A Citizen’s Manual for Developing Integrated Aquatic ... · for Developing Integrated Aquatic...

A Citizen’s Manualfor Developing Integrated

Aquatic Vegetation Management PlansFirst Edition

January, 199493-93

printed on recycled paper

NEED ASSISTANCE?

For general questions regarding aquatic plant management in inland watersof Washington State, your first point of contact is:

Department of EcologyFreshwater Aquatic Weeds Management Program

Kathy Hamel, Program Coordinator(Tel: 206 407-6562)

A CITIZENS MANUAL FOR DEVELOPINGINTEGRATED AQUATIC VEGETATION

MANAGEMENT PLANSFirst Edition

Written byMaribeth V. Gibbons

WATER Environmental Services, Inc.Harry L. Gibbons, Jr.

Mark D. SytsmaKCM, Inc.

Edited byDan Portman

KCM, Inc.

Illustrated byRuth Gothenquist

WATER Environmental Services, Inc.

Prepared forWASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGYWater Quality Financial Assistance Program

January, 1994

The Department of Ecology is an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action employer andshall not discriminate on the basis of race, creed, color, national origin, sex, maritalstatus, sexual orientation, age, religion or disability as defined by applicable state and/orfederal regulations or statutes.

If you have special accommodation needs, please contact Ecology’s Water QualityFinancial Assistance Program at (206) 407-6562 (Voice) or (206) 407-6006 (TDD).

© 1994WATER Environmental Services, Inc.

IAVMP Manual – First Edition

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Word From The Authors vAcknowledgments viPreface vii

Material Covered In Manual viiA Quick Walk Through The Manual viii

PART I: Introduction To Aquatic Plant Management

Chapter 1, Introduction 1-1Does Your Water Body Have an Aquatic Plant or an Algae Problem? 1-1What Is An Integrated Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan? 1-2When Is an IAVMP Required? 1-2

PART II: Developing A Plan

Chapter 2, Getting Started 2-1Organization Is Key 2-1The Steering Committee 2-1Planning Steps Summarized 2-2

Chapter 3, Develop Problem Statement (Step A) 3-1What Is The Problem? 3-1How To Write A Clear Problem Statement 3-1Example Of A Problem Statement 3-3

Chapter 4, Identify management Goals (Step B) 4-1Setting Aquatic-Plant Management Goals 4-1Goal-Setting Criteria 4-1Example Of Aquatic-Plant Management Goals 4-2

Chapter 5, Involve the Public (Step C) 5-1The Importance of Public Involvement 5-1Public Involvement Steps 5-1

Chapter 6, Identify Water Body/Watershed Features (Step D) 6-1Water Body-Watershed Connection 6-1How To Describe The Watershed and Water Body 6-1Getting Started In Your Search Of The Water Body 6-3Sampling/Monitoring To Fill Data Gaps 6-3

Chapter 7, Identify Beneficial Use Areas (Step E) 7-1How To Determine Beneficial Use Areas Of Your Water Body 7-1Example Of Water Body Usage Map 7-2

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Chapter 8, Map Aquatic Plants (Step F) 8-1What Is An Aquatic Plant Survey? 8-1How To Map Aquatic Plants 8-1Example of Aquatic Plant Map 8-5

Chapter 9, Characterize Aquatic Plants (Step G) 9-1Example of Written Description Characterizing Aquatic Plants 9-1

Chapter 10, Investigate Control Alternatives (Step H) 10-1\Control Alternatives Available In Washington 10-1Control Alternatives Summarized 10-1

Chapter 11, Specify Control Intensity (Step I) 11-1What Are the Different Levels of Control? 11-1How To Determine Levels of Control in Water Body 11-1Example Of Control Intensity Map 11-2

Chapter 12, Choose Integrated Treatment Scenario (Step J) 12-1The Integrated Approach—A Juggling Act 12-1A Procedure For Choosing An Appropriate Treatment Scenario 12-1Example Of Recommended Treatment Scenario 12-2

Chapter 13, Develop Action Program (Step K) 13-1Putting All the Pieces Together 13-1Components of the Action Plan 13-1The Road Well Traveled 13-3

PART III: Implementing a Plan

Chapter 14, I Have a Plan—What’s Next? 14-1Permits and Other Requirements 14-1Funding 14-1Implementation Needs Management 14-2Monitoring Program Effectiveness 14-2Keeping Everyone Informed 14-2

PART IV: Technical References

Appendix A—Glossary of TermsAppendix B—Invasive, Non-native Aquatic Plant Fact Sheets (Illustrated)Appendix C—Watershed and Limnological Background InformationAppendix D—Aquatic Plant Control MethodsAppendix E—Aquatic Weeds Management Fund (Ecology)Appendix F—Resources and References


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A NOTE FROM THE AUTHORS

Since childhood, we have been drawn to the water. In our youth, our fascination with lakes,ponds, reservoirs and rivers was one of joyful recreation and wonder at the life that they offered.The variety of experiences gained early on from enjoyment of the aquatic environment stayedwith us throughout the years. We happily recall countless (and endless!) days filled withswimming, wading, water-skiing, fishing or just laying back and enjoying the scenery. Ourcasual observation of little plants and animals living in different water environments provided asimple sense of peace, yet respect for the power of water.

But our childhood fascination really only skimmed the surface, so to speak, of what aquaticsystems are really all about. Over the years, we have dedicated our lives to learning more aboutthe incredibly intricate nature of freshwater ecology. Consistent with the integrated nature oflimnology, each of us has obtained two graduate degrees in different but related freshwaterdisciplines. Maribeth’s expertise has been in lake and aquatic plant management, watershedinvestigations, and algae, zooplankton and macrophyte dynamics. Harry’s activities haveconcentrated on lake and watershed management and restoration, aquatic plant management, andhabitat enhancement. Mark’s specialty has centered on aquatic ecology with active involvementin lake and aquatic plant management. In our professional pursuits, each new encounter with afreshwater system has helped us to better understand and appreciate the unique and diverseecology of lakes and rivers. Most importantly, we have come to learn the importance of aquaticplants in the environment.

Plants are part of a balanced ecosystem. The fact that you are reading this manual suggests thatyour water body may not be balanced in a way that maximizes desired beneficial uses. Yet, it iscrucial to recognize the uniqueness of each body of water, and that there is no quick fix thatcovers every situation. We have endeavored in this manual to condense a wealth of material onthe topic of aquatic plant management into a practical, working format that has widespreadappeal. It is our intent to offer basic tools that you can use to manage your special and uniquelake, pond or river. The challenge of management is to be able to achieve desired beneficial usesof a water body within the limits of time, finances and natural capacity of the aquatic system.Such a task is often not easily accomplished without some compromise. Most of all, managementof a resource is a continuous learning experience. Conditions will change with time (hopefullyfor the best), so remember to be flexible. We wish you success in your management endeavor.

Maribeth V. Gibbons, M.S., M.S.PresidentWATER Environmental Services, Inc.

Harry L. Gibbons, Jr., Ph.D.Program ManagerLake Restoration/Water QualityKCM, Inc.

Mark D. Sytsma, Ph.D.Aquatic EcologistKCM, Inc.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The formation of this Manual was really the culmination of many years effort by Ecology toprovide citizens of Washington with a comprehensive, concise methods manual for aquatic plantmanagement planning. We would like to acknowledge Kathy Hamel, Ecology Project Manager,for her leadership in securing funding for this manual, as well as her guidance throughout theproject and critical review of each draft of the manual.

We extend our gratitude to Kathey Adams for her many thoughtful ideas and comments that hadgreat impact on the format and character of this guide. A special thanks to Tom Clingman andMark Swartout (Thurston County), who offered their valuable aquatic plant managementexpertise in review of the manual. In addition to Kathey, Tom and Mark, we also thank otherEcology's Advisory Committee members: Kim McKee, Steve Saunders, Juanita Wilson, andTom Leonard (Ecology), Connie Iten (Wildlife), Nedda Turner (Tacoma-Pierce County HealthDept.), Shirley Shirley, and Cindy Watt (Wiser Lake). We thank the many individuals, citizensand agency staff alike, who volunteered their time, providing suggestions on content and formatof the manual and reviewing the initial draft.

This project was funded by Ecology's Water Quality Financial Assistance Program, FreshwaterWeeds Account.

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Preface

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PREFACE

quatic plants are an important part of freshwater systems. They perform a wide variety ofecological functions. They provide nesting sites, cover and food for all kinds of aquaticlife, including fish, waterfowl and smaller animals. Plants invigorate the water body by

increasing oxygen concentrations in the water and sediments. Rooted aquatic plant communitieshelp secure and stabilize shorelines. In some cases aquatic plants help improve water clarity bycompeting for nutrients with algae.1 These are but a few of the beneficial roles that aquaticplants play.

Under certain conditions, however, aquatic plants can become a problem. Excess growth ofaquatic plants can affect beneficial uses of a water body, such as recreational and aestheticenjoyment, irrigation and water supply uses, and wildlife habitat. In addition, invasion by non-native (exotic) plant species, such as Eurasian watermilfoil, can seriously damage an aquaticecosystem. Exotic weeds can choke out native vegetation, and can form dense stands that are anuisance to humans and create poor habitat for fish and wildlife.

When problem plant populations limituses of a water body, the solution liesin careful management. Finding aremedy to nuisance aquatic plants thatis effective, ecologically sensitive,and economically feasible is the goalof integrated aquatic plantmanagement.

This manual is a citizen's guide to the steps needed to produce an integrated aquatic vegetationmanagement plan (herein called the Plan). The process described in this manual represents amajor step toward holistic (water body and watershed) management of aquatic plants infreshwaters of Washington State.

Material Covered In The Manual

By definition, integrated aquatic vegetation management requires incorporating information onmany aspects of a water body into a unique planning document. The challenge in preparing thismanual involved condensing a wealth of critical information on the topic into a comprehensivebut simple format with widespread appeal. The manual is so designed to cover a wide range ofsituations that might be encountered in aquatic plant management throughout Washington State.It is a step-by-step guide, as the process of planning is broken down into separate but interrelatedsteps. While the document does refer to freshwater management principles when needed, it is not

1 Italicized words are defined in the Glossary (Appendix A) at the end of the manual.

A

Preface IAVMP Manual – First Edition

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a primer on limnology or lake management. However, appropriate references and resources arepresented. Finally, this manual can be used to complete grant applications for the Aquatic WeedsManagement Fund administered by the Washington Department of Ecology (see Appendix E).

The manual does the following:• provides step by step guidelines on how to prepare a Plan.• explains the critical role of public involvement during the planning process.• offers guidance on plant mapping methods and collecting water samples.• describes permits required for aquatic plant management activities.• defines and explains technical terms.• includes a basic guide on how to manage aquatic plants.• describes how to identify six invasive, non-native aquatic plants.• describes Ecology's Aquatic Weeds Program.

A Quick Walk Through The Manual

The manual is divided into four parts:

PART I: Introduction To Aquatic PlantManagement

• Chapter 1, Introduction. This chapterdefines the Plan and presents the purposeand objectives of these Plans.

PART II: Developing A Plan

• Chapters 2-13, Steps in the PlanningProcess. Using flow-diagrams andillustrations, these chapters give step-by-step instructions for putting together aPlan.

PART III: Implementing A Plan

• Chapter 14, I Have a Plan—What's Next? In this chapter, the reader is offered guidance onhow to use a Plan.

PART IV: Technical References• Appendix A, Glossary of Terms, defines technical terms used in aquatic plant management.

• Appendix B, Invasive, Non-native Aquatic Plant Fact Sheets (Illustrated), providesdrawings, and features of six non-native (exotic) aquatic plant species that are or could be athreat in Washington State waters.

• Appendix C, Watershed And Limnological Background Information, briefly describesphysical, chemical and biological features of a water body and its watershed.

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Preface

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• Appendix D, Aquatic Plant Control Methods, summarizes aquatic plant control methodsavailable for Washington State waters.

• Appendix E, Aquatic Weeds Management Fund, describes the background, objectives, andeligibility criteria of the grant program administered by Ecology that was created as part ofthe Aquatic Plant Bill.

• Appendix F, Resources and References, presents a list of resource agencies and organizationsthat can provide technical information and assistance on aquatic plant management inWashington State. It also lists technical reference materials that provide more detailedcoverage of topics discussed in the manual.

Throughout the manual, you will also find the following special notations:

: These alert the reader to the presence of a serious situation in the waterbody requiring immediate or special action as part of the planning process.

TIP: These give extra information on important points or directions for particular tasks.

References and Resources:

These appear at the end of some chapters and list names of agencies, organizations andtitles of literature that can provide more information on topics just discussed. Citations inthe quick reference sections, as in the text, are numbered and lettered to correspond withbook and organization references, respectively, appearing in Appendix F.


PART I

INTRODUCTION TO AQUATICPLANT MANAGEMENT


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONDoes Your Water Body Have AnAquatic Plant Or An AlgaeProblem?This manual specifically deals withcontrolling nuisance aquatic plants. To usethis manual, it is critical to distinguishbetween aquatic plant problems and waterquality problems associated with excessalgae production (see box).

Managing aquatic plant problems shouldfollow the integrated aquatic vegetationplanning route described by this manual.

More specifically, integrated aquaticvegetation management plans focus oncontrolling aquatic plants, which flourish(often to nuisance levels) on enrichedsediments in suitable habitats.

Algae and other water quality problemsshould follow the lake restoration planningapproach. Lake restoration plans deal withcorrecting water quality problems whosesymptoms are seen in water chemistry andalgae production.

Chapter 1 IAVMP Manual – First Edition

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What Is An Integrated AquaticVegetation Management Plan?Designing a cost-effective andenvironmentally sound aquatic plantmanagement program is a challenge. Aquaticplant communities vary greatly from onebody of water to the next. Likewise, thehuman uses of each lake, pond or river areunique, as are the activities along its shore.Furthermore, a range of aquatic-plant controlmethods (physical, mechanical, chemical,biological) are available. These can varywidely in cost, effectiveness andenvironmental impacts. The critical issuefacing those who hope to remedy an aquaticplant problem is selecting methods that areappropriate for the water body.

Mapping a course of action can be madeeasier by careful development of anintegrated aquatic vegetation managementplan (Plan). The Plan provides a means tomake informed decisions for managingaquatic plants that protect human health andthe environment. It also assures that aquaticplant management is consistent with othermanagement plans affecting the water body,such as watershed management or shorelinemanagement addressed in local or countymaster plans.

Development of a Plan uses an approachbased on integrated management of landplants that considers such concerns as:

• How bad is the aquatic plant problem?• At what level will plants become

harmful and when should action betaken to control them?

• When is the best time of year to kill,remove, or suppress the nuisance plantspecies?

• What methods will best deal with thetarget species, and for how long?

• How will the treatment affect humans,native plants and wildlife?

• Are the costs reasonable andaffordable?

When Is A Plan Required?The State of Washington strongly encouragesdevelopment of long-term, integrated aquaticplant management strategies to deal withnuisance aquatic plants in lakes, ponds, orrivers. Work spent identifying alternativesearly on will save time and money later downthe line.

Plans may be required before certain aquaticplant control activities may be initiated. Forexample, the Aquatic Weeds managementFund calls for completion of a Plan beforeprojects can be considered for implementationgrants (see Appendix E).

Also, the Environmental Impact Statement forEcology's "Aquatic Plant ManagementProgram" recommends that a plan be preparedbefore certain permits are issued for use ofherbicides. More and more local governmentsare requiring aquatic plant management plansthat are consistent with local policies andregulations.

Balancing Act:Consideration ofthese and othersite-specificfactors isnecessary whenchoosingmanagementmethods for aspecific waterbody. There is nomagic bullet. Forexample, nomethod existsthat cancompletelyremove an exotic species infestation and atthe same time be inexpensive and have noeffect on the local ecology. Thus, the planningprocess should carefully balance all theseconcerns to develop a plan that meets theneeds of the community while preserving thehealth of the ecosystem.

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Living Document The Plan should beflexible and allow for change. Creating aliving document provides for modification ofthe plan in response to new information ofchanging circumstances. Factors that couldaffect the Plan include changes in the aquaticplant problem, water use priorities, and landuses. Also, plant control technologies as wellas government policies and regulation mayevolve over time and affect the Plan.

Taking the Long View Aquatic plantmanagement is a long-term venture; achievingmanagement goals for a water body can takemany years. Even after main goals areattained, some form of management, if onlyminimal, may be necessary to maintainaquatic plant conditions.


PART II

DEVELOPING A PLAN

PART II, the heart of the manual, is divided into twelve chapters. The first chapter (Chapter 2)describes how a few concerned individuals can start the planning process rolling. Each of theremaining chapters (Chapters 3-13) covers a step in the process of creating an integrated aquaticvegetation management plan (the Plan).


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CHAPTER 2

GETTING STARTED

Organization Is KeyYou are probably reading this manualbecause you are concerned about an aquatic-plant problem in your favorite lake or river.Others may share the same perception of anaquatic-plant nuisance. The first step inmanaging aquatic plants is to get organized.Begin by talking with your neighbors todetermine if they have shared concernsabout your water body.

The next step is to gather together a coregroup to talk more about the problem. Thegathering might be an informal one, such asa potluck picnic or barbecue, whereconcerns about aquatic plant problems canbe discussed at more length. Importantquestions that will need to be consideredinclude:

• Is there an aquatic plant problem?• What is the problem?• Should anything be done about it?• Should a community group be formed to

address the problems?• Who will participate in the planning

process?

The core group can then plan to meet withthe larger lake community to share theirconcerns in a more formal setting. Posting anotice on the community bulletin-board or ina newsletter, or sending out a one-page flierare simple ways to notify the neighborhoodof the location and intent of such a

gathering. Often, newspapers are willing topublish a short article for folks organizingneighborhood meetings.

The Steering CommitteeWith the approval of the larger community,a small steering committee should beformed, headed by one or two keyindividuals. The steering committee shouldrepresent the larger community throughoutthe planning process. This group will beresponsible for completing the steps in thismanual. It will be important for the steeringcommittee to remain in touch with thecommunity to share information and allowfor participation of all interested individualsin the planning process. This contact canoccur through newsletters or scheduledpublic meetings and board meetings open tothe public.

To begin the process of "learning moreabout it", the committee should start toassemble available background informationon the topic of aquatic plant management.Your first contact should be with staff fromEcology's Freshwater Aquatic WeedsManagement Program.

The steering committee should also collectany existing information on their projectarea. Past studies or reports can be useful,such as diagnostic investigations called"Phase I" studies, or Reconnaissance LakeData Reports by the U.S. Geological Surveyand Ecology. These reports usually includean aerial photo and depth contour map of thewater body.

TIP: Other lake associations withestablished aquatic plant managementprograms can be contacted to find outabout their control experiences (for adirectory of Washington lake


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associations, contact WashingtonWater Research Center, WashingtonState University, 509-335-5531).

Planning Steps SummarizedSupplied with this background information,the steering committee should begin toassess the aquatic plant problem and theneed for action by completing the stepsdescribed in Chapter 3-13 of this manual.The planning process consists of two phases:

• Phase I (Problem/Site Description)• Phase II (Control Strategies

Development)

Phase I involves collecting informationabout aquatic plants and other features ofyour project area. The right side of thediagram presents the steps of Phase I:

• Develop Problem Statement (STEP A)This step involves developing a realisticproblem statement describing limitationson beneficial uses of water body.

• Identify Management Goals (STEP B)This step identifies reasonablemanagement goals that maximizebeneficial uses yet are compatible withwater body's capacity to sustain thoseuses.

• Involve the Public (STEP C)This step offers guidance in bringing thecommunity into the planning process.

• Identify Water Body/WatershedFeatures (STEP D)This step investigates backgroundcharacteristics of the water bodytogether with its watershed to understandthe whole system.

• Identify Beneficial Uses (STEP E)This step focuses on identifyingbeneficial use areas of water body in aWaterbody Use Map.

• Map Aquatic Plants (STEP F)This step outlines how to perform anaquatic plant survey to identify and mapgeneral plant types in a water body.

• Characterize Aquatic Plants (STEP G)This step translates survey data into adescription of beneficial and problem plantzones in a water body.

The left side of diagram depicts Phase II,which investigates aquatic plant controlstrategies and applies Phase I results to fine-tune a specific plan through the followingsteps:

• Investigate Control Alternatives(STEP H)This step investigates available controloptions in terms of effectiveness,advantages, drawbacks, costs, permitsand site specific factors.

• Specify Control Intensity (STEP I)This step matches up control intensitywith appropriate plant zones in a waterbody, producing a Control IntensityMap.

• Choose Integrated TreatmentScenario (STEP J)This step identifies critical factors forchoosing the combination of controlsthat best meets the goals of long-termmanagement with the least impacts tothe environment.

• Develop Action Program (STEP K)The final step takes information frompreceding steps to formulate a long-termaction plan for management of aquaticplants.

For simplicity, the steps are presented in arecommended order. For some water bodies,having information from prior investigationsmight provide shortcuts through a few of thesteps. Certain steps can be covered moregenerally for water bodies with simplerproblems compared to those with morecomplex matters. Also, as you move through


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the planning process and more completeinformation becomes available on yourwater body, you may need to revisit earliersteps. For instance, you may find itnecessary to redefine the original problem

statement (Step A) or your initialmanagement goals (Step B). At the end ofthis chapter, a checklist is provided to helpyou track your progress through theplanning process.


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PLAN CHECKLIST(check here)

( ) Chapter 3 - Develop Problem Statement (Step A)

( ) Chapter 4 - Identify Management Goals (Step B)

( ) Chapter 5 - Involve The Public (Step C)

( ) Chapter 6 - Identify Water Body/Watershed Features (Step D)

( ) Chapter 7 - Identify Beneficial Use Areas (Step E)

( ) Chapter 8 - Map Aquatic Plants (Step F)

( ) Chapter 9 - Characterize Aquatic Plants (Step G)√√√√CHECKPOINT! New information--DO YOU NEED TO REDEFINE PROBLEM

STATEMENT AND/OR GOALS?YES? GO TO STEP A OR B,

NEXT GO TO STEP CPROCEED TO STEP H.

NO? GO TO STEP H( ) Chapter 10 - Investigate Control Alternatives (Step H)

( ) Chapter 11 - Specify Control Intensity (Step I)

( ) Chapter 12 - Choose Integrated Treatment Scenario (Step J)√√√√CHECKPOINT! Update community on recommended scenario.

GO TO STEP C INVOLVE THE PUBLICNEXT GO TO STEP K

( ) Chapter 13 - Develop Action Program (Step K)

Notes:


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CHAPTER 3

DEVELOP PROBLEM STATEMENT STEP A)

What Is The Problem?Before a group of interested people canmake good decisions about managingaquatic plants, they have to agree on theproblem. The important uses of the waterbody that are being limited because ofaquatic plants should be described in aproblem statement.

Preparing a problem statement is the firststep the steering committee should take. Thecommittee’s first-draft version should bepresented to the rest of the community forfurther discussion and refinement. Theinitial problem statement might be modifiedseveral times before the Plan is completed.

