last Census 2001, the total population of the
Solapur city was 8,05,250. Out of this, 4,15,252 were male and
3,89,998 female. The city of Solapur is surrounded by many villages
in the district. There are 11 Talukas and 1089 villages in the Solapur
district. All these villages have been easily connected with
respective Talukas and city Solapur. The economic activities and
day-to-day life of these villages have great concern with the city of
Solapur. Many citizens of Solapur, mainly the traders have deep
outlook on the oil industries. Therefore, the oil Industries are
functioning at present. Mainly these oil mills are under the private
sector. These oil mills are established by the sole trader who has no
sound financial ability and also oil mills are established mainly under
the form of organisation of a partnership by contributing the required
capital and functioning on the basis of division of labour such as
purchase, sales and marketing etc. These oil industries are under
the head of small cottage and tinny industries. It is, however, true
that these oil mills are not styled as heavy and big industries.
At present, the oil mills are also established under the scheme
of Unemployment because of its nature as the small scale industries.
It is also observed that, these oil mills are not hereditary but most of
them have established by the new and young generation of today.
In all, 98 oil mills have totally 170 expellers big and small. It cannot
be said that these oil mills are financially sound. It is noticed that
barring 14 large scale industries, the remaining of all oil mills are
established by the financial aid from the different Nationalised and
other Urban Banks and also Maharashtra state Finance Corporation
(M.S.F.C.).
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In the city of Solapur, all these oil industries have not the same
production capacity and also they do not have the same production
machinery. In some of the above oil mills, there are expellers of 4
bolts and in other 6 to 9 bolts and in some other which are large by
size, there are 12 bolts expeller. It is also seen that, these oil mills
are not producing the same kind of oil from the same kind of
oilseeds. They produce different kinds of edible oil such as
groundnut oil, Karadi oil, Sun-flower oil etc.
For the establishment and carrying out these oil mills, the
different type of machinery, electric motor and some other applied
machinery are required. It is separately discussed in the further part
of the study. On the overall view, the oil mills are functioning as the
small scale industries and they have achieved significant importance
in the production and supply of edible oil.
The oil mills are working under the above name and style.
There is an element and trend to accept the name of God and
Goddess such as “Sangameshwar Oil Mill, Mahalaxmi Oil Mill,
Samarth Oil Mill, Vinayak Oil Mill, Siddheshwar Oil Mill, Ambika Oil
Mill etc. These different names suggest the pious and religious
sentiments. Mill owners accepted these names with intent to have
progress and the development of their mills.
The population has been increased. This made to increase
0.0018 Million Tonnes demand of oil in Solapur city. To meet the
increasing demand the oil mills are established in good deal of
number and oil mill owners have undertaken this productive activity
as one of the economic activities. Thus how, it has resulted to enlist
the more oil mills at present. The oil industry has played an
important role in the development of Solapur as an industrial place.
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5.4 Number of Tel-Ghani in 2007-08:
Table 5.4
Tel-Ghani in Solapur in 2007-08
Sr.
No.
Name of the Owner Number
of Tel
Ghani
Crushing Capacity in 8 Hours in Bags
1. Sangmeshwar Tel Utpadan Kendra 4 10
2. S. S. Kalshetti 4 10
3. S. V. Manthalkar 2 5
4. C. V. Ralshetti 4 10
5. Hiroli Gramodyog Kendra 4 10
6. Mahadev Ghodke 4 10
7. K. S. Shedulkar 4 10
8. Gangadhar Belure 2 5
9. Tamanappa Kalshetti 4 10
10. Narayan Ghodke 6 15
11. Shankar Pardeshi 4 10
12. Kantilal Pardeshi 6 15
13. Jagdamba Oil Centre 6 15
14. Mohan Pardeshi 2 5
15. D. P. Nagarkar 4 10
16. Manik Kalshetti 4 10
17. Revansiddha Kalshetti 4 10
18. Jyoti Oil Centre 4 10
19. Sopan Tel Vikri Kendra 4 10
20. S. H. Chungi 4 10
21. Ramesh Manthalkar 2 5
22. R. M. Pardeshi 4 10
23. G. R. Pardeshi 4 10
24. S. S. Pardeshi 4 10
25. C. M. Pardeshi 4 10
26. H. C. Pardeshi 4 10
27. C. J. Pardeshi 4 10
28. B. C. Pardeshi 4 10
29. V. V. Kalshetti 4 10
30. V. M. Kalshetti 4 10
31. M. C. Kalshetti 2 5
32. C. M. Kalshetti 4 10
33. R. C. Kalshetti 4 10
34. C. J. Kalshetti 4 10
35. C. R. Manthalkar 4 10
36. A. C. Manthalkar 4 10
37. S. S. Halli 4 10
38. C. S. Halli 4 10
39. P. S. Halli 6 15
40. Siddheshwar Gramodyog Tel Utpadan Kendra. 4 10
41. R. B. Dodmani 2 5
Total: 160 400
At present there are 80 Tel ghani units consist of 160 tel-
ghanis. Each Tel ghani Unit consist 2 Tel ghanis having the
crushing capacity of 5 bags safflower. Almost all the tel-ghanis in
Solapur city crush safflower only. Some safflower edible oil
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160
producers are having more than 1 unit of Tel ghanis and they are the
major safflower oil producers in Solapur.
