Domain of Development

Social Interaction

Social interaction involves cooperating and getting along with other children, siblings,

parents, and teachers. It also includes the development of self-esteem, the feelings children have

about themselves. Children’s interactions and relationships with others enlarge their views of the

world and of themselves (Morrison, 2007). During early childhood children learn many social

skills to help them manage social interaction in a variety of settings and with a number of people.

They also learn about adult roles through play and real-life activities and as they learn about

adult activities, they learn to understand others and themselves.

Throughout a typical preschool day, there are countless opportunities for children to

interact and play with one another. Peer interactions serve a variety of important roles for

preschoolers. Throughout the day, as they watch, imitate, model, and interact with each other,

preschoolers learn to share, solve problems, and collaborate. They also build friendships that

promote positive social and emotional development. These skills don’t all come naturally,

however, and some children have difficulty interacting with their peers and building friendships.

Some children must be taught the skills necessary to interact with their peers. At the Cocoyea

ECCE Centre, time is set aside during the daily large group or circle time to learn and practice

specific social skills that children can use to interact and build friendships with one another.

Children have many strategies that they use to interact with one another; some of these

strategies are appropriate and some are not. Most teachers or caregivers have seen children grab

toys from peers, push or hit to get what they want, or ignore a friend who is trying to talk to

them. Other children may have difficulty interacting with peers because of developmental

disabilities, language delays, or social delays. It is important to teach children positive skills that

they can use to successfully interact with their peers. Children can be taught to initiate positive

interactions with their peers during large group activities such as circle time or story time. Using

role play for example, children learn to get each other’s attention, to share toys and materials, to

make suggestions for play, to assist each other, and to say nice things to one another. Once a

group of children has been taught these positive social skills, teachers provide the children with

opportunities throughout the day to interact with each other using the targeted skills. During

these play periods, teachers/ caregivers mingle among the children, encourage positive peer

interactions (e.g., “Tyriek, please ask Messiah for a paintbrush.”), praise interactions that occur

(e.g., “Thank you for lending Messiah the paintbrush.”), and provide suggestions to keep

children’s play interesting (e.g., “You two can finish painting the picture of this house together

using these colours.”). Some important milestones are listed below.

Important Milestones: Four-Year- Old

(Gordon and Browne, 2008 pg.107-108)

Mood changes rapidly

Tries out feelings of power

Dominates; is bossy, boastful, belligerent

Assertive, argumentative

Shows off; is cocky, noisy

Can fight own battles

Hits, grabs, insists on desires

Explosive, destructive

Easily overstimulated; excitable

Impatient in large groups*

Cooperates in groups of two or three*

Develops ‘special’ friends* but shifts loyalties often

In-group develops; excludes others*

Resistant; tests limits

Exaggerates, tells tall tales

Alibis frequently

Teases, outwits; has terrific humor

May have scary dreams

Tattles frequently

Has food jags, food strikes

Important Milestones: Five-Year- Old

Poised, self-confident, self-contained

Sensitive to ridicule*

Has to be right; persistent

Has sense of self- identity*

May get silly, high, wild

Enjoys pointless riddles, jokes

Enjoys group play, competitive games*

Aware of rules, defines them for others*

Chooses own friends; is sociable*

Gets involved in group decisions*

Insists on fair play*

Likes adult companionship*

Accepts, respects authority*

Asks permission

Remains calm in emergencies

*Key characteristics of cultural awareness or identity

Assessment Instruments and Justifications

Event Sampling

Event sampling is observations focused on particular events, recorded briefly while it is

taking place to build up a pattern of a child's behaviour over time. It enables the observer to

record when the ‘event’ occurs and to make a note of the actual events leading up to it. It is used

to observe and record children's social-personal interactions with the teacher and other children

as a basis to plan desirable interventions. Event sampling may need to be carried out over quite a

long period of time in order to discover what triggers the behaviour before a strategy can be

sought to change it. It focuses on behaviours during particular events such as, behaviour at

lunchtime, behaviour on the playground, and behaviour in a reading group (Morrison, 2007).

Advantages of Event Sampling:

The major advantage with event sampling is that teachers focus on something quite specific.

They tend to concentrate on only one aspect of the curriculum or development, which gives their

observation a sharper focus (e.g., fighting during transition activities or a very quiet child

contributing to a discussion).

The teacher or observer can comment on the quality of what they see.

It is preserved facts and details for any reader to draw conclusions.