How To Write A Clear ProblemStatementThe following steps can help you develop arealistic problem statement:

1. Make a list of users of the water body.2. Find out what users consider to be the

problem.3. Group the problems into categories4. Condense the main categories into a

problem statement.

Let's examine each of these tasks in moredetail.

1. Make a list of users of the water bodyIt is important to identify everyone who hasan interest in the water body. The steeringcommittee itself may represent a variety ofusers and can start with its own membershipfor ideas on who uses or has an interest in

the water body. Efforts should be made toinclude as many different users as possible.(Read more about how to reach out to otherconcerned users of the water body inChapter 5-Involve the Public.)

When is a Plant a Weed?

Determining whether a plant is a problemis not always easy. A plant is considereda pest or a weed when it grows where itis not wanted. Sometimes the reasonsfor not wanting it are purely aesthetic(the plant is considered unsightly orsmelly); sometimes they are economic(as when presence of the plant affectsthe value of property); and sometimesthey are ecological (as when a species,such as the non-native invader milfoil,threatens the well-being of an aquaticecosystem). In addition, attitudes towardthe plant can vary depending on howeach person uses the water body.Surface mats of shoreline water liliesmay be pleasing to some, but not tothose who swim in the area. Densegrowth of submersed vegetation may bea problem to the angler using a motor-boat but not to the pilot of a float planethat skims the surface of the water. It isimportant to recognize these differencesin attitudes about aquatic plants whendetermining if a nuisance conditionexists.

2. Find out what users consider to be theproblem Different users will have differentpoints of view about the water body'sproblem. Therefore, it is important to get abroad section of the public involved. Onlythen can you consider the full variety of


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perspectives and see to it that they areincluded in the problem statement.

3. Group the problems into categoriesThis task involves grouping problemdescriptions according to what uses theyaffect. Some uses of a water body that canbe affected by excessive aquatic plantgrowth are:

• fishing• swimming• motorboat access/passage• visual enjoyment• wildlife habitat.

Problems are often associated with theamount of vegetation as well as its locationin the water body. Thick growths ofsubmersed or floating plants in beach orshoreline areas may pose a serious safetyrisk to swimmers or waders. Dense,surfacing plants can be a hazard to those

using non-motorized craft (rowers, rafters,sail boarders). Launch, marina and dockareas clogged by weeds can hindermotorboat access. Most importantly, thepresence of any invasive, non-native plantspecies in a water body is a serious situation(See box). Left unchecked, non-native weedspecies such as Eurasian watermilfoil areaggressive competitors. They can rapidlycrowd out native vegetation, creatingnuisance conditions affecting manybeneficial uses.

4. Condense main categories into aproblem statement The final task in Step Ais to shorten the major categories into a briefdescription of the main problems posed byaquatic plants in the water body. Describethe specific locations of problem plantcommunities. Use numbers, if available, todescribe how the problems affect beneficialuses of the water body. For example, "The

Native vs. Non-native Plants: What Differences Does It Make?Our lakes, ponds and streams have been involved in a long, continuous process of evolution.As each system evolved and achieved a natural balance all its own, native species of aquaticplants and animals became uniquely connected. Native plant communities serve a variety ofimportant functions in aquatic systems. These range from providing food, shelter and nestingsites for fish, waterfowl and other animals to protecting water quality and quantity and shorelinestability. Invasion of a system by a foreign species, however, can quickly destroy the finebalance that took so many years to develop. Away from the diseases and insects that serve asnatural controls in their native regions, invader plants can grow and spread quickly. In doing so,they can damage the structure and function of ecosystems by crowding out native plants andchanging habitat quality for fish and wildlife.Introduction of exotic (non-native) plants, threatens the balance of our regional water bodies.Some plants considered invasive and non-native in Washington State include: Eurasianwatermilfoil, parrotfeather (milfoil), Brazilian elodea, and purple loosestrife. A common means ofintroduction of exotic plants is through stem fragments that get caught on boats, trailers, andfishing gear. The plant invader is given a chance to spread from one water body to another if“infected” boating equipment is not properly inspected and all stem fragments removed. Specieslike Eurasian watermilfoil can reproduce easily by stem fragments. Dense milfoil stands canchange water quality, interfere with recreational uses and severely affect fisheries and waterfowlhabitat. Sometimes, exotic plants can be purchased from aquatic nurseries and placed inlandscapes and home aquaria by the general public. Animals such as waterfowl can alsotransport seeds or stem fragments from one location to another.The presence of a non-native, invasive aquatic plant species in your water body is a serioussituation. It’s presence should form a primary part of the problem description.


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number of serious swimming accidentscaused this year by problem plants near theswimming beach was X," or "Thecommunity lost Y dollars in revenue thisyear because the annual rowing event had tobe called off due to excessive aquatic plantgrowth." Statements like these make theproblem statement specific for your waterbody and your community.

Example Of A Problem StatementAfter completing Step A, you will end upwith a problem statement that might soundsomething like this: "In 1985, Eurasianwatermilfoil was found in Lake Tranquil. Inthe following three years, milfoil spreadthroughout the boat launch area of the 100-acre lake, forming dense shoreline standsout to 12 feet deep. In addition, dense standsof water lilies choke the swimming area atthe opposite end of the lake.

Swimming, boating, fishing and otherrecreational uses have been severelyimpacted. Local residents are afraid to swimin the lake and are very concerned about thesafety of their children. A special rowingtournament held annually since 1975 on thelake in mid-summer can no longer beconducted due to surfacing plant growth.Cancellation of this event resulted in anestimated loss of revenue of X dollarsannually. In addition, the average number offishing days in Lake Tranquil declined fromY days in 1985 to Z days in 1988."

References on Problem StatementDevelopment

• The Lake and Reservoir RestorationGuidance Manual4

• Management Guide for Lakes andReservoirs5


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CHAPTER 4

IDENTIFY MANAGEMENT GOALSSTEP B)

Setting Aquatic PlantManagement GoalsOnce a problem statement has been draftedfor your water body, the next step is to comeup with specific management goals.Management goals define what thecommunity wants to achieve in response tothe aquatic plant problems. Defining goalshelps in selecting the best methods whichform the heart of the Plan.

It is important to understand the differencebetween management goals andmanagement methods. The goals areconditions in the water body that thecommunity wants to achieve, and themethods are the means of attaining thoseconditions. A goal, for example, might be toreduce aquatic plant growth near aswimming beach so that it is no longer asafety hazard. Mechanical harvesting of theplants or stocking the lake with grass carpthat will eat the plants might be methodseventually selected to achieve that goal. Butthe method selected cannot be chosen beforethe community establishes its goals andexamines other critical aspects of theproblem.

Goal-Setting CriteriaGoal-setting begins by identifying an initialset of goals that is reasonable and realisticfor the community and the water body.These initial goals must address specificuses and be attainable.

It may be useful early on to set specificcriteria to aid in goal-making, such as:

• If an exotic weed is present, give highestpriority to reducing its growth.

• Give priority to keeping a particular areaclear of weeds, especially where humansafety is at risk.

• Limit community outlay to less than xdollars.

• Reduce costs by using volunteer laborwhere possible.

Matching what's desirable with what'spractical Setting goals involves balancinguser desire with the natural limitations of thewater body and the financial limits of thecommunity. A goal of removing all nativeplants in a lake is, under mostcircumstances, a bad choice. A lake is anactive, living system, not a sterile swimmingpool. Lakes with deep, rich sediments willlikely continue to support lots of plantsunless aggressive measures are taken in thewater body. Furthermore, some controlmeasures are very effective, but may be verycostly too.

If the community chooses not to do anythingto manage nuisance plants, it is critical tounderstand the possible consequences. Willthere be impacts on human safety,recreational uses, or aquatic life and habitatif problem conditions in the lake are allowedto continue? Consequences of the no actionmanagement goal become particularlyimportant when a water body is infestedwith an invasive, nonnative weed. In ashallow lake, these invaders can wreakhavoc on the environment, recreation, andultimately finances.


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The establishment of desirable andacceptable management goals results fromconducting well-planned communitymeetings backed by strong efforts to presentall information and gain broad basedsupport.

Example of Aquatic PlantManagement GoalsHere is an example of management goals forLake Tranquil: "The management goals areto maintain recreational and habitat used ofthe lake by removing milfoil from knownlocations, and to keep swimming areas clear

of weeds for safety reasons". Additionalgoals are to choose appropriate plant controlmethods that are environmentally sensitive,and that reduce overall control costs byusing volunteer labor when possible.Tip: As you move through the planningprocess, you will continue to learn moreabout your water body and plant problem.With new or more complete informationavailable, you may need to revisit the goal-setting step to refine your managementgoals. An appropriate time for reviewinginitial goals would be after presenting theinitial problem statement and goals at apublic meeting of the lake community.Another time is after determining beneficialuse areas in the water body.


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Chapter 5

INVOLVE THE PUBLIC(STEP C)

The Importance of PublicInvolvementOnce an aquatic-plant growth problem hasbeen recognized, it is crucial to bring allinterested and affected parties together earlyon to participate in planning. Identifyingpeople who have an interest in the waterbody often requires a bit of searching. Thewater body may serve a variety of groupswith sometimes conflicting interests. Severalstate, county or local governments andagencies may be involved. Privatebusinesses or other interest groups may haveconcerns about the water body as well.

Pulling all these parties together is likeweaving a piece of fabric, and each groupinterested in the water body is like adifferent strand of thread. As the strands arewoven into the cloth, it becomes stronger.The end product—achieving consensusamong the parties—is like the stronglyinterwoven cloth. The objective is toencourage cooperation and gather supportfor the management program, but thebenefits of community participation gobeyond this. Informed citizens, agencies andother groups who become involved in awater body management project shareinformation about:

• The ecology of the aquatic system• Whether the system can be managed• Different government agencies• Special organizations with an interest in

fresh-water management• Leadership, organization, and

cooperation.

Public Involvement StepsPublic involvement means the participationof the entire community. However, it is therole of the steering committee to do theinitial leg work — gathering informationand developing draft proposals to present tothe community. Important elements in thepublic involvement process are:

1. Identify interested groups2. Conduct public meetings3. Keep the community informed

1. Identify interested groups: The steeringcommittee identifies interested groups andcompiles a list of appropriate contacts. Thecommittee should already have a goodhandle on potential user and interest groups,having considered this topic in Step A.Some groups that may have an interest inmanagement of an aquatic system are:

• Residents or property owners around thewater body

• Special user groups (e.g., bass anglers,ducks unlimited

• Local government• State and federal agencies (e.g., State

Department of Ecology)• Native American tribes• Water-related businesses (e.g., resorts,

tackle & bait shops, dive shops)• Elected officials• Environmental groups (e.g., Audubon).

2. Conduct public meetings: One of thebest ways to reach the public is a meetingsponsored by an existing lake association orcommunity club. These are usually made up


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of property owners around the water body. Ifno lake association exists, it is worthwhile toform one. State and national managementorganizations can offer additionalinformation contacts. Public meetings are agood way to attract individuals from withinand outside the association. Localgovernment officials, state agencypersonnel, local tribes, business people, andenvironmental and other user groups shouldall be invited to participate in thesemeetings.

Tip: Many of the identified groups consistof volunteers who may have limited timeto participate in public meetings. It is agood idea to contact these people well inadvance of the event so they can plan theirtime accordingly. Meetings will mostlikely need to be scheduled for evenings orweekends.

Timing is critical. Public meetings should beconducted at strategic stages in the planningprocess. critical points are:

1. At the formative stages, followingcompletion of Steps A and B

2. When possible plant controlalternatives have been identified bythe steering committee (after Step H)

3. After a control scenario has beenselected, but before it is carried out(after Step J)

4. During implementation of the controlscenario

5. During post-treatment evaluation.

Obtaining widespread support is crucial. It iscrucial that the interested parties support andaccept proposed aquatic-plant managementactions. it is a good idea to collect writtendocumentation of this support to have onrecord. later on, the supportivedocumentation can be useful for purposes ofclarification or emphasis.

3. Keep the community informedNewsletters sent to association members and

other interest groups and agencies are agood way to keep the public informed. Theorganization initiating the planning processneeds to stay in personal contact with theseother interest groups. Members of thesteering committee or other associationmembers, for example, could acceptinvitations to participate in meetings ofgroups interested in the lake and presentinformation on aquatic-plant management.

Notes on ConsensusBuilding

Consensus building in a diverse groupcan be a most challenging task. It maybe difficult to get people with differentinterests to agree 100 percent on anissue. But it is critical to bring all groupstogether in the planning process toconstructively discuss the issues andwork toward achieving a consensus. Tolead the effort, it will be helpful toidentify individuals with strong,steadying leadership qualities. Thefollowing are some practical suggestionsfor achieving a common goal in a group:

1. Acknowledge that each person'sopinion is important.

2. Emphasize that this is a groupendeavor.

3. Use expert advice to clarifymisconceptions.

4. Emphasize the community benefitsof management actions.

References on Public Involvement/LakeManagement Organizations• Starting and Building an Effective Lake

Association26

• The Lake and Reservoir RestorationGuidance Manual (appendix 3a)4

• Management Guide for Lakes andReservoirs, Chapter 3.15

• Washington State Lake ProtectionAssociationH

• North American Lake ManagementSocietyI


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CHAPTER 6

IDENTIFY WATER BODY/WATERSHED FEATURES(STEP D)

Water Body-WatershedConnectionA lake or river is a dynamic, living system,teeming with all sorts of physical, chemicaland biological activity. The system extendsbeyond its shores to include surroundingland whose waters drain into the water body(the watershed). A water body and itswatershed are inseparable. In fact, waterbody conditions are very much influencedby what occurs in the watershed.

For instance, a watershed contributesnutrients to a water body that are necessaryfor aquatic plant growth. These nutrients—especially phosphorus and nitrogen—flow tothe lake from all parts of the watershed byway of streams, ground water, andstormwater runoff. In addition, activities inthe watershed, such as agriculture andforestry, road maintenance and constructioncan all contribute silt, debris, chemicals, andother pollutants to the water body. Thesepotential sources of contaminants areexamples of nonpoint pollutant sources.Nonpoint sources arise from morewidespread, dispersed sources, in contrast topoint sources such as pipes or outfalls thatdump directly into the water body.

A Plan should consider these possiblesources of nutrient inputs and identify long-term measures to reduce them. Controllingwatershed inputs from these sources can

potentially enhance the effectiveness ofprimary in-lake control measures.

Because of these important land-waterconnections, integrated aquatic-plantmanagement has to take a look at the entirepicture. A water body can’t be managedwithout understanding what makes thewhole system tick. Learning about thefeatures of both the watershed and waterbody aids in understanding problems in thewater body and in designing an effectivemanagement program.

How To Describe The WatershedAnd Water BodyThis planning step is composed of two tasks:

1. Describe the Watershed2. Describe the Water Body

This step is really a fact-finding endeavor,which is conducted by the steeringcommittee. The committee may havealready uncovered some of the backgroundinformation recommended below in itspreliminary search for data (See GettingStarted, Chapter 1).

1. Describe the watershed: To understand awater body’s problem, you first need toidentify features of the watershed. It isimportant to note characteristics of thewatershed such as:• Size and boundaries of the watershed• Tributaries, wetlands and sensitive

areas


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• Land use activities in the watershed• Nonpoint pollutant sources• Existing watershed management,

monitoring or enhancementprograms

• The presence of rare, endangered orsensitive animals and plants

Much of this information is readily availableas documents, maps or data that can beobtained from local planning or publicworks departments and state agencies.Appendix C --Watershed and LimnologicalBackground Information offers a moredetailed discussion on these topics and howand where to collect information on yourwatershed.

Most of the watershed information can bepresented pictorially in a watershedsnapshot. The following illustration depictssuch a snapshot showing unique features ofa hypothetical watershed.

2. Describe the water bodyYou probably know more about your lakethan just about anyone else. You canprobably easily describe your lake in generalterms - you know where the weeds arethickest, where the snags are that can snapyour prop or tangle your fishing line, andwhere the big, hungry fish like to hang out.

The description of your lake that is requiredfor a Plan is really no different from howyou would describe your lake to a friend.However, where your description to a friendmight include observations and informationon how to avoid obstacles and where tocatch fish, the observations required for aPlan describe what it is about the water bodythat can affect the growth of plants.Understanding the factors that influenceweed growth is an important step incontrolling a nuisance weed situation.

Water body features that are important toidentify are:• location• Size, shape, and depth• Water sources• Physical and chemical characteristics

(water quality)• Biological characteristics (animals

and plants)• Shoreline uses• Outlet control and water rights.

Because our state has such diverse climates,ranging from inland desert to coastal plainsto high elevation mountain areas, thelocation of your water body within the statecan explain unique aspects of the problemand what might work best in your situation.The size, shape and depth of a water bodydetermines where aquatic plants can grow,


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and other biological and chemical processesoccurring in the waters. A water body isinfluenced by types and quantity ofinflowing and outflowing water sources.In addition, understanding water qualitycharacteristics, such as temperature, light,dissolved oxygen levels and nutrientconcentrations in the water, helps explainthe overall health and limitations of thesystem. Finally, there are important culturalfactors on the shoreline (land use,regulating flow through the outlet) thatfurther define the water body. Thesephysical, chemical, and biological featuresof freshwater ecosystems are described inmore detail in Appendix C-Watershed andLimnological Background Information.

Getting Started In Your SearchOf The Water BodyMany lakes in Washington have beenmapped by the U.S. Geological Survey andthe Department of Ecology. The results werepublished in Reconnaissance Data on Lakesin Washington and Data on Selected Lakesin Washington. The information in thesesurveys may be out of date, especially withrespect to land use, but they can providemuch of the basic background informationrequired for planning.

Sampling/Monitoring To FillData GapsSome of the information you need todescribe your water body and develop a Planmay not be available. In that case, anorganized information gathering programmight be necessary to fill in backgrounddata gaps. The information can be collectedby lake-area residents. Special samplingequipment is often necessary to obtain someinformation.

Also, certain types of water samples requireanalyses by approved analytical orbiological laboratories. See A Citizen'sGuide to Understanding and MonitoringLakes and Streams, Volunteer LakeMonitoring: A Methods Manual, or TheLake and Reservoir Restoration GuidanceManual for descriptions of samplingmethods and equipment.

Ecology's Citizen Lakes MonitoringProgram or local monitoring programs maybe sources of training and assistance insetting up a sampling program for yourwater body. Examples of small-scalemonitoring projects on the local level areKing County/METRO's small lakesprogram, Snohomish County's volunteerlake monitoring program, Pierce CountyCooperative Extension Office's program forstream monitoring, and local Adopt-A-Stream programs.

References and Resources on Lake, River andReservoir Monitoring and Ecology• Appendix C-Watershed and

Limnological Background Information• Reconnaissance Data on Lakes in

Washington28

• Data on Selected Lakes in Washington29


• Ecology's Citizen Monitoring ProjectE

• Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A MethodsManual9

• A Citizen's Guide to Understanding andMonitoring Lakes and Streams6

• Limnology23

• Ecology staff• Local governments• Freshwater limnologists/chemists


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CHAPTER 7

IDENTIFY BENEFICIAL USE AREAS(STEP E)

In terms of human enjoyment, freshwatersystems are popular outdoor recreationalplaces for swimming, boating, and fishing.They also offer a variety of economicbenefits such as tourism, food supply, andtransportation. Their capacity to provideaesthetic enjoyment can be immeasurable.Freshwater bodies perform vital functionssuch as flood protection, providing drinkingwater, and generating electricity. Moreimportantly, freshwater systems providehabitat and food for all kinds of aquatic life,including fish, waterfowl and other animals.

Beneficial uses are protected Beneficialuses of water bodies are protected byWashington State statute. Under the StateSurface Water Quality Standards (Chapter173-201 WAC), protected beneficial usesinclude fish and shellfish rearing; spawningand harvesting; swimming; boating;navigation; irrigation; wildlife habitat; anddomestic, industrial, and agricultural watersupply.

Balancing multiple uses Desired uses of awater body must be compatible with it'scapacity to sustain those uses, both humanand natural. Unfortunately, a single waterbody often supports many different desirableuses, which sometimes conflict with eachother. The management challenge involvesidentifying and agreeing on uses thatcomplement each other, and realisticallymanaging for these uses.

How To Determine BeneficialUse Areas Of Your Water BodyThis step focuses on identifying zones foreach beneficial use on a map of the lake.

Often, the process of defining these areasreveals the potential for conflict. Step Econsists of two tasks:

1. Identify present water body use areas.2. Produce a water body usage map.

1. Identify present water body use areas

The first task is to identify the areas of yourwater body presently employed forbeneficial uses. You can begin thisidentification with the list of uses compiledby the steering committee in Chapter 3. Foreach use from that list, identify the areaswhere it is most common in the water body.Additional information about use areasmight be available in the zoning, wetland, orresource inventory maps you created inChapter 5. Common use areas include:• Conservancy areas, including habitats

that are integral to the lake ecosystem,such as nesting sites, fish rearing orspawning areas, or locations of rare plantcommunities.

• Boating and boat access areas (launches,ramps)

• Water skiing zones• Beaches and swimming areas (public,

private)• Fishing areas• Areas for special aquatic events (e.g.,

sailing, rowing, mini hydroplane races)• Parks, picnic areas, nature trails, scenic

overlooks• Irrigation/water supply intakes• Other shoreline uses (e.g., residential,

commercial).

2. Develop a water body usage map: Thenext task is to draw the current water body


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use areas on a map of the lake. This waterbody usage map shows primary human uses,as well as habitat areas for fish, waterfowl,and other wildlife utilizing the water body.As you develop this map, look for potentialconflicts in use, such as a water-skiing zonecoinciding with a swimming area.

Example Of Water Body UsageMap

The following is a water body usage mapdrawn for Lake Tranquil.


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CHAPTER 8

Map Aquatic Plants (Step F)

What is An Aquatic Plant Survey?Depending on a water body's size, depth, andother characteristics, aquatic plant growth canbe extensive or occur in small localized areas.In order to design an effective managementprogram specific to your water body, thetypes of aquatic plants growing there, theirlocation and the extent of growth must first bedetermined. This can be accomplished byperforming an aquatic plant survey. A surveyinvolves systematically traveling around thewater body and shoreline and noting aquaticplant conditions. An important part of thesurvey is collecting samples of aquatic plantsto verify the species. This is especiallyimportant if invasive, nonnative macrophytesare suspected to be present.

Tip: Staff with Ecology's FreshwaterAquatic Weeds Management Program canguide you in designing a survey of yourwater body. In addition, grants areavailable for aquatic plant surveyingprojects through Ecology's Aquatic WeedsManagement Fund.