The above table 5.4 shows that 41 owners of the tel-ghanis
are having 160 Tel ghanis. However, 50% Tel ghanis are not in
working condition due to decreasing supply of raw material (safflower
oilseeds). Some producers stopped the production and entered in
the oil mill production sector. Therefore at present 20 to 25 units are
in working condition and producing safflower oil and oil cakes.
The number of oil mills increased in 1990-91 to 2007-08. But
at the same time the number of Tel ghani units decreased due to an
increasing competition in edible oil market with big oil mill owners
and edible oil companies.
In the beginning period of the 20th Century edible oil is
supplied only by Tel ghani units in Solapur. But recently due to the
development of the infrastructure in the state and the nation and
development in the extraction of edible oil, the Tel ghani production
failed in the field of this business. Therefore at present there are
only 20 tel-ghani units are working and all these 20 units are
selected for the study.7
5.5 Method of Oil Extraction:
There are different kinds of edible oil such as groundnut,
sunflower, safflower, sesame, mustard etc. are extracted by the
following principles:
1) Emulsion Method
2) Pressure Extraction
3) Solvent Extraction
Extraction by Crushers (ghani), screw pressers, rotaries,
expellers and hydraulic pressures is based on the principles of
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161
pressure extraction. Generally, on large scale the groundnut oil,
safflower and sunflower oil is extracted by different types of tel-
ghanis and expellers. The brief description of each method is given
below.
A) Tel-Ghanis15,16&17:
a) Improved Bullock Driven ghani:
The extraction of oil by ghani is very old and simple method of
production. The ghani is basically a large wooden pestle and mortar.
Before the use of the bullocks for driving ghani, the man power was
used, but it was a very crude and difficult process because a man
was used as animal power. The most popular method of extract of
oil was by improved bullock driven ghani. It is known as traditional
ghani (Figure 5.1). There are different distinctive variations in
capacity per charges, length of the beam etc. The mortar is the
shape of inverted cone and pestle, a heavy baulk seated at the
bottom of the cone and inclined at an angle so that it crushes the
meal against sides of the mortar during rotations. It is rotated by a
pole inserted through it at right angle. The power is supplied by 1 or
2 bullocks yoked to the pole who walk blind folded in a circle with a
speed of 250 to 300 rounds in 45 to 50 minutes. About 10 to 12 kg.
kernels are used per charge. 100 to 120 kg. of oilseeds are crushed
within 10 charges per day. The (Figure 5.2) shows the improved
bullock driven ghani. However, this method has become old 1 and
majority of oilmen switched on overhead drive or portable power
ghani.6&7
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162
Figure 5.1
Traditional Ghani
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
Figure 5.2
Improved Bullock Driven Ghani
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
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163
b) Overhead Driven Ghani:
The overhead ghani is improved oil extraction system from the
traditional bullock tel-ghani during fifties which is operated by power.
This new system is developed by All India Khadi and Village
Industries Commission. The principle and technology is the same
without changing the basic structure of improved bullock driven ghani
in 1972. There is some modification of having wooden structure with
pillars inclined at 75 inward for single ghani or double ghani (Figure
5.3 & 5.4) operated on 2 or 3 HP electric motor for 1 or 2 ghanis
respectively. This structure is economically gives the best
performance for double ghani unit. Traditional ghanis are usual
converted into power ghani, the loan bean of bullock ghani is
replaced by a pressure gadget by means of spring. It is designed to
give a lateral pressure at 90 in lat. The approximate expenditure for
overhead drive ghani for single ghani was of Rs. 8,000/- to
Rs.12,000/-. The capacity per charge is 45 minutes is 12 to 15 kg.