Event sampling gives a short, contextual account of an event.

It is useful for tracking developmental abilities or warning of development lags.

Can be revisited to see progress over time.

It is easy and efficient to record, and allows easy analysis

More objective as it’s defined ahead of time

Useful in examine infrequent or rarely occur behaviours

Disadvantages of Event Sampling:

Event sampling can include possibly unclear definitions of the particular event, which

could lead to inaccurate observations.

It is the teacher’s or observer written view of an event and can be biased if the teacher

simply ignores data.

Only records one kind of behaviour at a time. Take the event out of context

Is close-ended and limited, thus lacking the richness of the narrative methods.

Why is event sampling appropriate for assessing social interaction and the selected age

group?

Event sampling is observations focused on particular events to build up a pattern of a

child's behaviour over a period of days or weeks. For example, to discover what provokes

tantrums, or how a child reacts to leaving their caregiver at the start of each day in nursery or

kindergarten. Event samples help to clarify what really happens during a tantrum. For example,

is the child provoked, does the event happen at certain times of day, how long does the tantrum

last? Event samples are a useful way to detect if a child has a behaviour problem that needs help

or referral to another professional. It also focuses on perceived problems and attempt to find

solutions to manage the child's behaviour more effectively. The observer needs to be focused

and remember to note the details as the event occurs. This method of observation is particularly

helpful for assessing social interaction because it involves a child’s behaviour such as attention

seeking, aggressive behaviour, quarrels, and so on. Event sampling captures events as they

natural occur and it is important as children acquire skills or control of their behaviour necessary

for the development of social interaction. The observer may wish to account for what triggers

and /or follows an event. With event sampling, the time, activities and even days of the week

that you choose to observe a particular child can vary. This is essential because the observe

needs to get a picture of the whole child- in the morning and afternoon, at break time, circle time,

and playtime, and on Mondays, as well as Tuesdays and so on.

This approach is particularly important for 3-5 year olds, who at this stage, often have

difficulty expressing themselves verbally or who may find it threatening to respond to questions

posed to them. Many preschoolers also have difficulty negotiating conflict situations, and will

often resort to aggressive behaviors. Preschoolers as old as five years of age still have a tough

time with self-control and conflict resolution. Developing these skills depends largely on

intervention by an adult who is willing and able to teach appropriate behaviours.

Anecdotal Records

An anecdotal record is a description of student behavior or a report of observed behavioral

incidents. They can also be described as brief accurate notes made of significant events or

critical incidents in a particular child’s day (Mindes, 2007, page 67).  With an anecdotal record,

the observer writes down the child's behaviors she witnesses without making any judgments. 

Anecdotal records are short, objective and as accurate as possible. They tell a story that the

reader can see, hear and feel as if he/she were there. They are used:

1) To provide insight into a particular behaviour

2) As a basis for planning a specific teaching strategy and

3) To preserve the details of a specific incident

Advantages of anecdotal records

Needs no special training

Needs no specials forms/templates

Gives a short, contextual account of an incident

Seperates judgement or inferences from details of the incident

Open ended and can catch unexpected events

Are useful for recording all areas of development

Can select behaviours or events of interest and ignore others, or can sample a wide range

of behaviours (different times, environments and people)

Disadvantages of anecdotal records

Only records events of interest to the person doing the observing

Choosing which incident to record gives the writer selectivity that may influence positive

or negative collections

Incidents can be taken out of context

There is intense writing to capture every detail

May miss out on recording specific types of behaviour

Can only focus on a few minutes of action

Can only focus on one or two children at a time

Why are anecdotal records appropriate for assessing social interaction and the

selected age group?

Written observations of children in the form of anecdotal records allows the observer to

learn more about the child as an individual. We used this form of assessment for the domain of

social interaction because anecdotes are able to tell a story as they describe a child’s behaviour,

complete with verbal responsives in a narrative style. Significant incidents or specific,

observable behaviours can be recorded by teachers in anecdotal records. It records an accurate

description of the situation and comments or questions that may guide further observations.

When we record the behaviour of a child, sometimes it may be negative or displeasing which

may cause bias to stem from the observer. However, in anecdotes, the observer simply has to

write everything that he/she sees regardless of the incident that may be occurring. Anecdotes are

short, objective and as accurate as possible which is ideal for recording the development of the

child’s social interaction for our study.