How to Map Aquatic PlantsMapping aquatic plants in your water bodyinvolves the following tasks:

1. Conduct a systematic survey of the waterbody.

2. Produce an aquatic plant survey map.

1. Conduct a systematic survey of the waterbody Aquatic plant surveys are usuallyconducted in critical stages in the growthcycle of plants. Ideally, surveys should be

performed early in the growth season (spring),at mid-season (summer), and late in thegrowth season (fall). But this often can't bedone because of time and financiallimitations. A survey at the height of thegrowth season (August), when plants are mostobvious, provides a practical and validalternative. A simple aquatic plant surveyconsists of:

A. Identifying major types of aquaticplants.

B. Drawing a map of aquatic plant typesand locations in the water body.

C. Estimating relative abundance ofaquatic plant types.

D. Collecting samples of plant species.E. Identifying sediment types.

A. Identifying major types of aquaticplants Before you start your survey, you willneed to become familiar with various types ofaquatic plants. There are generally four kindsof aquatic plants that inhabit freshwater. Thetypes are characterized according to how theyare attached to the sediments. The four groupsare emergent (such as cattails), freely-floating(such as duckweed), rooted floating-leaved(such as water lilies), and submersed forms(such as milfoil). The four plant types mayoccupy different regions of the lake, withemergents and floating-leaved plants confinedto shoreline margins, while submersed andfree-floating plants can extend to deeper, openwater areas. In general aquatic plants tend toinhabit shallow, near-shore areas of the waterbody. In shallow water bodies, profuseaquatic plant growth may occur throughoutthe system.


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B. Drawing a map of aquatic plant typesand locations in the water body You willneed the following basic supplies andequipment for your survey:

√ A map of your water body√ A rope marked off in feet to measure

water depth√ A weighted rake with rope attached for

collecting samples√ A notebook, pencils, and waterproof

marker√ Plastic bags for samples, with labels√ An anchor

Keeping the four basic plant types in mind,tour the entire water body by boat, notingwhere plants are near or at the water surface.You may also find it helpful to walk aroundthe shoreline, especially if near-shore areasare clogged by weeds and make boat passagedifficult. Sketch the locations of plant growth

for the four types on a large-scale map of thelake, preferably one that indicates water depthintervals and includes major landmarks forreference.

C. Estimating relative abundance ofaquatic plant types The relative abundanceor prominence of the aquatic plant types oftenindicates how well the system is in balance. Ahealthy aquatic system usually has a varietyof types and species of plants. The presenceof only a few species of plants in a waterbody may occur where shoreline areas havebeen disturbed (by an influx of sediments orother contaminants) or have been invaded byexotic species.

In order to determine relative amounts ofaquatic plants, you will need to look at theplant beds at representative points within thewater body. Before leaving shore, establish

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survey lines, called transect lines, atappropriate points along the shoreline. For asmall lake, you can mark off transects, sayevery 300 feet, all the way around theshoreline. Draw these lines on the lake mapextending them perpendicularly from shoreout to where the water is about 20 feet deep(typically the outer limit of growth).

In a boat, follow each of these lines lookingat the submersed plants through anunderwater viewer. These can be obtained atdiving shops or recreational supply stores orbuilt (contact Ecology staff for ideas onconstructing your own viewer). At regularpoints along the transect (e.g. at incrementsof 3 feet of water depth), make an estimateof plant abundance by counting the numberof plants per unit area of lake bottom.Estimate plant abundance as sparse (a fewplants per square yard), moderate (5-10plants per square yard), or dense (more than10 plants per square yard).

D. Collecting samples of plant species.Identifying aquatic plant species isimportant for several reasons. For one thing,different species often respond differently tothe same control techniques. A techniquethat is very effective on one species may notwork at all on a different species. It is alsoimportant to determine whether any rare orsensitive plants are present. These speciesare protected and some control technologiesare prohibited. Finally, it is crucial to findout whether any invasive, nonnative plantpests are present, because the presence ofthese plants calls for fast, aggressive action.To help acquaint you with some importantexotic plant invaders, an illustrated plantidentification key in Appendix B portrayssix exotic species of concern in Washingtonwaters.

- If an invasive, exoticspecies is present in your waterbody, notify staff at Ecology'sFreshwater Aquatic Weeds

Management Program. A moreintensive survey should be conductedto determine the precise locations ofthe exotic plant populations. Inaddition, special measurementsshould be taken to deter the status ofthe infestation, regardless of whether itis in a beginning or advanced stage.

-- If an endangered, rare,or sensitive aquatic plant is presentin your waterbody, a more intensivesurvey is recommended to determinethe precise locations. See thediscussion on the DNR NaturalHeritage Program in Appendix C.

Samples of aquatic plants should becollected at points along the surveytransects. From the boat or shoreline you cancast a weighted rake to the lake bottom andpull up aquatic plants. Be sure to note thetransect line number, the location on thetransect, and the depth from which thesample was taken (use your calibrated ropeto measure depth). Specimens collected inthis manner can be bagged and sealed forlater shipment to a specialist foridentification.

It is also advisable that you preserve asample of the important plant species inyour water body for permanent record. Staffwith Ecology's Aquatic Weeds ManagementProgram can help you with ideas onpreserving plant specimens.

Tip: Be sure to keep all plantfragments on the boat for properdisposal later on, as many problemplant species can reproduce and spreadby fragments.

E. Identify sediment types. Sediment typesare generally classified as:

− mucky, organic− sandy− compact, clayey− gravely


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Sediments in the water body can beidentified by either collecting a bottomsample with a small sampling dredge, byshoving a PVC pipe into the bottom, or byexamining sediment brought up with anaquatic plant sample.

2. Produce an aquatic plant survey mapof the water body Using field notes andmaps from the aquatic plant survey,construct and aquatic plant map of the waterbody. The aquatic plant map should show:

• Water depth contours, in feet or meters(this type of data is presented onbathymetric maps).

• Approximate locations of each of thefour types of macrophytes.

− emergents− free-floating types− rooted, floating-leaved types− submersed types

• Highlighted locations of exotic, invasiveaquatic plant species, if present.

• Highlighted locations of rare, sensitive,or endangered aquatic plant species, ifpresent.

• Locations of wetlands/conservancyareas.

• General sediment types− mucky, organic− sandy− compact, clayey− gravely

• Tributaries/outlets• Open areas

Tip: Preparing an aquatic plant mapfor your water body will save youvaluable time later in the planningprocess as you explore certainrecommended treatment options. Theabove information and aquatic plantmap can be used when completing anApplication for Stocking Grass Carpwith Fish and Wildlife.

How to Collect and Prepare an Aquatic Plant Sample for VerificationStep 1. Obtain an aquatic plant sample by dropping a weighted rake to the lake bottom andpulling up the vegetation snagged by the rake. Remove the plants from the rake, sorting outthe different plant types. To keep the plants from drying out, sort them in a shallow pan filledwith water.Step 2. Rinse a few healthy specimens of the plant types of concern with water from thelake. Carefully lay the plants between two pieces of damp paper towel, place them in aplastic bag and seal the bag securely. Label the bag clearly with the date, name of the waterbody, location and depth of sample, and your name and telephone number.Step 3. Mail the samples to a recognized aquatic botanist for identification as soon aspossible. Damp plant specimens in a plastic bag can easily be mailed in a regular envelope.Step 4. If delivering a fresh (wet) sample in person, store it in a plastic jar filled with lakewater in the refrigerator in the interim, and then transfer it to a small cooler with an ice packfor transport to an aquatic plant expert. Plant samples can usually be kept fresh in this wayfor up to five days.**To whom do I send an aquatic plant sample for identification?

It is critical that the plant sample be accurately identified by an aquatic botanist or a trainedfreshwater management professional. Your first contact should be the Department ofEcology Aquatic Weeds Management Program Coordinator (Tel: 206-407-6562) who canrefer you to recognized aquatic plant experts to aid in determining species identification.

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Reference and Resources on Aquatic PlantIdentification• Ecology's Freshwater Aquatic Weeds

Management Program CoordinatorA

• Aquatic plant Identification and HerbicideUse Guide10

• Wetland Plants of the Pacific Northwest17

• Common Marsh, Underwater, and Floating-leaved Plants2

• County Noxious Weed Control Boards

Example of an Aquatic Plant MapThe following is an example of an aquaticplant survey map produced for LakeTranquil.

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CHAPTER 9

CHARACTERIZE AQUATIC PLANTS(STEP G)

Once you have mapped the aquatic plants inyour water body, the next step is to use thatinformation to write a description ofbeneficial and problem plant zones.Characterizing the aquatic plant zonesallows you to determine where specialcontrol actions are required. Step G consistsof the following tasks:

1. Describe Plant Types2. Determine Problem Areas and

Beneficial Plant Zones3. Determine Need for Special Action

1. Describe general plant types Thepurpose of this task is to write a descriptionof the main types of aquatic plants occurringin the water body. Give the general locationsof plant beds and the maximum depth ofgrowth. Also estimate how much of thesurface area is occupied by plants.

2. Determine problem areas andbeneficial plant zonesProblem plant areas Identify what parts ofthe water body are affected by the followingproblems:• The presence of invasive exotic

species• Excessive native plant growth

that interferes with suchimportant water body uses asswimming or boating.

Beneficial plant zones Identify conservationareas, fish rearing habitat or native vegetationconsidered beneficial to fish, waterfowl, andother wildlife currently utilizing the waterbody. In addition, locate endangered, rare or

sensitive plant zones. The highest priority isgiven to preserving these plant communities.Their presence may also limit use of certainaquatic plant control methods in and near thewater body.3. Determine special need for action inwater body The presence of any non-native,invasive aquatic plant species signals anurgent situation. Because of the nuisancepotential posed by these invaders, immediateaction is necessary. Special funding isavailable for new infestations of non-nativespecies through Ecology's Aquatic WeedsManagement Fund.

Example Of Written DescriptionCharacterizing Aquatic PlantsA description of the aquatic plants in LakeTranquil might read like this: "Aquatic plantgrowth in this lake is confined to a narrowband around most of the shoreline,extending out to 12 feet in depth. The totalarea of the lake occupied by aquatic plants isestimated to be about 40 acres (or 40% ofthe entire lake area). Some isolated patchesof emergent, plants such as iris, cattails, andother reeds and rushes occur along theshoreline. A large water lily bed occupiesthe end of the lake where the swim beach islocated. The submersed plant community iscomposed of sparse stands of naiad,common elodea and small-leaf pondweed inthe shallows, and moderately-dense beds ofbig-leaf pondweed occurring throughout thedeeper water areas. A large, surfacing standof milfoil also occurs near the boat launch.


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In addition, a few scattered stands of milfoilplants are present at the opposite end of thelake (near the swim beach), intermingledwith the other submersed plants.

The entire bay with the boat launch as wellas the near-shore region at the opposite endof the lake are highest priority problemzones because of the presence of the exoticweed milfoil. These milfoil areas requirespecial control action. Another problemzone is the swim beach area which is heavilypopulated with water lilies; these surfacingbeds make shoreline access as well as actualswimming most difficult and dangerous.Lake Tranquil supports a planted troutfishery and nesting blue herons, and thenative beds of pondweed, elodea, and naiadform an important source of food and refugefor these and other aquatic wildlife. Also,the wetland stands near the swim beach areclassified as a conservation area, and arerecognized as beneficial zones and protectedas part of the overall aquatic-plantmanagement plan."

In completing the planning stepsto this point, you may have

uncovered new and critical information onthe nature and type of aquatic weedproblems in your water body. This newinformation may affect some of your initialobjectives. For instance, you may havediscovered the existence of exotic plants orsensitive plants in your water body. Theseconditions will affect your choice ofmanagement goals and control options. Ifthis information wasn't available to you asyou started the planning process, it may benecessary to revisit STEP A and STEP Band refine the Problem Statement andManagement Goals. Once the necessaryrevisions are made, they should bepresented to the larger community forapproval through the public process. Now itis time to look at available control options.

√√√√ !

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CHAPTER 10

INVESTIGATE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES(STEP H)

Control Alternatives Available inWashingtonA variety of methods are currently availablefor controlling nuisance aquatic plants. Thefollowing is a list of aquatic plant controlalternatives currently available in the Stateof Washington:

Physical Methods• Hand-pulling/cutting• Bottom barrier application/

sediment covers• Water-level drawdown• Watershed controls• Water column dyes

Mechanical Methods• Harvesting and cutting• Bottom tillage (rotovation)• Diver-operated dredging

Biological Methods• Grass CarpChemical Methods• Fluridone• Glyphosate• Endothall• Copper compounds

Control Alternatives SummarizedWith so many techniques to choose from,how do you sort out the options? First, you'llhave to become familiar with the advantagesand disadvantages of each controlalternative. Table 10-1 summarizes themanagement techniques in terms ofimportant economic, environmental, andlogistical factors. Having a basic

understanding of the capabilities of eachoption will help you choose the bestcombination of treatment methods.

More complete and in-depth information onthese control methods is available fromother sources. Appendix D of this manualdescribes each option's mode of action,effectiveness and duration of control,advantages, drawbacks, costs, and permits,and provides other comments. Factsheets onaquatic plant control methods are availablefrom Ecology. Other references andresources are listed below in the QuickReferences section.

No action alternative: Aquatic plantmanagement usually involves "doingsomething" in the water body to correct theproblem. Sometimes, however, controloptions may not be as appealing as simply"doing nothing". It is important to considerpossible consequences to the water body ifno action is taken against problem aquaticplants. The choice of no action may haveserious impacts on the aquatic ecosystemand related human uses when probleminfestations are due to non-native, invasivespecies.

In particular, it's important to consider thepotential for nuisance plants to alter habitatand impact aquatic organisms. Water qualityeffects should be evaluated. Dense weed bedscan produce changes in the water's dissolvedoxygen levels, temperature and pH that can beharmful to aquatic life. In addition to reducingrecreational enjoyment, excessive weedgrowth could negatively affect tourism andeven commercial activities associated with useof the water body.

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TABLE 10-1.SUMMARY OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE IN WASHINGTON

Effectiveness and duration of control depend upon correct implementation for most techniques.

Method Appropriate Scale(area of extent)

Durationof Control

Intensityof Control

Cost Advantages Disadvantages PermitRequired?

PhysicalHand-pulling Small scale Season or longer Moderate to

High(with complete

removal)

$0 with volunteerlabor

$500 to $2400/dayfor contract divers

• Site specific• Species specific• Minimum impact on

native plants• Use near obstructions

• Slow, labor intensive,expensive

• short-term turbidityincrease

• Diver visibility canrestrict effectiveness

No

Hand-cutting Small-scale < One season Moderate $100 to $1000 forequipment + labor

• Immediate plantremoval

• Slow• Fragments generated• Short-term increase in

turbidity

Yes

Bottom Barriers Small-scale 2 to 3 years High $0.15 to $0.75/sq.ft.for material

$0.25 to $0.50/sq.ft.for installation

• Immediate plantremoval

• Materials reusable• Site specific• Useful around

obstructions

• Not species specific• Benthic organism

impacts• Material costs• Maintenance required

Yes

Drawdown Large-scale None Low Variable • Useful for repair/maintenance ofshorelines andstructures

• May enhance growthof emergents(waterfowl habitat)

• Not species specific• May impact wetlands• Loss of recreation• Dissolved oxygen

decrease• Benthic invertebrate

impacts

Yes

WatershedControls

Small-scale None – long-term

Low Low • Long-termimprovement in waterquality

• May encourage rootedand discourage non-rooted species

• Does not addressnutrient sources usedby most aquatic plants

• May encouragerooted/discourage non-rooted species

• Sometimes difficult toimplement

No

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SUMMARY OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE IN WASHINGTON (Continued)


Durationof Control

Intensityof Control


Water column dye Weeks to months Weeks tomonths

Low $12.50/acre-ft. • Non-toxic• No special equipment

needed• Colors water blue

• Shallow, closedsystems only

• Repeat treatmentsthrough growingseason required

• Not effective whenplants near surface

• No use in potable,flowing, or chlorinatedwater

• Some classified asherbicides

Yes/No(Those

classified asherbicidesrequire apermit)

MechanicalHarvesting Large-scale Less than one

seasonLow-Mod $600/acre (May

vary with transportcosts)

• Immediate plantremoval to cuttingdepth (4 to 8 ft.)

• Minimal bottomdisturbance

• Materials may becomposted

• Reduces internalloading of nutrients

• Plant disposal• Fragments produced• Fish and invertebrate

impacts• Slow• High initial capital

costs• Operating depth

limited• Operations depend on

weather• Not species specific

Yes

Rotovation/Cultivation

Large-scale 2 to 3 years Mod-High $1000 to $1700/acre(depends on plantdensity and area of

treatment)

• Winter treatmentminimizes summerseason recreationimpacts

• May increase speciesdiversity

• Bottom disturbance/increased turbidity

• Long-term efficacyonly on perennials

• Bottom obstructionslimit use

• Not species specific

Yes

Diver-operateddredge

Small-scale Potentially long(Depends onavailability ofpropagules forrecolonization)

Mod-High $1100-2000/day(coverage dependson plant density)

• Site specific• Species specific• No depth constraints• Used near obstacles

• Labor intensive• Slow• Potential fragment

production• Temporary bottom

disturbance andincreased turbidity

Yes

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SUMMARY OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE IN WASHINGTON (Continued)


Durationof Control

Intensityof Control


BiologicalGrass carp Large-scale Potentially long Low-High $50 to $200/acre

(depending onstocking density)

• Low maintenance• Large area covered• Triploid fish are

sterile

• Stocking densities notwell established

• Difficult to fine-tunecontrol

• Preference for nativespecies over exotics

• Containment structuresrequired

• Ecological impactsunknown

• Not site specific• Recapture problems• Susceptible to

predation by wildlifeor humans

Yes

ChemicalFluridone Large-scale > 1 year

(depends onavailability ofpropagules forrecolonization)

High $700 to $1000/acre • Systemic herbicide• Some species

specificity withcorrect applicationrates

• Non-toxic

• Requires long contacttime

• Off-site movementpossible

• Nutrient release anddissolved oxygen

Yes

Glyphosate Large-scale > 1 year(depends on

availability ofpropagules forrecolonization)

High $250/acre • Systemic herbicide• Non-toxic• No label restrictions

on swimming andfishing

• Non-selectiveherbicide

• Emergent plants only

Yes

Endothall Large-scale Weeks tomonths

Moderate $500 to $700/acre • Short contact timerequired

• Low toxicity• Low cost• Fast dissipation

• Contact herbicide• Temporary effect• Some label restrictions

for swimming anddomestic water use

Yes

Copper chelates Large-scale Weeks tomonths

Mod to High(depends on

species present

$120 to $340/acre(depends on species

present)

• No use restrictions• Short contact time

required

• Potential toxic effects• Persistent in

environment• Species susceptibility

varies

Yes


10-5

In summary, before a decision is made to"do nothing" to control nuisance plants, thepotential consequences of that decision onbeneficial uses of a water body must becarefully considered.

References and Resources on Aquatic PlantControl Alternatives• Aquatic Weeds Management Program

Coordinator, Department of EcologyA

• Aquatic Plant Management Program,FSEIS1

• Restoration and Management of Lakesand Reservoirs13

• Lake and Reservoir RestorationGuidance Manual4

• Aquatic Plant Identification andHerbicide Use Guide, Vol II10


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CHAPTER 11

SPECIFY CONTROL INTENSITY(STEP I)

This step of the Plan development involvesdetermining how much control is needed forparticular plant problems. Are there plantzones around the lake that should be leftalone (no control)? Where should a lowlevel of control be applied to preserve someintermediate level of plant growth? Andunder what circumstances would a high levelof control be necessary, such as where aminimal amount of nuisance plants can betolerated.

What Are The Different LevelsOf Control?No Control It may be best to leave specialhabitat areas untouched, such as shorelinewildlife conservancy areas that serve asnesting and forage sites for waterfowl andother animals. Sometimes these sanctuaryareas are islands within the water bodysystem. Native plant beds that function asfish spawning sites might best be left aloneor subjected to minimal treatment. In somecases, the presence of native plants mayhave aesthetic value to the surroundingcommunity.Low Level of Control Low levels of controlmight be all that is needed to attain yourmanagement goals. This usually involves apartial removal of vegetation. For instance,in lakes where a warm-water fishery isimportant, using mechanical means todevelop fish lanes through vegetation can bequite valuable. Low-intensity control effortsare also important in shoreline treatmentswhere emergent vegetation is to beprotected. Low-level control maximizesenjoyment of a water body whileminimizing plant removal. A benefit of low-level control using mechanical means is the

low treatment cost per acre because lessplant material is removed.High Level of Control Certain situationsmay require aggressive control. For safetyreasons it may be necessary to clear allvegetation from swimming or wading areas.Other areas requiring intensive removal mayinclude areas around docks or boat ramps.The presence of invasive non-native plantsmay justify aggressive measures to removeplants. Lake-wide control efforts affecting100 percent of aquatic plants are notappropriate, except in lakes where invasive,non-native plants have been identified.

How To Determine Levels OfControl In Water BodyTo determine appropriate levels of plantcontrol in your water body, refer to: thewater body usage map and the aquatic plantmap. The following tasks describe how touse these maps to produce a controlintensity map.

TIP: If the maps are the same size andscale, they can be overlaid. A blank mapof the water body showing just theshoreline outline can be placed overthese to produce the control intensitymap.

Task 1. On the usage map, identify useareas of the water body that are not impactedby existing aquatic vegetation growth. Makea list of these use areas under the headingNO CONTROL.

Task 2. Next, locate areas around the waterbody that are or have the potential to bedesignated conservancy zones or confirmed


11-2

endangered, rare, or sensitive plantpopulations. Add these areas to NOCONTROL list, if not already included.

Task 3. On the usage map, identify useareas of the water body that require somecontrol of existing aquatic vegetationgrowth. Make a list of these use areas underthe heading LOW CONTROL.

Task 4. Referring to the aquatic plant map,recheck that low control areas do not containendangered, rare, or sensitive plantpopulations. If they do, REMOVE from lowcontrol list.

Task 5. On the usage map, identify useareas that require maximal removal ofaquatic plant growth. Make a list of theseareas under the heading HIGH CONTROL.

Task 6. Referring to the aquatic plant map,locate areas with invasive, non-native plantpopulations (like Eurasian watermilfoil orBrazilian Elodea). Include these areas on thelist of HIGH CONTROL if not included.

References and Resources on Sensitive Plants• Appendix C, Endangered, Rare and Sensitive

Plants--DNR Natural Heritage Program

Example Of Control IntensityMapThe end product is a map clearly showingzones of all three control intensities (Seecontrol intensity map for Lake Tranquil).Construction of a control intensity map willaid in choosing appropriate treatmentoptions for each area of the lake (Chapter12).


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CHAPTER 12

CHOOSE INTEGRATEDTREATMENT SCENARIO (STEP J)

The Integrated Approach—AJuggling ActThis step involves choosing the combinationof control efforts that best meets the needsof water body users with the least impacts tothe environment. The procedure consists ofevaluating each control option listed inChapter 10 using an integrated vegetationmanagement approach. This approachinvolves examining the alternatives withregard to such factors as:

• The extent of problem plant(s)infestation

• Scale, intensity, and timing oftreatment

• Effectiveness against target plant(s),• Duration of control (short-term vs.

long-term)• Human health concerns• Environmental impacts and

mitigation, if needed• Program costs• Permit requirements (Federal, state,

local).

Reviewing control alternatives in light ofthese and other site-specific factors providesa means of narrowing down your optionsinto an appropriate management package.No management program, however, iswithout some impacts. Choosing amanagement program will require you tocarefully weigh all the factors. The trick indeciding a course of action is to achieve abalance between expected managementgoals at a reasonable cost and acceptableenvironmental disruption.