About 10 to 12 charges are completed within 8 hours. There is
practically no any change except replacement of bullock power.6
Figure 5.3
Improved Bullock Driven ghani
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
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164
Figure 5.4
Overhead Power Driven ghani
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
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165
Table 5.5
Comparative Performance of Traditional Bullock-Driven Ghanis
and Overhead Power Ghanis
Place of Crushing, and Seed
Crushed
b
Bullock – Driven Ghanis Overhead Power Ghanis
Capacity
kg.
Extra-
ction
%
Time
taken
hrs mts
Cost
Rs./qtl
Capacity
kg.
Extra-
ction
%
Time
taken
hrs mts
Cost
Rs./qtl
sesame
Madurai (Tamil Nadu)c
Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)c
Delhi (Delhi state)
Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Gundi (Gujrat)
12-14
10-14
10-12.
--
--
45.0
40.0
43.0
--
--
14=56
17=42
20=00
--
--
11.06
8.08
22.00
--
--
12-14
10-14
10-12
20-25
8-9
45.0
42.3
46.6
45.0
45.8
12=28
8=08
17=38
15=20
16=00
2.00
1.70
2.34
2.00
2.50
mustard
Barama (Assam)
Mawana (Uttar Pradesh)
Gaya (Bihar)
5-06
9-10
10
30.5
34.2
35.5
83=08
47=09
41=25
3.20
22.00
8.00
7-9
9-11
10-11
30.9
36.2
37.0
20=09
27=01
21=14
N.A.
2.50
3.44
Copra
Kottar (Tamil Nadu)c
P.K. Vila (Kerala)
9-11
15-20
61.0
62.0
15=45
30=00
16.00
15.00
9-11
15-30
61.0
63.0
14=10
12=00
2.00
3.00
Safflower
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
16-20
48.9
7=42
5.00
16-21
49.9
6=22
0.70
SOURCE: a P. V. Gujrati, Ref. 45a.
b Same lot of seeds used for bullock and power ghani crushing in each location. Between locations, seeds would of course vary.
c Two bullocks employed in these runs. All other runs employed only 1 animal.
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c) Portable Power Ghani:
This is manufactured by Maharashtra Engineering Works,
Solapur, situated at 10, Budhwar Peth, Shivaji Chowk, Solapur – 413
002, as per the recommendation of Khadi and Village Industries
Commission, Mumbai in the year 1983 (Figure 5.5 & 5.6) shows
portable power ghani approved by the said Commission by Mumbai.
This ghani consists of 2 HP electric motor. The ghani drum with lat
facher is supported with M.S. Channels and I beams. Moving parts
are supported with heavy bearings. The design of Portable Power
ghani is different than the ordinary ghani, improved bullock driven
ghani. The drum itself is conical in shape made suitable for fitting in
the existing flange of the Portable Power ghani designed. It is made
of 13 segments of wooden pieces with a separate 3 piece bottom
chamber. The drain hole is bigger than normal size. Facher is the
main component where the oil is actually extracted and is made out
of wood. The pestle is also made out of wood babul/tamarind. For
effective extraction, the inclination of the pestle should be 21 to 23
inches from the vertical position. Both ghani drum and pestle are
related while extraction of oil. The ghani capacity or yield capacity is
as under (Table 5.6) for different seeds in percentage.
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Table 5.6
Ghani/Yield Capacity in Percentage
Sr. No. Yield Capacity (Seeds) Percentage
1. Karadi Oil 46.50%
2. Sesame 40-45%
3. Mustard 27-30%
4. Sunflower 46-48%
5. Groundnut 42-45%
6. Coconut 60-63%
SOURCE: It is seen “Safflower” by Dr. P.S. Patil and others “All India Co-ordinated
Research Project on Oilseeds.12
Ghani capacity 12 to 18 kg. per charge which takes times for
40 minutes revaluation of the drum 11 R.P.M. Electric power
consumption 8 units for 8 hours. It is simple for operation. One man
can operate 2 ghanis at a time. Even the ladies can operate these
ghanis as they are simple in construction and easy to operate. The
drum rotates itself. In general, the recovery of oil extracted by ghani
is about 22 to 24 kg. seed. The machine requires floor space of 4‟ x
6‟ only. Self-cutting and feeding arrangements are provided. The oil
extraction is comparatively higher than other ghanis. “Portable
Power ghani” is a great opportunity for educated unemployed as well
as Co-Operative Societies. The Khadi and Village Industries Board
have also assisted to ghani. The loan facilities at the rate of 4%
interest with subsidy of Rs. 50,000 of installation are given by the
Board.
