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Mr. Pulgarin's Class - Chapter 8.
30
Textile mill in 1834. Reforming American Society A religious revival sparks reform movements, including calls to outlaw slavery. Factory laborers begin to demand better working conditions. A women’s rights movement forms. NEXT
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Page 1: A chapter08

Textile mill in 1834.

Reforming American Society

A religious revival sparks reform movements, including calls to outlaw slavery. Factory laborers begin to demand better working conditions. A women’s rights movement forms.

NEXT

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Religion Sparks Reform

Slavery and Abolition

Women and Reform

The Changing Workplace

NEXT

Reforming American Society

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Section 1

Religion Sparks ReformA renewal of religious sentiment—known as the Second Great Awakening—inspires a host of reform movements.

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The Second Great Awakening

Religious Activism• Second Great Awakening—religious movement,

sweeps U.S. after 1790• Individual responsible for own salvation, can

improve self, society• Preacher Charles Grandison Finney inspires

emotional religious faith• Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or

more at outdoor camps

Religion Sparks Reform1SECTION

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Image

Continued . . .

Revivalism• Revival—gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts

4 to 5 days• Revivalism greatly increases church membership

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The African-American Church• Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches open

to blacks and whites• Southern slaves interpret Christian message as

promise of freedom• In East, free African Americans have own churches• African Methodist Episcopal Church—political,

cultural, social place• African-American church organizes first national

convention (1830)

1SECTION

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continued The Second Great Awakening

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Transcendentalism and Reforms

Transcendentalism• Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing

transcendentalism:- literary and philosophical movement- emphasizes simple life- truth found in nature, emotion, imagination

• Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden

• Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws

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Image

Unitarianism• Unitarians stress reason, appeals to conscience

in religion• Agree with revivalists: individual, social reform

important

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Americans Form Ideal Communities

Utopias• Utopian communities—experimental groups,

try to create perfect place• In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley

establishes Brook Farm• Most utopias last only a few years

1SECTION

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Shaker Communities• Shakers share goods, believe men and women

equal, refuse to fight• Do not marry or have children; need converts,

adoption to survive

Image

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Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform

Reforming Asylums and Prisons• Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions

for mentally ill• Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful

position in society

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Improving Education• In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided

by grade• Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public

school system in 1834• Horace Mann establishes teacher training,

curriculum reforms• By 1850s, all states have publicly funded

elementary schoolsChart

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Section 2

Slavery and AbolitionSlavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to put an end to it.

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Abolitionists Speak Out

The Resettlement Question• 1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate

resettlement in Africa• Most free blacks consider themselves American;

few emigrate • Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing

of slavery

Slavery and Abolition2SECTION

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William Lloyd Garrison• William Lloyd Garrison—radical white abolitionist;

founds: - New England Anti-Slavery Society- American Anti-Slavery Society

• The Liberator calls for immediate emancipation— freeing of slaves Continued . . .

Image

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continued Abolitionists Speak Out

Free Blacks• David Walker advises blacks to fight for freedom,

not wait to get it• Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans• Northern free blacks given only lowest-paying jobs

2SECTION

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Frederick Douglass• As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read,

write by owner’s wife• Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery

Society• Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through

political actionImage

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Life Under Slavery

The Slave Population• Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to

1830 (2 million)• 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on

small farms• By 1830, majority are American, work on

plantations or large farms

2SECTION

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Rural Slavery• On plantations, men, women, children work dawn

to dusk in fields• Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no

breaks for rest

Continued . . .

Chart

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Urban Slavery• Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves• Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans• Slave owners hire out their workers to factory

owners• Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on

plantations

continued Life Under Slavery

2SECTION

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Nat Turner’s Rebellion• Nat Turner, preacher, leads slave rebellion;

about 60 whites killed• Turner, followers, innocent are captured; 200 killed

in retaliation

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Virginia Debate• Virginia legislature debates abolition; motion not

passed• Ends the debate on slavery in antebellum (pre-Civil

War) South

Slave Owners Defend Slavery

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Backlash from Revolts• Southern states create slave codes to tighten limits

on blacks• Free African Americans as well as slaves lose rights

Continued . . .