A Procedure For Choosing AnAppropriate Treatment ScenarioUsing the Control Intensity Map, matcheach control zone (no control, low control,high control) with an appropriate controlmethod. The following considerations areimportant:

• The type and extent of plant growthand timing of treatment.In reviewing control options, it isimportant to understand both the extentand the life cycle of the problem plantspecies. What is the area of problemgrowth? If the infested area is small (say,0.25 acre), then large-scale methods, likemechanical harvesting, would beinappropriate. The same is true for large-scale problems treated with small-scalemethods. What is the plant's typical lifecycle? Some plant species with early-season growth are more susceptible totreatment in the springtime. In othersituations, winter treatment may be mosteffective.

• Probable duration of control.How long will the plant be controlled? Isduration of control short-term (a month,a growing season) or longer term (oneyear, two years, more)?

• Site-specific constraints that mightaffect use of control method.Does the site have a lot of submergedlogs or bottom debris or water intakepipes that would hamper bottomtreatments like rotovation or bottom


12-2

barrier application? Are there manysurface obstacles such as docks orbuoyed areas that could interfere withsurface operations of mechanical cuttingor harvesting?

• Capital costs andoperation/maintenance costs.If specialized equipment is to bepurchased for the control project,determine the cost of buying, operatingand maintaining it, including staff wagesand replacement costs.

• Human safety and health concerns.Will the control option restrict use of thewater body after treatment by banningwater contact or ingestion (swimming,fishing, drinking or irrigation use)? Doesthe operation of large machinery orequipment occur at a peak time ofrecreational use? Does this controloption represent a severe safety hazardor interfere significantly with normaluse?

• Fisheries, waterfowl or wildlife statusand general ecology of water body.Does the aquatic system have importantspawning sites? If so, control activitiesthat disturb the bottom would beprohibited during certain critical periods.The presence of endangered, rare, orsensitive plants or animals utilizingaquatic plant beds could also limit theuse of certain control methodologies.

• Balancing enhancement of beneficialuses with environmental protection.What are the projected short-term andlong-term impacts? Is there a risk thatcontrol for the sake of maximizinghuman use can seriously jeopardize animportant segment of the native aquaticplant or animal community?

• Possible mitigation techniques andcosts, including replacement ofuntargeted plants that are removed.Some aquatic plant control techniquespose higher risks of removing non-targetorganisms, particularly emergent

vegetation along the shoreline. Estimatesshould be made of the types and areas ofplant species that may be affected by thecontrol techniques. Lost areas can bemitigated by replanting with nurserystock plants or plants harvested fromlocal areas (check on local harvestingrestrictions). Volunteers can often helpwith revegetation efforts, if needed.

• Local, county, state or Federal permitrequirements.Find out what permits are necessary,whether a fee is required, and theexpected time it takes to process thepermit application(s). The length of timeinvolved in processing different permitapplications can vary enormously (SeeTable 12-1.). While most permits foraquatic plant control work in freshwaterare free, some have an assessed fee (forexample, a shoreline management permithas a cost that depends on the value ofbottom barrier material applied).

Example Of RecommendedTreatment ScenarioThe following is an example of arecommended treatment scenario producedfor Lake Tranquil :

LAKE TRANQUIL RECOMMENDEDTREATMENT SCENARIO

• Whole-lake diver surveillance for milfoillocations (spring).

• In-lake treatment- First-year milfoil treatment: Systemic

herbicide application in boat launchembayment with bottom barrierapplication in swimming areas(spring).

- Second-year milfoil treatment: Diverhand removal/bottom barrierapplication on residual populations(spring).

- Water lily treatment: Systemicherbicide/bottom barrier (Spring).

• Watershed controls.


12-3

You have come a long wayin gathering criticalinformation and evaluating

plant control options with regard to thespecifics of your water body and userneeds. Now is a good time to update thecommunity on the status of the

emerging plan. The information can bepresented to the community fordiscussion and approval through thepublic process. After obtaining groupconsensus on a treatment scenario, thesteering committee can finalize the long-term action program.

Table 12-1. Who Permits What?Permits/Documents Required for Aquatic Weed Control Activities in Washington

Permit/Document Agency DescriptionControl Activities

Affected

MinimumProcessTime*

State EnvironmentalPolicy Act (SEPA)

local or state agency Requires complete disclosure of potential adverseenvironmental effects of proposed actions; SEPAchecklist required for herbicide use and grass carpstocking.

herbicides, grasscarp stocking

60 days

Short-termModification of Waterquality Standards(STM)

Dept. of Ecology Permit allows modification of Water QualityStandards (Chap 173-201WAC); administeredthrough regional offices.

herbicides,rotovation,dredging

45 days

State ShorelineManagement Act

Dept. of Ecology(Shorelands) and localjurisdiction

Permit insures that proposed activity complies withlocal Shoreline Master Program; includes lakes 20acres or more, rivers 20 cfs or greater, and caninclude associated wetlands and some floodplains.

bottombarrier(based on

area/cost),rotovation,harvesting

75 days

Hydraulic ProjectApproval (HPA)(State)Hydraulic Code)

Dept. of Fisheries orDept. of Wildlife

HPA required for work below ordinary high waterline that can use, divert, or change natural flow orbed of waters of State; Fisheries jurisdiction appliesto all salmon (& other food fish species) bearingwater; Wildlife has jurisdiction over all game fishspecies.

some bottombarrier projects,

rotovation,dredging

30 days

Natural HeritageProgram Letterconfirming search ofdata for critical plantspecies

Dept. of NaturalResources Division ofLand & WaterConservation

Natural Heritage Program is State repository of dataon Endangered, Threatened, & Sensitive plantspecies, native wetland plant communities, aquatic& non-vegetated wetland systems.

search should beconducted for any

control activity

3-7 days

Fish Planting Permit Dept. of Wildlife A permit is required for stocking of triploid (sterile)grass carp in Washington waters for control ofaquatic vegetation.

grass carp stocking 30 days

Local Permits Local jurisdictions Permits may be required on the local level forvarious activities, such as Shoreline Management orGrowth Management Act/Sensitive Area ordinance

variable variable

*For completeapplications

√√√√ !


13-1

CHAPTER 13

DEVELOP ACTION PROGRAM(STEP K)

Putting All The Pieces TogetherThe final task is to take all the informationand formulate a long-term action program(plan) for aquatic plant management. ThisPlan provides the community with guidanceand direction for aquatic plant management.The decision to proceed with aquatic plantcontrol in your water body is just thebeginning. Follow-through is critical.Aquatic plant control is an ongoingconcern that requires long-termcommitment. This is particularly true ofwater bodies with exotic plants or withnuisance plant growth that has developedover many years. In these situations,achieving management goals could takemany years. The Plan should be flexible andevolving. It should provide for regularchecking of how well the actions areworking and allow for modification asconditions change.

Components Of The Action PlanWhile the integrated treatment scenarioforms the heart of the Plan, there are otheractivities that are also essential componentsof the management program. These includeprogram budgeting, evaluating programeffectiveness, organizing public outreachand exotic weed prevention programs,developing funding strategies, andidentifying short-term and long-termactions. These components are all linkedtogether by the critical element of time.Appropriate start-up time and duration ofeach of these activities can vary widely. Forthese reasons, it is important to divide theaction plan into short-term and long-termprogram elements.

1. Review and recheck the recommendedintegrated treatment scenario. Thefollowing factors need to be determined:• Costs• Permit requirements• Human safety/health and

environmental impacts• Mitigation, if needed• Acceptability to water body property

owners, users and other interestedparties

2. Compute costs and a budget toimplement the overall program.In particular, identify:• Planning costs• Contracted treatment costs• Capital costs (for equipment or

materials)• Operation and maintenance costs• Equipment replacement costs• Program monitoring/evaluation

costs• Mitigation costs• Permit costs

3. Determine monitoring and evaluationstrategies to evaluate the program'ssuccess. In particular, you will need to:a. Determine methods to track short-

and long-term nuisance plant growthtrends.

b. Evaluate the effectiveness of yourannual program with respect tomeeting management goals.


13-2

4. Plan a public outreach program.Educational information about theaquatic plant management program canbe disseminated through:• Public meetings• Newsletters and media coverage• Posted signs around the water

body• Special events highlighting

management activities on thewater body such as workshops orlake fairs.

5. Plan an exotic weed preventionprogram.The old adage "an ounce of preventionsaves a pound of cure" really holds truewhen it comes to exotic weed invaders.The Plan should contain an exotic (non-native) weed prevention component tolimit introduction of non-native weeds tothe water body and to provide a means ofquick response if exotic weeds aresighted. Exotic weed invaders such asEurasian watermilfoil, Brazilian elodeaand hydrilla spread primarily byfragmentation (breaking off of stempieces) and transport on boatingequipment. Efforts to halt the spreadthrough educational means, by a citizenwatch for these invaders in the waterbody, and by visual inspection of boatsentering and leaving the water body arerecommended.

6. Develop funding strategies.a. Identify community groups with

an interest in the water body.

b. Identify the level and duration ofneeded funding.

c. Assess all funding options,including• Voluntary donations for aquatic

plant control work• Formation of a lake or property

owner association with the abilityto collect revenue

• Establishment of a lakemanagement district (LMD) orother taxing district

• Grants or loans from publicagencies or other outside sources(e.g., Ecology's Aquatic WeedsManagement Grant Program).

d. Identify an action plan based onoptimal short and long-term fundingsources to accomplish the Plan.Incorporate into points 7 and 8.

7. Construct a short-term action plan.Some elements of the Plan can beinitiated immediately. Controlmethods like hand digging areusually small scale and have nopermit requirements, so they can beimplemented as soon as plants beginto show growth in early spring. Sincemechanical harvesting is usuallyperformed later in the season whenplant growth is at its peak, preparingappropriate permit applications in thewinter allows sufficient time toprocess permits prior to summertreatment. Volunteer efforts can beused for some activities. Many home


13-3

or property owner watershed controlscan be implemented right away.Public outreach programs onscheduled management activities canbe started immediately with little orno cost.

8. Construct a long-term action plan.Other elements of the Plan may requiremore time for completion or to procurefunding or to handle complex permitissues. Certain techniques require repeattreatments over several years for optimaleffectiveness (e.g., diver dredging,rotovation). The time-frame forprocessing permits may be extended ifmultiple permits are required or severalagencies are involved in the reviewprocess. It may take time to advertise forspecialized contract services such asdiver dredging.

The planning process resultsin a written Plan thatsummarizes all theinformation that you have

gathered. The written documentprovides the basis for annual review ofshort-term and long-term elements ofthe Plan. It is recommended that a threering binder with tabs for each planningstep be used to organize your planningdocument. In this way, any newinformation, monitoring results andnecessary changes in the program canbe easily documented for future use.Your plan should have the followingwritten components:√ Problem statement√ Management goals√ A list of water body and watershedcharacteristics from previous studies orcurrent sampling work

√ A map showing beneficial andrecreational use areas of the water body√ A map showing types and locationsof aquatic plants√ A written characterization of aquaticplants√ A discussion of aquatic plantcontrols, examining pros and cons ofuse in the water body (results can bepresented in a matrix format)√ A control intensity map showingproposed control areas in water body√ Description of public involvementprogram, including specific examples.√ A list of action strategies, bothshort- and long-term, and time frames√ A description of the monitoring andevaluation process to be used.A written plan containing these elementswill serve you well in overallmanagement of aquatic plants, as wellas in meeting requirements of certainpublic funding sources. For example, anapplication for Aquatic WeedsManagement Fund grant moniesadministered by Ecology requireswritten presentation of planninginformation using the format describedin this manual (see Appendix E).

The Road Well TraveledCongratulations on completing your Plan!Throughout the planning process, you havelearned about the workings of the waterbody and its watershed, as well as aquaticplant management in Washington State andits applicability to your water body. Youhave learned how to organize and worktogether, and most of all, how tocompromise. Now you can begin the processof initiating the aquatic plant managementprogram.

√√√√ !


PART III

IMPLEMENTING A PLAN

Part III offers guidance on how to use an integrated aquatic vegetation management plan (thePlan).


14-1

CHAPTER 14

I HAVE A PLAN—WHAT’S NEXT?

he period between development of anintegrated aquatic plant managementplan and implementation of the plan

is a time for excitement, paperwork andpatience! It involves scheduling, publicoutreach, securing permits and funding, andarranging for volunteer and contractedservices. The duration of this period largelydepends on the scale, intensity andcomplexity of the plant control program.Once these necessary items have been takencare of, you are indeed off and running!

Permits And Other RequirementsAfter the Plan has been approved andadopted, steps can be taken to securerequired permits for control measures. Therole of the permit process in the protectionand management of our State's freshwaterresources is a necessary and important one(See box below). The permits, fees, andnotification procedures depend on thecontrol methods to be used and the size, typeor other special features of water body. (SeeChapter 12 for summary information onpermits necessary for certain controlactivities conducted in Washington State.)Often, several jurisdictions may be involvedin the permitting process for a project. As aresult, you may need to make a few phonecalls to secure information and applicationforms.

Why Are Permits Needed?

Anyone planning aquatic plant managementactivities in their water body should be aware ofthe various State and local regulationsprotecting freshwater resources and aquaticlife. There is no single regulation governingaquatic resources in our State, nor a singleagency wholly responsible for overseeingfreshwater activities. However, there are anumber of laws regarding water quality,fisheries, wildlife, and habitat, and manydifferent agencies responsible for administeringthese laws. In most cases, authorities overlapon both the local and State levels, andsometimes the Federal level, especially ifnavigable waters are affected. You shouldcheck with local and county public works orplanning departments on what permits arerequired for a particular control activity in yourlake or stream. Personnel with Ecology'sRegional Offices or the Aquatic WeedsProgram can assist you with information onpermits required by State agencies.

FundingFinding the right mechanisms for collectingfunds is important. If major costs of theprogram are being funded by privatecontributions, outline a schedule forcollecting committed donations. Local fundsmay be provided by financing throughspecial community club or lake associationassessments. It is best to start such anassessment process well in advance of theneed for initial outlay of funds. Forming alake management district (LMD) is a way toprocure funds through special taxassessments. Timely completion of grantapplications is critical if funding has beensecured through competitive, cost-sharinggrant programs such as the Aquatic WeedsManagement Fund (Appendix E) or the

T


14-2

Centennial Grant Fund (both administeredby Department of Ecology).

Implementation NeedsManagement

Once the plan is approved by thecommunity, start lining up volunteers forparts of the program where citizen labor canbe used. It may be beneficial for yourassociation or club to expand the functionsof the steering committee or establish aspecial aquatic plant management committeeto oversee the long-term managementprogram. Whether the project is large andcomplex or small and simple, each facet ofthe program will need to be managed.

Monitoring Program Effectiveness

A carefully designed aquatic plantmanagement program can be successful andsatisfying. But it also requires long-termcommitment and flexibility. Depending onthe severity of problems in the water body, itcan take many years to achieve specificmanagement goals. Furthermore, conditionsin the water body or community needs maychange over time. As a result, an aquaticplant management program must include amonitoring element to regularly evaluatetreatment effectiveness and recommendprogram adjustments as needed. Theeffectiveness of the overall program shouldbe assessed on an annual basis at aminimum. Progress in meeting managementgoals can be quantitatively tracked bydirectly sampling/measuring problem plantpopulations at strategic times during theyear. Staff with Ecology's Freshwater

Aquatic Weeds Management Program canprovide assistance in planning a monitoringproject for your water body.TIP: An example of monitoring protocolscurrently used by Thurston County to assessaquatic plant management programeffectiveness is presented at the end ofAppendix C of this Manual.On a more informal note, it may also behelpful to conduct periodic surveys of thecommunity to gain their impressions ofeffectiveness of the program. During theimplementation phase, it's important to bepatient, be realistic in your expectations, andkeep the lines of communication open!

Keeping Everyone Informed

It is critical to keep the community informedabout the progress of the control project. Inparticular, give advance notice of anyinconveniences that might be experiencedby users of the water body as a consequenceof in-lake activities. The community willwant to know about the findings of post-treatment monitoring and evaluation of thecontrol effectiveness. In going through theplanning process described in this manual,you have already started the educational ballrolling. Through public meetings,newsletters, barbecues, and local mediacoverage, you've gotten word out that aproblem exists in your water body butthere’s a way to tackle it. Continue to useinformational avenues that have worked foryou to update the community on importantaspects or results of the control program.

IN following the planning steps in this Manual, you have created a unique document—yourPLAN. The Plan describes the best path to integrated aquatic plant management in your waterbody. Good luck in your aquatic plant management efforts!


PART IV

TECHNICAL REFERENCES


APPENDIX AGlossary of Terms

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix A

A-1

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Algae — Small aquatic plants containing chlorophyll and without roots that occur as single cellsor multi-celled colonies. Algae form the base of the food chain in aquatic environments.

Algal bloom — Heavy growth of algae in and on a body of water as a result of high nutrientconcentrations.

Alkalinity — The acid combining capacity of a (carbonate) solution, also describes its bufferingcapacity.

Aquatic plant survey — a systematic mapping of types and location of aquatic plants in a waterbody, usually conducted by means of a boat. Survey information is presented on an aquaticplant map.

BMP's (Best Management Practices) — practices or methods used to prevent or reduceamounts of nutrients, sediments, chemicals or other pollutants from entering water bodies fromhuman activities. BMP's have been developed for agricultural, silvacultural, construction, andurban activities.

Bathymetric map — a map showing depth contours in a water body. Bottom contours areusually presented as lines of equal depth, in meters or feet.

Benthal — Bottom area of the lake (Gr. benthos depth).

Biocontrol — management using biological organisms, such as fish, insects or micro-organismslike fungus.

Biomass — The total organic matter present (Gr. bios life).

Bottom barriers — synthetic or natural fiber sheets of material used to cover and kill plantsgrowing on the bottom of a water body; also called sediment covers.

Chlorophyll — The green pigments of plants (Gr. chloros green, phyllon leaf).

Consumers — Organisms that nourish themselves on particulate organic matter (Lat. consumereto take wholly).

Contact herbicide -— An herbicide that causes localized injury or death to plant tissues withwhich it contacts. Contact herbicides do not kill the entire plant.

Control intensity map -— A map of a water body showing areas requiring no, low or highlevels of aquatic plant control. See Chapter 11.

Decomposers — Organisms, mostly bacteria or fungi, that break down complex organic materialinto its inorganic constituents.

Detritus — Settleable material suspended in the water: organic detritus, from the decompositionof the broken down remains of organisms; inorganic detritus, settleable mineral materials.

Appendix A IAVMP Manual – First Edition

A-2

Dissolved oxygen — A measure of the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in water and availablefor use by microorganisms and fish.

Drainage basin — The area drained by, or contributing to, a stream, lake, or other water body(see watershed).

Drawdown — Decreasing the level of standing water in a water body to expose bottomsediments and rooted plants. Water level drawdown can be accomplished by physically releasinga volume of water through a controlled outlet structure or by preventing recharge of a systemfrom a primary external source.

Dredging — Physical methods of digging into the bottom of a water body to remove sediment,plants or other material. Dredging can be performed using mechanical or hydraulic equipment.

Ecology — Scientific study of relationships between organisms and their surroundings(environment).

Ecosystems — Any complex of living organisms together with all the other biotic and abiotic(non-living) factors which affect them.

Emergent plants — Aquatic plants that are rooted or anchored in the sediment aroundshorelines, but have stems and leaves extending well above the water surface. Cattails andbulrushes are examples of emergent plants.

Endothall — The active chemical ingredient of the aquatic contact herbicide Aquathol®.

Epilimnion — The uppermost, warm, well-mixed layer of a lake (Gr. epi on, limne lake).

Eradication — Complete removal of a specific organism from a specified location, usuallyrefers to a noxious, invasive species. Under most circumstances, eradication of a population isvery difficult to achieve.

Euphotic zone — That part of a water body where light penetration is sufficient to maintainphotosynthesis.

Eutrophic — Waters with a good supply of nutrients and hence a rich organic production (Gr.eu well, trophein to nourish).

Exotic — Refers to species of plants or animals that are not native to a particular region intowhich they have moved or invaded. Eurasian watermilfoil is an exotic plant invader.

Floating-leafed plant — Plants with oval or circular leaves floating on the water surface, but arerooted or attached to sediments by long, flexible stems. Waterlilies are examples of rootedfloating-leafed plants.

Fluridone — The active chemical ingredient of the systemic aquatic herbicide SONAR®.

Flushing rate — Term describing rate of water volume replacement of a water body, usuallyexpressed as basin volume per unit time needed to replace the water body volume with inflowingwater. The inverse of the flushing rate is the (hydraulic) detention time. A lake with a flushingrate of 1 lake volume per year has a detention time of 1 year.


A-3

Freely-floating plants — Plants that float on or under the water surface, unattached by roots tothe bottom. Some have small root systems that simply hang beneath the plant. Water hyacinthand tiny duckweed are examples of freely-floating plants.

Glyphosate — The active chemical ingredient of the systemic herbicide RODEO®.

Grass carp — Also known as white amur, grass carp is a large, vegetation-eating member of theminnow family (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Originally from Russia and China, these plantgrazers are sometimes used as biological agents to control growth of certain aquatic plants.Regulated use of sterile (non-reproducing) grass carp has been recently permitted in WashingtonState for aquatic plant control.

Herbicide — A chemical used to suppress the growth of or kill plants.

Habitat — The physical place where an organism lives.

Hydraulic detention time — The period of detention of water in a basin. The inverse ofdetention time is flushing rate. A lake with a detention time of one year has a flushing rate of 1lake volume per year.

Hypolimnion — The cold, deepest layer of a lake that is removed from surface influences (Gr.hypo under, limne lake).

Integrated aquatic plant management — Management using the best combination of plantcontrol methods that maximizes beneficial uses, minimizes environmental impacts and optimizesoverall costs.

Limiting nutrient — Essential nutrient needed for growth of plant organism which is the mostscarce in the environment. Oftentimes, in freshwater systems, either phosphorus or nitrogen maybe the limiting nutrient for plant growth.

Limnology — The study of inland waters (Gr. limne lake).

Littoral — The region of a body of water extending from shoreline outward to the greatest depthoccupied by rooted aquatic plants.

Macro-algae — Large, easily seen (macroscopic) algae. The macro-algae Nitella sp. sometimesforms dense plant beds and can be a conspicuous member of the aquatic plant community.

Macrophyte — Large, rooted or floating aquatic plants that may bear flowers and seeds. Someplants, like duckweed and coontail, are free-floating and are not attached to the bottom.Occasionally, filamentous algae like Nitella sp. can form large, extensive populations and be animportant member of the aquatic macrophyte community.

Mitigation — Actions taken to replace or restore animals or plants that may have been damagedor removed by certain prior activities.

Morphology — Study of shape, configuration or form (Gr. morphe form, logos discourse).

Niche — The position or role of an organism within its community and ecosystem.

Nitrogen — A chemical constituent (nutrient) essential for life. Nitrogen is a primary nutrientnecessary for plant growth.