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Figure 5.5
Mortar of Improved Ghanis Showing the Disposition
of the End of the Pestle in the Base of the Pit
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
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169
Figure 5.6
Portable Power Ghani
SOURCE: Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai.6
The following table shows performance of tel-ghanis in crushing
oilseed in different location.
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170
Table 5.7
Performance of Ghanis in Crushing Oilseeds in Different Location
Location of the Ghani
Crushing Details Efficiency
Total Seed Crushed Kg./Day
Number of Charges per
Day
Average Qty. per Charge Kg.
Total Working
Period Hr.
Oil Extracted
%
Oil Extracted Kg./Day
Oil Extracted
Kg./Hr.
South India
Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu)
Chittor (Andhra Pradesh)
Cudappah (Andhra Pradesh)
Kozhikade (Kerala)
Pithapuram (Andhra Pradesh)
62
45
37
26
15
2
2
3
2
3
31.0
22.5
12.3
13.0
5.0
8
8
11
9
10
37
35
47
49
50
22.94
15.75
17.39
12.74
7.50
2.97
1.97
1.58
1.42
0.75
Western India
Rajkot (Gujrat)
Sabarmati (Gujrat)
Pandharpur (Maharashtra)
Mumbai Area (Maharashtra)
Bhusaval (Maharashtra)
46
41
38
30
18
8
5
4
4
3
5.8
8.2
9.5
7.5
6.0
13
8
8
8
10
44
42
26
45
40
20.24
17.22
9.88
13.50
7.20
1.56
2.15
1.24
1.69
0.72
Eastern India
Badadangal (West Bengal
Comilla (West Bengal)
Bhadrak (Orissa)
21
21
18
2
4
3
10.5
5.3
6.0
8
12
9
32
34
31
6.72
7.14
5.58
0.84
0.60
0.62
North India
Jalandar (Punjab)
Bijnor (Uttar Pradesh)
Chopra (Bihar)
17
16
15
2
4
6
8.5
4.0
2.5
7
12
12
38
37
33
6.46
5.92
4.95
0.92
0.49
0.41
SOURCE: Edible Oil Production in India a Book by Nannapnavaru.10
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171
The following table 5.8 shows performance data on the
standardised improved ghani. Oil extraction is high and crushing
time is short, making for cost reduction and working efficiency.
Table 5.8
Performance Data of the ghani
Seed Crushed Capacity Per
Charge kg.
Oil
Extraction
%
Time Taken
per Charge
Mts.
Sesame 8 45 75
Groundnut 8 45 to 49 60
Coconut 8 55 to 62 45
Mustard 6 30 60
Yellow Mustard 7 30 60
Mahua 7 35 60
Castor 8 40 60
SOURCE: Edible Oil Production in India a Book by Nannapnavaru.11
B) Expellers:
a) Mini Expeller:
Mini expellers are manufactured by private agencies for
extraction of seed oil from different oilseeds. The capacity varies
from 40 to 80 kg. oilseeds per hour. The details of mini expellers
designed by the Shraddhanand Engineering Works, Solapur
(Figure 5.7) are as follows:-
Page 26
172
SOURCE: Prospectus of Hind Engineering Company, Lucknow, U.P.13
The following table 5.9 shows the Mini Expellers Crushing
Capacity.
Figure 5.7
Mini Oil Expeller
Page 27
173
Table 5.9
Mini Expellers Crushing Capacity
Sr.
No.
Size of Machine H.P.
reqd.to
operate
Dia.
of Pulley
(in)
R.P.M. Capacity of
Crushing Oilseeds Per Hour (Twice in
Kg.)
Length Breadth Height
1. 66 21 45 05 18 250 40-45
2. 84 27 66 10 22 145 70-80
SOURCE: “Safflower” by Dr. P.S. Patil and Others “All India Co-ordinated Research
Project on Oilseeds”, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University,
Zonal Research Station, Solapur.
Mini expeller is known by its nick name as a baby expeller. It
produces the oil 268 kg. and 583 kg. oil cake from the oilseeds within
8 hours. It has 9 bolts and its weight is 16 quintal. It has found that
these expellers have no capacity to produce and supply with the
required demand. At present, in the Solapur city, there are only 2
Baby expellers working with the small capital and with 1 man labour.
