A Common Economic System for All Nations

8/3/2019 A Common Economic System for All Nations

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Jii F`nknah` hiip nkf uhii

TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf :

Kf| f`nknah` pxptfaJ `naank tj} pxptfa onr jii kjthnkp

Bx _HCJXJ GRVPMKJ _JRAJH ja pvllfpthkl kf| aftmndp) andfip) jkd hkknjthf jkd jitfrkjthf unih`hfp hk

tmf jrfjp no ankftjrx pxptfa) bvdlft urfujrjthnk) bjkghkl ohkjk`f pxptfa) uvbih` ohkjk`f)

nuthaji tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk) tj} `nauihjk`f) pvbphdhfp)ankfx pvuuix) jkd ohp`ji unih`x tn

mfiu rfanf `nrrvuthnk) tj} fjphnk) f`nknah` rf`fpphnk) bij`g ankfx) ojgf `vrrfk`x)

rjkpnap) rnbbfrhfp jkd pn`hftji hkfzvjihthfp+ Hk ax nuhkhnk) tmf urnunpfd kf| f`nknah`

pxptfa ajx vpmfr hk lnnd lnfrkjk`f) :55& tj} `nauihjk`f jkd `nrrvuthnk orff fkhrnkafkt+

Ht pvllfptp j phklif tj} `jiifd TNU Tj} -Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf Tj}( onr bntm @fktrf jkd Ptjtfp

`nabhkfd hk uij`f no urfpfkt avithuif Hkdhrf`t tj}fp |htm dhoofrfkt pijb rjtfp nk dhoofrfkt

lnndp.`naandhthfp.pfrh`fp jkd avithuif Dhrf`t tj}fp |htm dhoofrfkt pijb rjtfp) rfihfhkl ?+8

bhiihnk ufnuif no tmf |nrid orna tmf `nb|fb no jabhlvnvp jkd `nauif} tj} ptrv`tvrfp)uiftmnrj no tj} ij|p) ajkdjtnrx jkd `vabfrpnaf j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl) tj} rftvrkp jkd

`nkpfzvfkt zvjlahrf no jii tj} rfijtfd `jpfp+ Tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk) tj} fkonr`fafkt) tj}

`nauihjk`f) jiin`jthnk no rffkvfp tn jrhnvp ahkhptrhfp nr dfujrtafktp jkd ankfx pvuuix hktn

tmf f`nknax jrf vkhohfd jkd hktflrjtfd hk tmf bjkghkl pxptfa+ @hthsfkp kffd knt ajhktjhk

pfujrjtf j``nvkt bnngp jkd pvbaht tj} rftvrkp jkkvjiix onr ujxhkl fhtmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp nk

ufrpnkji hk`nafp nr Hkdhrf`t tj}fp |mhif rvkkhkl bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx+ Tmhp kf| f`nknah`

pxptfa hknihkl j kf| tj} pxptfa |htmnvt avithuif tj}fp) tj} ij|p) tj} `niif`thnk

dfujrtafktp) tj} trhbvkjip jkd tj} fkonr`fafkt jlfk`hfp) fkhpjlfp 25 tn 05 & anrf

rffkvfp tmjk urfpfktix j``rvhkl orna avithuif tj}fp `niif`tfd bx dhoofrfkt tj} `niif`thnk

dfujrtafktp.jlfk`hfp+ Tmf jjhijbhihtx no rfpnvr`fp jkd `juhtji oin|p) kffdfd onr f`nknah`

rf`nfrx) hp tmf pfio!urhahkl `mjrj`tfr no tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa |htmnvt Lnfrkafktp ohp`ji

pthavivp uj`gjlfp+ Tmhp kf| f`nknah`pxptfa pmjii bf nufrjtfd jt ahkhava nufrjthkl `npt

|htm ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x -5+4&( jkd dfajtfrhjihpfd ankfx -88+?&( no tmf tntji ankfx

jjhijbif hk tmf f`nknax hk tmf ujrth`vijr `nvktrx ) tmfrfbx tntjiix fihahkjthkl bij`g ankfx)

tj} fjphnk) ojgf `vrrfk`x) `nrrvuthnk jkd f}tnrthnkp+

Vkdfr tmhp kf| tj}jthnk pxptfa tmf tj} kft) `jpt bx bjkgp) |hii bf tmf brnjdfpt |htm

jbpnivtfix kn tj} fjphnk) ajghkl ht unpphbif onr tmf in|fpt tj} pijb rjtf jkd tmf `mfjufpt

urh`fp no `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp+ Tmf rfdhptrhbvthnk no rffkvfp orna Lnfrkafkt tn ufnuif hk

tmf onra no |fiojrf p`mfafp) pvbphdhfp jkd jrhnvp rfihfo ovkdp |hii bf`naf fjphfr |htmnvt

ifjgjlfp) brhbfp jkd ahpjuurnurhjthnk+ Jitmnvlm tmhp kf| tj}jthnk pxptfa hp j bjph` andfi

pvllfptfd ajhkix onr Hkdhj) tmf bjph` `nk`fut no tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk jkd tj} `nauihjk`f

aftmndp `jk bf jdnutfd jkd hauifafktfd bx jii tmf dffinufd jkd dffinuhkl `nvktrhfp jihgf

tn bfkfoht ?+8 bhiihnk ufnuif no tmf |nrid hk jii pumfrfp no tmfhr ihfp hk nkf onra nr tmf ntmfr+

Tmhp jrth`if `nktjhkp pffk ujrtp3 !!!!

:+ Tj} ptrv`tvrf jkd dhrf`t bfkfohtp no tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa+

2+ Aftmnd no hauifafktjthnk no TNU Tj} pxptfa+

0+ Ankfx pvuuix jkd ankftjrx unih`x

4+ Nufrjthkl `npt no tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa+

6+ @naujrjthf ptvdx no Tj} rffkvfp bft|ffk urfpfkt pxptfa jkd tmfurnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa+


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TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 2

?+ Jdjktjlfp no TNU Tj} pxptfa


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TNU Tj} pxptfa


f}`hpf dvtx nk ihzvnr jkd |hkfp `jk bf ifhfd bx tmf Ptjtf lnfrkafktp jp vkdfr tmf urfpfkt

pxptfa tn hkmhbht mfjx `nkpvauthnk jkd jddh`thnk+

Dhrf`t bfkfohtp no tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa

Vkdfr pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmfrf |hii bf kn Pjifp Tj} -_JT() @fktrji F}`hpf Dvtx

-@FK_JT() Pfrh`f Tj} jkd ntmfr Hkdhrf`t Tj}fp+

Bfkfohtp3

:+ Tmfrfonrf jii tmf `mf`g unptp j`rnpp tmf `nvktrx kffd tn bf rfanfd jiin|hkl orff

anfafkt no hkdvptrhji lnndp.`naandhthfp jkd jlrh`vitvrf urndv`f orna jkx|mfrf tn

jkx|mfrf hk ffrx TNU Tj} Pxptfa hauifafktfd `nvktrx tmvp bfkfohtthkl `rnrfp no ojrafrp)

trjdfrp) hkdvptrhjihptp jkd anrf haunrtjktix `nkpvafrp+

2+ Tmf fkthrf trv`g n|kfrp |hii bfkfoht jp tmfx kffd knt ujx brhbfp jt `mf`g unptp+ Tmfx kffd

knt `jrrx |jx bhiip |mhif trjkpunrthkl `naandhthfp orna nkf uij`f tn jkntmfr uij`f jkx|mfrf

hk tmjt TNU Tj} Pxptfa hauifafktfd `nvktrx+

0+ Tmf fkthrf ojrahkl `naavkhtx |hii bfkfoht jp tmfx `jk trjkpunrt tmfhr jlrh`vitvrf urndv`f

orna jkx|mfrf tn jkx|mfrf hk tmf `nvktrx jkd pfii tmfhr urndv`f jt ajrgft urh`fp+

4+ Trjdfrp) bvphkfppafk) `nktrj`tnrp) pfrh`f urnhdfrp) pajii p`jif hkdvptrhjihptp jkd ntmfrp

kffd knt ajhktjhk j``nvkt bnngp) ptn`g ihptp) pjifp ihptp) ft`+ Kn j``nvkthkl jkd jvdhthkl |hii bf

kffdfd onr rvkkhkl tmfhr bvphkfpp.hkdvptrx onr jppfppafkt uvrunpf+

Vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa tmf dhoofrfkt pijb rjtfp no Pjifp Tj} -_JT( bx tmf Ptjtf lnfrkafktp jkd

dhoofrfkt pijb rjtfp no @fktrji F}`hpf Dvtx jkd Pfrh`f Tj} nk dhoofrfkt `naandhthfp jkd

pfrh`fp jrf ifjdhkl tn `nauif}htx jkd jabhlvhtx onr bntm ajkvoj`tvrfrp jkd trjdfrp+ Tmhp jipn

ifjdp tn tj} fjphnk jkd `nrrvuthnk+ Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmfrf |hii bf kn _JT

-pjifp tj}() @fktrji F}`hpf dvtx -f}`fut nk `jrp) tnbj``n urndv`tp jkd pnot drhkgp() Pfrh`f tj}

jkd ntmfr Hkdhrf`t tj}fp+

Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmfrf |hii bf kn Hk`naf Tj} jkd ntmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp+

Bfkfohtp3

Pn vkdfr pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa) ufnuif |mn mjf tj}jbif hk`nafp tmrnvlm pjijrx.

rfavkfrjthnk.urnofpphnkji hk`naf.dnkjthnk.lhot.pfrh`f.bvphkfpp.hkdvptrx |hii bfkfoht jp tmfx

kffd knt ujx Hk`naf tj}.ntmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp jkd pvbaht Hk`naf Tj} rftvrkp jkkvjiix+ ?+8 bhiihnk

Ufnuif no tmf |nrid |hii bf vkpmj`gifd orna tj}fp) tj} ij|p) tj} rjhdp) tj} rftvrkp) ih`fkpfp)

ufrahtp) j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl jkd `nrrvuthnk+

2+++++++++++Aftmnd no Hauifafktjthnk no TNU tj} pxptfa3 Bjph` andfi -Hkdhj(

\mjt hp rfzvhrfd onr TNU tj} pxptfa tn bf pv``fppoviix hauifafktfd hp tmf ptrnkl unihth`ji |hiitn bvhid tmf bjph` hkorjptrv`tvrf no urnhdhkl bjkghkl pfrh`f onr ffrx hiijlf.pvbvrb.tn|k nr

`ninkx mjhkl j unuvijthnk no jrnvkd 2555 |htm tmf mfiu no urhjtf pf`tnr bjkgp jkd

hkpthtvthnkp+

Tmf @fktrji lnfrkafkt pmnvid lhf j ufrajkfkt j``nvkt kvabfr -UJK( bx vphkl bhnaftrh`

aftmnd jkd Hrhp hdfkthoh`jthnk tn ffrx `hthsfk jbnf tmf jlf no :6 xfjrp jkd ajgf ajkdjtnrx

onr ffrx `hthsfk tn mjf nkix nkf Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( |htm tmf pjaf UJK hk tmf

bjkg.pfrh`f `fktrf phtvjtfd jt tmf hiijlf nr `ninkx |mfrf mf ihfp hk+ Tmf UJK jkd APJ

kvabfr pmnvid bf nkf jkd pjaf+

Ffrx `hthsfk |nvid bf jiin|fd tn nufk jkx kvabfr noPvb Pjhklp J``nvktp -PPJ( jp mf.pmf

|hpmfp tn nufrjtf bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx hk jp ajkx bjkgp bx vphkl -APJ( kvabfr+

Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf j``nvkthkl jkd jvdhthkl no tmf `nrunrjtf nr uvbih`

`naujkhfp |hii bf ajkdjtnrx jkd `nauvipnrx jp hk tmf urfpfkt pxptfa onr urntf`thkl tmf


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TNU Tj} pxptfa


hktfrfptp no tmf hkfptnrp+ @nrunrjtf nr uvbih` `naujkhfp |hii bf lhfk @nrunrjtf J``nvkt

Kvabfrp -@JK(+

Tmf Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( pmnvid bf vpfd onr bvxhkl no pmjrfp) ijkd onr jlrh`vitvrf nr

hkdvptrhji uvrunpf) uintp) oijtp) lnid) cf|fiifrx) fmhìfp) `naafr`hji fptjbihpmafktp nr jkx

ntmfr anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrtx+ Tmf APJ pmjii jipn bf vpfd tn rf`fhf nr ujx pjijrhfp)

urnofpphnkji offp) pfrh`f offp) rfavkfrjthnkp) dnkjthnkp) injkp ft`+ Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt hp

jipn kffdfd tn lft drhhkl ih`fk`f) ujppunrt) nthkl rhlmt) pvbphdhfp) ovkdp) anktmix rjthnk)

ufkphnkp) rfahttjk`fp jkd injkp -ufrpnkji) jlrh`vitvrf) bvphkfpp) fdv`jthnkji jkd hkdvptrhji(

jkd onr lftthkl `naufkpjthnk.f}lrjthj.rfihfo ovkdp hk tmf ffkt no kjtvrji `jijahthfp ihgf

`xìnkfp) fjrtmzvjgfp) oinndp) ojahkfp) j``hdfktp) ft`)+

Tmf Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp -PPJ( jkd jipn tmf Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvktp -APJ( `jk bf vpfd onr

rvkkhkl bvphkfpp) hkdvptrx) p`mnnip) `niiflfp) mnpuhtjip) mntfip) rfptjvrjktp) `nkptrv`thnk)

ptvdhnp) pfrh`fp) nr jkx ntmfr txuf no bvphkfpp+ Cvpt ihgf APJ) tmf PPJ `jk jipn bf vpfd tn

rf`fhf nr ujx pjijrhfp) urnofpphnkji offp) pfrh`f offp) rfavkfrjthnkp) dnkjthnkp injkp ft`+Tmf `nrunrjtf nr uvbih` `naujkhfp |hii mjf tn nufrjtf jii `jpm trjkpj`thnkp tmrnvlm tmf

@nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfr -@JK( nkix+

Jotfr fptjbihpmhkl pvooh`hfkt kvabfr no bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp bx tmf Lnfrkafkt -onr f}jauif)

Hkdhj( |htm tmf mfiu no urhjtf pf`tnr bjkgp jkd ohkjk`hji hkpthtvthnkp) jii tmf `hthsfkp pmnvid bf

jpgfd tn dfunpht jii tmf `vrrfk`x kntfp no :555) 655) :55 jkd 65 rvuffp f}`fut 25) :5) 6) 2

rvuff kntfp.`nhkp) jjhijbif |htm tmfa hk tmfpf bjkgp hk tmfhr kf|ix lhfk Ajhk Pjhklp