When provided with opportunities to play and interact with each other, children will

begin to exemplify certain milestones in their development of social interaction. When a child

does not meet these milestones or they are showing more aggressive behaviours compared to the

milestones anecdotes can be used to record these behaviours that the observer notices. With

children at the age of 4-5, many assessment tools can be used. However, anecdotal records are

appropriate for the age group of 4-5 years old because they are one of the most factual recording

methods. Because of its nature (of being short, accurate and descriptive), since incidents often

occur relating to behavioural problems in this particular child in our study, we found that

anecdotes were a good method to use to record these incidents as they happened. They are also

appropriate because they help to preserve the details of the incident for later reflection and

analysis.

Frequency Counts

Frequency counts are a record of the number of times a specific behavior occurs within a

specific time period. Frequency counts are useful for recording behaviors which have a clear

beginning and ending, are of relatively short duration, and tend to occur a number of times

during the specified time period. It is also useful for establishing baselines for behavior that the

teacher wants to modify.

In order to perform a frequency count, the following are required:

a specific time period,

a specific behavior, and

a method for tallying the number of events.

A tally sheet is usually used to identify the behavior being observed and to record the frequency

or the number of times which the behavior occurs. The observer simply makes a mark on an

observation sheet every time a particular behavior occurs.

Advantages of Frequency Counts:

It is a quantitative measure on which to base strategies for change

It is quick to record

It is simple and easy to use since the basic procedure is to make tallies each time a

specific behaviour occurs.

It is useful for quantitative and objectively measuring frequently occurring behaviours.

Disadvantages of Frequency Counts

They reveal nothing about the details of the behavior or its context

They can lose the raw data which means no details are recorded

It only measures one kind of behaviour, making the result highly selective

Allows the recorder’s bias into the recording

Why are frequency counts appropriate for assessing social interaction and the

selected age group?

Frequency counts are used to record an exact count of how many times a specific

behavior occurs (i.e. Mary gets out of her seat five times without permission during an activity

on painting). It is most appropriate for assessing social interaction because it is used by

observers who are interested in counting the number of times a behavior occurs. It does not

require too much effort, is fast, effective, and may not interfere with ongoing activities as shown

in the example below.

Example:

Behavior: Leaving seat during class time

Behavior Definition: Being at least one foot away from desk/seat during class, any time after

tardy bell rings. Includes times when has asked for permission to leave seat.

Frequency counts are appropriate to use as an assessment tool for 4-5 year olds because it

gives quantitative data on the specific number of times that a behaviour is repeated in a child.

Children at this age are easily distracted and having an assessment tool that requires more time

and energy can be ineffective for both the observer and the children. Since frequency counts are

in the form of a tally sheet it can easily be done during the day, or in one’s own classroom. It

will not disrupt or disturb the normal routine since it is relatively stress-free and quick to do.

Analysis of Data

Findings

Behavioral data relating to one child’s social status was collected from prospective teachers

through observation. Several components of social development include social dispositions,

social competence, social play, empathy, and emotional regulation. As abilities and knowledge

grow in the other domains of development, they affect the child’s social functioning. For

example, think through the relationships between social development and language. The child

must be able to understand what someone else is saying in order to interact. The child must have

communicative skills in order to enter into and remain in social situations (Ahola and Kovacik,

2007).

Finding 1

During early childhood, children have a surplus of energy that permits them to forget failures

quickly and to approach new areas that seem desirable, even if it is dangerous, with

undiminished zest and some increased sense of direction. On their own initiative (Erikson’s

third psychosocial stage of development), then, children at this stage actively move out into a

wider social world. This is shown when Tyriek plays with a toy knife in a manner that makes

him appear powerful and dangerous. Here is the anecdotal record in which this incident

happened:

“Tyriek goes to the language and literacy centre where he finds a computer and plays

(pressing buttons and opening and closing the lid) with it together with another girl for about

two minutes. They begin scrambling for the computer as Tyriek says, “It’s mine, not yours.”

Akayla repeats this line in as she keeps her hands on the computer. They begin pulling and

tugging the computer so that each of them can have it for themselves. Finally, Tyriek pushes her

and takes it while Akayla begins crying. He leaves and carries the computer to another table

where messiah is. He begins playing with messiah but he takes back the computer once again as

he said, “It’s not yours.” Messiah leaves and Tyriek puts down the computer and walks across to

the mats and sits by himself. He then gets up and finds a toy knife in the kitchen area. He shouts,

“I will chap somebody!” and passes the knife by his neck. A moment later he walks over and

tells me, “I have a knife. It is a toy knife.” He then puts down the knife and starts looking at

pictures in a book. He picks up the knife again and points at things in the book with it. After

reading the book he begins to hit his head repeatedly with the toy knife.”