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Non point (pollutant) source — A diffuse source of water pollution that does not dischargethrough a pipe or other readily identifiable structure. Non point pollution typically originatesfrom activities on land and the water. Examples of non point sources are agricultural, forest, andconstruction sites, marinas, urban streets and properties.

Non-target species — A species not intentionally targeted for control by a pesticide orherbicide.

Noxious weed — Non-native plant species that, because of aggressive growth habits, canthreaten native plant communities, wetlands or agricultural lands. The Washington State NoxiousWeed Board has the authority to designate certain plants as "noxious" in the state. Eurasianwatermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) is a noxious weed in Washington.

Nutrient — Any chemical element, ion, or compound required by an organism for thecontinuation of growth, reproduction, and other life processes.

Oligotrophic — Waters that are nutrient poor and have little organic production (Gr. oligossmall, trophein to nourish).

Oxidation — A chemical process that can occur in the uptake of oxygen.

pH — The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. pH values range from 1-10 (low pHvalues are acidic and high pH levels are alkaline).

Phosphorus — A chemical constituent (nutrient) essential for life. Phosphorus is a primarynutrient necessary for plant growth.

Photosynthesis — Production of organic matter (carbohydrate) from inorganic carbon and waterin the presence of light (Gr. phos, photos light, synthesis placing together).

Phytoplankton — Free floating microscopic plants (algae) (Gr. phyton plant).

Point (pollutant) source — A source of pollutants or contaminants that discharges through apipe or culvert. Point sources, such as an industrial or sewage outfall, are usually readilyidentified.

Pollutant — A contaminant, a substance that is not naturally present in water or occurs inunnatural amounts that can degrade the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the water.Pollutants can be chemicals, disease-producing organisms, silt, toxic metals, oxygen-demandingmaterials, to name a few.

Primary production — The rate of formation of organic matter or sugars in plant cells fromlight, water and carbon dioxide (Lat. primus first, producere to bring forward). Algae areprimary producers.

Problem statement — A written description of important uses of a water body that are beingaffected by the presence of problem aquatic plants. See Chapter 3.

Producers — Organisms that are able to build up their body substance from inorganic materials(Lat. producere to bring forward).


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Public Awareness/Outreach — Programs designed to share technical information and data on aparticular topic, usually associated with activities (such as management) on or around a waterbody.

Residence time — The average length of time that water or a chemical constituent remains in alake.

Rotovation — A mechanical control method of tilling lake or river sediments to physicallydislodge rooted plants. Also known as bottom tillage or derooting.

Secchi disc — A 20-cm (8-inch) diameter disc painted white and black in alternating quadrants.It is used to measure light transparency in lakes.

Sediment — Solid material deposited in the bottom of a basin.

Sensitive areas — Critical areas in the landscape, such as wetlands, aquifer recharge areas, andfish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, that are protected by state law (Growth ManagementAct of 1990).

Standing crop — The biomass present in a body of water at a particular time.

Steering committee — A small group of people organized to represent the larger community ofindividuals, businesses and organizations who have an interest in management of a particularwater body. The steering committee is responsible for following the planning steps outlined inthis manual.

Stratification — Horizontal layering of water in a lake caused by temperature-relateddifferences in density. A thermally stratified lake is generally divided into the epilimnion(uppermost, warm, mixed layer), metalimnion (middle layer of rapid change in temperature anddensity) and hypolimnion (lowest, cool, least mixed layer).

Submersed plants — An aquatic plant that grows with all or most of its stems and leaves belowthe water surface. Submersed plants usually grow rooted in the bottom and have thin, flexiblestems supported by the water. Common submersed plants are milfoil and pondweeds.

Susceptibility — The sensitivity or level of injury demonstrated by a plant to effects of anherbicide.

Systemic herbicide — An herbicide in which the active chemicals are absorbed and translocatedwithin the entire plant system, including roots. Depending on the active ingredient, systemicherbicides affect certain biochemical reactions in the plant that can cause plant death. SONAR®

and RODEO® are systemic herbicides.

Thermal stratification — Horizontal layering of water in a lake caused by temperature-relateddifferences in density. A thermally stratified lake is generally divided into the epilimnion(uppermost, warm, mixed layer), metalimnion (middle layer of rapid change in temperature anddensity) and hypolimnion (lowest, cool, least mixed layer).

Thermocline — (Gr. therme heat, klinein to slope.) Zone (horizontal layer) in water body inwhich there is a rapid rate of temperature decrease with depth. Also called metalimnion, it liesbelow the epilimnion.


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Topographic map — A map showing elevation of the landscape in contours of equal height(elevation) above sea level. This can be used to identify boundaries of a watershed.

Transect lines — Straight lines extending across an area to be surveyed.

Tributaries — Rivers, streams or other channels that flow into a water body.

Triclopyr — The active ingredient of a systemic herbicide being evaluated in Washington foraquatic plant control.

Triploid — A genetic term referring to non-reproducing (sterile) forms of grass carp induced bymanipulating reproductive genes. Reproducing grass carp have two pairs of chromosomes andare termed diploid. Triploid fish have three sets of chromosomes.

Trophic state — Term used to describe the productivity of the lake ecosystem and classify it asoligotrophic (low productivity, "good" water quality), mesotrophic (moderate productivity), oreutrophic (high productivity; "poor" water quality).

Vascular plant— A vascular plant possesses specialized cells that conduct fluids and nutrientsthroughout the plant. The xylem conducts water and the phloem transports food.

Water body usage map — A map of a water body showing important human use areas or zones(such as swimming, boating, fishing) and habitat areas for fish, wildlife and waterfowl. SeeChapter 7.

Watershed — The entire surface landscape that contributes water to a lake or river. See drainagearea.

Watershed snapshot — A simple drawing of a water body and its watershed showing importantidentifying features such as watershed boundary lines, inlet and outlet streams, wetlands, landusezones and other site-specific characteristics. This is a simple way of condensing background dataand information on a project area and displaying selected features in a picture.

Watershed management — The management of the natural resources of a drainage basin forthe production and protection of water supplies and water-based resources.

Wetland — A generalized term for a broad group of wet habitats. Wetlands are areas ofvegetation that are transitional between land and water bodies and range from being permanentlywet to intermittently water covered.

Zooplankton — Microscopic animal plankton in water (Gr. zoion animal). Daphnia sp. or waterfleas are freshwater zooplankton.


APPENDIX BInvasive, Non-native Aquatic Plant Fact Sheets

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix B

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INVASIVE, NON-NATIVE AQUATIC PLANTFACT SHEETS

IntroductionCorrect identification of aquatic plants is important. Control strategies that are effective on onemay not be effective on another. The following fact sheets will help in identifying the mostcommon nuisance aquatic plants.

Only a few aquatic plants create nuisance conditions in Washington. Usually there are keyfeatures that easily differentiate aquatic plant species, but in some cases plants require carefulscrutiny for correct identification. Hydrilla, Brazilian elodea, and common elodea, which areplants of concern in Washington State, are perhaps the most difficult species to correctlyidentify. The importance of accurate identification is aptly illustrated by this trio of plants.Hydrilla is one of the most damaging of the aquatic plants. It is present in only one lake systemin Washington, so early detection is important. Care must be taken not to mistake Hydrilla forone of the other plants in the trio because it requires special, rapid action to control its spread.Brazilian elodea is a common nuisance aquatic weed in Washington, while common elodea is anative species. If in doubt–call an expert!

Myriophyllum (milfoil) species may also require careful observation for correct identification.There are two weedy milfoils in Washington: Eurasian watermilfoil and Parrotfeather.Parrotfeather has distinctive emergent leaves, while Eurasian watermilfoil and the native milfoilsare mostly submersed (except for the flower stalks). In addition to the native milfoils, severalother aquatic plants are commonly mistaken for Eurasian watermilfoil.

Plants are amazingly adaptable organisms. Since they are usually rooted and can't move aroundto search out hospitable environments like animals do, plants adjust their growth to match theenvironment that they find themselves in. The form of an aquatic plant, like all plants, isdetermined by an intricate interaction between its environment and biology. Photos and drawingscannot convey the rich variation possible as individual plants respond to their uniqueenvironment. The illustrations shown here represent the general features of the plant. The plantsyou find in your lake should be compared to the illustrations with special consideration of thekey features mentioned in the text. If identification is in doubt contact an expert (see Appendix Ffor a list of people who can answer your questions).

Eurasian watermilfoil(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)

DescriptionMilfoil has finely dissected leaves that form in whorls of four on the stem. Milfoil leaves fall offas they age, so occasionally you may find less than four leaves in a whorl, especially near thebottom of the plant. Leaves near the surface are often a reddish or brown color. Eurasianwatermilfoil generally has 12-16 pairs of leaflets on each leaf. It's often difficult to separateEurasian watermilfoil from its native cousins: northern watermilfoil and whorled watermilfoil.Calling an expert at Ecology may be the best way to positively identify your milfoil.

Growth HabitEurasian watermilfoil is the culprit in many nuisance aquatic plant cases in Washington. It hasbeen the subject of much research, and its growth habits are well known. Milfoil overwinters asshort bright green stems from a few inches to a few feet long - rooted in the sediments. Milfoilstores energy and nutrients in its roots over the winter. In early spring, plants grow rapidly to thesurface where they can form a mat or canopy of branches. Rapid spring growth and canopyformation allows milfoil to outgrow and shade out other, more desirable native plants.

PropagationMilfoil is spread primarily by stem fragments. Fragments are formed when pieces of the plant arecut off of the main plant body, such as by a boat propeller or during harvesting operations. Thesestems fragments can root and produce new plants. Milfoil also fragments naturally. In the latesummer, the stems of milfoil become quite brittle and roots begin to form on the stem. Waveaction or a duck paddling though a milfoil bed can cause stems to break.

ControlPrevention of Eurasian watermilfoil invasion requires control of fragment spread. Somemanagement techniques, harvesting for example, can create fragments and contribute to thespread of milfoil. Milfoil is susceptible to several herbicides, including endothall and fluridone.With the proper herbicide and application rate, milfoil can be selectively removed from anaquatic system, leaving more desirable aquatic plant species. Other intensive methods, such asbottom barrier placement and diver-dredging are effective against small-scale infestations ofmilfoil. Milfoil is relatively unpalatable and is low on the grass carp preference scale. Otherbiological controls of milfoil are under intensive investigation, although none are likely to beavailable soon.

Eurasian watermilfoil(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)

Key features:• 12 to 16 leaflets on each leaf• Emergent flower stalks sometimes are

present during the summer• Milfoil leaflets look like feathers

• No emergent leaves• Leaves near surface may be reddish or

brown

Parrotfeather(Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.)

DescriptionParrotfeather has both emergent and submersed leaves. The submersed leaves are finely-dissected, and feathery, often with a reddish color. The submersed growth form of parrotfeatheris easily mistaken for Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). The emergent stemscan be from a few inches to over a foot high and are the most distinctive feature of parrotfeather.Emergent leaves form in whorls on the stem. Leaves are bright green and finely divided. Inspring, very small, white, tuft-like flowers form where the emergent leaves attach to the stem.

Growth HabitParrotfeather grows best when rooted in shallow water. In nutrient-enriched lakes parrotfeathercan grow as a floating plant in deep water. The emergent stems can survive on wet banks ofrivers and lake shores, so it is well adapted to moderate water level fluctuations. Parrotfeatherinvasion of lakes and streams severely changes the physical and chemical characteristics of theaquatic ecosystem. The emergent stems shade the water column eliminating algae growth, whichis the basis of the aquatic food web. Parrotfeather is also excellent habitat for mosquito larvae.Propagation: Parrotfeather spreads only by plant fragments. All the parrotfeather plants inWashington are female. In fact, there are no male plants anywhere outside of its native range inSouth America. Consequently, there is no sexual reproduction and no seeds are formed.Parrotfeather rhizomes are quite tough and can be transported long distances on boat trailers.Parrotfeather's attractive green foliage make it a popular aquascaping plant, which hascontributed to its spread.

ControlParrotfeather has a high tannin content, which makes it unpalatable for most grazers, includinggrass carp. Parrotfeather is sensitive to many herbicides, but a thick cuticle, which forms a waxycover on the emergent leaves, hampers aerial application of herbicides. Research has shown thatparrotfeather growing in water deeper than about 20 inches may be particularly sensitive toreduction in phosphorus concentrations in the water column.

Parrotfeather(Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.)

Key features:• Bright green, christmas-tree like emergent stems• Dense mat of intertwined rhizomes in the water with abundant, long roots• Reddish feathery-leaved, very limp submersed leaves may be present

Brazilian elodea(Egeria densa Planch. )

DescriptionBrazilian elodea is often confused with Hydrilla and Common elodea. Since Common elodea is anative species and Hydrilla an extremely aggressive invader, it is important that the plants becorrectly identified. Common elodea has three leaves per whorl, Brazilian elodea four(sometimes eight) leaves per whorl, and Hydrilla five leaves per whorl. Common elodea leavesare usually less than 1/2 inch long and about 1/4 inch wide. Brazilian elodea leaves are greaterthan 1/2 inch long and less than 1/4 inch wide. Hydrilla has small "prickle hairs" on the leaf edgesand spines on the midvein of the leaf that gives the plants a rough feeling. Hydrilla also formssmall (1/4 to 1/2 inch long) tubers in the sediment, which are not formed by the other two species.Brazilian elodea has three-petaled, white flowers, less than an inch in diameter, that float on thewater surface.

Growth HabitBrazilian elodea is rooted in the sediment and grows rapidly in the spring, forming a canopy ofintertwined stems at the surface that shades out native aquatic plants. It is a popular aquariumplant, once commonly sold in tropical fish stores, but no longer legally for sale in Washington.The characteristics that make Brazilian elodea a popular aquarium plant: rapid growth under lowlight levels, easy propagation, and tolerance of a wide range of water and sediment types, alsomakes it a nuisance aquatic plant. when it escapes and grows in lakes and streams.

PropagationPlant fragments are the primary mode of spread of Brazilian elodea. Fragments are formed whenpieces of the plant are cut off of the main plant body, such as by a boat propeller or duringharvesting operations. These stems fragments can root and produce new plants.

ControlAs with other aquatic plants that are spread by stem fragments, prevention of Brazilian elodeafragment spread is critical to preventing the invasion of new lakes. Some managementtechniques, harvesting for example, can create fragments and contribute to the spread ofBrazilian elodea. Once established, Brazilian elodea can be controlled by several herbicides andappears to be a preferred species grazed by grass carp. Other methods, such as bottom barrierplacement and diver-dredging are effective against small-scale infestations of Brazilian elodea.

Brazilian Elodea(Egeria densa Planch.)

Key features:• Submersed, sometimes with white floating

flowers• Leaves in whorls of four or eight

• Leaves greater than one-half inch long andless than one-quarter inch wide

• No tubers attached to roots in sediment

Hydrilla(Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle)

DescriptionHydrilla closely resembles its cousins Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) and common elodea(Elodea canadensis), both widespread in Washington. The primary distinguishing feature ofHydrilla is the presence of tubers that form on the roots. Tubers are small potato-like structures1/4 to 1/2 inch long. Hydrilla also has small prickles on its leaves that give the plant a rough feel.Hydrilla typically has 3 to 8 leaves in a whorl around the stem that are 1/10 to 1/8 inch wide and 1/4to 3/4 inches long. Hydrilla also forms turions (small, hard buds) on the stem and has small(1/2 inch diameter) white, floating flowers.

Growth HabitHydrilla is a submersed plant that is rooted in the sediment. Hydrilla is probably the mosttroublesome submersed aquatic plant in North America. It grows rapidly under very low lightlevels, in a variety of aquatic habitats from static to flowing water and at depths from an inch to50 feet. The stem branches in the upper parts of the water column, forming a canopy that inhibitsgrowth of native species and interferes with recreational use of lakes.

PropagationHydrilla has three primary means of spread: Stem fragments, tubers, and turions. Stem fragmentsare formed by harvesting operations and by boat props. Each stem piece can root and form a newplant. Tubers form on the roots in the sediment, and turions form on the stem in the watercolumn. Tubers are produced in the sediment by the thousands, and sprout in the spring. Turionsare smaller and are easily carried by water currents, providing a mechanism for long distancetransport. Some strains of Hydrilla can set very small seeds.

ControlHydrilla is found in one lake system in western Washington where an eradication program hasbeen underway since 1995. Tubers and turions complicate control strategies. There is currentlyno technique, short of dredging, to remove tubers from the sediment once they are formed.Herbicide treatments can kill vegetative parts of the plant but do not affect the tubers. Thereforerepeated herbicide treatments are needed to eradicate hydrilla from a lake. Grass carp will readilyeat leaves and stems of Hydrilla, but do not eat the tubers. No biocontrol agent has been foundthat can effectively attack tubers in areas with even mild winters.

Hydrilla(Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle)

Key features:• Tubers (one-quarter to one-half inch long potato-like propagules) attached to roots in the

sediment• Tiny spines and "prickle hairs" on the leaves give hydrilla a rough feel

Fanwort(Cabomba caroliniana Gray)

DescriptionFanwort has distinctive fan-shaped submersed leaves arranged in pairs on the stem. In the water,fanwort has a "tubular" look because leaves are quite dense on the stem and there is littlebranching. Submersed leaves resemble those of water buttercup (Ranunculus aquatilus).Buttercup leaves, however, are arranged alternately (one per node) on the stem. Distinctive, butsmall, floating leaves may also be present. Floating leaves are long (less than one-half inch) andnarrow (less than one-quarter inch). The stem attaches to the floating leaf blade at the centerwhere there is a slight constriction. Small (less than one-half inch diameter), white flowers floaton the water surface.

Growth HabitFanwort is a rooted aquatic plant with a limited distribution in the Northwest. In Washington it isrestricted to side-channels of the Columbia River near Longview. In contrast to other rootedaquatic plants, fanwort is reported to obtain nutrients important for growth from the watercolumn rather than the sediment. Fanwort has been in Cullaby Lake, on the north coast ofOregon, for at least 10 years where it creates severe nuisance conditions. Fanwort is a seriousaquatic weed as far north as upstate New York and Michigan. It clearly has the ability to growand create serious weed problems in Washington.

PropagationLike many problem aquatic plants, fanwort can regenerate from small stem fragments. Fanwortstems become brittle in late summer, which causes the plant to break apart, facilitatingdistribution and invasion of new water bodies. Fanwort is self-pollinating in the South and seedsreadily germinate. Yet, seeds collected in New Jersey failed to germinate. There is noinformation on seed viability in the Northwest.

ControlThere has been little research on fanwort biology or management. There are reports that fanwortis less sensitive to the herbicides available for management in Washington than other aquaticplants. Drawdown has been used to reduce fanwort growth in the South, however, extremedrying is necessary to prevent regrowth from seeds. Grass carp eat fanwort but there has been noresearch on other biocontrol agents. Because it may obtain most of its important nutrients fromthe water, fanwort may be sensitive to reduction in nutrients in the water. The fanwort invasionin Washington is in a pioneering stage. Prompt action and vigilant monitoring of our lakes, mayprevent further spread and increased management costs in the future.

Fanwort(Cabomba caroliniana Gray)

Key features:• Fan-shaped leaves in pairs on the submersed stem• Submersed stems have a "tubular" appearance• Small (less than one inch long), oval floating leaves with stem attached in the center

Water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)

DescriptionWater hyacinth is a floating plant with round to oval leaves up to 10 inches in diameter, althoughsmaller leaves are common. Leaves are bright green and shiny and held upright so they act likesails, which facilitates distribution of the plant. The leaf stalk is spongy and thick and helps tokeep the plant buoyant. A mass of fine roots hang in the water column. Flowers are large (2-3inches) and attractive. They are blue-ish purple or lilac colored with a yellow spot.

Growth HabitWater hyacinth can form impenetrable mats of floating vegetation. Water hyacinth has not beenfound in the wild in Washington but it is sold as an ornamental plant in garden stores in the state.Although it is thought that water hyacinth cannot survive Washington's winters, its presence asan ornamental makes it possible for escape and growth in the wild under the right conditions.

PropagationWater hyacinth reproduces by seeds and vegetatively. Daughter plants form on rhizomes formingdense beds of water hyacinth. In one study, two plants produced 1200 daughter plants in fourmonths. Individual plants break off of the mat and are dispersed by water currents. As many as5000 seeds can be produced by a single plant. Seeds are eaten and transported by water fowl.The seeds sink to the bottom and may remain viable for 15 years. Seedlings are common on mudbanks exposed by low water levels.

ControlThe best way to manage water hyacinth is to keep it from becoming established in Washington.Grass carp will eat water hyacinth and the plant can be managed with herbicides. Allmanagement options are very expensive and require an ongoing commitment. Be aware of thethreat of water hyacinth and report any sitings to your local weed board and/or the Department ofEcology!

Water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)

Key features:• Floating bunches of oval leaves that form a dense surface mat• Long roots dangling in the water• Attractive hyacinth-colored (purplish) flowers

IAVMVP Manual – First Edition

APPENDIX CWatershed and Limnological Background

Information

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix C

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WATERSHED AND LIMNOLOGICALBACKGROUND INFORMATION

I. Watershed FeaturesWatershed Size/BoundariesThe size and topography of the watershedcan significantly influence the water body.Watershed boundaries are marked by ridgesand hilltops. The most obvious sources ofdrainage to a water body are inflowingrivers and streams (called tributaries). Othersources of inflow include surface flow oroverland wash (often evident as waterrunning over the ground, such as after arainstorm). Water inflow below the surfaceof the ground to a lake or river is calledgroundwater. In cases where no streamsflow into the water body, the watershed isthe area from which groundwater is capturedto supply the water body along with rainfallrunoff.

Tributaries, Wetlands AndSensitive Areas

Tributaries: Identifying tributaries (rivers,streams, creeks) flowing into your waterbody can help you locate major sources ofincoming waters. Land uses near thesestreams may also be important in controllinglong-term water quality. Streams are "greatsculptors", cutting into and scouringchannels and creating sediment along theway. They are also "great collectors",carrying and eventually depositing nutrients,sediments, and other materials washed fromthe watershed. Streams are shown on USGSquad maps and other general maps. The bestsource for stream mapping is the WaterResource Areas Inventories, available fromyour regional Department of Fish andWildlife. These maps classify streamsaccording to size and duration of flow, evendown to seasonal streams that only flow inwinter months. These maps also indicatewaterbody use by salmon and obstacles tofish passage.

How to Determine Boundaries of a Watershed

A map showing the watershed boundaries (usually the area from which surface water flows towardthe water body) is a very useful tool. Often a watershed map already exists for your lake or river.Watershed maps are sometimes available from Public Works or Planning Department of your countyor city.If a watershed map does not exist for your particular water body, you can construct one by using atopographic map. A topographic map shows a series of concentric circles called contour lines. Eachcontour line represents points on the surface that are the same elevation. The scale on topographicmaps usually is presented in feet (or meters) above mean sea level (MSL). USGS quad maps alsoshow contours, usually in 20 foot increments. Topographic or USGS quad maps can be obtainedfrom local Public Works or Planning Departments, Department of Natural Resources, NationalWetlands Inventory (US Fish & Wildlife), map stores or outdoor recreation stores. U.S. GeologicalSurvey sometimes has regional groundwater maps, which would be useful for seepage lakes(groundwater-fed).To find the watershed boundaries, read from the water body shoreline (the low point) outward on allsides to the highest elevation. Stop at the point before elevation readings begin to decrease. Onceyou have an initial boundary, check again to see you didn't stop too soon at a dip on the map. Often,local or county staff can assist you in checking watershed boundaries.