J``nvkt-APJ( nr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp -PPJ( |htmhk j pthuvijtfd thaf no 05 djxp+ Jii urfpfktix

rvk pjhklp j``nvktp jkd `vrrfkt j``nvktp pmnvid bf `nkfrtfd hk tn Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp

-PPJp( |htm tmf pjaf j``nvkt kvabfrp jkd `jk bf nufrjtfd orna tmf pjaf bjkgp+ Phahijrix)

ufnuif |mn mjf ankfx hk tmf oh}fd dfunphtp.ODRp |hii mjf tn trjkpofr jii tmfhr ankfx ornatmfpf oh}fd dfunphtp.ODRp tn tmfhr rfpuf`thf kf|ix lhfk APJp nr kf|ix nufkfd.`nkfrtfd

PPJp |htmhk tmf pjaf pthuvijtfd ufrhnd no 05 djxp+

Jotfr tmhp lrj`f ufrhnd no 05 djxp) tmf Lnfrkafkt -onr f}jauif) Hkdhj( kffdp tn dfankfthpf

jii kntfp no dfknahkjthnk :555) 655) :55 jkd 65 rvuff kntfp f}`fut 25) :5) 6) jkd 2 rvuff

kntfp+ Orna tmfk nk) tmf TNU tj} pxptfa bf`nafp nufrjthnkji+ Ffrx ufrpnk pmjii bf jiin|fd

tn |htmdrj| `jpm vu tn aj}hava no rvuffp 6)555 ufr anktm orna mhp.mfr fjrkhklp nr pjhklp

jjhijbif hk mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt nkix+ Tmvp j ojahix no t|n `jk jjhi `jpm no :5)555

rvuffp aj}hava ufr anktm ajhkix tn bvx djhix kf`fpphthfp ihgf flftjbifp) ahig) orvhtp) fdhbifp)

lrn`frhfp) jkd jii ntmfr pajii nr in| jivfd htfap+ J ufrpnkp aj}hava `jpm |htmdrj|ji no

6)555 ufr anktm orna mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( tmrnvlm bjkg nr JTA |hii bf hk Rp25) Rp :5 jkd Rp+ 6 kntfp nkix+ J ufrpnk `jk lft pnaf unrthnk no mhp.mfr hk`nafp.fjrkhklp

trjkpofrrfd dhrf`tix hk tn APJp no mhp.mfr ntmfr knk fjrkhkl ojahix afabfrp orna pnvr`f no

mhp.mfr hk`nafp.fjrkhklp pn tmjt mhp.mfr ojahix `jk |htmdrj| anrf `jpm -`vrrfk`x( ufr anktm+

Ffrx hkdhhdvjip hk`nafp jkd pjhklp |hii bf hk dfajtfrhjihpfd onra hk mhp.mfr APJ nr PPJp+

Ntmfr tmjk `jpm |htmdrj|jip no aj}hava Rp+ 6)555 ufr anktm orna mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp

J``nvkt -APJ() kn ufrpnk |hii bf jiin|fd tn |htmdrj| `jpm orna mhp.mfr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp

-PPJ(+ Ffrx thaf j ufrpnk bvxp mhlm jivfd htfap) lnndp) fmhìfp) ijkd) uint) oijt) lnid)

cf|fiifrx) fmhìfp nr jkx ntmfr anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrtx) jjhip umxph`ji nr hktfiif`tvji

pfrh`fp nr hk `jpf mf.pmf ifkdp) dnkjtfp ankfx tn ntmfrp) tmfk mf.pmf kffdp tn trjkpofr tmf

rfzvhrfd ankfx orna mhp.mfr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvkt.Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt tmrnvlm `mfzvf)dfbht `jrd nr kft bjkghkl -nkihkf `jpm trjkpofrp(+ Bvphkfppafk) trjdfrp) hkdvptrhjihptp |hii mjf

tn ajgf tmfhr `jpm trjkpofrp onr jii trjkpj`thnkp tmrnvlm `mfzvf) dfbht `jrd nr kft bjkghkl


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TNU Tj} pxptfa


-nkihkf `jpm trjkpofr( orna tmfhr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp.Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt+ Phahijrix j

ufrpnkp pjijrx nr rfavkfrjthnk nr urnofpphnkji off jkd jii mhp.mfr hk`nafp orna bvphkfpp nr

hkdvptrx |hii bf `rfdhtfd tn tmfhr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp nr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt tmrnvlm

`mfzvfp) dfbht `jrd nr kft bjkghkl -nkihkf `jpm trjkpofrp(+ Jii tmrff j``nvktp kjafix @JK) PPJ

jkd APJ `jk bf vthihpfd tn rf`fhf) ujx nr ptnrf hk`nafp.fjrkhklp.pjhklp.dnkjthnkp.injkp+

Bvt `jpm `jk bf |htmdrj|k nkix orna APJ -ho jjhijbif( vu tn aj}hava Rp+ 6555 ufr anktm

ufr ufrpnk+ Tmf rfajhkhkl jjhijbif ankfx -dfajtfrhjihpfd onra( orna APJ `jk bf vpfd nr

pufkt tmrnvlm dfbht `jrd) `mfzvf nr nkihkf `jpm trjkpofr+

Onr ffrx trjkpofr no janvkt) j 4& Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf tj} -TNU Tj}( no tmjt janvkt |hii bf

jvtnajth`jiix dfdv`tfd orna mhp.mfr APJ.PPJ j``nvkt+ Tmhp 4& tj} janvkt nk ffrx `jpm

trjkpj`thnk tmrnvlm APJ.PPJ.@JK orna jii bjkgp hk j ujrth`vijr Ptjtf |hii ln tn tmf `nabhkfd

j``nvkt no Ptjtf jkd @fktrf hk tmjt ujrth`vijr Ptjtf+ 05& no tmhp janvkt orna ffrx Ptjtf jkd

@fktrf `nabhkfd j``nvkt -PJ@@J( |hii ln tn @fktrji lnfrkafkt unni j``nvkt+ Tmf rfajhkhkl


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TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf ?

hkdhhdvjip) |mn rvk bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx) |hii bf rfihffd orna jabhlvnvp tj} ptrv`tvrfp)

uiftmnrj no tj} ij|p) jkd ajkdjtnrx pjifp ihptp) ptn`g ihptp) j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl jkd tj} rftvrkp+

Hk jddhthnk tn tmf Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf -TNU( tj}) j Urnoht Tj} -UT( no 05& |nvid bf ifhfd jkd

jvtnajth`jiix dfdv`tfd nk`f j xfjr nk tmf ahkhava janvkt rf`nrdfd hk tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr no

Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( jkd fj`m Pvb Pjhklp J``nvkt -PPJ() ho jkx) no ffrx `hthsfk+ Tmf

ohkjk`hji xfjr no tmf APJ no j ufrpnk bflhkp jt tmf djtf tmf Lnfrkafkt jiintp mha.mfr tmf

APJ+ Tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr no tmf Pvb Pjhklp J``nvkt -PPJ( |hii bflhk jt tmf djtf j ufrpnk

`mnnpfp tn nufk mhp.mfr PPJ+ Tmhp Urnoht Tj} -UT( hp jk j``nvkt bjph` jkd ht hp tntjiix hrrfifjkt

|mn n|kp tmjt j``nvkt -APJ.PPJ(+ Tmf Urnoht Tj}) 05& no ahkhava bjijk`f janvkt rf`nrdfd

hk tmf APJ jkd fj`m PPJ -ho jkx( no ffrx ufrpnk) |hii bf jvtnajth`jiix dfdv`tfd nk tmf ijpt

djx no tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr no tmjt APJ jkd PPJ -ho jkx( no fj`m ufrpnk+ Tmf Urnoht tj} hk tmf kf}t

ohkjk`hji xfjr no tmjt ujrth`vijr APJ.PPJ |hii bf ifhfd nk tmf ahkhava bjijk`f rf`nrdfd no

tmjt xfjr ahkvp tmf urfhnvp xfjrp tj}fd janvkt no tmjt ujrth`vijr APJ.PPJ hlknrhkl tmf

aj}hava janvkt) mn|ffr mvlf ajx bf+ Tmvp tmf dfdv`tfd Urnoht tj}) 05& no ahkhavabjijk`f janvkt rf`nrdfd hk tmf APJ jkd fj`m PPJ -ho jkx( no ffrx ufrpnk hk j ujrth`vijr

Ptjtf) |hii bf trjkpofrrfd tn tmjt Ptjtf jkd `fktrfp `nabhkfd j``nvkt -PJ@@J(+ Tmf `nabhkfd

tj}fp no TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht tj}) `niif`tfd hk ffrx Ptjtf jkd @fktrfp `nabhkfd j``nvkt

-PJ@@J() |hii mjf tn bf pmjrfd bft|ffk tmjt ujrth`vijr Ptjtf jkd @fktrf hk tmf rjthn no tmjt

ujrth`vijr Ptjtf lftthkl 255=!58 45)555


7/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 255=!58 0)55)555


8/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf =

pufkt jkd rf`mjrlfd.rfptnrfd |htmnvt bfhkl rf tj}fd onr tmf fkthrf ihof no tmjt j``nvkt+ Hk tmf

`jpf no `juhtji ljhkp orna j pjif no jkx urnufrtx nr jppft) j ufrpnk |hii mjf j ahkhava no 0?4

djxp jkd aj}hava no : xfjr jkd 0?4 djxp ufrhnd tn jnhd Urnoht Tj} orna pjif urn`ffdp

-`juhtji ljhkp( tn rfhkfpt+ Phahijrix 4& Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf tj} -TNU Tj}() hk ihfv no urfpfkt jii

hkdhrf`t tj}fp jkd jrhnvp pvr`mjrlfp) |hii bf dfdv`tfd orna ffrx ankfx trjkpofr hk fj`m Pvb

Pjhklp J``nvkt nr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt hrrfpuf`thf no tmf oj`t tmjt |mnffr mnidp tmjt

j``nvkt jkd nk |mjt uvrunpf tmf janvkt mjp bffk trjkpofrrfd -uvr`mjpf) lhot) dnkjthnk)

pjijrx.rfavkfrjthnk nr jkx ntmfr uvrunpf( nufrjtfd bx jkx bjkg nr pfrh`f `fktrf jkd

trjkpofrrfd tn Ptjtf jkd @fktrfp `nabhkfd j``nvkt -PJ@@J(+ Tmvp jii hkdhhdvjip |mn fjrk

tmrnvlm pjijrhfp) rfavkfrjthnkp) lhotp) jkd dnkjthnkp |hii kffd knt ujx hk`naf tj} jkd

pvbaht hk`naf tj} rftvrkp jkkvjiix+ Tmvp ufnuif |hii bf rfihffd orna tmf `nb|fb no urfpfkt

jabhlvnvp jkd `nauif} tj} ptrv`tvrfp) uiftmnrj no tj} ij|p) ajkdjtnrx jkd `vabfrpnaf

j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl jkd tj} rftvrkp) jkd `nkpfzvfkt zvjlahrf no jii tj} rfijtfd `jpfp+

Mn| tn jnhd Urnoht tj}3 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ffrx ufrpnk |hii mjf tmf oniin|hkl nuthnkp tn jnhd Urnoht Tj} no 05& bfhkl dfdv`tfd orna

mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt jkd Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp+

Mf.pmf `jk bvx ijkdp vu tn 25 j`rfp no ijkd) vkihahtfd kvabfr no oijtp) `naafr`hji

fptjbihpmafktp jkd ntmfr urnufrthfp jp mf.pmf |hpmfp+ Tmhp fkjbifp rfji fptjtf pf`tnr lrn|p jt

ojptfr rjtf jkd mnvpf rfktp |hii `naf dn|k pvbptjkthjiix bfkfohtthkl ojahihfp |mn mjf kn n|k

mnvpfp+

Mf.pmf `jk bvx vkihahtfd kvabfr no pmjrfp jp mf.pmf |hpmfp +Ffk tmnvlm mf.pmf innpfp j 4&

no pmjrf jivf jp TNU Tj} |mhif trjkpofrrhkl `jpm orna mhp.mfr j``nvkt pthii mf.pmf lftp

bfkfohtfd orna 05& Urnoht Tj} bfhkl dfdv`tfd+ Pn ufnuif |hii inng nvt onr tmf `naujkhfp |mh`mdf`ijrf dhhdfkdp ffrx xfjr+ Tmfx jipn ptvdx `jrfoviix tmf ovkdjafktjip no tmf `naujkx ihgf

tmf bnng jivf) FUP) U.F rjthn) urnohtp) dhhdfkdp) rfpfrfp) ihjbhihthfp ft`+ bfonrf bvxhkl pmjrfp+

Hk tmhp p`fkjrhn tmf ptn`g ajrgftp |hii lrn| jt ptfjdx rjtf jkd tmfrf |hii bf kn ajrgft `rjpmfp

kn| jkd tmfk jp |f jrf f}ufrhfk`hkl vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa+

Mf.pmf `jk ifkd ankfx tn ntmfrp |mn jrf hk kffd+ Ffk tmnvlm mf.pmf innpfp 4& no ankfx jp

TNU Tj} |mhif trjkpofrrhkl `jpm mf.pmf lftp bfkfohtfd bx lftthkl 4& hktfrfpt nk tmf injk

janvkt ffr xfjr+ Hk tmf urn`fpp tmf injkfrp -injk tjgfrp( |hii lft injkp jt `mfjufr rjtf |mfk

`naujrfd tn urfpfkt pxptfa+

Mf.pmf `jk pftvu hkdvptrhfp) ptjrt bvphkfppfp tn jnhd Urnoht tj}+ Pn hk tmhp urn`fpp mvlf

fauinxafkt nuunrtvkhthfp |hii bf lfkfrjtfd+ Pn hk tmf fkpvhkl `naufththnk) `naandhthfp

urh`fp |hii bf`naf av`m `mfjufr+

Mf.pmf `jk trjkpofr `jpm orna mhp.mfr APJ.PPJp tn jkntmfr nkf no mhp.mfr Pvb Pjhklp

J``nvktp nr tn mhp |hofp.mfr mvpbjkdp PPJp tn jnhd Urnoht tj}+ Mf.pmf `jk dnkjtf mvlf

janvktp tn nrljkhpjthnkp.`mjrhtjbif trvptp ho mf.pmf |hpmfp+ Hk tmhp urn`fpp mf.pmf |hii inpf 4&

no tmjt trjkpofrrfd `jpm hk tmf onra noTnu Tj}+

Mf.pmf `jk hkfpt hk jrhnvp Ihof Hkpvrjk`f p`mfafp+ Jt tmf fkd no tmf ajtvrhtx ufrhnd tmfx |hii

lft nkix tmf j`tvji tntji urfahva janvkt ujhd |htmnvt jkx hktfrfpt+ Bvt hk `jpf no urfajtvrf

dfjtm nr mnpuhtjihpjthnk dvf tn hiikfpp ovii hkpvrfd janvkt |hii bf ujhd jp hk tmf urfpfkt pxptfa+