One of the milestones from Gordon and Browne (2008) is that children develop ‘special’

friends* but shifts loyalties often. This can be seen when Tyriek is playing with Akayla but then

shifts his loyalty to Messiah. However, on both occasions he behaves very possessively over the

computer which angers him to lash out at his friends and take it for himself. We have found that

Tyriek is willing to play with others but he does not follow the conventional means of social

interaction where a child would ask another child to play with him. We have also found that

Tyriek resorts to aggressive behaviours when he is not pleased (as in the case of the computer)

and lashes out at others, including himself (when he began hitting himself with the knife on his

head repeatedly).

Finding 2

“Tyriek is sitting with Kristy using the rolling pin to roll out a piece to play dough. He

engages him in short conversations with other children around him a few times. He takes a

bigger rolling pin from Akayla and begins to roll out the play dough saying that he is making a

bigger fry bake. After he has finished his fry bake he walks over to another table. He grabs a

comb from Shania. When she says that she will tell Miss he pelts the comb back at her. He asks

Messiah if he needs help to make his fry bake but he removes himself from the table quickly. He

gets up and walks for a bit then he begins to push and pull the truck that a girl is playing with.

He leaves soon after and wanders around the learning centres occasionally picking up materials

but putting them back. He then sits alone with a book by a table.”

From this anecdote we have noted a pattern in Tyriek’s behaviour. We have found that he

usually tries to engage in social interaction with another child but it ends his some sort of

aggressive behaviour or with him withdrawing himself to another area. His attempts at social

interaction often fail probably because he is not familiar with the conventions of socializing with

other children. Simple things that other children do to communicate such as ask, borrow, lend,

and talk nicely to each other is not present in Tyriek’s attempts at engaging himself. According

to Gordon and Browne (2008), one of the milestones at this age is that children should ask

permission. This is not seen in Tyriek’s behaviour and in most cases, causes him to react

aggressively. We have also found that he tends to throw things at others when he lashes out or

does not get what he wants, similar to what was done when he grabs a comb from Shania and

pelts it back at her when she threatens to tell on him. Aggression and anger manifests itself with

attacks on another person. This is called ‘bullying’ and is a result of low self-esteem in the bully

himself. Hostile aggression can be verbal, physical, or both. It increases with age and is more

prevalent in boys than in girls. Tyriek is probably fearful, angry, confused, and insecure because

of failed attempts at social interaction or otherwise factors in his life that may be causing him to

behave in this manner.

Finding 3

Play is the child’s own style of learning in a free, expressive and safe way. Play advances

social development. The anecdote below shows how Tyriek attempts to engage in play and

social interaction with a peer.

“Tyriek sits on the floor, picks up a computer but then throws it back down. He gives the

computer to Akela. He picks up the cover of the lego bucket and rolls the cover to another child.

The child does not roll it back so he throws it aside. He goes to another area and picks up a

tambourine and play with it for a while. Shortly after he returns to the lego bucket cover and

picks it up again. He proceeds to roll it again to a peer. His peer rolls back the cover and they

continue this game for a long while.”

One of the milestones in Gordon and Browne (2008) is that the child chooses his/her own

friends and/or is sociable. This can be seen as Tyriek chose a specific friend to play with (rolling

the lego bucket cover) and tries his best to be sociable. Tyriek is seen taking turns and sharing

while rolling the lego cover to his peer. With play children learn to cooperate, negotiate, share,

take turns, and wait for a desired outcome. Although conflicts over toys arise at any age, children

begin to see other people with needs. They can verbalize more effectively so they can participate

more cooperatively and negotiate to solve problems. Here we found that he also shows social

understanding. Although he initially rejected rolling the cover to his peer, he ultimately

acknowledged his peer and sat and continued rolling the cover to his peer. The simple task of

turn taking requires social understanding and a child needs to anticipate another child’s wishes in

order to form an agreeable plan such as rolling the cover back and forth to each other.

Responsiveness and sensitivity to others is an important component of social competence (Ahola

and Kovacik,2007).