Appendix C IAVMVP Manual – First Edition

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Wetlands and Sensitive Areas It isimportant to determine if there are anywetlands or sensitive areas adjacent to theproblem water body. Certain aquatic plantcontrol actions could impact these special,often fragile areas. National WetlandInventory Maps (based on USGS quadseries) can be obtained from Ecology,Wetlands Section. Check with your local orcounty Planning Department for a map ofsensitive areas as defined by local SensitiveAreas Ordinances.

Land Use Activities In theWatershedHuman activities around a water body canhave a significant influence on the aquaticsystem. Reducing pollutant inputs fromlivestock, croplands, forestry, residentialproperties and other sources can help protectthe quality of the water body in the longterm. These pollution sources, leftunchecked, could make the water qualityworse over time. Yet, while controllingthese inputs helps reduce contamination,control of these sources alone is unlikely toprovide a short-term solution to aquatic-plant problems. In most cases, in-lakemanagement efforts form the primary meansof dealing with the immediate problem ofnuisance plants.

You can view recent aerial photos, ifavailable, to get "the big picture" of the areaaround the water body. These may beobtained from your local or county PublicWorks or Planning Departments. TheDepartment of Natural Resources inOlympia also has aerial photos in black andwhite and sometimes in color. Looking ataerial photos gives an important bird's-eyeview of the watershed, but it may not beenough. For more detail on land uses,zoning maps and land use maps can helpdefine the now as well as what the futuremay bring. Contact your local Planning

Department for zoning maps andinformation on development trends in theregion.

Point And Nonpoint PollutantSource LocationsThe watershed not only contributes water tomaintain the water body, but also sediment,nutrients, organic matter and contaminantsthat can wash into the lake or river.Pollutants can originate from two types ofsources: point and nonpoint. Point sourcesarise from a distinct source that can be easilytraced; they typically discharge through apipe, conduit or outfall structure. Sources ofnutrients and contaminants that do notoriginate from a pipe are commonly referredto as nonpoint sources. These sources aremore diffuse in nature and may not be asobvious as piped discharges. Nonpointsources include runoff from agriculturalareas, forests, urban runoff (lawns,driveways, roadways), construction sites,seepage from septic tanks, discharges frommarina and recreational boating and otherwidespread sources. While nonpoint sourceloadings can originate from anywhere in thewatershed, certain land use practices such asagriculture, construction, and city streetscontribute greater inputs than other land usessuch as forests and well-vegetated areas.Small quantities of pollutants from manysources in a watershed can have acumulative effect, and can severely impactthe quality of the receiving waters.

Since seeping or failing septic systems areoften found to be sources of nonpointpollution, areas with on-site wastetreatment/disposal systems should beidentified. A quick means of identifyingpotential nonpoint sources of pollution fromseptic systems around a water body can beaccomplished by reviewing zoning mapsfrom the Planning Department or as-builtplans of developed communities. You can


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also contact local Public Health Departmentfor more information.

Existing WatershedManagement, Monitoring, OrEnhancement ProgramsIntegrated aquatic-plant management takesthe holistic view, working in cooperationwith other management efforts in thewatershed. Certainly, there are things thateveryone can do in the watershed to limitpoint and nonpoint inputs to lakes, riversand streams. Use of Best ManagementPractices (BMPs) in agriculture,construction, home and yard practices aremethods designed to prevent or reduceloadings of nutrients, sediments, pesticides,and other contaminants to receiving waters.In addition to zoning (information suppliedby your local Planning Department), theremay be watershed management programssuch as agricultural BMP activities throughyour Conservation District or septic tankmaintenance programs through your localHealth Department or County CooperativeExtension Service.

The Presence Of Rare,Endangered, Or SensitiveAnimals And PlantsWashington has a program called theNatural Heritage Information System, that

maintains a database on endangered or highquality native plant and animal species. TheNatural Heritage Information System is aadministered jointly by Natural Resources"Washington Natural Heritage Program andWildlife's Nongame Program. TheWashington Natural Heritage Program isresponsible for information on the state'sendangered, threatened, and sensitive plantsas well as high quality native plantcommunities and wetlands. Similarly, theNongame Program manages and interpretsdata on wildlife species of concern in thestate. Although the Natural HeritageInformation System does not contain acomplete inventory of all natural features inWashington, the database is continuallyupdated.

The presence of rare, endangered or otherstate sensitive animal or plants species in theimmediate area being considered for aquaticplant treatment may pose certain limitationson those activities. This is particularly truefor use of certain aquatic plant controltechniques, such as aquatic herbicides.


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II. Water Body FeaturesLocation, Size, Depth, AndShape Of Water BodyLocation: A thorough description of whereyour lake is located is an important elementin a Plan. A complete description shouldinclude the County, Township, Range,Section, and coordinates of your lake. Thisinformation can be obtained fromtopographic maps published by the U.S.Geological Survey, or from soils mapsconsulted in your characterization of thewatershed.

Size: The size, depth, and shape of a lakedetermines the area colonizable by aquaticplants and also influences the mixing thatoccurs in the lake. The timing and degree ofmixing of lake water is a characteristicfeature for each lake and is a keydeterminant of the productivity of theecosystem. Size can vary from less than anacre to thousands of acres. Aquatic plantscan typically cover a larger percentage ofthe lake area in small lakes andconsequently play a larger role in the overallfunctioning of the ecosystem in small lakesthan in large lakes.

Depth: The depth of a lake tells us muchabout the biology and productivity of thelake. In deep lakes, surface waters warmduring the summer while bottom watersremain cool. This thermal stratification indeep lakes affects mixing of water in thelake. Deep waters do not mix with thesurface waters. This can have profoundimpacts on the amount of nutrients enteringthe lake, the growth of algae, water clarity,and the area colonizable by nuisance aquaticplants. Shallow water bodies typicallysupport more aquatic plant growth thandeeper, steeper-sided basins.

The measurement of the shape of the lakebasin is called bathymetry. Bathymetric lakemaps are based on a series of depth

measurements. Typically, depth is measuredat intervals along transects. Thesemeasurements are plotted on a map of thelake and contours drawn to provide atopographic map of the basin. The depth andsize (area) of a lake determine the lakevolume, which, in turn, determines thehydrology of the system (see below).

Shape: The shape of the shoreline can alsoprovide information about the lake's biologyand physical/chemical characteristics. Lakeswith many embayments and an irregularshoreline have more shallow areas, and areconsequently more susceptible to nuisanceplant growth. Similarly, a long narrow lakehas a greater shoreline length, i.e., moreshallow areas, than a more circular lake withthe same area.

Water Sources (Tributaries,Groundwater) And HydrologyA water body is defined by characteristics ofwater flow. As water is impounded in abasin, i.e., water is detained, a stream orriver becomes a reservoir or lake. The periodof detention of water in a basin is called thehydraulic detention time. The detention timecan vary from days to years, depending uponthe volume and flow through a particularwater body. The inverse of detention time isthe flushing rate, which is how fast the waterin a lake is replaced. A lake with a detentiontime of 1 year has a water replacement, orflushing rate, of 1 lake volume/year. A lakewith a 1/2 year detention time has a flushingrate of 2 lake volumes/year, a 2 yeardetention time gives a flushing rate of 1/2lake volumes/year, etc. A short detentiontime (high water flow rates and low lakevolume) results in a flushing rate that is sohigh that algal cells produced in the watercolumn are washed out of the system fasterthan they can be replaced. Consequently,high flushing rates lead to low algalbiomass, clear water, better and deeper lightpenetration into the lake, and better aquaticplant growth conditions.


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Since water flow defines a water body andalso influences its biological characteristics,it is important to consider the sources andvolumes of water entering and leaving yourlake. Are streams flowing in and out of thelake? Do they flow all year or seasonally? Ismore water entering the lake than is flowingout? If so, the lake may be recharging thegroundwater. If more is flowing out than isflowing in groundwater may be moving intothe lake. Streams are also important in termsof fisheries support as well as possiblycontributing to downstream movement ofaquatic plant problems.

Physical, Chemical AndBiological Characteristics OfThe Water Body And TributariesRooted aquatic plants compete with algaefor light and nutrients in the water column.Removal of the aquatic plants may increaselight availability and result in enhancedalgae growth. If water column nutrientlevels are high enough nuisance algaeblooms may occur. Therefore, in order toprevent exchanging a nuisance aquatic plantproblem for a nuisance algae problem youmust consider whether the light,temperature, and nutrient environment of thelake and its tributaries may support nuisancealgae growth. Some of the requiredinformation may be available from thesources listed at the beginning of thissection. If the data are incomplete orinadequate a sampling program may berequired to fill in the gaps.

Physical/Chemical (WaterQuality) CharacteristicsTransparency: Water transparency is oneof the oldest and easiest methods fordescribing a lake. Over the years the methodof measuring transparency has beenstandardized to allow comparisons ofmeasurements taken by different people indifferent lakes. The standard method utilizesa Secchi disk to measure transparency. ASecchi disk is a large diameter, black and

white plate that can be lowered into thewater on a rope. The depth at which the diskdisappears from view (the Secchi depth) isrelated to the amount of materials (algae,sediment, and dissolved organic material)suspended in the water column. The Secchidepth has been correlated with a number ofindices that indicate the overall productivityof the lake, including the maximum depth atwhich aquatic plants can grow.

Temperature: Temperature profiles areimportant descriptive information because ofthe effect of temperature on biology andwater density. Most biochemical reactionsoccur more rapidly at higher temperatures.Water temperature is an importantdeterminant of photosynthesis rate in plantsand respiration rates of plants and animals.Temperature determines the rate of growthof aquatic plants, and triggers the onset ofgrowth in the spring and the fall dieback.Temperature also influences the density ofwater. Surface warming can lead to thermalstratification, as mentioned above, whichcan have significant impacts on nutrientavailability, distribution and concentrationsin lakes. In addition, extensive shallow areas(which typically have high aquatic plantdensities) may undergo larger night/daytemperature fluctuations than deeper, off-shore waters, which can lead to onshore-offshore water currents that can shortenherbicide contact times and effectiveness.

Dissolved Oxygen: Measurement ofdissolved oxygen profiles in the lake canprovide much information about the overallfunctioning and productivity of the lake. Allof the organisms that are commonlyobserved in lakes require oxygen to survive.In stratified lakes, oxygen in the cool, darkbottom waters can be used up by the bacteriathat decay and decompose the dead algaecells that rain down from the warmer andmore well-lit surface waters. Loss ofdissolved oxygen in the bottom watersmakes those waters inhospitable for fish andmany other aquatic organisms. Loss of


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oxygen also causes chemical changes in thesediment that result in the release ofnutrients that can fuel growth of algae androotless aquatic plants, like coontail(Ceratophyllum demersum), in the lake.

Alkalinity: Alkalinity is a measure of theability of water to resist changes in pH (ameasure of acidity). Large fluctuations inpH can occur on a daily basis in lakes withlow alkalinity and dense aquatic plantgrowth because of the chemical reactions ofphotosynthesis. Plant photosynthesis usesthe energy of sunlight to convert the carbonin carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions intoplant tissue. The removal of carbon dioxidefrom the water causes pH to increase.During the night, respiration of plant tissuesreleases carbon dioxide into the water,causing pH to decrease. Extreme high andlow pH can influence a number of chemicalreactions that determine the availability ofnutrients in the lake, and can lead tochemical toxicity problems for fish andinsects.

Phosphorus: In many lakes theconcentration of phosphorus in the waterdetermines the growth rate of algae.Therefore, measurement of theconcentration of phosphorus in the water isan indication of the potential productivity ofalgae in the lake. Two forms of phosphorusare generally measured in lakes. Dissolved,inorganic phosphorus is readily available forplant and algae uptake. Total phosphorusincludes dissolved phosphorus and thephosphorus that is associated with algae,zooplankton, and particles in the water.

Phosphorus concentrations can varyconsiderably with depth in stratified lakes.Low dissolved oxygen concentrations inbottom waters of stratified lakes can resultin a chemical reaction that causesphosphorus to be released from the sedimentto the water. As a consequence, bottomwaters can have much higher phosphorusconcentrations than surface waters.

Nitrogen: Nitrogen often limits aquaticplant growth and can occasionally limitalgae growth. As with phosphorus, there areinorganic and organic forms of nitrogen.Inorganic nitrogen can exist in three formsin lakes: nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia.Nitrite is usually present in only very smallamounts. As with many other chemicalconstituents, the distribution of inorganicnitrogen varies with depth in stratified lakes.Nitrate is generally most abundant in thesurface waters, and ammonia dominates thebottom waters. Presence of nitrates in thebottom waters may indicate thatgroundwater is entering the lake. Highconcentrations of ammonia and/or nitrates inthe surface waters may suggest that there isseptic pollution present.

Biological CharacteristicsYour lake is a complex community made upof a variety of interacting plants andanimals. Aquatic weeds and algae make upthe plant community. Fish, zooplankton,insects, and wildlife interact with each otherand the plant community to make afunctioning aquatic ecosystem. The aquaticplant community is discussed in greaterdetail in Chapter 8- Map Aquatic Plants.This section describes other characteristicsof the biological community that must beconsidered when developing a Plan.

Algae: The algae, or phytoplankton,community forms the foundation of theaquatic ecosystem and are the first link inthe aquatic food chain. The algae in yourlake can be used as indicators of the overallnutrient status of your lake and thelikelihood of nuisance algae blooms. Certainalgae, such as the blue-green algae (a.k.a.cyanobacteria), are characteristic of nutrientenrichment. Since algae and some aquaticplants both compete for dissolved nutrients,in certain cases, algae problems mayincrease if aquatic plants are removed. Inother words, fewer weeds allow the algae tohave a bigger share of the nutrient pie. As a


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result, the algae may flourish and createtheir own problems.

It is important to note that management fornuisance algae and management fornuisance aquatic plants in a waterbodyrequire different tactics. The dominance ofalgae generally indicates a problem ofexcessive nutrients in the water column thatcould come from a variety of in-lake oroffshore sources. Algae control usuallynecessitates both internal and externalcontrols. Aquatic plant control is primarilyconcerned with in-lake treatment for long-term effectiveness. These may also besupplemented by watershed controls as asecondary aid.

The concentration of chlorophyll a in thewater column is an index of algaeabundance. Chlorophyll a is one of a familyof pigments that make green plants green. Itis the molecule that captures the energy inlight and transfers it to a chemical form thatprovides the fuel for the entire ecosystem.High chlorophyll a concentrations in lakewater indicate high algae densities, whichinfluences the light available for aquaticplant growth.Zooplankton: The zooplankton aremicroscopic aquatic animals that graze onthe algae present in the water. Zooplanktongraze algae like cows eat grass. Highzooplankton densities can reduce algaeabundance and result in high water claritythat permits aquatic weeds to proliferate.The efficiency of zooplankton grazing isdependent upon the relative size of the algaeand zooplankton. Large zooplankton are themost efficient grazers, but they also looklike big juicy steaks to hungry fish.

Fish: There is a fine balance between thealgae, zooplankton and fish in your lake.Many small fish depend upon zooplanktonfor food. If zooplankton populations arereduced by the fish, algae can growunchecked. Using the cow/grass analogy, ifwolves (fish) eat the cows (zooplankton),

the grass (algae) grows tall. If the wolves areeliminated by hunting (big fish eat littlefish), the cow population increases, and thegrass is short. Since algae determines lightpenetration of the water, changes in the fishcommunity can affect aquatic weed growthin your lake.

Many lakes in Washington are stocked withcatchable-size trout. Introduction of manylarge, fish into your lake can have a rippleeffect all the way down the food chain, andcan affect aquatic weed distribution andgrowth. The reverse is also true; changes inthe aquatic plant community due to yourcontrol and management activities, canaffect the fish population. Information onthe native and stocked fish in your lake canbe obtained from the Department ofWildlife.

Wildlife: Your lake may serve as a resourcefor a variety of waterfowl and wildlife.Some waterfowl feed on aquatic plants,while birds of prey, like eagles and osprey,may fish in a lake or river. Muskrats,beavers, otters, deer, and other animals maybe residents or visitors. Your managementactivities may alter the habitat quantity orquality available for wildlife. A seasonalcensus of wildlife utilization of the lakeshould be included in a Plan. Local residentsand the Department of Wildlife are goodsources of information on the kinds andnumbers of wildlife that depend upon yourlake.

Shoreline UseYour examination and characterization ofthe watershed will provide some informationon land use on the shoreline. A moredetailed look at the shoreline is necessary toevaluate the feasibility of some aquatic-plantmanagement techniques. Some herbicidescannot be used near drinking water intakes;others require a waiting period before thewater can be used for irrigation purposes. Inaddition, you may identify areas that couldbe a source of nutrients to the lake (e.g.,


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failing septic systems and heavily-fertilizedlawns) and contribute to water qualityproblems (See previous section on Point andNonpoint Pollutant Sources).

Outlet Control And Water RightsWhat you do in your lake may effect waterusers downstream and you must considertheir water rights. Lake drawdown andsubsequent refilling would affect flow belowthe outlet. Would altering flow affectsomeone's water rights or fish habitatdownstream? Would herbicide use affectdownstream uses? Water level manipulationrequires some type of outlet structure. Whocontrols the outlet structure and lake waterlevel? Are they willing to cooperate in yourefforts to manage aquatic vegetation? It isimportant to note that certain waterrights and established in-stream flowrates are legally protected and must bemaintained.

Salmonids require special consideration. Ifsalmonids migrate through your lake themanagement plan must accommodate their

movements. Use of grass carp for control ofaquatic plant growth usually requirescontainment structures to prevent theirmovement out of the lake. Because it isdifficult and expensive to design acontainment system that keeps grass carpcontained, but allows free passage forsalmon, Fish and Wildlife rarely issuepermits for grass carp stocking inwaterbodies with salmon. The Departmentof Fish and Wildlife can provide informationabout outlet control and informationregarding salmon movement into and out ofyour lake.

References and Resources on Lake, River andReservoir Monitoring and Ecology

• Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment andManagement Program7

• Puget SoundBook8


• Ecology's Citizen Monitoring ProjectE

• Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A MethodsManual9

• A Citizen's Guide to Understanding andMonitoring Lakes and Streams6

Ambient Lake Water Quality Monitoring

The following monitoring parameters and schedules were suggested by the Thurston CountyLakes Program staff. These parameters and schedule are intended to provide information on thebasic nature of a lake system, such as whether stratification occurs, and to track trends in lakewater quality.

Required Equipment

Kemmerer bottleSecchi diskHaach kit or dissolved oxygen meterBottles for laboratory analysis (provided by laboratory)

Field Parameters

Oxygen Samples taken at four depths - surface, at 1/3 of lake depth, 2/3 of lakedepth and near the bottom.

Equipment: Haach dissolved oxygen kit (full range) or a dissolvedoxygen meter.

Temperature Samples taken at four depths - surface, at 1/3 of lake depth, 2/3 of lakedepth, and near bottom.

Equipment: Thermometer (can be in kemmerer bottle)

Visibility Secchi disk

Laboratory Analysis

Chlorophyll a Composite of epilimnion. Can be determined by: 1. Approximation of thephotic zone. Calculate by multiplying average secchi depth times 1.5. orby 2. The temperature and dissolved oxygen profile.

Total phosphorus Samples taken at two depths - surface and near bottom.

Lake Monitoring (continued)

Observations

Weather, algae blooms and other features observed on sampling days.

Sampling Frequency

Minimum lake monitoring: Spring, summer, fall (three sampling events)

More intensive sampling: A more detailed picture of the lake can be obtained through moreintensive sampling schedule, emphasizing the spring-fall months (total of eight sampling events):Monthly May through October, two sampling events in winter months.


APPENDIX DAquatic Plant Control Methods

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix D

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AQUATIC PLANT CONTROL METHODS

Physical Control MethodsPhysical methods of aquatic plant controlinclude:• Hand-pulling• Bottom barrier application (sediment

covers/bottom screens)• Water level drawdown• Implementing watershed controls to

reduce nutrient inputs• Water column dyes

Each method will be briefly discussed interms of mode of action, effectiveness andduration of control, advantages, drawbacks,costs, and required permits.

HAND-PULLINGPrinciple Hand-digging and removal ofrooted, submerged plants is an intensivetreatment option. This method involvesdigging out the entire plant (stem and roots)with a spade or long knife and disposingresidue on shore. In shallow waters less than3 feet, no specialized gear is required. Indeeper waters, hand removal can best beaccomplished by divers using scuba orsnorkeling equipment and carryingcollection bags for disposal of plants.

Control Effectiveness And DurationEfficacy of plant removal depends onsediment type, visibility, and thoroughnessin removing the entire plant, particularly theroots. A high degree of control over morethan one season is possible where completeremoval has been achieved.

Advantages The technique results inimmediate clearing of the water column ofnuisance plants. The technique is veryselective in that individual plants areremoved. It is most useful in sensitive areaswhere disruption must be kept to aminimum. Because the technique is highly

labor-intensive, it is most appropriate forsmall-area, low plant density treatments. Inthese cases, the technique is very useful foraggressive control of sparse or small pocketsof Eurasian watermilfoil. This method canalso be useful for clearing pondweeds orvery small patches of water lilies from areasaround docks and beaches.

Drawbacks The technique is time-consuming and costly, especially wherecontract divers may be used. Diver visibilitymay become obscured by turbiditygenerated by swimming and diggingactivities. Also, it may be difficult for thelaborer to see and dig out all plant roots.Environmental impacts are limited to mostlyshort-term and localized turbidity increasesin the overlying water and some bottomdisruption.

Costs Costs will vary depending on whethercontract divers or laborers are used, or ifremoval activities are the result of volunteerefforts. In the case of contract divers anddive tenders, expenses can run upward of$500 to $2400/day with area covereddependent on density of plants.

Permits An HPA is required from theDepartment of Fish and Wildlife. Be sure toalso check with your local jurisdictionbefore beginning any activities.

HANDCUTTINGPrinciple This technique is also a manualmethod, but differs from hand-pulling in thatplants are cut below the water surface (rootsgenerally not removed). Implements usedinclude scythes, rakes, or other specializeddevices that can be pulled through the weedbeds by boat or several people. Mechanizedweed cutters are also available that can be

Appendix D IAVMP Manual – First Edition

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operated from the surface for small-scalecontrol.

Control Effectiveness and Duration Rootsystems and lower stems are often left intact.As a result, effectiveness is usually short-term as regrowth is possible from the uncutroot masses. Duration of control is limited tothe time it takes the plant to grow to thesurface.

Advantages The technique results inimmediate removal of nuisance submergedplant growth. Costs are minimal.

Drawbacks Like hand-pulling, thetechnique is time-consuming. Visibility maybecome obscured by turbidity generated bycutting activities. Also, since the entire plantis usually not removed, this technique doesnot result in long-term reductions in growth.Environmental impacts are limited to mostlyshort-term and localized turbidity increasesin the overlying water and some bottomdisruption. Cut plants must be removed fromthe water.