_hhd f}uijkjthnk3 ! Tmf TNU Tj} pxptfap tj} `niif`thnkp -TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht tj}( onr

Lnfrkafkt jkd tj} ujxafktp.tj} `nauihjk`f bx jii `hthsfkp |hii bf tntjiix jvtnajth` jkd

hknivktjrx cvpt ihgf rfpuhrjtnrx pxptfa hk mvajk bndx+ Ffrx j``nvkt -APJ.PPJ.@JK( hp jk

hknivktjrx tj}ujxhkl j``nvkt+ @hthsfkp kffd knt ajhktjhk pfujrjtf j``nvkt bnngp jkd


9/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


pvbaht tj} rftvrkp jkkvjiix onr ujxhkl fhtmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp nk ufrpnkji hk`nafp nr Hkdhrf`t

tj}fp |mhif rvkkhkl bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx+ Tmf phklif tj} kft -Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf tj}(

purfjdp jii j``nvktp jkd fkthrf kjthnk |htmnvt bntmfrhkl jbnvt |mn mnidp tmjt j``nvkt+ Tmhp

|hii uvt tmf tj} `naunkfkt no lnndp.pfrh`fp jt cvpt nkf tmhrd no tj} `naunkfkt no tmf

f}hpthkl pxptfa+ Bfphdfp tmjt tmfrf |hii bf kn tj} `niif`thnk f}ufkdhtvrf onr tmf Lnfrkafkt

jkd jbpnivtfix kn tj} `nauihjk`f `npt onr ujxhkl fhtmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp nk ufrpnkji hk`nafp nr

Hkdhrf`t tj}fp |mhif rvkkhkl bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx+ Tmf Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf tj} -4&( |hii bf

dfdv`tfd jvtnajth`jiix bx `nauvtfr pxptfap no bjkgp nk jii ankfx trjkpofrp orna nkf

j``nvkt tn jkntmfr j``nvkt ajdf tmrnvlm `mfzvf) dfbht `jrd) DD nr nkihkf trjkpofrp

hrrfpuf`thf no tmf oj`t tmjt |mn mnidp tmjt j``nvkt jkd onr |mjt uvrunpf tmjt ankfx

trjkpofrp mjf bffk ajdf+ Tmvp tj} `niif`thnk jkd tj} `nauihjk`f |hii hkjrhjbix bf`naf nkf

jkd pjaf+ Tmhp jvtnajth` tj} ujxafkt jkd tj} `niif`thnk pxptfa fkpvrfp tmjt tmfrf |hii bf

kn rffkvf ifjgjlfp) vkj``nvktfd hk`nafp jkd |fjitm+ Tmfrf |hii bf kn kffd onr

Lnfrkafktp tn rvk pfujrjtf tj} `niif`thnk dfujrtafktp jkd tj} fkonr`fafkt jlfk`hfp jkddfujrtafktp tn pff jkd frhox j``nvktp no jii tj}jbif `hthsfkp+ Phahijrix ufnuif kffd knt

fauinx j``nvktjktp nr tj} `nkpvitjktp tn ujx fhtmfr Dhrf`t tj}fp nr Hkdhrf`t tj}fp nr tn

pvbaht tj} rftvrkp+ Tmf uiftmnrj no tj} ij|p) tmjt jrf fkj`tfd jkd bfhkl vpfd hk tmf urfpfkt

pxptfa tn fkonr`f tj} ujxafktp) |hii knt bf kf`fppjrx jt jii hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Tmf

ahiihnkp no tj} rfijtfd iflji `jpfp) |mh`m jrf fajkjtfd orna knk `nauihjk`f no tj}fp jkd

vkj``nvktfd hk`nafp) jkd `mnghkl tmf cvdh`hji pxptfap no jii kjthnkp) |hii knt bf pffk hk tmf

TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Tmhp hp mn| tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa |nrgp jkd mfiup bntm Lnfrkafkt hk Dhrf`t

jkd Hkdhrf`t tj} `niif`thnkp |htmnvt tj} ij|p jkd fkonr`fafkt) jkd `hthsfkp hk ujxhkl tj}fp

hknivktjrhix |htmnvt tj} `nauihjk`f -j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl) tj} rftvrkp ft`+)( `nptp+

Tmf `niif`tfd tj} rffkvfp no TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht Tj} bx bjkgp |hii ln tn Lnfrkafktj``nvktp -PJ@@J(+ Tmfpf rffkvfp |hii bf trjkpofrrfd tn jrhnvp dfujrtafktp.ahkhptrhfp

j``nrdhkl tn tmf ufr`fktjlfp jp jiin`jtfd tn tmfpf dfujrtafktp.ahkhptrhfp jt tmf bvdlft

urfpfktjthnk+ Tmhp ufr`fktjlf no jiin`jthnkp tn jrhnvp dfujrtafktp.ahkhptrhfp `jk bf `mjklfd

orna thaf tn thaf dfufkdhkl vunk tmf kf`fpphtx) kffd) vrlfk`x jkd fafrlfk`x no tmf phtvjthnk

tmjt jrhpf vkf}uf`tfdix+ Jp ptjtfd fjrihfr tmf rffkvf lfkfrjthnk |hii bf panntm) fjpx jkd

`nkthkvnvp urn`fpp jt ahkhava bvrdfk nk ufnuif ajghkl ht unpphbif onr tmf phauihohfd bvdlft

urfpfktjthnk+ Tmf `niif`thnk no rffkvfp orna ufnuif tn Lnfrkafkt jkd trjkpofr no tmfpf

rffkvfp orna Lnfrkafkt tn ufnuif tmrnvlm jrhnvp ahkhptrhfp.dfujrtafktp.jlfk`hfp hp

panntm) mjppif orff jkd `nkthkvnvp urn`fpp |htmnvt ifjgjlfp) tj} `niif`thnk) tj} fkonr`fafkt

jkd tj} `nauihjk`f `nptp+Hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa Dhrf`t jkd Hkdhrf`t tj}fp jrf bfhkl ujhd bx `hthsfkp

bjpfd nk tmf j``nvktp urfujrfd bx tmfa jkd tmfrf hp `naank ohkjk`hji xfjr onr jii `hthsfkp tn

pvbaht tmfhr j``nvktp jkd Hk`naf tj} rftvrkp+ Bvt hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa) TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht

tj} |hii bf nk j``nvkt bjph`+ Tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr no fj`m j``nvkt PPJ.@JK bflhkp jt tmf djtf ht hp

nufkfd jkd tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr noAPJ |hii bflhk jt tmf djtf tmf Lnfrkafkt jiintp APJ tn fj`m

`hthsfk jt tmf jlf no :6+ Ht dnfpkt ajttfr av`m |mjt tmf ohkjk`hji xfjr no fj`m j``nvkt hp+ Tmf

kvabfr no j``nvktp tmjt bflhk nr fkd fj`m djx hp juurn}hajtfix fzvji tn tmf tntji kvabfr no

j``nvktp nufrjtfd bx jii bjkgp hk tmjt `nvktrx dhhdfd bx 0?6+ Tmf `naank ohkjk`hji xfjr onr

tmf |mnif kjthnk |hii bf`naf hrrfifjkt) vkhaunrtjkt jkd rfdvkdjkt hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa+

Fj`m hkdhhdvji `jk mjf j `mnpfk ohkjk`hji xfjr onr mhp ffrx PPJ j``nvkt+Hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa) anpt no tmf ankfx hk `hr`vijthnk hp hk umxph`ji onra

-bhiip.kntfp(+ Tmfrf jrf rfunrtfd tn bf uifktx no `jpfp no innthklp) rnbbfrhfp) mnah`hdfp)


10/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf :5

f}tnrthnkp) rjkpnap) jkd brhbfp j`rnpp tmf |nrid hk jianpt jii kjthnkp bf`jvpf no tmhp mvlf

ankfx hk umxph`ji onra+ Tmhp umxph`ji ankfx) hk mvlf janvktp) hp bfhkl trjkpofrrfd orna nkf

mjkd tn ntmfr fivdhkl jii tj} kftp hk trjkpj`thnkp no `naandhthfp nr lnndp+ Tmf vkj``nvktfd

LDU hp pjhd tn bf tnn mfjx jkd jrhfp orna `nvktrx tn `nvktrx dfufkdhkl vunk tmf `nrrvuthnk

iffi tmjt f}hptp hk tmjt `nvktrx+ Hk jddhthnk tn tmhp bij`g ankfx tmfrf jrf jipn mvlf janvktp no

ojgf `vrrfk`x tmjt mjp `nktjahkjtfd tmf lfkvhkf `vrrfk`x+ Tmf `nabhkfd foof`t no tmf bij`g

ankfx jkd ojgf `vrrfk`x hp uijxhkl mjn` |htm f`nknahfp no ajkx `nvktrhfp+ Kn| ankfx hp

bfhkl trfjtfd jp jk hk`naf lfkfrjthkl jppft jkd |fjitm hkptfjd no vphkl ht jp j afdhva hk

f}`mjklf no `naandhthfp) lnndp) pfrh`fp) jkd pmjrfp) umxph`ji jkd hktfiif`tvji |nrgp+ Tmf

mvlf j``vavijthnk no ankfx hk of| un`gftp hk tmf onra no bij`g ankfx hp ajghkl tmf `xìh`

`hr`vijthnk no ankfx hk tmf f`nknah` pxptfa tn bf frrjth` -pnaf thafp anrf `xìfp ufr xfjr

jkd pnaf thafp ifpp `xìfp ufr xfjr |htm ptjlkjthnk.knk vpjlf no ankfx `jvphkl f`nknah`

rf`fpphnk jt thafp+ Tmf avithuihfr foof`t nk tmf ankfx hk bjkghkl ohkjk`f pxptfa hp df`rfjphkl

tmf rfji oj`f jivf no tmf umxph`ji `vrrfk`x+ Jitmnvlm tmf hkdhhdvjip fjrkhklp jrf hk`rfjphklffrx xfjr) tmf uvr`mjpf jivf no tmf `vrrfk`x hp df`rfjphkl jkd rfj`mfd jianpt :.:5

tmno htp

oj`f jivf+ TNU Tj} pxptfa trhfp tn oh} tmhp urnbifa bx zvjihtjthf jkd zvjkthtjthf pvuuix no

ankfx hk f`nknah` pxptfa pn tmjt tmf uvr`mjpf jivf no umxph`ji `vrrfk`x jt htp oj`f jivf

rfajhkp mhlm jkd pjaf onr inklfr ufrhnd no thaf+ Tmf urh`fp no `naandhthfp nr pfrh`fp |hii

rfajhk pjaf nr ffk df`rfjpf fkmjk`hkl tmf uvr`mjphkl `juj`htx no ufnuif ffrx xfjr |htm

hk`rfjpf hk fjrkhklp -ufr `juhtj hk`naf( fj`m xfjr+

-Uifjpf pff ujlf ankfx) ankfx pvuuix) injkp) rfji ankfx jkd `rfdht ankfx orna ujlf := tn

ujlf 25(

Hk tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa) anpt no tmf ankfx -88+?&( jjhijbif hk tmf

f`nknah` pxptfa) |hii bf hk dfajtfrhjihpfd onra hk tmf j``nvktp no `hthsfkp) Lnfrkafktpjkd `naujkhfp+ Nkix pajii unrthnk no ankfx -5+4&( |hii bf hk umxph`ji onra -`jpm( h+f+ `nhkp

nr kntfp jt in| dfknahkjthnk+ -Onr f}jauif ! Hkdhj( Tmf ujrjiifi f`nknax bfhkl rvk bx bij`g

ankfx jianpt fzvjiihkl tmf j``nvktfd LDU no tmf `nvktrx jkd jk fpthajtfd Rp+ :) ?5)

555`rnrf ojgf `vrrfk`x |hii bf tntjiix frjdh`jtfd |htm tmf dfankfthpjthnk no mhlmfr jivf

`vrrfk`x kntfp -Rp :555) 655) :55) 65 kntfp( hk tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa ujhkl |jx onr

`nrrvuthnk orff pn`hftx+

Pn tmfrf |hii bf kn lfkfrjthnk nobij`g ankfx jkd ojgf `vrrfk`x) jkd j``vavijthnk jkd

ptj`ghkl no ankfx hk umxph`ji onra -`jpm( |hii knt bf unpphbif+ Ankfx |hii bf `nkptjktix

uvaufd bj`g hktn tmf pxptfa pn jp tn jnhd Urnoht Tj}+ Tmf `hr`vijthnk no ankfx hk tmf

f`nknah` pxptfa |hii bf jt `nkptjkt rjtf |htm anrf `xìfp |mhif `mf`ghkl hkoijthnk ffk jtmhlmfr lrn|tm rjtf+ Tmf anrf `xìfp nr f}`mjklf no ankfx anrf thafp afjkp ankfx hp purfjd

ffkix rfj`mhkl jii ufnuif+ TNU Tj} pxptfa |nvid jipn jrrfpt hiiflji j`thhthfp pv`m jp drvl

trjooh`ghkl) jkd jrap trjooh`ghkl+ Nk`f ijvk`mfd hktn tmhp TNU Tj} pxptfa urh`fp |nvid `nkthkvf

tn dfìhkf tn rfj`m j ahkhava iffi no tm jkd ovrtmfr vu tn mjio iffi no tmf urfpfkt urh`fp

dvf tn tmf oniin|hkl oj`tnrp kjafix) in| tj} `naunkfkt -bfin| ::&() in| hktfrfpt rjtfp -0&

ufr jkkva() kn tj} `nauihjk`f `nptp jkd oviix nufk ajrgft |htm anrf uijxfrp hk tmf

bvphkfpp+ Ankfx |hii bf uvrfix vthihpfd nkix onr f}`mjklf no lnndp) `naandhthfp) jppftp)

pfrh`fp) pmjrfp) umxph`ji jkd hktfiif`tvji |nrgp+ \mfk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa rfj`mfp htp ohkji

dfpthkjthnk) tmf urh`fp no `naandhthfp.lnndp nr pfrh`fp hkìvdf nkix tmf jivf.`npt no

ajkun|fr -umxph`ji.hktfiif`tvji( |mfrf jbvkdjkt rj| ajtfrhjip jrf jjhijbif+ Hk tmf urfpfktpxptfa tmf urh`fp no `naandhthfp.lnndp nr pfrh`fp hkìvdf jrhnvp `naunkfktp ihgf rj|

ajtfrhjip `npt) tj}) urnoht) hktfrfpt) `nrrvuthnk) tj} `nauihjk`f `npt) ajk un|fr