It is true that extraction of oil by such is better and more than the
extraction of any other methods.
The installation of this expeller, filter press, boiler and electric
motor can be adjusted on small area (10‟ x 10‟). However, the
mechanism of such expeller is sophisticated and can be operated by
little experienced laborer/oilman. There is also 1 mini expeller which
is known as “Shakti Mini Oil Expeller‟. It has 3 models, Chamber
size, H.P. and crushing capacity in 24 hours as below:
Table 5.10
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Mini Expellers Crushing Capacity
Sr.
No.
Model Chamber
Size
H.P. Production Capacity in 24 Hours
(Oil Cane)
1. A 18” x 4” 5 24 (Oil cane)
2. B 24” x 4” 10 48 (Oil cane)
3. C 27” x 5” 15 80 (Oil cane)
SOURCE: Prospectus of “SHAKTI MINI OIL EXPELLERS” manufactured by „Amrut
Engineering Works,Behind Vihar Cinema,Pratapnagar,VADODARA-3900041&14
But during the last 5 years, however, there is medium type of
expeller and also big type of expeller has been installed.
Considering their productive capacity, so at present in the Solapur
city, almost all expellers are of medium size and of a big size
because within the limited time, more and more and maximum
production is to be done.
b) Medium Scale Expeller:
The medium size expeller is of 6 bolts or of 9 bolts. The
chamber of medium type expeller of 6 bolts is 22” x 5” and of 9 bolts
chamber size is 30” x 5” or 27” x 5”.
In the Solapur city, at present, there are 152 expellers, out of
which, 18 expellers are of medium size. It is easy to operate. It
needs no high technical knowledge for the operations. It also needs
no large space. In the city of Solapur, these medium size expellers
are generally installed in the space of 40‟ x 30‟ within this area. For
1 medium size expeller, 1 electric motor, boiler, filter press, oil tank
are installed. The filter press machine is sometimes fixed on the oil
tanker.
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175
Power:
For the medium type of expeller of 6 bolts the 10 HP electric
motor is required and whereas the electric motor of 15 to 20 HP is
required for 9 bolts. In above both matter the R.P.M. is 960 per
minute. If the electric motor of higher R.P.M. are used then there is
a less production of oil and there will be a large ratio of oil remain in
the oil-cake.
Production Capacity:
A medium type of expeller of 6 bolts oil extraction from 15 qtl.
oilseeds within 24 hours and whereas within 24 hours 22 qtl.
oilseeds are crushed by medium size of expeller of 9 bolts.
c) Large Scale Expeller:
Large size expeller is of 12 bolts. It is usually used for large
scale production of oil. Its Chamber size is 33” x 6”, 36” x 6” and 44”
x 8”. It needs the electric motor of 25, 30 and 35 H.P. respectively.
These expellers are installed generally in such locality and area
wherein there is a large production of oilseeds. In the Solapur city,
at present, there are 152 large or big type of expellers usually
installed where there is great availability of storage of oilseeds.
These expellers are most suitable to extract the oil from all oilseeds.
5.6 Place and Production Capacity:
One large type of expeller installed within the area
admeasuring 42 to 50 feet for expeller itself 10‟ x 15‟ space is
required and thereafter to break the oilcakes into small pieces 10‟ x
15‟ space is required. If there are 2 or more expellers, then usually
space required is admeasuring 100 x 100 or 100 x 150. The labour
charges of such expeller are more than production of such expeller is
larger by 3 to four times than that of small expellers.
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176
Very recently, there is also the super size of expeller, it is
known as “Super A”. Its chamber size is 44” x 9” x 6”. Its HP is 40.
The extraction is undoubtedly larger than any other method. It is
also known as „SHAKTI SUPER OIL EXPELLER”. There are many
merits of such expellers. It has perfect cook arrangement. It is
possible to achieve the maximum pressure at the minimum
consumption of load. Therefore, maximum oil yield is assured. The
milling cost is also lower. It is economical one. There is no need for
constructing a floor specially. This expeller requires minimum space.
Changing the warms can be done in a couple of hours. The spare-
parts are available into the market. These expellers are suitable for
crushing all kinds of oil bearing seeds. The expellers under „Super
A‟ are of 3 types A, B & C. Type A of Super A expeller is not in
Solapur city. However, B & C type of Super A, expellers is installed
by oil mill owners.
The Shakti Oil Expellers are manufactured in various sizes,
varying according to H.P. and production capacity. The following
table shows the types of expellers, size of chambers and HPR and
crushing capacity in tonnes in 24 hours.