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Proslavery Defenses• Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as

defense• Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule:

- limits or prevents debate- used on issue of slavery- deprives citizens of right to be heard

continued Slave Owners Defend Slavery

2SECTION

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Section 3

Women and ReformWomen reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights.

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Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s

Cultural and Legal Limits on Women• Cult of domesticity—only housework, child care for

married women• Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing

same job• Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries

- do not have guardianship of own children• A married woman’s property, earnings belong to her

husband• Women delegates at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention

rejected • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott form women’s

rights society

Women and Reform3SECTION

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Women Mobilize for Reform

Women Abolitionists• Middle-class white women inspired by religion join

reform movements• Sarah and Angelina Grimké— work for abolition

- daughters of Southern slave owner• Some men support women reformers; others

denounce them

3SECTION

Working for Temperance• Many women in temperance movement—prohibit

drinking alcohol• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century• American Temperance Society founded 1826;

6,000 local groups by 1833Image

Continued . . .

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3SECTION

Education for Women• Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past

elementary school• Academic schools for women become available:

- 1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female Seminary- 1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary- 1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college

• African-American girls have few opportunities to get good education

continued Women Mobilize for Reform

Continued . . .

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continued Women Mobilize for Reform

Women and Health Reform• Elizabeth Blackwell, doctor, opens clinic for

women, children• Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most

women unhealthy • Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants;

popular with other women

3SECTION

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3SECTION

Seneca Falls• Reform encourages women’s movement, give

opportunities outside home• 1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention

for women’s rights• “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration

of Independence• Attendees approve all but one resolution of

Declaration unanimously:- men and women are equal- urge women to participate in public issues- narrowly pass women’s suffrage

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

Continued . . .

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NEXT

continued Women’s Rights Movement Emerges

Sojourner Truth• Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels

country preaching• Later argues for abolition, women’s rights

3SECTION

Image

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Section 4

The Changing WorkplaceA growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory system.

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Industry Changes Work

Rural Manufacturing • Cottage industry—manufacturers supply materials,

goods made in homes• Entrepreneurs like Francis Cabot Lowell open

weaving factories in MA- by 1830s Lowell and partners have 8 factories, 6,000 employees

The Changing Workplace4SECTION

Continued . . .

Image

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4SECTION

Early Factories• Early 1800s, artisans produce items people cannot

make themselves:- master—highly experienced artisan- journeyman—skilled worker employed by master- apprentice—young worker learning craft

• Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops

• With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans

continued Industry Changes Work

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4SECTION

The Lowell Mill• Most mill workers are unmarried farm girls

- under strict control of female supervisor• Owners hire females who can be paid lower wages

than men• Factory pay better than alternatives—teaching,

sewing, domestic work• Most girls stay at Lowell only for a few years• Mill girls take new ideas back to their homes

Farm Worker to Factory Worker

Continued . . .

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4SECTION

Conditions at Lowell• Work 12 hours in heat, dark, poor ventilation:

- cause discomfort, illness• Conditions continue to deteriorate; 800 mill girls

conduct a strike: - work stoppage to force employer to respond to worker demands

continued Farm Worker to Factory Worker

Strikes at Lowell• 1834, strike over pay cut; 1836, strike over higher

board charges• Company prevails both times, fires strike leaders• 1845, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association

founded

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4SECTION

Workers Seek Better Conditions

Workers Unionize• Artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with

unskilled workers• 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens

of strikes- employers use immigrants as strikebreakers

Continued . . .

Immigration Increases• European immigration to the U.S. increases 1830–

1860• German immigrants cluster in upper Mississippi

Valley, Ohio Valley

A Second Wave• Irish immigrants settle in large Eastern cities• Disliked because Catholic, poor; resented because

work for low pay

Chart

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4SECTION

continued Workers Seek Better Conditions

National Trades’ Union• 1830s, unions for same trade unite to standardize

wages, conditions • 1834, organizations from 6 industries form

National Trades’ Union• Bankers, owners form associations; courts declare

strikes illegal

Court Backs Strikers• In 1842, Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds

right to strike• In 1860, barely 5,000 union members;

20,000 people in strikes

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