11/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf ::

-umxph`ji.hktfiif`tvji() trjkpunrt) un|fr -ovfi.fif`trh`htx( jkd pmfio ihof+ Tmf ohkji rfpvit no TNU

Tj} pxptfa |hii bf tmf j`mhffafkt no ufrof`t fzvhihbrhva bft|ffk dfajkd jkd pvuuix7

dffinuafkt jkd fzvjihtx7 lrn|tm jkd hkoijthnk7 rfji ankfx jkd `rfdht ankfx -injkfd ankfx(7

rffkvfp jkd f}ufkdhtvrf+ Tmf inuphdfd dffinuafkt jankl ufnuif jkd rflhnkp tmjt hp bfhkl

|htkfppfd hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa |hii `fjpf tn f}hpt+ Tmf kjtvrji rfpnvr`f jkd |fjitm

no j `nvktrx `jk bf fzvjiix dhptrhbvtfd jankl tmf ufnuif+

Vkdfr urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa tmfrf jrf nkix j of| uijxfrp) anrf rfofrffp -ih`fkpf)

ufraht) `mf`g unptp) |jx bhiip) jvdhthkl) jppfppafkt jkd hkpuf`thnk( jkd anrf puf`tjtnrp+

Tmf urnunpfd Tnu tj} pxptfa |hii ifjf puj`f onr anrf uijxfrp) j of| rfofrffp -uniivthnk

`nktrni bnjrd nkix( jkd j of| puf`tjtnrp+ Tmf ajrgftp |hii bf`naf pn |hdf nufk |htm kn

ufrahtp nr ih`fk`fp rfzvhrfd -f}`fut uniivthnk `nktrni bnjrdp ufrahpphnk( tn rvk jkx bvphkfpp

nr hkdvptrx f}`fut tmnpf |mfrf jbpnivtf kf`fpphtx hp rfzvhrfd onr ufrahpphnkp orna

Lnfrkafktp onr ahkhkl nrfp) ahkfrjip) pffdp) ufpth`hdfp) f}uinphfp ft`)+ Tmvp ffrxnkf `jk

fktfr hktn tmf ajrgft jkd ptjrt mhp.mfr n|k bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx |htmnvt jkx pmj`gifptmfrfbx rfdv`hkl vkfauinxafkt pvbptjkthjiix+ Jt tmf pjaf thaf) |htm pn ajkx uijxfrp hk tmf

ajrgft jkd mhlm `naufththnk) tmf urh`fp no lnndp.pfrh`fp |hii bf`naf `mfjufr) bfkfohtthkl

`nkpvafrp+ Tmhp hkjrhjbix hk`rfjpfp `nkpvauthnk ifjdhkl tn anrf urndv`thnk jkd lrn|tm

rjtf+

Tmf bjph` `nk`fut no tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa hp tmjt nkix phklif tj}) hk tmf uij`f no urfpfkt

avithuif tj}fp) |hii bf ujhd bx tmf ufnuif nk `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp ajkvoj`tvrfd |htmhk tmf

`nvktrx) jujrt orna tmf `vptnap dvtx |mh`m hp haunpfd nkix tn pjf dnafpth` hkdvptrx nr

bvphkfpp+ Tmf `vptnap dvtx `jk bf rfanfd nk `frtjhk lnndp ihgf `fafkt jkd ptffi jp jkd

|mfk kf`fppjrx tn `mf`g tmf cj`gfd vu urh`fp `jvpfd bx `jrtfi jankl tmfpf `naujkhfp jkd

jipn nk jlrh`vitvrf urndv`f |mfk pvooh`hfkt onnd lrjhk urndv`thnk hp knt jjhijbif onr`nkpvauthnk nr urn`vrfafkt tn|jrdp fppfkthji bvoofr ptn`g) bf`jvpf no drnvlmt nr ntmfr

kjtvrji `jijahthfp+ Pn tmf jkkvji bvdlft urfpfktjthnk) ho kf`fppjrx) |hii bf ajhkix vthihpfd tn

dhptrhbvtf jkd jiin`jtf rffkvfp tn jrhnvp pf`tnrp) dfujrtafktp jkd |fiojrf p`mfafp

hkptfjd no on`vpphkl nk tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk jkd fkonr`fafkt nk tj} `nauihjk`f+

Hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa tmf bvdlft urfujrjthnk hp ajpphf)

avith ptjlfd) thaf `nkpvahkl jkd ijbnrhnvp urn`fpp+ Tmfrf jrf tmnvpjkdp no dhoofrfkt mhlm nr

frx in| jivfd lnndp nr pfrh`fp tn bf pflrfljtfd hktn dhoofrfkt lrnvup jkd tj}fd bx bntm

@fktrf jkd Ptjtfp |htm dhoofrfkt tj}fp jt tmrff nr anrf pijb rjtfp jkd) jp ho tmfpf jrf knt

fknvlm) tmfrf jrf jddhthnkji pvr`mjrlfp nr `fppfp nk pfif`tfd lnndp+ Tmfpf tj} ptrv`tvrfp jkd

pijb rjtfp nk dhoofrfkt lnndp gffu `mjklhkl ffrx xfjr+ \htm tmfpf `nauih`jtfd tj} ptrv tvrfpjkd ffr `mjklhkl pijb rjtfp ffrx xfjr) tmf tj} `nauihjk`f bx hkdhhdvji ajkvoj`tvrfrp)

dfjifrp jkd rftjhifrp mjp bffk dhooh`vit) `vabfrpnaf jkd bntmfrpnaf+ Tj}fp jrf bfhkl

`niif`tfd bx dhoofrfkt tj} `niif`thnk dfujrtafktp bjpfd nk tmf j``nvktp ajhktjhkfd bx

hkdhhdvjip |mn rvk hkdvptrx nr bvphkfpp+ Tmfrf hp uifktx no rnna onr vkdfrptjtfafkt no

urndv`thnk jkd pjifp) tj} fjphnk jkd `nkpfzvfkt bx!urndv`t no bij`g ankfx+ Bvt hk tmf

pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmfrf |hii bf phklif tj} `jiifd TNU -Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf( tj} |htm

oh}fd.ptjthnkjrx pijb rjtf -4&( nk jii ankfx trjkpofrp orna nkf j``nvkt tn jkntmfr j``nvkt

tmrnvlm `mfzvf) dfbht `jrd jkd nkihkf trjkpofr.kft bjkghkl hk tmf uvr`mjpf `mjhk no

`nkpvafrp) rftjhifrp jkd ajkvoj`tvrfrp+ Tmf Trjkpofr Nr Uvr`mjpf TNU Tj} -4&( |hii bf

dfdv`tfd jvtnajth`jiix bx `nauvtfr pxptfap no bjkgp nk jii ankfx trjkpofrp orna nkfj``nvkt tn jkntmfr j``nvkt hrrfpuf`thf no tmf oj`t tmjt onr |mjt uvrunpf

-uvr`mjpf.dnkjthnk.pjijrhfp.injkp( jkd bx |mna tmfpf ankfx trjkpofrp mjf bffk ajdf+


12/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Tmf tj} |hii bf nkix nk ankfx trjkpofrp onra nkf j``nvkt tn jkntmfr rjtmfr tmjk nk

tmf jivf no lnnd.`naandhthfp jkd pfrh`fp |htm ffr `mjklhkl pijb rjtfp ffrx xfjr jt bvdlft

thaf hk tmf urfpfkt tj}jthnk pxptfa+ Pn tmf rffkvf `niif`thnkp onr bntm @fktrf jkd Ptjtfd

Lnfrkafktp |hii bf hkptjkt) jvtnajth`) urnaut jkd `nkthkvnvp urn`fpp tmrnvlmnvt tmf xfjr

|htm kn rnna onr tj} fjphnk+ Tmfrf |hii bf jbpnivtfix kn tj} `niif`thnk f}ufkdhtvrf onr tmf

Lnfrkafkt jkd tj} `nauihjk`f `npt onr `hthsfkp+ Tmf uvrunpf no bvdlft urfujrjthnk |hii bf

nkix tmf jiin`jthnk no rffkvfp) lnt orna TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht Tj}) tn jrhnvp pf`tnrp)

dfujrtafktp nr ahkhptrhfp+ Tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk) tj} fkonr`fafkt) tj} `nauihjk`f)

jiin`jthnk no rffkvfp tn jrhnvp ahkhptrhfp nr dfujrtafktp jkd ankfx pvuuix hktn tmf

f`nknax jrf vkhohfd hk tmhp vkhzvf TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Pn tmf bvdlft urfpfktjthnk |hii bf`naf

phauif) panntm jkd thaf pjhkl+ Nr ffk tmfrf |hii bf kn kffd onr bvdlft urfpfktjthnk fj`m

xfjr+ Tmf xfjrix bvdlft urfpfktjthnk `jk bf pnifix vthihpfd onr ufr`fktjlf |hpf jiin`jthnk jkd

`mjkkfiihkl no tmnpf jvtnajth`jiix `niif`tfd TNU Tj} jkd Urnoht Tj} rffkvfp bx bjkgp tn

jrhnvp pf`tnrp ihgf mnvphkl) mfjitm `jrf) fdv`jthnk) drhkghkl |jtfr) trjkpunrt) hrrhljthnk)jlrh`vitvrf) fkhrnkafkt) pjkhtjthnk) hkorjptrv`tvrf urncf`tp) rvrji dffinuafkt) dfofk`f jkd

hktfrkji unih`hkl+ Tmf ufr`fktjlf no ovkdp jiin`jtfd tn jrhnvp ahkhptrhfp) dfujrtafktp nr

pf`tnrp `jk bf `mjklfd ffrx xfjr dfufkdhkl vunk tmf kffd) kf`fpphtx jkd vrlfk`x j`zvhrfd

bx tmfa+ Tmf Lnfrkafkt ptrv`tvrf jkd aj`mhkfrx `jk bf rfptrv`tvrfd) dn|kphsfd jkd ohkf

tvkfd knt nkix tn rfdv`f |jptfovi f}ufkdhtvrf bvt jipn tn `jtfr tn tmf bjph` kffdp no ufnuif

`nk`frkhkl mnvphkl) mfjitm `jrf) fdv`jthnk) pjkhtjthnk jkd drhkghkl |jtfr+ Tn pjx brhfoix) tmf

Lnfrkafktp fkthrf `nk`fktrjthnk jkd tnu anpt urhnrhtx |hii pmhot orna tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk

jkd fkonr`fafkt tn hauifafktjthnk no |fiojrf p`mfafp jkd dffinuafkt no hkorjptrv`tvrf

urncf`tp+

Hk tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp |hii bf`naf hrtvjiix tmfhktfrafdhjrhfp bft|ffk ufnuif jkd tmf Lnfrkafkt onr jii tj} `niif`thnkp jkd rfdhptrhbvthnk no

ovkdp.rffkvfp orna tmf Lnfrkafkt tn ufnuif) |mn pmnvid bf tmf kjtvrji) fihlhbif jkd

iflhthajtf rf`huhfktp |mhif fihahkjthkl |mjifp) ujrjphtfp jkd ihauftp+ \mfkffr j ufrpnk

ahlrjtfp nr anfp tn j kf| uij`f mhp nid jddrfpp hk Ajhk Pjhkl J``nvkt -APJ( pmnvid bf

`mjklfd |htm tmf kf| jddrfpp tn lft anktmix rjthnk) pvbphdhfp) `naufkpjthnk.f}lrjthj.rfihfo

ovkdp hk tmf ffkt no kjtvrji `jijahthfp ihgf fjrtmzvjgf) `xìnkfp) oinndp) ojahkf) drnvlmt) ft`+)

hk tmjt ujrth`vijr uij`f jkd jipn tn lft nthkl rhlmt hk tmjt ujrth`vijr `nkpthtvfk`x+ Hk tmf

pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( no fj`m ufrpnk pmjii bf vthihpfd jp

tmf df!ajt j``nvkt no tmjt ufrpnk onr mnidhkl bntm anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp ihgf

pmjrfp) ijkdp) uintp) oijtp) lnid) phifr) cf|fiifrx) nrkjafktp) frx mhlm jivfd jrthìfp) antnr`xìfp) `jrp) ntmfr fmhìfp jkd jii ntmfr urnufrthfp.jppftp+ \mhif uvr`mjphkl nr pfiihkl) tmf

trjkpofr no n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no tmfpf jppftp.urnufrthfp orna nkf ufrpnk tn jkntmfr ufrpnk pmjii

bf ajdf orna nkf ufrpnkp APJ tn jkntmfr ufrpnkp APJ tmrnvlm bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp hk j

dhlhtji.fif`trnkh` onra+

Vpjlf no APJp) PPJp jkd @JKp3!Hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa j ufrpnkp nr j `naujkxp ankfx) anjbif nr haanjbif

urnufrthfp-ihgf fmhìfp) uintp) oijtp) mnvpfp) oj`tnrhfp) `naafr`hji fptjbihpmafktp) ijkdp ft`+)(

pmjrfp) ojahix trff) hkpvrjk`f unih`hfp jkd jii ntmfr jppftp jrf rf`nrdfd) ajkjlfd jkd mjkdifd

bx dhoofrfkt dfujrtafktp) jlfk`hfp nr hkpthtvthnkp+ Bvt hk tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa ankfx)

anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrthfp -ihgf fmhìfp) uintp) oijtp) mnvpfp) `naafr`hjifptjbihpmafktp) ijkdp ft`+)( pmjrfp) ojahix trff) hkpvrjk`f unih`hfp jkd jii ntmfr jppftp jrf


13/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


rf`nrdfd) ajkjlfd jkd mjkdifd hk j phklif j``nvkt `jiifd Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( |htm

ohf onidfrp hk `jpf no hkdhhdvjip jkd hk @nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfrp -@JK( |htm pffk onidfrp

hk `jpf no `naujkhfp |mh`m hppvfd pmjrfp onr uvbih`+ Tmfpf j``nvktp APJp) PPJp jkd @JKp

|hii bf ajhktjhkfd jkd nufrjtfd bx bjkgp rfuij`hkl dhoofrfkt dfujrtafktp) tj} `niif`thnk jkd

tj} fkonr`fafkt bnjrdp) jlfk`hfp nr hkpthtvthnkp no tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa+

Tmvp ufnuifp ankfx) pmjrfp) jii anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp |hii bf hk nkix nkf

j``nvkt -APJ( |htm dhoofrfkt onidfrp nufrjtfd bx bjkgp+ Pn ankfx) pmjrfp jkd jii ntmfr

anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp `jk bf ptnrfd) ajhktjhkfd jkd vpfd orna tmhp phklif

j``nvkt `jiifd Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( |htm ohf onidfrp hk `jpf no hkdhhdvjip jkd

@nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfrp -@JK( |htm pffk onidfrp hk `jpf no `naujkhfp |mh`m hppvfd

pmjrfp onr uvbih`+ Trjkpofr no ankfx) pmjrfp) anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp) lnndp)

pfrh`fp) umxph`ji jkd hktfiif`tvji |nrgp jrf phavitjkfnvpix trjkpofrrfd orna nkf j``nvkt tn

jkntmfr j``nvkt |mhif uvr`mjphkl nr bvxhkl+

:+ Vpjlf no Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( ! Tmfrf |hii bf nkix nkf `nauvipnrx jkdajkdjtnrx APJ onr fj`m ufrpnk lhfk bx tmf Lnfrkafkt+ Tmhp APJ |hii mjf ohf onidfrp onr

fj`m puf`hoh` uvrunpf no jk hkdhhdvji+

Tmf ohrpt onidfr -ihzvhd ankfx onidfr( |hii bf vpfd onr ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no ankfx -hk TNU Tj}

pxptfa ht hp `jiifd jp ihzvhd ankfx( lfkfrjtfd tmrnvlm pjhklp.fjrkhklp.hk`nafp.dnkjthnkp+

Tmhp onidfr no APJ `jk jipn bf vpfd tn rvk nr nufrjtf jkx bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx n|kfd |mniix bx

jk hkdhhdvji+

Tmf pf`nkd onidfr -haanjbif urnufrtx onidfr( pmjii bf vpfd onr rflhptrjthnk) ptnrjlf jkd

vpjlf no n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no jii haanjbif urnufrthfp ihgf ijkdp) oijtp) uintp) `naafr`hji

fptjbihpmafktp) jkd ft`ftfrj+ Tmf n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no tmfpf jppftp |hii bf trjkpofrrfd orna nkf

ufrpnkp APJ tn jkntmfr ufrpnkp APJ |mhif uvr`mjphkl.pfiihkl.dnkjthkl no tmfpf haanjbifurnufrthfp+

Tmf tmhrd onidfr -anjbif urnufrtx onidfr( pmjii bf vthihpfd onr n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no jii anjbif

urnufrthfp ihgf fmhìfp) lnid) cf|fiifrx) jkd ft`ftfrj+ Tmf n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no tmfpf urnufrthfp

|hii bf trjkpofrrfd orna nkf ufrpnkp APJ tn jkntmfr ufrpnkp APJ |mhif

uvr`mjpf.pjif.dnkjthnk no tmfpf anjbif urnufrthfp+ Hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf anjbif jkd

haanjbif urnufrthfp jrf `jiifd jp pnihd ankfx+ Tmfpf urnufrthfp -pnihd ankfx( |hii mjf bntm

n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp jkd hk umxph`ji fkcnxafkt+

_hhd f}uijkjthnk3 ! Hk tmhp pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf haanjbif urnufrtx onidfr

jkd tmf anjbif urnufrtx onidfrp no Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( no fj`m ufrpnk pmjii bf

vthihpfd jp tmf df!ajt j``nvkt no tmjt ufrpnk onr n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no bntm anjbif jkdhaanjbif urnufrthfp ihgf pmjrfp) ijkdp) uintp) oijtp) lnid) phifr) cf|fiifrx) nrkjafktp) frx

mhlm jivfd jrthìfp) antnr `xìfp) `jrp) ntmfr fmhìfp jkd jii ntmfr urnufrthfp.jppftp+ \mhif

uvr`mjphkl nr pfiihkl) tmf trjkpofr no n|kfrpmhu no tmfpf jppftp.urnufrthfp orna nkf ufrpnk tn

jkntmfr ufrpnk pmjii bf ajdf orna nkf ufrpnkp APJ tn jkntmfr ufrpnkp APJ tmrnvlm

bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp hk jk fif`trnkh`.dhlhtji onra+ Pn tmf trjkpofr no jppftp ihgf ijkdp) uintp)

oijtp) lnid) cf|fiifrx) nrkjafktp jkd fmhìfp |hii tjgf uij`f hk umxph`ji onra vunk tmf trjkpofr

no n|kfrpmhu rhlmt no tmjt jppft hk dhlhtji onra orna nkf APJ -pfiifr( tn jkntmfr APJ -bvxfr(+

Ijr`fkx) bvrlijrhfp) innthklp jkd f}tnrthnkp |hii `naf tn jk fkd) bf`jvpf |htmnvt tmf

n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no lnid) phifr) cf|fiifrx jkd ntmfr mhlm jivfd htfap hk tmf APJp) tmfx `jkknt

bf pnid nr bnvlmt+ Hk ihtfrji pfkpf bjkgp |hii hrtvjiix j`t jp `vptndhjkp onr ufnuifp ankfx)pmjrfp) jppftp jkd jii anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp+ Tmf bjkg brjk`mfp. bjkghkl pfrh`f


14/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


`fktrfp |hii bf hktfrafdhjrhfp bft|ffk ufnuif jkd Dfunphtjrx) |mn pmnvid bf vkdfr ovii

`nktrni) lnfrkfd) ankhtnrfd jkd `mf`gfd bx @fktrji Bjkg no tmjt ujrth`vijr `nvktrx+ Hk ntmfr

|nrdp bjkg brjk`mfp.bjkghkl pfrh`f `fktrfp `jk bf `jiifd jp phklif |hkdn| pmnup |mfrf jii

bjph` pfrh`fp no tmf ufnuif |hii bf aft+ TNU Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp tmjt tntji ijkd rf`nrd no tmf

`nvktrx pmnvid bf dfajtfrhjihpfd j``nrdhkl tn f}tfkt) in`jthnk) ajuuhkl jkd n|kfrpmhu+ Tmf

ijkd bfinklp tn ufnuif |hii bf rf`nrdfd hk tmfhr rfpuf`thf APJp+ Phahijrix tmf ijkd tmjt

bfinklp tn Lnfrkafkt) Lnfrkafkt nrljkhpjthnkp) `naujkhfp pmnvid bf rf`nrdfd hk tmfhr

rfpuf`thf j``nvktp+ Hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf bjkg brjk`mfp.bjkghkl pfrh`f `fktrfp |hii j`t

jp ahddif afk onr ufnuif) ajkvoj`tvrfrp) dfjifrp) pfiifrp jkd bvxfrp onr trjkpofr nr trjdf no

ankfx) pmjrfp) `naandhthfp) ijkdp) oijtp) uintp) fmh`ifp) jkd ntmfr anjbif nr haanjbif

urnufrtx |mhif bvxhkl nr pfiihkl jt jbpnivtfix orff no `npt+

Vkdfr tmf TNU tj} pxptfa) ijkdp) uintp) oijtp nr ntmfr urnufrthfp uvr`mjpfd pmnvid bf

ajdf tmrnvlm ajhk pjhklp j``nvkt nkix+ Ho jkx ufrpnk bvxp ijkd) uint) oijt nr jkx ntmfr

urnufrtx jkx|mfrf hk Hkdhj tmf f}tfkt jkd kjtvrf no tmf urnufrtx |hii bf `rfdhtfd hk mhp AjhkPjhklp J``nvkt jkd tmf pjaf urnufrtx |hii bf dfbhtfd orna tmf pfiifrp Ajhk Pjhklp

J``nvkt -APJ(+ \mfkffr mf.pmf pfiip jkx urnufrtx tmjt hp `rfdhtfd hk mhp APJ) tmf pjaf |hii

bf dfbhtfd orna mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt jkd tmf pjaf urnufrtx |hii bf `rfdhtfd hk tmf

bvxfrp Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ(+ Cvpt ihgf pmjrfp tmfrf |hii bf kn ujufr dn`vafktp onr

urnufrthfp+ Vkihgf `jpm trjkpofrp tmf bvxfrp urfpfk`f jkd phlkjtvrf.jvtmfkth`jthnk pmjii jipn

bf kffdfd onr jkx anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrtx trjkpj`thnk+

Tmfrf |hii bf kn avithuif pfiihkl no tmf pjaf urnufrtx tn dhoofrfkt ufnuif jkd

vkjvtmnrhpfd pfiihkl.uvr`mjpf jkd hiiflji n``vujthnk no ntmfr ufrpnkp urnufrtx |htmnvt

mhp.mfr gkn|hkl.`nkpfkt |hii knt bf unpphbif+

Tmf onvrtm onidfr -pmjrfp.ptn`gp onidfr( pmjii bf vthihpfd onr ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no n|kfrpmhurhlmtp no pmjrfp.ptn`gp) bnkdp) dfrhjthfp ft`+ Tmf n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp no tmfpf pf`vrhthfp |hii bf

trjkpofrrfd orna nkf ufrpnkp APJ tn jkntmfr ufrpnkp APJ |mhif bvxhkl.pfii hkl.dnkjthnk+

Tmf pmjrfp |hii mjf nkix n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp jkd `jiifd jp pfah pnihd ankfx+

Tmf ohotm onidfr -ojahix onidfr( pmjii bf vthihpfd onr ojahix dftjhip jkd `jiifd jp ojahix onidfr+

Ajrrhjlf rflhptrjthnk jkd `mhid bhrtm rflhptrjthnkp |hii bf ajdf bntm hk mvpbjkd jkd |hofp

ojahix onidfrp no APJp+ Bjpfd nk tmf dftjhip hk tmf ojahix onidfrp) anktmix rjthnkp |hii bf

`nauvtfd jkd trjkpofrrfd ffrx anktm) hk tmf onra no `jpm) dhrf`tix hktn tmf |hofp APJp+

Ffrx `mhid |hii lft mhp.mfr n|k APJ j``nvkt jt tmf jlf no :6 xfjrp+ Tmf bjkg ptjtfafkt noTmf

ohotm onidfr -ojahix onidfr( no APJ no jkx hkdhhdvji `jk bf vthihpfd jp `jptf jkd hk`naf

`frthoh`jtf) ntfr ihpt) rjthnk `jrd jkd ujppunrt+ Ht `jk bf nbtjhkfd |htmhk ahkvtfp orna jkxbjkg jkd orna jkx|mfrf hk tmf `nvktrx+ Ufnuif kffd knt ujx brhbfp tn lft tmfpf `frthoh`jtfp

nr dn`vafktp orna rffkvf dfujrtafkt jkd ujppunrt nooh`fp+ Jii ovkdp jiin`jtfd tn|jrdp

|fiojrf no P@p) PTp jkd B@p `jk bf trjkpofrrfd dhrf`tix hktn tmf APJp no tmfpf pf`thnkp

ifjhkl kn rnna onr ifjgjlfp) brhbfp jkd ahpjuurnurhjthnk no tmfpf ovkdp+

_hhd f}uijkjthnk3! Jii tmf dftjhip no j ufrpnkp n``vujthnk) fdv`jthnkji zvjihoh`jthnkp)

ajrrhjlf) drhhkl ih`fkpf) ujppunrt) mhp.mfr ihof ujrtkfrp kjaf) UJK kvabfr -APJ( -jkd h`f

frpj() `mhidrfk jkd tmfhr jlf ft`) |hii bf rf`nrdfd hk tmf ohotm onidfr-ojahix onidfr( no mhp.mfr

Ajhk Pjhklp j``nvkt+ Tmf ujrfktp pmnvid rflhptfr tmfhr `mhidp dftjhip hk tmf djtj rf`nrd no

tmfhr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( |htmhk tmrff anktmp no tmfhr `mhidp bhrtm+ Nk`f tmf `mhid

lftp tmf jlf no :6 xfjrp mf.pmf |hii jvtnajth`jiix lft UJK jkd APJ+ Tmf tntji `jrf jkd |fiojrfno tmf nrumjkp pmnvid bf tjgfk bx tmf Ptjtf lnfrkafktp thii tmf `mhid rfj`mfp tmf jlf no 25

xfjrp+


15/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Tmhp pxptfa tntjiix jkd ufrajkfktix `mf`gp tmf ffr hk`rfjphkl urnbifa no hiiflji ahlrjthnk

orna Ujghptjk jkd Bjklijdfpm `mjklhkl tmf dfanlrjumh` urnunrthnk no Hkdhj tn jk

vkhajlhkjbif iffi+ Nk`f jii tmf `hthsfkp jbnf tmf jlf no :6 xfjrp jrf lhfk tmf ajkdjtnrx

Ajhk Pjhklp j``nvkt -APJ( jkd tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa bf`nafp oviix nufrjthnkji) kn jdvit |hii

bf lhfk Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ( tmfrfjotfr+ Orna mfrfjotfr ffrx jddhthnkji Ajhk

Pjhklp J``nvkt APJ |hii bf jk noopmnnt no jk f}hpthkl APJ bfinklhkl tn ujrfktp+ Tmfrf |hii bf

kn zvfpthnk no jddhthnkji orfpm APJ |htmnvt ujrfktp f}hpthkl APJ+ Phahijrix f}hpthkl APJp |hii

`naf tn `fjpf vunk tmf dfjtm no hkdhhdvjip+ Jii tmf ankfx) pmjrfp) anjbif jkd haanjbif

urnufrthfp rf`nrdfd hk tmf ohf onidfrp no APJ no tmf df`fjpfd ufrpnk |hii bf trjkpofrrfd tn

mhp.mfr iflji mfhrp+ Tmf tntji kvabfr no APJp |hii hk`rfjpf ffrx xfjr dfufkdhkl vunk tmf

lrn|tm rjtf no unuvijthnk no tmjt `nvktrx+ TNU Tj} pxptfa |hii rf`nrd7 ajhktjhk ffrx

hkdhhdvjip ojahix rf`nrd lfkfrjthnk jotfr lfkfrjthnk+ Tmfrfonrf hiiflji ahlrjktp orna ntmfr

`nvktrhfp `jkknt fktfr hiifljiix hktn Hkdhj) lft Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt nr Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp

jkd jpphahijtf hk Hkdhjk unuvijthnk+ Ht |hii bf j int fjphfr onr tmf lnfrkafkt tn dftf`ttfrrnrhptp jkd ahihtjktp |mn `rnpp nfr orna j`rnpp tmf bnrdfr tn hkdvilf hk vkij|ovi j`thhthfp+

TNU tj} pxptfa |hii bf nufrjtfd pnifix bx bjkgp tn urnhdf dhoofrfkt pfrh`fp onr tmf

Lnfrkafkt ihgf tj}jthnk) tj} `niif`thnk) tj} fkonr`fafkt7 onr hppvhkl `jptf `frthoh`jtfp)

hk`naf `frthoh`jtfp) ntfr ihptp) anktmix rjthnkp) pvbphdhfp) ufkphnkp) `jijahtx rfihfo ovkdp)

ujppunrtp) ih`fk`fp) offp rfhabvrpfafktp) p`mnijrpmhup ft`+) jt jbpnivtfix orff no `npt+ TNU