Costs Where volunteer efforts areemployed, costs are mostly limited topurchase of a cutting implement. This canvary from about $100 for the Aqua WeedCutter (Sunrise Corp.) to over $1000 for themechanized Swordfish (Redwing Products).

Permits Cutting (including hand-held andbattery-operated equipment) does requirehydraulic approval by Department of Fishand Wildlife. Be sure to check with yourlocal jurisdiction before beginning anyactivities.

BOTTOM BARRIERAPPLICATION (SEDIMENTCOVERS)Principle Barrier material is applied overthe lake bottom to prevent plants fromgrowing, leaving the water clear of rootedplants. Bottom covering materials such as

sand-gravel, polyethylene, polypropylene,synthetic rubber, burlap, fiberglass screens,woven polyester, and nylon film have allbeen used with varying degrees of success.Applications can be made up to any depth,with divers often utilized for deeper watertreatments. Usually bottom conditions(presence of rocks or debris) do not impedemost barrier applications, although pre-treatment clearing of the site is often useful.

Control Effectiveness and DurationBottom barriers can provide immediateremoval of nuisance plant conditions uponplacement. Duration of control is dependenton a variety of factors, including type ofmaterial used, application techniques, andsediment composition. Elimination ofnuisance plant conditions for at least theseason of application has been demonstratedby synthetic materials like Aquascreen andTexel. Where short-term control is desiredfor the least expense, burlap has been foundto provide up to 2-3 years of relief fromproblematic growth before eventuallydecomposing (Truelson14, 15). Aftersatisfactory control has been achieved(usually several months), some barriermaterials can be relocated to other areas toincrease benefits.

Advantages Bottom barriers can usually beeasily applied to small, confined areas suchas around docks, moorages or beaches. Theyare hidden from view and do not interferewith shoreline use. Bottom barriers do notresult in significant production of plantfragments (critical for milfoil treatment).Bottom barriers are most appropriately usedfor localized, small-scale control whereexclusion of all plants is desirable; whereother control technologies cannot be used;and where intensive control is requiredregardless of cost.

Drawbacks Depending on the material,major drawbacks to the application ofbenthic barriers include some or all of thefollowing: high materials cost, labor-


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intensive installation, limited materialdurability, possible suspension due to watermovements or gas accumulation beneathcovers, or regrowth of plants from above orbelow the material. Periodic maintenance ofbottom barrier materials is required toremove accumulations of silt and anyrooting fragments. In some situations,removal and relocation of barriers may notbe possible (e.g., natural fiber burlap doesdecompose over time). Sediment covers canalso produce localized depression inpopulations of bottom-dwelling organismslike aquatic insects.

Costs Costs vary from approximately$0.30/sq. ft (Texel) to $0.35/sq. ft(Aquascreen) for materials with anadditional $0.25-0.50/sq. ft for installation.Locally, prices for rolled burlap material(available in fabric stores, outlets) averagefrom $0.15 to $0.25/sq. ft for materials only.

Permits Bottom barrier applications requirehydraulic approval from WashingtonDepartment of Fish and Wildlife (nocharge). In addition, barriers costing morethan $2500 may need a shoreline permit, solocal Shoreline Master Plan should bechecked for compliance; contact your localPlanning Department for information.

WATER LEVEL DRAWDOWNPrinciple: Water level drawdown used formanagement of aquatic plants involvesexposing plants and root systems toprolonged freezing and drying, or hot, dryconditions to kill the plants. Drawdown forplant control is usually performed duringwinter months, although summertimedrawdowns are sometimes conducted.13 It'suse has been more common in managementof reservoirs and ponds than in natural lakes.

Control Effectiveness and DurationAquatic plants vary in terms of susceptibilityto drawdown. Some aquatic plants can bepermanently damaged after sufficient

exposure, while others are unaffected oreven enhanced. Therefore, accurateidentification of target species is criticalbefore considering this method. A summaryof responses of common aquatic plants towater level drawdown is presented inRestoration and Management of Lakes andReservoirs.13 For Eurasian watermilfoil,effects have been variable, partly because ofits ability to withstand low temperatures forshort periods of time as well as its resiliencyand tenacity. The mild, wet winters typicalof Western Washington may not provideadequate freezing/drying conditions to killcertain plants.

Advantages In addition to controllingaquatic plant biomass, drawing down thewater level makes it possible to use severalother management procedures for restorationor improvement. For instance, it can be usedfor fish management, to repair structuressuch as docks or dams, to facilitate localizeddredging or bottom barrier placement or toremove stumps or debris. This technique canresult in compaction of certain types ofsediments, such as mucky substrates andthus improve shoreline use. Decreasingnearshore vegetation through drawdown canreduce potential inputs of nutrients to thewater from seasonal dying of aquatic plants.Drawdown can be used to attract waterfowlby enhancing growth of certain emergentplants such as cattails and bulrushes.13

Drawbacks This technique is not species-selective; removal of beneficial plant speciesmay occur. Wetlands adjacent to the waterbody can be exposed with possible negativeimpacts on both plant and associated animalcommunities. Prolonged drying and freezingcan decrease bottom-dwelling invertebratesthat could be important food sources forfish. Dissolved oxygen levels may decline asa result of lowering the water level withpossible negative impacts on fish and otheraquatic organisms. Fish spawning areas maybe affected. Recreational use of the waterbody may be limited or unavailable during


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the period of drawdown. Drawdown has notproven effective in Western Washington. Ifsummer or winter drawdown is implementedfor plant control, sediments must becomecompletely dry for a prolonged period oftime to kill plant roots.

Costs If an outlet structure is located on thewater body, expenses should be minimal.Other costs would include recreationallosses (perhaps loss in tourism revenue).

Permits Most water level drawdownprojects that release through regulated outletstructures require hydraulic approval fromWashington Department of Fish andWildlife (no charge). In addition, you mayneed a shoreline permit, so local ShorelineMaster Plan should be checked forcompliance; contact your local PlanningDepartment for information.

WATERSHED CONTROLSPrinciple The principle involves reducingsources of external (outside) nutrient andsediment inputs by implementing watershedbest management practices (BMPs). Theidea is to shut off entry of growth-stimulating nutrients (phosphorus andnitrogen) to the water body by using prudenthousehold and yard care practices, as well asemploying agricultural, forestry,construction and road maintenance practicesthat minimize pollutant loadings in thewatershed. Common examples ofhomeowner BMP's include: maintainingseptic systems, using prudent lawn andgarden fertilizing practices, and disposing ofyard litter by shredding or composting wellaway from water's edge. Use of watershedcontrols is often implemented as part of awhole lake/watershed management effort,which may involve other in-lake aquaticweed control and/or nutrient controlmeasures. For a more complete discussionon BMPs, see The Lake and ReservoirRestoration Guidance Manual.4

Control Effectiveness and Duration If ithas been demonstrated that excessive rootedmacrophyte growth is due to siltation andexternal nutrient inputs and not tohistorically-enriched sediments, thenappropriate watershed controls couldprovide long-term control of nuisanceaquatic plant growth. But it will take manyyears to achieve this because siltation hascreated suitable habitat for plants to flourish,with an adequate supply of nutrients alreadycontained in sediments.

Advantages Watershed best managementpractices are wide-ranging and usually easyto perform. Since the watershed and waterbody are interconnected, any reduction incontaminant loading to a water body as aresult of BMPs can maintain or extendeffectiveness of in-lake controls.

Drawbacks Employing BMPs to correctnuisance aquatic plant growth will not resultin immediate, substantial growth reductionbecause habitat has already been created thatsupports aquatic plant growth. Consultationwith lake management experts as tounderlying causes of poor water quality(nuisance aquatic plant growth is oftensymptomatic of a larger problem) can aid inavoiding such a mistake.

Costs Initiation of most homeowner BMP'sinvolves very little expense to get started.Most of the effort involves voluntarychanges in behavior, such as modifyingproduct buying practices (go for lesspackaging, more environmentally friendlyproducts), conserving water, energy, andcomposting where possible, to name a few.

Permits Permits are not usually required forinitiation of best management practicesaround shorelines. This is especially true forproperty owners utilizing prudent householdand yard management practices.


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WATER COLUMN DYESPrinciple The theory behind this techniqueis to suppress aquatic plant growth byshading the plants from sunlight needed forphotosynthetic growth. Dark-colored dyesare applied to the water, which reduces theamount of light reaching the submersedplants.

Control Effectiveness And DurationAquashade (Applied Biochemists, Inc.) is acommercial dye product available forapplications in closed systems (water bodieswith no outflow). According to themanufacturer, Aquashade is apparentlyeffective against Eurasian watermilfoil,Hydrilla, Elodea, and various pond weeds,as well as macroalgae Chara sp. andfilamentous green algae like Spirogyra spp.There are a number of other pond dyes onthe market that mimic Aquashade in theirshading effects. These products are probablymore effective in shallower water bodieswhere dye concentrations can be kept up andthe loss of dye through dilution would beless. Best results are obtained when theproduct is used early in the growth season.

Advantages Aquashade is reported to benon-toxic to humans, livestock, and aquaticorganisms. No special equipment is neededfor application; it can be poured into thewater by hand from shoreline or boat. Itimparts a blue color to the water.

Drawbacks Its use is limited to shallowwater bodies with no outflow. According tothe manufacturer, Aquashade is lesseffective when aquatic plant growth iswithin 2 feet of the surface In this case othermethods of removal are recommended priorto dye use. This can increase program costsconsiderably. Repeat dye treatments may benecessary throughout the growth season.Aquashade should not be used in drinkingwater supplies, in flowing waters, or inchlorinated waters.

Costs Costs for Aquashade areapproximately $50/gallon, which can be

used to treat one acre of water at averagedepth of 4 feet at the recommended dosageof 1 ppm (part per million).

Permits Aquashade is currently the onlyproduct on the market that has an EPAherbicide registration because themanufacturer does make that claim.However, other dye products are availablethat are sold strictly as pond dyes without anherbicide registration. Depending on thecircumstances, use of water column dyesmay require receiving a short-termmodification to state water quality standardsfrom the Dept. of Ecology prior totreatment. However, the permitting processfor aquatic dyes allowed for use in Statewaters is usually much simpler than that fortraditional aquatic herbicides.

Mechanical Control MethodsMechanical methods for aquatic plantcontrol include:• Mechanical harvesting• Rotovation/cultivation (underwater

bottom tillage)• Diver-operated suction dredging

MECHANICAL HARVESTING

Principle Mechanical harvesting isconsidered a short-term technique totemporarily remove plants interfering withrecreational or aesthetic enjoyment of awater body. Harvesting involves cuttingplants below the water surface, with orwithout collection of cut fragments foroffshore disposal. To achieve maximumremoval of plant material, harvesting isusually performed during summer whensubmersed and floating-leafed plants havegrown to the water's surface.

Conventional single-stage harvesterscombine cutting, collecting, storing andtransporting cut vegetation into one piece ofmachinery. Cutting machines are alsoavailable which perform only the cutting


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function. Maximum cutting depths forharvesters and cutting machines range from5 to 8.2 ft with a swath width of 6.5 to 12.1ft. Cooke et al.13 summarizes aquatic plantcutters and harvesters available in NorthAmerica.

Control Effectiveness and Duration Sinceharvesting involves physical removal anddisposal of vegetation from the water, theimmediate effectiveness in creating openwater areas is quite apparent. The durationof control is variable. Factors such asfrequency and timing of harvest, waterdepth, and depth of cut are suspected toinfluence duration of control. Harvesting hasnot proven to be an effective means ofsustaining long-term reductions in growth ofmilfoil. Regrowth of milfoil to pre-harvestlevels typically occurs within 30 to 60days,24 depending on water depth and thedepth of cut.

Advantages Harvesting is mostappropriately used for large, open areas withfew surface obstructions. There is usuallylittle interference with use of water bodyduring harvesting operations. Harvestingalso has the added benefit that removal ofin-lake plant biomass also eliminates apossible source of nutrients often releasedduring fall dieback and decay. This is ofimportant consequence in those water bodieswith extensive plant beds and low nutrientinputs from outside sources. Furthermore,harvesting can reduce sedimentaccumulation by removing organic matterthat normally decays and adds to the bottomsediments. Depending on species content,harvested vegetation can be easilycomposted and used as a soil amendment.Mechanical harvesting costs can berelatively low compared to otherphysical/mechanical techniques.

Drawbacks Cut plant material requirescollection and removal from the water.Harvesting creates plant fragments. This isof great concern with Eurasian watermilfoil,given its ability to rapidly disperse by

fragmentation. Harvesting can bedetrimental to non-target plants and animals(e.g., fish, invertebrates), which are removedindiscriminately by the process. Harvestingcan lead to enhancement of growth ofopportunistic plant species that invadetreated areas. Capital costs for machinepurchase are high and equipment requiresconsiderable maintenance.

Costs Harvesting program costs depend onfactors such as program scale, compositionand density of vegetation, equipment used,skill of personnel, and site-specificconstraints. Detailed costs are not uniformlyreported, so comparing project costs of oneprogram with another can be difficult.However, average costs of local harvestingoperations range from $200/acre to$700/acre.

Permits Mechanical cutting (includingbattery-operated equipment) does requirehydraulic approval from the Department ofFisheries and Wildlife. Also check with yourlocal government to determine if localregulations apply to mechanical cuttingoperations.

ROTOVATION/CULTIVATION(BOTTOM DEROOTING)

Principle Mechanical rotovation/cultivationare bottom tillage methods that removeaquatic plant root systems. This results inreduced stem development and seriouslyimpairs growth of rooted aquatic plants.Derooting methods were developed byaquatic plant experts with the BritishColumbia Ministry of Environment as amore effective milfoil control alternative toharvesting. Essentially two types of tillagemachinery have been developed. Deep watertillage is performed in water depths of 1.5 to11.5 ft using a barge-mounted rototillerequipped with a 6-10 ft wide rotating head.Cultivation in shallow water depths up to afew meters is accomplished by means of anamphibious tractor or modified WWII"DUCW" vehicle towing a cultivator. Both


D-7

methods involve tilling the sediment to adepth of 4-6 in, which dislodges plantsincluding roots. Certain plants like milfoilhave roots that are buoyant and float on thesurface where they can be collected.Treatments are made in an overlappingswath pattern. Bottom tillage is usuallyperformed in the cold "off-season" monthsof winter and spring to reduce plantregrowth potential.

Control Effectiveness and DurationBottom tillage has been used effectively forlong-term control of milfoil wherepopulations are well-established andprevention of stem fragments is not critical.Single treatments using a crisscross patternhave resulted in milfoil stem densityreductions of 80-97 percent in bottom tillagetreatments.16, 17 Seasonal rototilling in anarea is at least as effective as 3 to 4 harvests,and where repeated treatments haveoccurred at the same site over several years,carryover effectiveness may extend togreater than a year.

Advantages A high percentage of entireplants (roots and shoots) can be removed bybottom tillage methods. Depending on plantdensity, carryover effectiveness ofrototilling can persist for up to 2 to 3 yearswithout retreatment. Following treatment,rotovated areas in Washington and BritishColumbia have shown increases in speciesdiversity of native plants, of potentialbenefit to fisheries. Fish are not removedthrough rototilling as they are by harvestingoperations. Unlike harvesting which isconducted during summertime when plantgrowth is maximal, rototilling treatments forroot removal can be performed during "offseason" months of winter and spring. Thisresults in no interference with peak summer-time recreational activities.

Drawbacks Bottom tillage is limited toareas with few bottom obstructions andshould not be used where water intakes arelocated. Rototilling does create short-termturbidity increases in the area of operation,

but increases are usually temporary with arapid return to baseline conditions oftenwithin 24 hours.13, 16 Since bottom sedimentsare disturbed, short-term impacts on waterquality and the benthic invertebratecommunity can occur.16 Rototilling is notadvised where bottom sediments haveexcessive nutrient and/or metalsconcentrations, because of potential releaseof contaminants into the overlying water.Rotovation is not species selective, exceptby location, and can result in unintentionalremoval of non-target plants. The methoddoes result in production of plant fragments,and is not recommended for use in waterbodies with new or sparse milfoilinfestations or where release of fragments isa concern. There are often timingrestrictions to avoid interference with fishspawning or juvenile use.

Costs Bottom tillage costs vary according totreatment scale, density of plants, machineryused and other site constraints. Contractcosts for rotovation in the State ofWashington range from $1200-1700/acredepending on treatment size.

Permits In the State of Washington, bottomtillage methods do require hydraulicapproval from Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife. Its use requires temporarymodification of water quality standards fromEcology. The Army Corps of Engineersrequires a dredging permit. In addition, youmay need a shoreline permit, so localShoreline Master Plan should be checked forcompliance; contact your local PlanningDepartment for information. It may also benecessary to obtain a letter of approval fromWashington Department of NaturalResources.

DIVER-OPERATED SUCTIONDREDGING

Principle Diver dredging was being used inthe late 1970s in British Columbia as animprovement to hand removal of sparsecolonies of Eurasian watermilfoil.13 The


D-8

technique utilizes a small barge or boatcarrying portable dredges with suction headsthat are operated by scuba divers to removeindividual rooted plants (including roots)from the sediment. Divers physicallydislodge plants with sharp tools. Theplant/sediment slurry is then suctioned upand carried back to the barge through hosesoperated by the diver. On the barge, plantparts are sieved out and retained for lateroff-site disposal. The water sediment slurrycan be discharged back to the water or pipedoff-site for upland disposal.

Control Effectiveness And Duration Diverdredging can be highly effective underappropriate conditions. Efficiency ofremoval is dependent on sediment condition,density of aquatic plants and underwatervisibility.13 As it is best used for localizedinfestations of low plant density wherefragmentation must be minimized, thetechnique has great potential for milfoilcontrol. Depending on local conditions,milfoil removal efficiencies of 85-97% canbe achieved by diver dredging.17

Advantages The method is species-selectiveand site-specific. Disruption of sedimentsare minimized. Plant pieces are collectedand retained, and fragmentation spread isminimized (very important for control ofmilfoil). It can be used to cover areas largerthan practicable for hand digging or diverhand removal, or where herbicides cannot beused. Diver-dredging can be conducted intight places or around obstacles that wouldpreclude use of larger machinery.

Drawbacks Diver-dredging is labor-intensive and expensive. In dense plant beds,the utility of this method may be muchreduced and other methods (e.g., bottombarrier) may be more appropriate. Returningdredged residue directly to water may resultin some fragment loss through sieves.Where upland disposal of dredged slurry isused, more specialized equipment andmaterials are required and the process ismuch more costly. Short-term

environmental effects can include localizedturbidity increases in the area of treatment.Release of nutrients and other contaminantsfrom enriched sediments can also be aproblem. In addition, some sediment andnon-target vegetation may be inadvertentlyremoved during the process.

Costs Dredging costs can be very variable,depending on density of plants, equipmentcondition and transport requirements ofdredged material. In addition, the use ofcontract divers for dredging work is subjectto stringent State regulations oncertification, safety and hourly wagepayment, which can affect total project cost.Costs range from a minimum of $1100/dayto upwards of $2000/day (with no dredgedmaterial transport).

Permits In the State of Washington, use ofsuction dredging does require hydraulicapproval from Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife. Its use also requires atemporary modification of water qualitystandards from Ecology for increasedturbidity. The Corps of Engineers requires adredging permit. A shoreline managementpermit may be needed. In addition, it may benecessary to obtain a letter of approval fromWashington Department of NaturalResources.

Biological Control Methods

Interest in using biocontrol agents fornuisance aquatic plant growth has beenstimulated by a desire to find more "natural"means of long-term control as well as reduceuse of expensive equipment or chemicals.The possibility of integrating biologicalcontrols with traditional physical,mechanical, or chemical methods is anappealing concept. While development anduse of effective biocontrol agents for aquaticplant management is still in its infancy,potentially useful candidates have beenidentified such as plant-eating fish orinsects, pathogenic organisms, andcompetitive plants. Except for exotic species


D-9

infestation, a realistic objective of biocontrolof aquatic vegetation is not the eradication,but the reduction of target plant species tolower, more acceptable levels.13 Moreimportantly, control of nuisance plants usingbiological agents will be a gradual process,although the effects should be long-lasting.In the State of Washington, the onlybiological method currently available foraquatic plant control is the introduction oftriploid (sterile) grass carp.

TRIPLOID (STERILE) GRASS CARP

Principle Grass carp or white amur(Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) are exotic,plant consuming fish native to large rivers ofChina and Siberia. Known for their highgrowth rates and wide range of plant foodpreference, these fish can control certainnuisance aquatic plants under the rightcircumstances. Grass carp are mostappropriately used for lake-wide, low-intensity control of submersed plants.Stocking rates are dependent on climate,water temperature, type and extent of plantspecies and other site-specific constraints.Grass carp require a permit from theDepartment of Fish and Wildlife. To avoidproblems encountered in other areas of thecountry, Washington State regulationsadopted in 1990 (see box below) require:1. Only sterile (triploid) fish can be

planted;2. Inlets and outlets must be screened to

prevent fish from getting into otherwaterbodies;

3. Stocking will be defined by Fish andWildlife based on the currentplanting model. This is to insure thatsufficient vegetation is retained forfishery and other habitat needs.

State fisheries personnel with Fish andWildlife should be contacted for moreinformation on specific use and stocking ofgrass carp in State waters.

Control Effectiveness And DurationEffectiveness of grass carp in controlling

aquatic weeds depends on feedingpreferences and metabolism; rates do appearto be temperature-dependent1, 13. Triploidgrass carp exhibit distinct food preferenceswhich apparently vary from region to regionin the U.S. Recent laboratory and fieldstudies in Washington State have shown thatsome plant species appear to be highlypreferred, such as the pondweeds,Potamogeton crispus, P. pectinatus, and P.zosteriformis; others were variably preferredas coontail, Ceratophyllum demersum, andsome plants not preferred such aswatershield, Brasenia schreberi. Grass carpcontrol effectiveness and duration are site-specific. In general, management studies inWashington waters indicate that substantialremoval of vegetation by sterile grass carpmay not become apparent until 3-5 yearsafter introduction.

Advantages Depending on the problemplant species and other site constraints,proper use of grass carp can achieve long-term reductions in nuisance growth ofvegetation, although not immediately. Insome cases, introduction of grass carp mayresult in improved water quality conditions,where water quality deterioration isassociated with dense aquatic plantgrowth.12 Compared to other long-termaquatic plant control techniques (e.g.,bottom tillage, bottom barriers), costs forgrass carp implantation are relatively low.

Drawbacks Since sterile grass carp exhibitdistinct food preferences, they do not grazeall plants equally well, limiting theirapplicability. The fish may avoid areas ofthe water body experiencing heavyrecreational use, resulting in less plantremoval. Plant reductions may not becomeevident for several years. Grass carp grazingis not recommended for milfoil control. Infact, use of grass carp could indirectlyincrease milfoil populations in a water bodyby selectively removing highly preferredplants.19 Overstocking of grass carp couldresult in eradication of beneficial plants andhave serious impacts on the overall ecology


D-10

of the water body. Full ecological impacts ofgrass carp introductions in Northwest watersare still being determined. An escape barrieron the outlet (if present) is required toprevent movement of fish out of the systemand avoid impacts on downstream non-target vegetation. Fish loss due to predation,especially by ospreys and otters is possible.

