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AUGMENTING USE OF NON-COKING COAL
IN STEEL INDUSTRY:
A C R Das
Industrial Adviser
Ministry of SteelGovernment of India
New Delhi
4thCoal Summit
19-20thNovember
Hotel The Ashok, New Delhi 1
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An Overview of Indian Iron & Steel Industry
World Production of Crude Steel(2011): 1527 MT Chinese production (46%) : 695.5 MT
Indias Crude Steel Production( 2011) : 72 MT
India is the 4thLargest Producer in the world.
India is the largest producer of Sponge Iron.
Indian Steel Production Increasing @ 8-10%(Decadal)
India to reach to 2ndposition by end of 12thFive Yr. Plan
Present & Projected Steel Capacity in India:2011-12- 90 MT
2016-17- 149 MT
2019-20- 180-200MT
2020-50- 500 MT by 2050 2
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STRUCTURE OF INDIAN STEEL INDUSTRY
There are 11 Integrated Steel Plants (ISP)
ISPs adopt different process routes namely, BF-BOF, BF-
BOF/THF, BF/Corex-BOF, DRI/HBI-EAF and DRI/BF-EAF plants
There are a large number of Mini Steel Plants(MSPs)
comprising of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)/ Energy OptimisingFurnace (EOF) and Electric Induction Furnace (EIF) units.
MSPs includes:
Stand-alone plants dependent on purchased inputs
(steel scrap and sponge iron) and
composite plants having captive sponge iron making
facilities.
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TECHNOLOGY MIX OF IRON & STEEL MAKING
Process Route World IndiaOxygen Route (%) 70 BF/COREX/BOF/THF/EOF: 40
Electric Route (%) 30 EAF/DRI-EAF : 25
EIF/DRI-EAF : 35
NB: As per future projections, proportion of steel production
through BF-BOF route in expected to increase in years to come
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Techno-Economic Efficiency Parameters
Item Global Benchmark Indian Iron & Steel sector
BF Productivity (t / day /m3 of working volume
2.5-3.5 1.5-2.5/2.8
Coke rate (Kg / t HM) 350-400 400-520
PCI (kg / t HM) 150-250 50-150
Energy Consumption (Gcal / TCS
4.5-5.5 6-6.5
CO2 emission (t / TCS) 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.0
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INDIAN STEEL INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES
Poor techno-economic performance parameters ofIndian steel industry reflects that it is trailing behind
the global standards
Main problems relate to:
technological obsolescence in principle process sand
Lack of timely technological intervention and R&D
Lack of dedicated technologies for harnessing waste heat/
energy Inferior quality of Raw Materials/ Inputs:
High Alumina and high Alumina/Silica Ratio in Iron Ore
High ash in Coking/ Non-Coking Coal6
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Overview of Blast Furnace(BF) Iron making
BF is the oldest and most established and also most efficient
process of iron making Over 90% of total iron produced in the world comes from BF
process
Blast Furnace essentially requires coke made from cooking coal.
Coke is made in coke oven (by-product/heat recovery) Coke has three important functions in Blast Furnace:
Thermal (source of heat)
Chemical (reductant)
Physical (Supporting Burden & Imparting Bed Permeability)
Coke must satisfy some basic minimum quality parameters viz.,composition (high FC & low ash), proper size range, high strength(Cold & Hot), good reactivity etc. to ensure efficient BF operationwith maximum productivity & minimum coke rate/energyconsumption.
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Problems and issues with Indian Coking Coal
BF Coke-making requires good quality of cooking coalusually prime cooking coal.
Prime Coking-Coal is relatively scarce and costly andits availability is depleting sharply
Prime Coking coal reserves limited and constituteonly about 14 % of the total coal reserves of 252Billion Tonnes in India
The ash content in ROM Coking is very high (30-45%)
and washing/ beneficiation is difficult because oftechno-economic reasons
Poor coke and iron ore quality are primarilyresponsible for poor performance of Indian BFs and
higher energy consumption. 8
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Development of Alternative technlogies/ Practices
for substitution of Coking-Coal
Pulverised Coal Injection (PCI)/ Coal Dust Injection(CDI) to partially substitute Coking-Coal (Coke) in
Blast Furnace by Non-Coking Coal/ other
reductants.
Alternative Iron Making Technologies:
Direct Reduction of Iron Ore to produce sponge iron/DRI using non-coking coal/ natural gas.
Smelting Reduction (SR) of Iron Ore using non-coking
coal.9
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Effect of PCI/CDI in BFs
CDI/PCI has picked up over the years across the
world to minimise coking coal use in BFs in view of itsscarcity and cost
1 ton of coal dust/ pulverised coal replaces about 1ton of coke resulting in saving of approx 1.4 ton of
coking coal and equivalent coke making capacitythereby avoiding emission of pollutants/ GHGs
PCI also helps in smooth operation of Blast Furnacewith improvement in productivity
PCI in Indian BFs is low, varying in the range of 50-150 kg/thm as compared to 250 kg/thm (max) in theworld.