Tj} pxptfa) nufrjtfd bx bjkgp) |hii jipn mfiu ufnuif hk lftthkl jii tmf jbnf afkthnkfd

pfrh`fp jt phklif |hkdn| tmrnvlm tmfhr APJp |htm ohf dhoofrfkt onidfrp+ Tmjt afjkp TNU Tj}

pxptfa |hii rfuij`f urfpfkt pxptfap avithuif dfujrtafktp ihgf Hk`naf tj} dfujrtafkt)

@fktrji F}`hpf dfujrtafkt) @BDT) @BF@) Tj} trhbvkjip) ujppunrt dfujrtafkt) `fkpvp

dfujrtafkt) Ptjtfp `naafr`hji tj} dfujrtafktp) `hhi pvuuihfp dfujrtafktp) rflhptrjthnkdfujrtafktp) rffkvf dfujrtafktp ft`+) pjhkl tmnvpjkdp no `rnrfp no Lnfrkafktp knk!

uijk f}ufkdhtvrf+

2+ Vpjlf no Pvb Pjhklp J``nvkt -PPJ(3! Ffrx ufrpnk `jk nufk jkd nufrjtf jp av`mkvabfr no PPJp jp mf.pmf |hpmfp+ Tmf PPJ |hii mjf nkix nkf onidfr `jiifd jp ihzvhd ankfx

onidfr+ Tmhp onidfr pmjii bf vpfd onr rf`fhhkl) ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no ankfx tn nufrjtf jkx

bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrx bx jk hkdhhdvji+ +

0+ Vpjlf no @nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfr -@JK(3 ! @nrunrjtf `naujkhfp) AK@p jkdUvbih` ihahtfd `naujkhfp |mh`m pnid.hppvfd pmjrfp tn tmf uvbih` |hii bf lhfk @JKp+ Fj`m

@nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfr |hii mjf pffk onidfrp onr fj`m puf`hoh` nufrjthkl.rvkkhkl

uvrunpf no tmf `naujkx+

Tmf ohrpt onidfr pmjii bf vthihpfd onr ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no ankfx onr rvkkhkl tmjt `naujkx+

Tmf pf`nkd onidfr pmjii bf vthihpfd onr mjhkl jii rf`nrdp no haanjbif urnufrthfp ihgf ijkd)

bvhidhklp) hkorjptrv`tvrf jkd ft`ftfrj no tmjt urncf`t.uijkt.bvphkfpp+ Tmf tmhrd onidfr pmjii bf

vpfd onr rflhptrjthnk) ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no n|kfrpmhu rhlmtp onr jii oifft no fmh`ifp jkd ntmfr

anjbif urnufrthfp ihgf aj`mhkfrx ft`ftfrj rfzvhrfd onr rvkkhkl no tmjt `naujkx+ Tmf onvrtm

onidfr pmjii bf vpfd onr ptnrjlf no jii pmjrfp no tmf urnantfrp jkd tmf uvbih` no tmjt `naujkx+

Tmf ohotm onidfr pmjii `nktjhk tmf dftjhip jkd j``nvktp no jii tmf fauinxfd ajkun|fr no tmjt

`naujkx+ Tmf ph}tm onidfr pmjii `nktjhk tmf dftjhifd j``nvktp no jii rj| ajtfrhjip jkd ntmfr

rfzvhrfd hkuvtp bnvlmt jkd vpfd onr rvkkhkl no tmjt `naujkx+ Tmf pffktm onidfr pmjii `nktjhk

tmf dftjhip jkd j``nvktp no jii urndv`tp ajkvoj`tvrfd) pjifp jkd hkfktnrx+ TNU Tj} pxptfap@JK |htm pffk onidfrp hp j kf| urn`fdvrf tn pff tmjt `naujkxp ohkjk`hji bnngp |f rf `ifjk)


16/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf :?

j``vrjtf) nufk jkd trjkpujrfkt tn jii pmjrf mnidfrp pn tmjt tmfrf `jk bf kn rnna onr orjvdvifkt

jkd df`futhf ohkjk`hji ptjtfafktp+

_hhd f}uijkjthnk3 ! Tmf TNU Tj} pxptfap @nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfrp -@JKp( |htm pffk

onidfrp |hii ajgf jii `naujkhfp j``nvktp oviix trjkpujrfkt jkd nufk tn jii pmjrf mnidfrp ffrx

djx -vkihgf zvjrtfrix) mjio!xfjr jkd xfjrix ptjtfafktp rfifjpfd bx tmf `naujkhfp hk tmf urfpfkt

pxptfa( onr hkpuf`thnk) ptvdx jkd jkjixphp bfonrf hkfpthkl tmfhr mjrd fjrkfd ankfx hk pmjrfp

no tmnpf `naujkhfp |htm pnvkd ohkjk`hji unphthnk+ Tmf trjkpujrfkt j``nvkthkl pxptfa hk @JKp

|htm pffk pfujrjtf onidfrp onr ankfx) anjbif urnufrtx) haanjbif urnufrtx) ajkun|fr)

pmjrfp) rj| ajtfrhjip jkd ntmfr hkuvtp) jkd ajkvoj`tvrfd urndv`tp jkd hkfktnrx |hii rfanf

jii orjvdp hk j``nvkthkl) pf`vrhthfp) ptn`gp jkd hkfptafkt + Tmfpf @JKp |htm pffk onidfrp

fkpvrf tmjt tmfrf |hii bf kn `mjk`f no orjvdvifkt bvphkfpp urj`th`fp no nfrptjthkl urnohtp)

`nk`fjihkl dfbtp) purfjdhkl tmf f}ufkpfp nvt nfr pffrji xfjrp) vkdfr nh`hkl nr nfr nh`hkl

no rj| ajtfrhjip) hkuvtp) jkd ajkvoj`tvrfd urndv`tp) vkdfr nr nfr ptjthkl no ptn`gp) ujddhkl

vu no urncf`t `npt jkd dhfrthkl no ovkdp jt lrnvkdhkl) `nkptrv`thnk) frf`thnk jkd jii ptjlfp nourncf`t hauifafktjthnk jkd uvbih`jthnk no ojiphohfd ohkjk`hji rfunrtp+ Tmf @JKp no TNU Tj}

pxptfa `jk jipn `mf`g tmf dhfrphnk no ovkdp orna nkf `naujkx tn jkntmfr `naujkx |htmhk tmf

lrnvu `naujkhfp -pjaf urnantfrp(+ Tmf TNU tj} pxptfa lhfp j bhl bnnpt tn ptn`g ajrgftp jp

ufnuif ptjrt bvxhkl mvlf intp no pmjrfp tn ajhktjhk ahkhava bjijk`f hk tmfhr j``nvktp hk nrdfr

tn jnhd Urnoht tj}+ Tmfrf |hii bf kn phlkhoh`jkt foof`t no TNU tj} pxptfa nk hktrjdjx trjdhkl jkd

Ovtvrf nuthnkp trjdhkl bf`jvpf tmf innpfr innpfp f}trj 4& no tmf inpp janvkt nkix hk tmf

hktrjdjx trjdhkl+ Ufnuif |hii urfofr tn bvx pmjrfp nk tmf inkl tfra jkd jkkvji xhfid bjphp+ Tmfx

hkfpt hk tmf `naujkhfp |mh`m lhf mjkdpnaf dhhdfkdp xfjr jotfr xfjr+

TNU Tj} pxptfap ohf ajhk nbcf`thfp jrf :(Tmf tj} `niif`thnkp orna

ufnuif) 2( tmf dhptrhbvthnk no rffkvfp orna lnfrkafktp tn ufnuif hk tmf onra no pvbphdhfp)rfihfo ovkdp hk tmf ffkt no kjtvrji `jijahthfp ihgf fjrtm zvjgfp) oinndp) ojahkfp) ufkphnkp)

`jpm trjkpofrp tn|jrdp anktmix rjthnkp) mnpuhtji bhiip) fdv`jthnk bhiip) ft+) 0( urnhdhkl jii

bjph` pfrh`fp hk`ivdhkl rflhptrjthnkp no anjbif jkd haanjbif urnufrthfp) drhhkl ih`fk`fp)

jhr) bvp) trjhk th`gftp) ufrahtp) ih`fk`fp) ujxafkt no fif`trh`htx) tfifumnkf bhiip) |jtfr `fpp)

mnvpf tj}fp) hppvf no ntfr ihptp jkd ntfr pihup) bhrtm jkd dfjtm rflhptrjthnkp) `fkpvp ohlvrfp

jt ffrx djx) ffrx mnvr) ffrx ahkvtf -vkihgf jt ffrx df`jdf hk tmf urfpfkt pxptfa()

4( ifkdhkl ankfx tn bnrrn|frp jt tmf in|fpt UIR -jfrjlf 0&ufr jkkva(+ Jii tmfpf

nbcf`thfp `jk bf aft jkd `jrrhfd tmrnvlm bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp tn jii ufnuif jt phklif

|hkdn|) phtvjtfd kfjrfpt tn tmfhr mnafp -6( hauifafktjthnk no |fiojrf p`mfafp tn B@p) P@p)

PTp) tn|jrdp fdv`jthnk) pfio fauinxafkt jkd ntmfr jrfjp) jkd anktmix ufkphnkp tn pfkhnr`hthsfkp -|htm kn nr ujitrx hk`nafp( jkd umxph`jiix `mjiifklfd+

TNU Tj} pxptfap ajhk nbcf`thfp |hii bf `jrrhfd tmrnvlm bjkgp.pfrh`f

`fktrfp jt jbpnivtfix orff no `npt+ Tmf mvlf f}ufkdhtvrf `npt bfhkl hk`vrrfd bx tmf jrhnvp

Ptjtf Lnfrkafktp jkd @fktrji Lnfrkafkt onr tj} `niif`thnkp tmrnvlm dhoofrfkt tj} `niif`thnk

dfujrtafktp |hii bf pjfd+ Tmvp tmf mvlf tj} `niif`thnk f}ufkdhtvrf pjfd `jk bf bfttfr

vthihpfd onr urnhdhkl orff mfjitm `jrf pfrh`f jkd fdv`jthnk tn jii ufnuif no tmf kjthnk+

Jii tmf fjrkhklp.pjhklp no jk hkdhhdvji dfunphtfd hk tmfhr rfpuf`thf

j``nvktp -APJ.PPJ( hk tmf onra no kvafrh`ji.dhlhtji jivf `jk bf vthihpfd jt jkx thaf onr

bvxhkl no anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrtx nr onr jkx ntmfr ifljiix jiin|fd uvrunpf+ Tmf

vkvthihpfd dfunphtp |hii bf dhpbvrpfd jp injkp tn tmf bnrrn|frp bx tmf bjkgp jt tmf in|fptifkdhkl rjtf -jfrjlf 0& ufr jkkva jp nufrjthkl `npt(+ Tmf tntji urnohtp -jk fpthajtfd

?4)8


17/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf :


18/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf :=

Pjhklp J``nvkt jkd tmf pjaf urnufrtx |hii bf dfbhtfd orna tmf pfiifrp Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt

-APJ(+ \mfkffr mf.pmf pfiip jkx urnufrtx tmjt hp `rfdhtfd hk mhp APJ) tmf pjaf |hii bf

dfbhtfd orna mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt jkd tmf pjaf urnufrtx |hii bf `rfdhtfd hk tmf

bvxfrp Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ(+ Cvpt ihgf pmjrfp tmfrf |hii bf kn ujufr dn`vafktp onr

anjbif.haanjbif urnufrthfp+ Vkihgf `jpm trjkpofrp tmf bvxfrp urfpfk`f jkd

phlkjtvrf.jvtmfkth`jthnk pmjii jipn bf kffdfd onr jkx anjbif nr haanjbif urnufrtx

trjkpj`thnk+

0+ Ankfx pvuuix) rfji ankfx jkd `rfdht ankfxTNU Tj} pxptfap Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt APJ |hii mjf ohf onidfrp onr ankfx) pmjrfp.ptn`gp)

bnkdp) dfrhjthfp) anjbif urnufrtx) haanjbif urnufrtx jkd ojahix+ Tmf Pvb Pjhklp

J``nvkt |hii mjf nkix nkf onidfr onr ankfx+ Tmf @nrunrjtf J``nvkt Kvabfr |hii mjf pffk

onidfrp onr ankfx) anjbif urnufrtx) haanjbif urnufrtx) pf`vrhthfp) rj| ajtfrhjip jkd ntmfr

hkuvtp) ajk un|fr) ajkvoj`tvrfd urndv`tp+ Tmf ohrpt onidfr no jii tmfpf tmrff j``nvktp |hii bf

vpfd onr ptnrjlf jkd vpjlf no ankfx onr ufrpnkji nr bvphkfpp nr hkdvptrhji uvrunpf+ Onr

dftjhifd vpjlf no tmfpfj``nvktp uifjpf pff ujlf kvabfr:< jkd :=+

Tnu Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp tmf @jpm rfpfrf Rjthn @RR ufrajkfktix jt :5&+ Jii tmf injkp

tjgfk bx jkx ufrpnk |hii bf rf`nrdfd jkd ajhktjhkfd hk tmf pvb onidfr `jiifd Dfbt ankfx

onidfr no mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt+ Tmf injk ankfx hp `jiifd Dfbt ankfx+ Phahijrix tmf

bnrrn|hklp no ankfx -injkp( onr hkdvptrhfp rvk bx `nrunrjtf `naujkhfp nr uvbih` `naujkhfp

|hii bf rf`nrdfd jkd ajhktjhkfd hk tmf pvb onidfr `jiifd Dfbt ankfx onidfr no @nrunrjtf

J``nvkt Kvabfrp -@JKp( no tmnpf `naujkhfp+ Tmf tntji ankfx hk jii APJp) PPJp) @JKp) Bjkg

j``nvktp jkd Lnfrkafkt j``nvktp |hii bf `nkptjkt tmrnvlmnvt tmf xfjr |htm j ihttif jrhjthnk

no +5:& bf`jvpf no ahkhp`vif ujufr `vrrfk`x+ Tmf tntji injkp.jdjk`fp lhfk bx jii Bjkgp

-rf`nrdfd jp Dfbt ankfx hk Dfut ankfx onidfrp no APJp jkd @JKp( pmnvid knt bf anrf tmjk