Department of Fish and Wildlife Grass CarpPlanting Policy-POL-5220 (12/14/90).

1. Triploid grass carp may be planted in theState of Washington after required permitsand documents are approved.

2. Only triploid grass carp over 8 inches inlength may be introduced in Washingtonwaters.

3. A minimum of 25 % of the lake shall remainvegetated with aquatic vegetation.

4. Escapement of non-targeted waters must beprevented.

5. Planting triploid grass carp must not pose asignificant threat to rare native plants, or tofish and/or wildlife.

6. The planting rate for triploid grass carp willbe based on the current planting model.

7. A lake restoration feasibility assessmentmeeting Department of Ecology's standardsmust be completed before planting triploidgrass carp into waters with public access.

8. The WDW Exotic Species Policy (POL-4001) must be followed to plant triploidgrass carp.

Costs Based on the few large-scale grasscarp implantations made in the State ofWashington since 1990, costs can rangefrom approximately $50/acre to $2000/acre,at stocking rates ranging from 5 fish/acre to200 fish/acre and average cost of $10/fish(range $7.50/fish to $15.00/fish).

Permits Washington Department of Fishand Wildlife requires a game fish plantingpermit prior to grass carp introduction to awater body. In addition, if outlet screening isnecessary, hydraulic approval is requiredfrom the Washington Department of Fishand Wildlife. Department of NaturalResources National Heritage Program must

be contacted for assessment of threatened orendangered plant species.

Chemical Control MethodsHistorically, use of aquatic herbicides wasthe principal method of controlling nuisanceaquatic weeds in Washington. However, inrecent years there has been a move awayfrom such a dominant practice and towardmore selective herbicide use followingthorough review of target effectiveness, aswell as other environmental, economic,political and social implications1.

The State of Washington currently permitsuse of only four aquatic herbicides to controlaquatic weeds. They are the systemicherbicides fluridone and glyphosate, thecontact herbicide endothall, and certaincopper compounds. Systemic herbicides areabsorbed by and translocated throughout theplant, capable of killing the entire plant rootsand shoots. In contrast, contact herbicideskill the plant surface with which it comes incontact, leaving roots alive and capable ofregrowth. These three herbicides arereviewed in more detail below.

A fourth herbicide, triethylamine saltformulation of triclopyr, has been tested forefficacy against Eurasian watermilfoil inselected waters in Washington State underan Experimental Use Permit (EUP).Triclopyr is a systemic herbicide and isdescribed in more detail by Getsinger et al.22

and Netherland et al.21 Preliminary results of1991 applications in Pend Oreille River(Washington) milfoil beds indicate highselectivity against milfoil, rapid onset oftoxicity symptoms, and minimal damage tonon-target plant species. This herbicide isstill under study and is not permitted forgeneral use at this time in Washington Statewaters. To learn more about aquaticherbicides, see references 1 and 10 listed inAppendix F.


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Table D-1. Common Aquatic Weed Species And Susceptibility To Herbicides(Adapted From Westerdahl And Getsinger, 1988)10

Endothall Glyphosate Fluridone Copper

Emergent speciesPhragmites spp. (reed)Scirpus spp. (bulrush)Typha spp (cattail)Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife)

√√√√

√

Floating speciesBrasenia schreberi (watershield)Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)Lemna minor (duckweed)Nuphar spp. (cow lily)Nymphaea spp. (water lily)

√√(fair)√(fair)√√

√(fair)

√√

√

√√√

Submersed speciesCeratophyllum demersum (coontail)Elodea canadensis (common elodea)Egeria densa (Brazilian elodea)Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla)Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil)Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrotfeather)Potamogeton spp. (pond weeds)

√

√?√

√

√√

√(fair)

√√√√

√

√*

√?√

*Dependent on species

FLURIDONE

Principle Fluridone, 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone, is a slow-acting, systemic typeherbicide. Fluridone is available as the EPA-registered herbicide SONAR® (SePro) foruse in the management of aquatic plants infreshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs, andirrigation canals. It is formulated as a liquid(SONAR 4AS) sprayed above or belowsurface, and in controlled release pellets(SONAR SRP) spread on the water surface.Fluridone is effectively absorbed andtranslocated by both plant roots andshoots.10

Control Effectiveness And DurationFluridone demonstrates good control ofsubmersed and emergent aquatic plants,especially where there is little watermovement. Its use is most applicable forlake-wide or isolated bay treatments tocontrol a variety of exotic and nativespecies. Eurasian watermilfoil is particularlysusceptible to the effects of fluridone.Typical fluridone injury symptoms includeretarded growth, "whitened" leaves andplant death. Effects of fluridone treatmentbecome noticeable 7-10 days afterapplication, with control of target plantsoften requiring 60-90 days to becomeevident.10 Because of the delayed nature oftoxicity, the herbicide is best applied during


D-12

the early growth phase of the target plant,usually spring-early summer.

Advantages As a systemic herbicide,fluridone is capable of killing roots andshoots of aquatic plants, thus producing amore long-lasting effect. A variety ofemergent and submersed aquatic plants aresusceptible to fluridone treatment (See Tableon species susceptibility to herbicides). As aresult of extensive human health riskstudies, it has been determined that use offluridone according to label instructionsdoes not pose any affect to human health.1Fluridone also has a very low order oftoxicity to zooplankton, benthicinvertebrates, fish, and wildlife.

Drawbacks Fluridone is a very slow-actingherbicide, and its effects can sometimes takeup to several months. Because of the longuptake time needed for absorption andherbicidal activity, fluridone is not effectivein flowing water situations. Because of thepotential for drift out of the treatment zone,fluridone is not suitable for treating adefined area within a large, open lake. Thepotential exists for release of nutrients to thewater column and consumption of dissolvedoxygen from the decaying plants. Non-targetplants may be affected, as a variety of plantsdo show degrees of susceptibility tofluridone treatment. Mitigation of lostvegetation may be necessary. As fluridone-treated water may result in injury to irrigatedvegetation, there are label recommendationsregarding irrigation delays followingtreatment. To protect drinking watersources, it is recommended that noapplications be made within 0.25 miles of awater intake, except for treatments made formilfoil at low initial concentrations.

Costs Treatment costs (materials andapplication) by private contractor for any ofthe formulations range from about $700 to$1500/acre, depending on scale of treatment.

Permits The use of aquatic herbicides doesrequire receiving a short-term modificationto State water quality standards from theDept. of Ecology prior to treatment.

GLYPHOSATEPrinciple Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a non-selective, broad spectrum herbicide usedprimarily for control of emergent orfloating-leafed plants like water lilies.Glyphosate is a systemic herbicide that isapplied to the foliage of actively growingplants. The herbicide is rapidly absorbed byfoliage and translocated throughout planttissues, affecting the entire plant, includingroots. Glyphosate is formulated as RODEO®

or Pondmaster® (Monsanto) for aquaticapplication.

Control Effectiveness And DurationGlyphosate is effective against manyemergent and floating-leafed plants, such aswater lilies (Nuphar spp.) and purpleloosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Accordingto the manufacturer, RODEO is not effectiveon submersed plants or those with most ofthe foliage below water. The herbicide bindstightly to soil particles on contact and thus isunavailable for root uptake by plants. As aresult, proper application to emergentfoliage is critical for herbicidal action tooccur. Symptoms of herbicidal activity maynot be apparent for up to 7 days, and includewilting and yellowing of plants, followed bycomplete browning and death.

Advantages As a systemic herbicide,glyphosate is capable of killing the entireplant, producing long-term control benefits.Glyphosate carries no swimming, fishing, orirrigation label restrictions. Glyphosatedissipates quickly from natural waters, withan average half-life of 2 weeks in an aquaticsystem. The herbicide has a low toxicity tobenthic invertebrates, fish, birds and othermammals.


D-13

Drawbacks As a non-selective herbicide,glyphosate treatment can have an affect onnon-target plant species susceptible to itseffects. While the possibility of drift throughaerial application exists, it is expected to benegligible if application is made accordingto label instructions and permit instructions.

Costs Treatment costs (materials andapplication) by private contractor for any ofthe formulations average approximately$250/acre, depending on scale of treatment.Permits: Use of aquatic herbicides requiresreceiving a short-term modification to Statewater quality standards from the Dept. ofEcology prior to treatment.

ENDOTHALLPrinciple Endothall is a contact-typeherbicide that is not readily translocated inplant tissues. Endothall formulations (activeingredient endothall acid, 7-oxabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2 ,3-dicarboxylicacid) are currently registered for aquatic usein Washington in either inorganic or aminesalts. Aqueous or granular forms of thedipotassium salt of endothall, Aquathol (ElfAtochem), is permitted in State waters withstringent use restrictions on water contact,irrigation and domestic purposes over andabove label restrictions. Due to its toxicity,the liquid amine form Hydrothol-191 is notpermitted for use in fish-bearing waters.1

Control Effectiveness And Duration As acontact herbicide, endothall kills only planttissues it contacts, usually the upper stemportions. Thus, the entire plant is not killed.It is therefore used primarily for short-termcontrol of aquatic plants. Duration of controlis a function of contact efficiency andregrowth from unaffected root masses.Effective reductions in plant biomass canrange from a few weeks to several months.In some circumstances, season-long controlcan be achieved. Carryover effectiveness of

endothall treatments into the followinggrowth season is not typical.

Advantages Contact herbicides likeendothall generally act faster thantranslocating herbicides such as fluridone;evidence of tissue death is often apparent in1-2 weeks. There is usually little or no driftimpact from proper application of thisproduct. Overall costs of treatment are lessthan fluridone applications over the samearea.

Drawbacks Because the entire plant is notkilled, endothall causes temporaryreductions in aquatic plant growth. As avariety of aquatic plants are susceptible toendothall, non-target plant impacts arepossible. Currently, Washington requires an8 day swimming restriction followingtreatment1 There are also label restrictionson fish consumption and non-food cropirrigation.

Costs As with fluridone applications,endothall treatments vary with total area anddosage rate. Average costs for a small tomoderate area application can run about$500-700/acre.

Permits Use of aquatic herbicides requiresreceiving a short-term modification to Statewater quality standards from the Dept. ofEcology prior to treatment.

COPPER CHELATES

Principle Copper is an essential element forplant growth. High concentrations of coppercan lead to inhibition of photosynthesis andplant death. In order to maintain effectiveconcentrations of the copper ion in solution,a number of chelated or complexed forms ofcopper have been developed. Thesecomplexed copper compounds are muchmore effective herbicides than coppersulfate.


D-14

Control Effectiveness and Duration Theuse of copper for macrophyte control inWashington waters is not encouraged byEcology. Its use is presently limited to algaecontrol, which Ecology also stronglydiscourages. The effectiveness of complexedcopper compounds is enhanced by warmtemperatures and sunlight, conditions thatstimulate copper uptake by sensitive plants.In addition, uptake and toxicity is higher inyoung, rapidly growing plants, althougheven mature plants such as hydrilla,brazilian elodea, and milfoil can be killed,and complexed copper can effectivelyreduce large standing crops of these specieseven in late summer.27 The effect oftreatment can be observed within 10 days,with full effects manifested in 4 to 6 weeks.Depending on timing of the initial treatmentand regrowth rates a second treatment, afterabout 12 weeks, may be necessary for fullseason control.

Advantages Costs of copper treatment arelow relative to other herbicides forsubmersed plant control. There are no userestriction following treatment; complexedcopper can even be used in potable watersupplies.

Drawbacks Copper is persistent in theenvironment. Applied copper eventuallybecomes bound to organic materials andclay particles and is deposited in thesediment. Yearly application of copper tolakes can result in elevated copperconcentrations in sediments. Although thebioavailability and toxic effects of sediment-bound copper is unknown, the toxicity of thecopper ion to fish is higher in soft than inhard water.NOTE: The Department of Ecologystrongly discourages use of copper inWashington waters.

Costs As with other herbicides, costs ofcopper treatment vary with area treated anddosage. Costs generally run between $120and $340 per acre.

Permits Use of aquatic herbicides requiresreceiving a short-term modification to Statewater quality standards from the Dept. ofEcology prior to treatment.


F-WQFA-94-108

APPENDIX EAquatic Weeds Management Fund

(Ecology)

F-WQFA-94-108

FocusAquatic Weed Management Fund Grants

BackgroundInvasive, non-native freshwater plants are a serious threat to the health of lakes, rivers, and streamsthroughout the state. Excessive weed growth impairs fish and wildlife habitat and restricts recreationalactivities. Traditionally, residents and property owners have borne the high costs of controlling theseplants.

In 1991, the legislature established the Freshwater Aquatic Weeds Account to provide financial andtechnical support to tackle the problem on a statewide level. This Account provides funding fortechnical assistance, public education, and grants to help control aquatic weeds. Revenue for theAccount comes from a $3 increase in annual license fees for boat trailers.

What kind of projects are eligible for grants?Grant projects must address prevention and/or control of freshwater, invasive, non-native aquaticplants. The types of activities funded include: Planning, education, monitoring, implementation(control), pilot/demonstration projects, surveillance and mapping projects.

Who can receive funding?Cities, counties and state agencies are eligible to receive grants. Lakes groups and other privateorganizations must work in conjunction with their local governments to receive funding for projects.

When can I apply for grants?Grant applications are accepted from October 1 through November 1 of each year during a formalapplication process (SORRY NO FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR 1998 - EXCEPT FOR EARLYINFESTATION PROJECTS). Grant applications are evaluated by people experienced with aquaticplant management. Funds are offered to selected applicants in the winter. Generally about $300,000 isavailable during each annual funding cycle.

An additional $100,000 is available on a year-round basis for "early infestation" grants. The purposeof early infestation grants is to provide immediate financial assistance to local or state governments toeradicate or contain an invasion of a non-native freshwater plant like Eurasian watermilfoil.

What are the special requirements of this fund?■ Local Match

Local sponsors are required to provide 25 percent of the eligible project costs as amatch to state funds. However, in-kind services can be used for up to one-half of thelocal share. Grants of up to 87.5 percent of the eligible project costs can be providedfor "early infestation" projects and for pilot projects.

■ Planning Before ImplementationIn waterbodies with well-established populations of non-native, invasive aquaticplants, the development of an integrated aquatic plant management plan is requiredbefore grants can be awarded for implementation (control projects). However, grantsare available for the development of integrated aquatic plant management plans.

January 1994

■ Public Boat Launching FacilitiesFunds awarded for projects to control aquatic weed growth can be used only forwaterbodies that have public boat launching facilities.

■ Grant Ceiling AmountsFunds are limited to $30,000 (state share) for planning grants and $75,000 (stateshare) for other projects. Each public body is limited to $75,000 per annual grantcycle and $75,000 for "early infestation". Early infestation projects are limited to$50,000 per project.

What are the state funding priorities?Projects that can demonstrate that lake or waterbody residents have a long-term interest andcommitment to the project receive funding priority because they are likely to be successful. Otherimportant criteria include: The presence of a nonnative aquatic plant like Eurasian watermilfoil orpurple, loosestrife, the environmental and economic impacts of the problem plants on the ecosystem,the degree that the project will benefit the public, the likelihood of the problem plant to spread to otherwaterbodies, and state wide significance of the project.

For more informationFor more information about the Aquatic Weeds Management Fund or to find out how to apply forgrant funds, contact Kathy Hamel at (360) 407-6562/SCAN 407-6562, address correspondence to:

Washington State Department of EcologyWater Quality Financial Assistance ProgramPost Office Box 47600Olympia, Washington 98504-7600Attention: Kathy Hamel

Ecology is an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action employer

Washington State Department of EcologyP.O. Box 47600Olympia, WA 98504-7600


APPENDIX FResources and References

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix F

F-1

Resources And References

Agencies and Organizations

A) Washington Department of EcologyFreshwater Aquatic Weeds Management Program CoordinatorKathy HamelP.O. Box 47600Olympia, WA 98504-7600(206) 407-6562

Provides technical assistance and information on aquatic plant management in freshwatersof the State; administers Freshwater Weeds Management Grant Program.

B) Washington Department of EcologyShorelands and Coastal Zone Management ProgramPlanning and ManagementWetlands SectionOlympia, WA 98504(206) 407-6665

National Wetland Inventory maps; provides technical assistance and information on wetlands.

C) Washington Department of EcologyWater Quality ProgramSteve SaundersOlympia, WA 98504(206) 407-6481

Oversees permitting for activities affecting Water Quality Standards in Washington State waters(e.g., permits for use of aquatic herbicides). Also contact Ecology Regional Offices.

D) Washington Department of EcologyShorelands and Coastal Zone ManagementShorelands Management SectionOlympia, WA 98504(206) 407-6665

Oversees compliance of local shoreline master programs with State Shoreline Management Act.All permits are reviewed by Ecology’s Shorelands Section. Also contact local jurisdictions.

E) Washington Department of EcologyEnvironmental Investigations and Laboratory ServicesAmbient Monitoring SectionJulie RectorOlympia, WA 98504(206) 407-6680

Coordinates citizen water quality monitoring projects on lakes in Washington State.

Appendix F IAVMP Manual – First Edition

F-2

F) Washington Department of Natural ResourcesNatural Heritage ProgramMail Stop EX-13Olympia, WA 98504(206) 902-1664

Maintains current listing of State endangered, threatened, sensitive plants, as well as highquality native plant communities and wetlands.

G) Washington Department of Fisheries/Wildlife600 Capitol Way N.Olympia, WA 98501-1091(206) 753-5700

Processes fish planting permits; Hydraulics Project Approval permits for game fish species andfor salmon and other food fish species in waters of the State. Manages and interprets data onwildlife species of concern in the State. Also contact regional offices.

H) Washington State Lake Protection Association (WALPA)P.O. Box 1206Seattle, WA 98111-1206

I) North American Lake Management Society (NALMS)One Progress Boulevard, Box 27Alachua, FL 32615(904) 462-2554

References1) Washington Department of Ecology. 1992. Aquatic Plant Management Program forWashington State. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and ResponsivenessSummary Vol. 1, January, 1992.

2) Hotchkiss, Neil. 1972. Common Marsh, Underwater & Floating-leaved Plants of theUnited States and Canada. Dover Publ., New York. 235 pp.

3) Anon. 1976. Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Perspectives For DevelopingCountries. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.

4) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. The Lake and Reservoir RestorationGuidance Manual, First Ed. Prepared by North American Lake Management Society. EPA440/5-88-002.

5) North American Lake Management Society. 1989. NALMS Management Guide forLakes and Reservoirs. Alachua, Florida. 42 pp.

6) Michaud, J.P. 1991. A Citizen's Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes andStreams. Prepared for Puget Sound Water Quality Authority. 66 pp.

IAVMP Manual – First Edition Appendix F

F-3

7) Washington Department of Ecology. 1989. Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment andManagement Program. No. 8817.

8) Marine Science Society of the Pacific Northwest. 1991. Puget SoundBook. Prepared forthe Puget Sound Water Quality Authority. 47 pp.

9) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A MethodsManual. EPA 440/4-91-002.

10) Westerdahl, H.E. and K.D. Getsinger. 1988. Aquatic Plant Identification and HerbicideUse Guide, Vol. II: Aquatic Plants and Susceptibility to Herbicides. Technical Report A-88-9,U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

11) Weinmann, F., M. Boule, K. Brunner, J. Malek, and V. Yoshino. 1984. Wetland Plants ofthe Pacific Northwest. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District. 85 pp.

12) Thomas, G.L., J.D. Frodge, S.A. Bonar, and G.B. Pauley. 1990. An Evaluation ofTriploid Grass Carp Grazing on Ponds and Lakes of the Pacific Northwest. WashingtonCooperative Fishery Research Unit, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Fifth ProgressReport prepared for Washington Department of Ecology.

13) Cooke, G.D., E.B. Welch, S.A. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth. 1993. Restoration andManagement of Lakes and Reservoirs, 2nd Ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 548 pp.

14) Truelson, R.L. 1985. Assessment of the 1984 Eurasian Water Milfoil Control Program inCultus Lake. Water Management Branch Rep. No. 3308. British Columbia Ministry ofEnvironment.

15) Truelson, R.L. 1989. Use of Bottom Barriers to Control Nuisance Aquatic Plants. WaterManagement Branch Rep. British Columbia Ministry of Environment.

16) Gibbons, M.V., H.L. Gibbons, and R. E. Pine. 1987. An Evaluation of a FloatingMechanical Rototiller for Eurasian Water Milfoil Control. No. 87-17. Washington Department ofEcology.

17) Maxnuk, M. 1979. Studies on Aquatic Macrophytes. Part XXII. Evaluation of Rotavatingand Diver Dredging for Aquatic Weed Control in the Okanagan Valley. Water InvestigationsBranch Rep. No. 2823, British Columbia Ministry of Environment.

18) Sanders, L, J.J. Hoover, and K.J. Killgore. 1991. Triploid Grass Carp as a BiologicalControl of Aquatic Vegetation. Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, Vol A-91-2. U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station.

19) Pauley, G.B. and G.L. Thomas. 1987. An Evaluation of the Impact of Triploid GrassCarp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on Lakes in the Pacific Northwest. Washington CooperativeFishery Research Unit, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Third Progress Reportprepared for Washington Department of Ecology.

Appendix F IAVMP Manual – First Edition

F-4

20) Pauley, G.B. and G.L. Thomas. 1988. The Effects of Triploid Grass Carp Grazing onLakes in the Pacific Northwest. Washington Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Univ. ofWashington, Seattle, Washington. Fourth Progress Report prepared for Washington Departmentof Ecology.

21) Netherland, M.D. and K.D. Getsinger. 1992. Efficacy of Triclopyr on EurasianWatermilfoil: Concentration and Exposure Time Effects. J. Aquat. Plant Manag. 30: 1-7.

22) Getsinger, K.D., E.G. Turner, and J.D. Madsen. 1992. Field Evaluation of the Herbicidetriclopyr for managing Eurasian Watermilfoil. Aquat. Plant Contr. Res. Prog. Bull. A-92-3. U.S.Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

23) Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology, Second Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, New York,New York.

24) Perkins, M.A. and M.D. Sytsma. 1987. Harvesting and Carbohydrate Accumulation inEurasian Watermilfoil. J. Aquat. Plant Manag. 25: 57-62.

25) Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. ofWashington Press, Seattle. 730 pp.

26) Anon. Starting and Building an Effective Lake Association. North American LakeManagement Society, Alachua, Florida. 43 pp.

27) Anderson, L.W.J. In press. Potential copper uptake by aquatic plants. Proceedings,Workshop on the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Copper. University of Florida Center forAquatic Plants.

28) Bortleson, G.C., Dion, N.P., McConnell, J.B. and L.M. Nelson. 1976. ReconnaissanceData on Lakes in Washington, Vols. 1-7. Washington Department of Ecology in Cooperationwith the U.S. Geological Survey.

29) Bortleson, G.C., et al. 1974-1976. Data on Selected Lakes in Washington, Parts 1-4.Washington Department of Ecology in Cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey.

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