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Techno-Economic Parameters in Europe
Country Belgium France Finland Germany Germany Germany Netherland Netherland
Works AM Gent AMDunkerque
RuukkiRaahe
HKM TKS TKS Corus Corus
Coke Rate Kg/t/HM 261.9 266.1 319.0 289.0 262.6 289.5 245.6 271.1
Nut Coke Kg/t/HM 66.5 47.8 39.0 66.8 70.9 53.5 35.3 32.1
Total Coke Kg/t/HM 328.4 313.9 358.0 355.8 333.5 343.0 280.9 303.2
Coal
Injection
Kg/t/HM 169.7 171.5 - - 165.4 159.8 235.1 214.9
Oil Injection Kg/t/HM - - 100.5 23.5 - - 0.9 -
Natural Gas Kg/t/HM - - - 84.9 - - - -
Oxygen in
blast
% 26.2 24.3 27.2 28.1 26.5 26.4 36.2 32.3
Blast
Furnace
Productivity
t/m3
(WV) x
24 hr
2.18 2.24 3.44 2.57 2.80 2.49 3.18 2.64
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Enablers for High PCI rate in BFs
Injection of High PCI in BFs is dependant on several
factors: Good Coke quality (Coke M10 value 7 (max), M40 value
81-88%, CSR 66% (min)
Slag Rate (max): 300 kg/thm (preferably 280 Kg/thm)
Hot Blast Temperature: 1150 C (min) Oxygen enrichment: 3-5% or more
PCI coal essentially requires appropriate quality ofnon-coking coal characterized by low Ash: 12%, VM:
12-15%, CSN: (-) 3%, HGI: (+) 75%, Ash Fusion Temp:IDT- 1300C and Final Flow Temp: 1500C
Such PCI coal is not readily available in India and isbeing imported
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ALTERNATIVE IRON MAKING
Direct Reduction of Iron Ore
Process of directly reducing iron ore (lumps/Pellets) in solid form itself
Product known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or
Sponge Iron Two main Processes:
Non-Coking Coal based Rotary Kilns
Natural Gas Based Shaft FurnacesSyn-Gas Based Shaft Furnaces
Modular Sizes of Rotary Kilns: low (100500 TPD)
Modular Size of Gas Based Plants: high (upto 2 MTPA)13
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DRI PRODUCTION IN INDIA/WORLD
Country Production, MT
2008 2009 2010
India 21.1 22.03 23.81
Venezuela 6.87 5.6 5.80
Mexico 6.01 4.15 5.22
Iran 7.46 8.2 9.10
Saudi Arabia 4.97 5.03 5.96
Russia 4.56 4.67 4.60
World 66 65 71
India is the largest DRI producer (75% Coal Based & 25% gas based)
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Midrex Process Flow SheetDRI/HBI Production
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Syn-Gas Based Midrex DRI/HBI Production
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Alternate Iron MakingSmelting Reduction
Process of converting Iron Ore into Hot Metal/ Pig Iron using
non-coking coal directly bypassing conversion of coal intocoke
Also known as Direct Smelting
Several Processes have been developed, some of which arecommercially available and others are in the process of
development Commonly known SR Processes are:
Corex
Finex
ITmk3 HISmelt
HIsarna
FastMelt
Technored 17
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A schematic diagram of COREX process
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FINEX Process
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Production of Iron nuggets
Ore + coal compositepellets: Reduction & meltingat 1500C in RHF
It produces almost lowsulphur pure iron nuggets(& slag globules)
Technology: Kobe Steel,Japan
0.50 MT: Minnesota, USA
0.50 MT: ASP, Durgapur(Proposed): Rs 1500 Crores
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ITmk3 Process
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Key features of HIsarna Smelter Technology of ULCOS
ULCOS: Ultra-low Carbon di-oxide Steeelmaking:
European consortium of 48 companies: Cooperative
R&D Programme: Develop processes for reducing CO2
emission of todaysbest routes by at least 50%:
HIsarna for ironmaking (HIsarna for the process ("HI"
from HIsmelt and "sarna" from Isarna, a celtic word foriron).
BF Top gas recycling, etc.
HIsarna is a single-step technology based on bath-smelting of iron ore to produce liquid iron like HM of BF.
The main purpose is to improve energy efficiency by at
least 20%.
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Discussions & Conclusions BF has been and will continue to be the workhorse for Hot
Metal production. BF process has undergone substantial improvements in terms
of size, capacity, efficiency, use of coke, waste heat recoveryetc.
Coke-making has also undergone several changes to producegood quality coke from inferior coking coal/ non-coking coal.
From 100% use of coke in the past, modern BFs use only 50-60% coke, balance being non-coking coal (PCI/CDI).
Indian BFs need to bring in Technological upgradations tointroduce/ improve PCI/ CDI rate.
Good quality coke/coal is key to BF operation and also toreduce coke rate in BF. Good quality NCC is also necessary to
enhance PCI/CDI rate 29
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Discussions & Conclusions (Contd.)
Overall DRI production (and particularly natural gas
based DRI production in middle east countries)increasing
DR & SR process will continue to play
complementary/ supplementary role in overalliron/steel production.
Coal /Coke consumption cannot be reduced below atheoretical minimum. Worldwide R&D in progressfor development of path breaking processes tofurther reduce use of fossil fuel in BF and /orsubstitute use of coal by non-fossil fuel for
addressing climate change issues. 30
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THANK YOU
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