4


19/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


`juhtjiankfx.oh}fd ankfx hk tmf bjkgp ankfx onidfr jrf ifpp tmjk tmf Bjkgp hkhthji `juhtji

hkfptafkt tmjt afjkp tmf bjkg hk`vrrfd inppfp+

Tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp @RR -@jpm Rfpfrf Rjthn( tn bf jrnvkd :5&+ Tmf tntji

injkp.jdjk`fp lhfk bx j Bjkg-]() rf`nrdfd hk tmf injk ankfx onidfr no Bjkgp J``nvkt )

pmnvid knt bf anrf tmjk 4


20/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Fj`m Bjkg nufrjtnrp urnoht |hii dfufkd vu nk tmf rfji ankfx jjhijbif hk jii APJp) PPJp jkd

@JKp ht nufrjtfp+ Pn) tmf Bjkg nufrjtnrp |hii hf |htm nkf jkntmfr onr anrf j``nvktp bx

urnhdhkl urnaut jkd zvjihtx pfrh`fp tn htp `vptnafrp+ Rfji ankfx afjkp tntji ihzvhd ankfx

ahkvp tntji injk ankfx.dfbtankfx lhfk bx bjkgp+ Uifjpf pff ujlf kvabfr := jkd :8 onr

unpphbif nufrjthkl `npt no tmf Bjkgp jkd tmfhr urnohtp+ Bjkgp `juhtji hkfptafkt `jkknt bf

|htmdrj|k orna tmf bjkg vkifpp ht hp f}`ffdfd nkf khktm jivfp no htp tntji injkp lhfk+ Hk

ntmfr |nrdp) nkix tmf f}trj ankfx) |mh`m afjkp urnohtp) nfr tmf hkhthji `juhtji hkfptafkt) `jk

bf |htmdrj|k orna tmf Bjkg bx htp urnantfrp+ TNU Tj} pxptfa fkpvrfp tmjt ankfx pvuuix dnfp

knt lft ptjlkjtfd hk tmf ohkjk`hji pxptfa jp f}`fpp rfpfrfp bf`jvpf no tmfpf oniin|hkl oj`tnrp+

Tmf ohrpt nkf hp tmf Urnoht Tj} |mh`m `nkptjktix uvaup ankfx bj`g hk tn tmf ohkjk`hji pxptfa+

Tmf pf`nkd nkf hp tmf ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x |mh`m tntjiix rfanfp bij`g ankfx) j ptrnklmnid

no ptjlkjtfd jkd mhbfrkjtfd ankfx hk rf`fpphnk ufrhndp+ Tmf tmhrd oj`tnr hp in| hktfrfpt rjtfp

jkd ojptfr pjk`thnkhkl no injkp bf`jvpf jii `naunkfktp no ankfx jkd |fjitm jrf rf`nrdfd)

ptnrfd) ajhktjhkfd jkd vpfd hk tmf pjaf APJp jkd @JKp+Ffrx xfjr) jddhthnkji rfjiankfx fzvjiihkl 62+?0& no tmf jivf no tmf lrn|tm hk tmf

LDU ahkvp tmf jivf no tmf lrn|tm -ho jkx( hk tmf f}unrtp |mfk `naujrfd tn ijpt xfjr) pmnvid

bf jddfd tn tmf Lnfrkafkt j``nvkt jt tmf thaf bvdlft urfpfktjthnk tn `mf`g dfoijthnk jkd

rf`fpphnk+ Tmf ajcnr unrthnk -65&( no tmhp jddfd ankfx pmnvid bf jiin`jtfd tn|jrdp ufkphnkp

tn pfkhnr `hthsfkp |mn mjf kn nr ujitrx hk`nafp+ Tmf rfajhkhkl unrthnk pmjii bf jiin`jtfd tn

|fiojrf p`mfafp) mfjitm `jrf pfrh`fp) jkd fdv`jthnk jkd hkorjptrv`tvrf pf`tnrp+ Nk`f tmhp rfji

ankfx hp jddfd jkd afrlfd hk tmf `hr`vijthkl ankfx) tmf rfajhkhkl unrthnk no 4


21/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 2:

d|jrohkl tmf rfji ankfx jkd `jvphkl vk`nktrniifd hkoijthnk jkd j``vavijthnk no ankfx hk j

of| un`gftp+

\mx tmf pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp tntji rfanji no

hktfrfpt rjtfp nk dfajkd dfunphtp jkd oh}fd dfunphtp>Jkx trvix dfan`rjth` Lnfrkafkt pmnvid fkpvrf tmjt |fjitm oin|p

orna tmf rh`m tn tmf unnr+ Bvt vkonrtvkjtfix tmf hkfrpf hp mjuufkhkl hk tmf urfpfkt pxptfa+

Ankfx mjp bffk `nkptjktix trjkpofrrhkl orna tmf mjf!kntp tn tmf mjfp hk tmf onra no

hktfrfpt rjtfp nk dfajkd dfunphtp jkd oh}fd dfunphtp+ Tmf rh`m jrf bf`nahkl rh`mfr bx jt

ifjpt =& ffrx xfjr jkd tmf unnr jrf lftthkl unnrfr ffrx xfjr) bx ujxhkl hktfrfpt hkdhrf`tix

nk dfajkd.oh}fd dfunphtp no tmf rh`m |mhif bvxhkl fppfkthji `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp) jkd

dhrf`tix ujxhkl tmrnvlm mhlm hktfrfptp nk tmf injkp tjgfk bx tmfa+ Tmf bjkgp jrf ujxhkl mvlf

janvktp jp hktfrfptp tn tmf rh`m bx f}trj`thkl dhrf`tix orna tmf unnr tmrnvlm mhlm hktfrfpt

rjtfp nk tmf injkp lhfk tn tmfa jkd hkdhrf`tix tmrnvlm hktfrfptp nk injkp lhfk tn rh`m

hkdvptrhjihptp jp tmf hkdvptrhjihptp ffktvjiix ujpp nk tmf hktfrfpt bvrdfk tn tmf `nkpvafrp bx

fkmjk`hkl tmf urh`fp no `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp+ Tmf ajcnrhtx no tmf ufnuif mjf tn |nrg f}trj

mjrd knt nkix tn fjrk onr tmfapfifp bvt jipn tn ujx tmf hktfrfpt nk tmf dfunphtp no tmf rh`m)

jitmnvlm hkdhrf`tix) bx bvxhkl hktfrfpt `naunkfkt hk`ivdfd `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp jt mhlmfr

urh`fp+ Tmf mjf!kntp jrf ujxhkl tmf fkthrf hktfrfpt janvktp nk dfunphtp jkd pjhklp fhtmfr

dhrf`tix nr hkdhrf`tix bx dfojvit+ Hkptfjd no vphkl ankfx jp afdhva onr trjkpofr no

`naandhthfp nr pfrh`fp bft|ffk ufnuif) tmf ankfx htpfio hp bfhkl vpfd jp jk jppft tn

lfkfrjtf hk`nafp tmrnvlm hktfrfptp+ Tmf j``vavijthnk jkd ptj`ghkl no ankfx bx jk

hkdhhdvji hp lfkfrjthkl ankfx onr urnlfkx lfkfrjthnk jotfr lfkfrjthnk+ Tmf lfkfrjthnk no

ankfx nk ptnrfd ankfx hp kntmhkl bvt j dfdv`thnk no ankfx orna mjrd fjrkhkl |nrghkl

`ijpp+ Tmhp ujrjphth` unih`x no tmf rh`m) offdhkl nk tmf unnr bx pjuuhkl jii tmfhr fkfrlx tn tmf

pvufrkj`viva) |hii bf fkdfd |htm tmf jdnuthnk jkd hauifafktjthnk no TNU Tj} pxptfa+ TNU

Tj} pxptfa |hii fkpvrf tmjt ankfx |hii bf uvrfix vpfd jp afdhva onr trjkpofr no

`naandhthfp nr pfrh`fp jankl ufnuif+

Mfk`f tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp tntji rfanji no hktfrfptp nk oh}fd

dfunphtp jkd dfajkd dfunphtp+ Tmf rh`m |hii mjf tn pufkd f}j`tix tmf janvkt tmfx fjrk nr

pjf jkd knt j ufkkx anrf lnt bx hrtvf no hktfrfpt+ Bvt jt tmf pjaf thaf tmf rh`m |hii mjf

lrfjtfr bfkfohtp hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Tmfx kffd knt ujx Hk`naf tj} jt jii+ Tmfx `jk pufkd

|mjtffr ankfx tmfx fjrk |htmnvt bntmfrhkl jbnvt j``nvkthkl) jvdhthkl jkd hk`naf tj}

rftvrkp+ Tmf tntji ankfx) pjfd orna hk`naf tj} nk fkthrf fjrkhklp.pjhklp dvrhkl tmfhr ihof

thaf) |hii bf anrf tmjk tmf hktfrfpt inpt nk tmfhr dfunphtp+ Anrf haunrtjktix tmf unnr |hii lftankfx jt in| hktfrfpt rjtfp -2& ufr jkkva(+ Tmfx |hii mjf tmfhr n|k mnafp jkd tmfx |hii

lft fppfkthji `naandhthfp jt av`m `mfjufr urh`fp tmjk tndjx+

Urfpfktix) ajcnr pmjrf no rffkvfp no bntm @fktrf jkd Ptjtfp hp bfhkl lnbbifd vu

bx tmf mvlf bvrdfk `npt no hktfrfpt ujxafktp nk hktfrkji bnrrn|hklp+ Tmf mvlf janvktp

pjfd nk hktfrfpt ujxafktp bx tmf @fktrji jkd Ptjtf lnfrkafktp nk hktfrkji bnrrn|hklp

`jk bf vthihpfd tn urnhdf orff mfjitm `jrf pfrh`fp jkd zvjihtx fdv`jthnk tn jii ufnuif no tmf

`nvktrx+ Ht hp trvf tmjt pnaf no tmf pfkhnr `hthsfkp rfix pnifix nk anktmix hktfrfpt ujxafktp

nk tmfhr ihof thaf pjhklp+ Mfk`f ht hp jbpnivtfix haufrjthf tmjt tmf ajcnr unrthnk no tmf

pjfd hktfrfpt nk hktfrkji bnrrn|hklp bx tmf @fktrf jkd Ptjtfp jkd tmf pjfd tj} `niif`thnk

f}ufkdhtvrf `npt pmnvid bf lhfk tn jii pfkhnr `hthsfkp -|htm kn nr ujitrx hk`nafp( jbnf tmfjlf no ?6 xfjrp jp ufkphnk ffrx anktm+


22/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Jii tmf urfpfkt djx `mht ovkd `naujkhfp) ohkjk`hji hkpthtvthnkp |hii mjf tn `mjklf tmfhr

nufrjthnkp jkd pfrh`fp jkd trjkponra hktn bjkghkl pfrh`f `fktrfp+ TNU Tj} pxptfa rfzvhrfp

6) 55)555 bjkghkl pfrh`f `fktrfp -pff ujlf kvabfr :?(+ Tmf inpp no fauinxafkt hk tmf tj}

`niif`thnk dfujrtafktp jkd UDP |hii bf `naufkpjtfd bx ajkhonid fauinxafkt lfkfrjthnk

tmrnvlm ijrlf kvabfr no bjkghkl pfrh`f `fktrfp) mvlfix f}ujkdfd mfjitm `jrf) fdv`jthnk)

hkorjptrv`tvrf) jlrn) hrrhljthnk jkd ntmfr pf`tnrp+ Pff ujlf :? tn :8+ Tmf ajcnr pmjrf no

rffkvfp tmjt hp bfhkl pufkt nk hktfrfpt ujxafktp nk hktfrkji bnrrn|hklp) tj} `niif`thnk) nfr

phsfd Lnfrkafkt aj`mhkfrx jkd UDP) -|mh`m dnfp knt urnufi f`nknah` j`thhtx jkd `rfjtf

hkorjptrv`tvrf jkd jppftp() |hii bf bfttfr vthihpfd nk hkorjptrv`tvrf urncf`tp) mfjitm `jrf pfrh`fp)

fdv`jthnk) hrrhljthnk) jlrh`vitvrf jkd ntmfr pf`tnrp tn hkdv`f mvlf dffinuafkt) fauinxafkt

lfkfrjthnk) jkd jii!rnvkd dffinuafkt no hkdhhdvjip jkd `nvktrx jp j |mnif+ Tmfpf mvlf

hkfptafktp nk hkorjptrv`tvrf |hii ovrtmfr j``fifrjtf f`nknah` lrn|tm |mfrf anrf tj}

rffkvfp jrf ofjphbif tn urnhdf jii bjph` kffdp no ufnuif+ J `nvktrx |mh`m jdnutp jkd

hauifafktp tmhp TNU Tj} pxptfa -J kf| tj}jthnk pxptfa( |hii bf nk rhlmt trj`g jt ojptfr lrn|tmrjtf hk kn thaf+ Tmhp |hii rfdv`f nfr dfufkdfk`f nk f}tfrkji bnrrn|hklp jt mhlm hktfrfpt rjtf

vkdfr jdfrpf tfrap jkd `nkdhthnkp+

Tnu Tj} pxptfa rvkp nk ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x jkd dfajtfrhjihpfd ankfx

TNU Tj} pxptfa tmjt rvkp nk ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x jkd dfajtfrhjihpfd ankfx |hiimjf ohf dhpthk`t jdjktjlfp nfr urfpfkt pxptfa |mh`m rvkp nk mvlf ujufr `vrrfk`x+

:+ Ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x jt j in| dfknahkjthnk jivf |hii fkpvrf tmf tntji f}thk`thnk no ojgf

`vrrfk`x+

2+ Bij`g ankfx |hii jipn afft tmf pjaf ojtf jp ufnuif |hii bf onr`fd tn trjkpofr ankfx orna

nkf j``nvkt tn jkntmfr j``nvkt tmrnvlm `mfzvf) dfbht `jrd nr nkihkf trjkpofrp onr jii

trjkpj`thnkp onr ufrpnkji nr bvphkfpp uvrunpf+

0+ Rjkpnap) f}tnrthnkp) brhbfp) rnbbfrhfp jkd jii hiiflji j`thhthfp |hii `naf tn jk fkd jp mvlf

f}`mjklf no `vrrfk`x jt mhlm dfknahkjthnk jivfp |hii knt bf unpphbif bf`jvpf ffrx

hkdhhdvjip fjrkhklp nr pjhklp |hii bf hk ajtfrhjihpfd onra hk mhp.mfr APJ nr PPJp+

4+ Tmfrf |hii bf kn p`nuf onr f}`mjklf no ankfx hk umxph`ji onra+ Jii ankfx trjkpofrp |hii bf

j``nvktfd jkd tmhp fihahkjtfp tj} fjphnk+ Ffrx j``nvkt |hii bf jk hknivktjrx tj}ujxhkl

j``nvkt+ Tmvp tj} `niif`thnk jkd tj} `nauihjk`f |hii hkjrhjbix bf`naf nkf jkd pjaf+ Tmfrf

|hii bf kn tj} `niif`thnk `npt onr Lnfrkafkt jkd tj} `nauihjk`f `npt onr `hthsfkp+