Finding 4

“Tyriek pushes a girl on a bike which causes her to stumble. She begins to cry and he leaves her

alone. He wanders to another area playing with a doll and combing his hair by himself. He uses

a kitchen utensil to pound on a hard surface for a while. Tyriek then wanders off to other centres

and areas but remains by himself. He takes a toy from another child and gets into an argument

about whose it is. He gives the toy back to the child after she insists it is hers and goes and sits

by another girl in a desk. He plays quietly alongside her- using a toy rolling pin to flatten some

play dough.”

From this anecdote we found that Tyriek’s mood changes very rapidly, a milestone for

social emotional development in children his age (Gordon and Browne, 2008). This can be seen

when he begins by pushing a girl on a bike, leaving to play by himself, taking a toy from a child

then getting into an argument and then returning to play alongside a girl. His emotions seem to

change frequently which leads him to do unkind and sometimes kind things. His attempts to

push the girl on the bike were probably mistaken as he may have been trying to help her go

faster, however the girl did not appreciate this and refused his help by pushing him away. This

caused a bit of anger and lashing out again. We also found that Tyriek usually plays by himself

or alongside others as his means of coping with not being able to form or maintain relationships

with his peers.

Finding 5

“Tyriek is playing with a musical instrument but suddenly rushes to see something

outside. A teacher calls him back inside and he returns. He tries again to push a girl on her

bicycle but she shouts at him to leave her alone. He then takes a toy from a boy and gets angry

when the boys asks for it and retaliates by hitting him. The boy hits him back and tyriek begins to

cry as he goes to a teacher and tells her what happens. After this, he returns to the centres where

he begins to cry again he tries to take something from another girl by they end up hitting each

other. He then moves to the science area and plays with a stethoscope by himself. He takes a

hammer and repeatedly pounds on the desk. Someone calls him but he ignores them. A boy walks

close to him and he starts to pound harder and faster on the desk. After a while he gets up and

wanders around to several learning centres. He picks up some books but thrown them back onto

the sleeping mats.”

Tyriek has shown that he has reached two milestones from his social/emotional

development according to Gordon and Browne (2008). Firstly, he is showing signs of hitting,

grabbing, and insisting on desires. Tyriek usually insists on his desires and wants but does not

take into consideration what the other child may want. This often leads to hitting and getting

into fights on a regular basis with his friends. He has also shown that he tests limits which is

seen when he constantly tries to take toys from others even though they do not like it when he

does so. However, from this anecdote, one interesting thing that we have found is that Tyriek

has a fear of other peers being physically close to him when he is angry or feeling rejected. This

was seen when a boy walks close to him and he starts to pound harder and faster on the desk with

a hammer. He desires to avoid social interaction with his peers during his moments of anger or

extreme rejection from attempts to play.

Recommendations for Teaching and Learning:

One of the most important goals we strive for as parents, educators, and mental health

professionals is to help children develop respect for themselves and others.” While arriving at

this goal takes years of patient practice, it is a vital process in which parents, teachers, and all

caring adults can play a crucial and exciting role. In order to accomplish this, we must see

children as worthy human beings and be sincere in dealing with them. Social relationships begin

at birth. This is evident in the daily interactions between infants, parents, and teachers. Children

are social beings with a range of behaviours they use to initiate and facilitate social interactions.

Because social behaviours are essential to create and maintain relations with others, healthy

social development is necessary for young children. Teachers and caregivers must provide an

environment for children to grow and thrive. They must provide close and dependable

relationships that provide love and nurturance, security, and responsive interaction.

Teachers/caregivers must also have knowledge of the social contexts in which children live to

ensure that learning experiences are meaningful, relevant, and respectful for the children.

Recommendations for Teaching

1) Firstly we think that teachers should support all the relationships that are the key to

children’s development; parent/child, teacher/child, teacher/family, and child/child

relationships. Children need these sustaining, caring relationships to give them a sense of

self- worth, trust in the positive intentions of others, and motivation to explore and learn

(Morrison, 2007 pg.263). Also plan new ways to support healthy relationships. For

example, to help Tyriek who has started to cuff and hit his peers, a plan for a teacher to

stay near to help him learn new behaviours to get needs met.

2) Be Consistent: As teachers we must set clear, consistent, and fair limits for children’s

behaviour and hold children accountable to standards of acceptable behaviour. Teachers

should engage the children in developing rules and procedures for behaviour of their

class peers. For Tyriek, the key is to be consistent. You can’t ignore behaviors one day

and respond by shouting him the next. No matter where you are or what you’re doing,

try to be consistent. Since he is having a problem with hitting his peers, respond with

something like, “Hitting is not OK. You need to spend some time by yourself and calm

down.” Do your best to make sure you respond the same way every time.