Page 31
177
Table 5.11
Types of Large Scale Expellers and Crushing Capacity
Types of
Expellers
H.P.R. Chamber
Size in
inches)
Crushing Capacity in Tonnes
in 24 hours
Ground
nut
Cotton
Seeds
Castor
Seeds
Copra
Super – A
A
B
C
60
40
30
40
54”-10”-7”
44”x9”x6”
33” x 6”
33” x 7”
18
9
6
7
20
12
9
10
18
9
6
7
12
6
5
6
Medium Size
A
B
20
15
30”6”x5”
27” x 5”
4.5
3
5
4.5
4.5
3
4
2.5
Small Baby
Small Baby
12.5
7.5
24” x 4”
18” x 4”
2
1
2.5
1
2
1
1.5
0.5
SOURCE: The above table is from the prospectus of “Amrut Engineering Works”,
R. V. Desai Road, Behind Vihar Talkies, Pratapnagar, VADODARA, Gujrat.
Page 32
178
5.7 Conclusion:
Since 10 years the number of oil mills is increasing due to an
increase in the consumption of edible oil in Solapur. At the same
time the Solapur edible oil market is also developing which is
connected with the other state markets. Therefore, in present days
the production of edible oil in Solapur city goes to other states such
as Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh etc. A metropolitan city Mumbai is
one of the famous market for the producers of edible oil is Solapur.
This leads to develop the edible oil industry in Solapur and
modernize the method of production.
The persons of varying capacity of capital have come forward
to undertake the installation of oil industry with different types of
expellers suited to their conditions and social status. After 1990-91
the number of oil mills in Solapur city increased. In this period most
of the oil mill owners renewed the machinery and elaborated modern
heavy expellers. This leads to increase the crushing capacity of the
oil mills. One more important reasons of an increase in number of oil
mills is changing cropping pattern in Maharashtra, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh.
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179
REFERENCES:
1) Amrut Engineering Works, R. V. Desai Road, Behind Vihar
Cinema, Pratapnagar, Vadodara – 390 004, Prospectus. p. 4.
2) Bhandari M. R. and Gupta P. G., (1969-70), A Brief Study of
Edible Oil Mills in Solapur City published by the Shivaji
University, Kolhapur – 1969-70, p. 64.
3) Gadgil D. R. (1965), Solapur City Socio-Economic Studies,
Pune: (Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune),
p.133.
4) Halli A. S. (October-December, 2009), Artha Samvad, Marathi
Artha Samvad Parishad, Satara, p. 271-272.
5) Kamble V. R., Sharma K. K., Sandarbh – Maharashtra State
and Districts at a Glance, Vol. 1, Intellectual Book, Bureau,
p.490.
6) Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Mumbai (2007-08):
Yearly Report, p. 29.
7) Khadi Gramodyog Tel Ghani Sangh, Solapur (2007-08),
Yearly Report, p. 10.
8) Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sangh Ltd. (October-December
2007), The Maharashtra Co-Operative Quarterly, Pune:Vol.
181 published by the Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sangh,
p.65.
9) Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Govt. of India, (1956), Report
of the Oilseeds Crushing Industry Enquiry Committee, p. 188.
Page 34
180
10) Nannapanavaru S. R., Dept. of Economics, Karnataka
University, Dharwad, (1995), The Oils and Oilseeds Economy
of India - An Economical Analysis, Delhi: published by
Himalaya Publishing House. p. 192.
11) Nannapanavaru S. R. (1997), Edible Oil Production, p. 220.
12) Patil (Dr.) P. S. and Others „Safflower‟ (2001-02), All India Co-
Ordinated Research Project on Oilseeds, Solapur published by
Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Zonal Research
Station, Solapur, p. 78.
13) Prospectus of Hind Engineering Company, Lucknow, U.P.,
p. 26.
14) Shakti Mini Oil Expellers, Vadodara: Prospectus,
manufactured by „Amrut Engineering Works, R. V. Desai
Road, Behind Vihar Cinema, Pratapnagar, Vadodara – 390
004, p. 29.
15) Solapur District Khadi Gramodyog Mandal (2007-08), Yearly
Report, p. 19.
16) Solapur Khadya Tel Gramodyog Utpadan Sangh.
17) Solapur Oil Mill Association, Solapur, (1990-2007), Annual
Report, p. 35.
18) www.co-operativeonnet.com
19) www.solapur.com