3) Devote relatively small amounts of activity/class time to instructing children on how to

identify and label feelings and how to appropriately communicate with others about

emotions and resolve quarrels with other children e.g. using words instead of fists like

what Tyriek does.

4) Offer a pep talk ahead of time.  If you know there are situations that are difficult for your

child, give him a little pep talk ahead of time. In this case, during situations where the

teacher may sense that Tyriek make react aggressively or get into a fight then the teacher

must prepare him for the situation before. It is worth having a very brief discussion with

him telling him what you expect before you enter the situation. For example, “You need

to play nicely. If you start hitting him/her or hurting your friends, we will leave

immediately. Do you understand?”

5)  Provide alternative toys and stimulus- If you sense a child is getting bored or frustrated

with what they are doing be ready to suggest trying something different. A child who is

trying to do something they find very difficult may run out of patience and lose their

temper. Sometimes this happened with Tyriek. Another scenario is when children do not

have enough of one toy to play with. This happened very often with Tyriek as the child

who had a toy and there was only one of it refused to share. When this took place, Tyriek

would often hit or physically harm the other child to get what he wants. Watch out for

these signs happening and whenever possible have some diverting alternatives ready such

as extra of one toy or simply giving rules before going into the learning centres that we

must share the toy or take turns if there is only one of it.

6) Use modeling, role play, and group discussion to help Tyriek learn appropriate behaviour

around his peers.

Recommendations for Learning

1) The very first step is to be aware of the patterns that have been created over the years

with your child. Ask yourself, “What's the behavior I’m seeing, and what am I doing in

reaction to it?” Intimidation, name calling, bullying or other kinds of acting out behavior

are about your child and his inability to solve his problems appropriately. Understand

that patterns are particular to each person, situation and child. For example, some

teachers have trouble dealing with anger themselves. They jump right in, as soon as they

hear or see a problem, and blame the child. This only escalates the situation because if

you respond aggressively, it teaches your child that aggression is how you solve

problems.   As a result, the child may not learn to behave any differently: he’ll also lose

his temper and be aggressive. In contrast, some teachers are more passive—but their

child may become aggressive due to his teacher backing down and not dealing with

issues directly. With Tyriek the teacher can be a gentle, quiet person and an effective

teacher—the two aren’t mutually exclusive—but you still need to be firm and set clear

limits.

2) Redirect children to more acceptable behaviour or activity or use children’s mistakes as

learning opportunities, patiently reminding children of rules and their justification as

needed. Do not ignore aggressive or unsafe behavior. For example, “Tyriek, it isn’t safe

to throw blocks. Show me how you can safely build with the blocks.” “Tyriek, your feet

are for walking, not kicking. Show me your walking feet.” Reinforce the behavior you

are looking for. For example, “Tyriek you are using the blocks to build. That’s safe for

us all. You are making good choices.” 

3) Be appreciative of their efforts- When you catch your child being good, be sure to praise

their hard work and efforts. For instance, if Tyriek is observed in a power struggle over a

toy that ends in them working it out peacefully with their friend, tell him how proud you

are that they chose to use their words instead of resorting to aggression to get their way.

Look for and continue to praise good behavior as a way to motivate him to do better next

time.

4) Read lots of positive books in class about topics such as friendship, helping hands,

kindness, sharing and not hitting. During the day reinforce the concepts from these books

by modelling and praising a good behaviour when it is done.

5) We need to listen and acknowledge children’s feelings and frustrations, respond with

respect, guide children to resolve conflicts, and model skills that help children to solve

their own problems. Wait until there is a period of calm and discuss your Tyriek’s

actions with them him a peaceful way. Explain to him the likely results of his actions.

For example, explain that when they hit or bite it hurts and that other children are

unlikely to want to play with them in the future.

Bibliography

Ahola, D., & Kovacik, A. (2007).Observing and understanding child development.

Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.

Gordon, A. G., and Browne. K. W. (2008). Beginnings and Beyond: foundations in early

childhood education. 7th Ed. Clifton Park, N.Y. Thomson Delmar Learning.

USA.

Mindes G. (2007) Assessing Young Children. Third Edition. Pearson Education Inc:

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Morrison, G. S (2007). Early childhood education today 10th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Pearson