6+ Vkdfr urfpfkt tj} pxptfa ho ijrlf kvabfr no ufrpnkp |jktp tn `jk`fi tmfhr dfunphtp jkd

|htmdrj| tmfhr ankfx orna bjkgp jt nk`f onr nkf rfjpnk nr ntmfr) tmf ankfx jjhijbif |htm

tmf bjkgp |hii knt bf pvooh`hfkt tn dhpbvrpf tn jii ufrpnkp jt nk`f `jvphkl ujkh` jkd `mjnp+ Bvt

vkdfr TNU tj} pxptfa tmf jbnf p`fkjrhn |hii kffr n``vr vkdfr jkx `hr`vaptjk`fp bf`jvpf

jkx ufrpnk `jk bf jiin|fd tn |htmdrj|hkl nkix j aj}hava no 6)555 ufr anktm orna mhp Ajhk

Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ() jkd |mjtffr ankfx jjhijbif hk jii mhp Pvb Pjhklp J``nvktp |hii mjf

tn bf trjkpofrrfd orna tmnpf j``nvktp tmrnvlm `mfzvf) dfbht `jrdp nr kft bjkghkl tn ntmfr

ufrpnkp j``nvkt |mhif bvxhkl pmjrfp) ijkdp) oijtp) uintp) jkx `naandhtx) lnndp) pfrh`f nr

jkxtmhkl fipf nr hk `jpf ho mf |jktp tn ifkd ankfx tn ntmfr ufrpnkp+ Mf.pmf `jk trjkpofr jii

mhp.mfr ankfx orna mhp.mfr ujrth`vijr APJ nr PPJ tn jkntmfr PPJp no mhp.mfr n|k j``nvkt bx

inphkl 4& Tnu tj} hk tmhp urn`fpp

Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa fj`m ufrpnk |hii bf jiin|fd tn |htmdrj| j aj}hava no Rp+

6555 ufr anktm orna pjhklp nr fjrkhklp hk mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt nkix+


23/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Tmf anktmix `jpm |htmdrj|ji ihaht onr fj`m `hthsfk `jk bf `ji`vijtfd jp oniin|p7 ! Tmf jivf no

tmf WLDU jivf no tmjt `nvktrx -f}unrtp haunrtp(Q dhhdfd bx 0?6+ Uifjpf knt tmjt fj`m

`hthsfk jbnf jlf no :6 xfjrp |hii mjf nkix nkf Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ(+ Tmf anktmix

|htmdrj|ji ihaht -`jpm hk umxph`ji onra( |hii jrx orna `nvktrx tn `nvktrx+

Tmhp tjbif pmn|p tmf pvllfptfd anktmix |htmdrj|ji ihahtp onr Hkdhj+

LDU 2558!:5 BF

hk `rnrfp

Tntji

unuvijthnk

no `nvktrx

Juurn}hajtf+ Kn no

APJp nfr:6xfjrp(+

Hk `rnrfp

Ufr `juhtj hk`naf.

APJ.jkkva

Hk Rp+

Ufr `juhtj

hk`naf hk Rp+

.APJ.anktm

6=)6?)6?8 ::? `rnrfp :55 6=)6?6 4==5

Tmf anktmix |htmdrj|ji ihaht no Rp+ 6555 `jk bf hk`rfjpfd jt bvdlft thaf dfufkdhkl vunk

tmf LDU jivf+

Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa `vrrfk`x hk 25) :5) 6 jkd 2 rvuff kntfp kffdfd tn bf uvt hk`hr`vijthnk |hii bf juurn}hajtfix jivfd jt Rp+ 25)555`rnrfp+ Bfphdfp tmfpf `vrrfk`x kntfp :)

2) 6 rvuff `nhkp |hii jipn bf hk `hr`vijthnk jp hk urfpfkt pxptfa+

Tmf ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x tmjt kffdp tn bf uvt hk `hr`vijthnk ajx jrx orna `nvktrx tn

`nvktrx dfufkdhkl vunk LDU jivf no tmjt `nvktrx+

Tmf jivf no tmf ihahtfd ujufr `vrrfk`x pmnvid bf fzvji tn tmf jivf no tmf WLDU no tmjt

`nvktrx -f}unrtp haunrtp(Q dhhdfd bx 0?6+ -Ho LDU 1 urhjtf `nkpvauthnk ' lrnpp

hkfptafkt 'lnfrkafkt pufkdhkl ' F}unrtp haunrtp(

Hk `rnrfp

LDU 2558!:5

BF hk `rnrfp

Jlrh`vitvrf

pf`tnr :

4:5= 8000 2::: ?0? 0248 :85< 22:4 2066=

Tmf jbnf jivfd `vrrfk`x -`nhkp jkd kntfp( urfpfktix hk `hr`vijthnk |hii anpt urnbjbix bf

pvooh`hfkt onr tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa hk tmf `jpf no Hkdhj+

Tmf ujufr ankfx kffdfd tn bf uvt hk `hr`vijthnk1 tmf jivf no LDU ] :5& no pijb rjtf -4&(

dhhdfd bx :551 jivf no LDU ] 5+4 .:55+ Ujufr ankfx |hii bf `hr`vijtfd hk in| nivafp nkix jt

urhajrx iffi hk tmf ajkvoj`tvrfr) dfjifr) jkd rftjhifr jkd `nkpvafr `mjhk+


24/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Tmf nfrjii unpphbif `naunkfkt no TNU Tj} nk lnndp.pfrh`fp hp pmn|k hk tmf oniin|hkl

tjbifp+ Tmf unpphbif TNU Tj} nk ankfx oin|p hk `nkpvafr) rftjhifr) dfjifr) ajkvoj`tvrfr

`mjhk+Tjbif Kn+:3 TNU Tj} nk Mhlm jivfd Lnndp.Pfrh`fp -Afdhva jkd Mfjx( hkdvptrhfp

Ptjlf no

pvuuix `mjhk

-ankfx

oin|(

Orna @nkpvafr tn

Dfjifr-urh`f(

-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr

@nkpvafr

Rftjhifr-`naahpphnk(

Orna Dfjifr tn

Ajkvoj`tvrfr-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Orna

Ajkvoj`tvrfr tn

Rj| ajtfrhjip)

Ajk un|fr

ft`)-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

TNU Tj}1:2& 4& 4& 4&

Tjbif Kn+ 23 TNU Tj} nk In| urh`fd lnndp.urndv`tp -Pajii p`jif jkd `nttjlf

hkdvptrhfp(

Ptjlf no

pvuuix `mjhk

-ankfx oin|(

Orna @nkpvafr tn

Rftjhifr-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

-`jpm(

Orna Rftjhifr tn

Ajkvoj`tvrfr-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Orna

Ajkvoj`tvrfr tn

Rj| ajtfrhjip)

Ajk un|fr

ft`)-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Tntji TNU

Tj}1=&khi 4& 4&

Tjbif Kn+0 TNU Tj} nk in| urh`fd lnndp.urndv`tp.jrth`ifp -pajii p`jif hkdvptrhfp(

|mfk ajrgftfd jt Ptjtf jkd Kjthnkji iffi+

Ptjlf no

pvuuix

`mjhk

-Ankfx

oin|p(

@nkpvaf

r

Rftjhifr

-@jpm(

Rftjhifr

Dfjifr-`mfzvf.df

bht `jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

Dfjifr

Ajkvoj`tvrfr-`mfzvf.df

bht `jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Ajkvoj`tvrfr

Rj| ajtfrhjip)

Ajk un|fr

ft`+-`mfzvf.dfb

ht `jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

Tntji1:2

& tnu tj}

khi 4& 4& 4&

Tjbif Kn+ 4 TNU Tj} nk Jlrh`vitvrf Urndv`f orna pajii jkd ajrlhkji ojrafrpPtjlf no pvuuix `mjhk orna @nkpvafr tn Orna Ojrafr tn Ojra


25/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


-ankfx oin|p( Ojrafrp-`jpm( hkuvtp-`jpm(

Tntji TNU Tj}15 khi khi

Tjbif KN+63 TNU Tj} nk Jlrh`vitvrf Urndv`f orna pfah afdhva jkd afdhva ojrafrp

-in`ji jkd dhptrh`t iffi `nkpvauthnk(

Ptjlf no pvuuix

`mjhk -Ankfx oin|(

Orna @nkpvafr tn

_fkdnrp

-`jpm(

Orna _fkdnrp tn

Ojrafrp

-`jpm(

Ojrafrp tn Ojra

hkuvtp) Ajk un|fr

ft`)-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Tntji TNU Tj}14& khi khi 4&

Tjbif Kn+ ?3 TNU Tj} nk Jlrh`vitvrf Urndv`f orna ijrlf Ojrafrp -Ptjtf) Kjthnkji iffi

`nkpvauthnk jkd f}unrtp(

Ptjlf no

pvuuix

`mjhk-ankfx

oin|(

@nkpvafr

tn rftjhifrp

-`jpm(

Orna Rftjhifrp

tn

Trjdfrp-dfbht

`jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

orna Trjdfrp tn

Ojrafrp-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Orna Ojrafr tn

Ojra hkuvtp) ajk

un|fr

ft`)-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Tnu tj}1:2 khi 4& 4& 4&

Tjbif kn3 < TNU Tj} nk pajii mntfip) antfip) rfptjvrjktp jkd dmjbjp ft`)

@vptnafrp tn n|kfrp

-`jpm(

n|kfrp tn lrn`frhfp)

pjijrhfp jkd ntmfr hkuvtp

Tntji TNU Tj} nk ankfx

oin|p

Khi 4&-`mfzvf.dfbht `jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

4&

Tjbif kn3 = TNU Tj} nk ptjr mntfip

orna @vptnafrp tn

n|kfrp

-dfbht `jrd.kft trjkpofr(

Orna n|kfrp tn lrn`frhfp)

pjijrhfp jkd ntmfr hkuvt

`nptp-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr(


oin|p

TNU Tj}14& TNU Tj}14& =&


26/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 2?

Tjbif kn3 8 TNU Tj} nk rvkkhkl no p`mnnip jkd `niiflfp jt in|fr offp

Orna Ujrfktp tn

ajkjlfafkt

-`jpm(

Ajkjlfafkt tn tn|jrdp

pjijrhfp) ajtfrhjip jkd ntmfrhkuvt `nptp-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr.(


oin|p

Khi TNU Tj}14& 4&

Tjbif kn3 :5 TNU Tj} nk rvkkhkl no p`mnnip) `niiflfp) vkhfrphthfp jkd ntmfr

hkpthtvthnkp jt mhlmfr offp jkd dnkjthnkp+

ujrfktp ajkjlfafkt

-`mfzvf.dfbht `jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

ajkjlfafkt pjijrhfp) ajtfrhjip jkd

ntmfr hkuvt `nptp-`mfzvf.dfbht `jrd.kft

trjkpofr(

Tntji TNU

Tj} nk

ankfx oin|


Tmf foof`t no TNU Tj} nk ohia hkdvptrx

Tjbif kn3 ::

hf|fr tn

tmfjtrf.f}mhbhtfr

f}mhbhtfr.tmfjtrf

tn dhptrhbvtnr

dhptrhbvtnr tn

urndv`fr

Orna urndv`fr tn

urndv`thnk.f}ufkdhtvrf.pjijrhfp

Tntji TNU

tj}

- Ho( @JPM Nkihkf trjkpofr

4&

Nkihkf

trjkpofr14&

Nkihkf trjkpofr14& :2&

Dfbht `jrd14& 4& 4& 4& :?&

Jujrt orna tmf TNU Tj}) tmfrf |hii bf kn fktfrtjhkafkt tj} nk ohia hkdvptrx+ Jipn tmfrf |hii

bf kn ntmfr tj}fp tmjt jrf bfhkl urfpfktix haunpfd nk rj| ohia) `jafrjp jkd jii ntmfr

fzvhuafktp jkd pfrh`f tj}fp hk tmf fkthrf urndv`thnk ptjlf+

Tjbif kn3 :2 TNU Tj} nk Rfji fptjtf pf`tnr

Orna Bvxfr tn

dffinufr.bvhidfr-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr

Bvhidfr.dffinufr tn

rj| ajtfrhjip jkd ntmfr

hkuvt `nptp-`mfzvf.dfbht

`jrd.kft trjkpofr


oin|p


Tjbif kn3 :0 TNU Tj} nk in| urh`fd htfap.lnndp.jrth`ifp.orvhtp.fdhbifp ft`)

`nkpvafr tn ptrfft

fkdnr.pfiifr.mj|gfr-`jpm(

_fkdnr.pfiifr.mj|gfr tn

rftjhifr.|mnifpjifr.hkuvtp-`jpm(


oin|p

TNU Tj}1khi TNU Tj}1khi khi


27/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa



28/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 2=

Tmf foof`t no TNU Tj} nk rfujxafkt no injkp vu tn RP+ :5ijgmp+

Rfujxafkt

ufrhnd

Hktfrfpt ufr

jkkva

Tntji

hktfrfpt &

TNU Tj} Tntji

rfujxafkt &

Jfrjlf&

: xfjr 2& 2& 4& ?& ?&

2 xfjrp 2& 2'214& 4& =& 4&

0 xfjrp 2& 2}01?& 4& :5& 0+00&

4 xfjrp 2& 2}41=& 4& :2& 0&

TNU Tj} `jk bf jnhdfd bx rfujxhkl injk janvkt dhrf`tix orna tmf pnvr`f no j ufrpnkp hk`naf

tn tmf bjkg j``nvkt nr ankfx ifkdfrp j``nvkt orna |mna tmf injk mjp bffk tjgfk+ Tmf

jfrjlf hktfrfpt & |hii bf ifpp nk injkp tjgfk nfr inklfr ufrhnd+

Uifjpf kntf tmjt tmf tntji TNU Tj} nk jii `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp pmn|k jbnf hk jii

tjbifp |hii bf j`tvjiix ifpp+ Tmf rfjpnk onr tmhp hp tmjt tmf j`tvji TNU Tj} nk jii

`naandhthfp.pfrh`fp 1 4& no uvr`mjpf urh`f jt rftjhifr ' 4& no -dfjifr urh`f rftjhifrp

urnoht( ' 4& no -ajkvoj`tvrfr urh`fdfjifrp urnoht ajkvoj`tvrfr urnoht(+ Pn tmf tj} |hii bf

nkix nk urh`f no tmf `naandhtx.urh`f jkd rftjhifrp urnoht nkix f}ìvdhkl tmf dfjifr jkd

ajkvoj`tvrfrp urnohtp+

Bvt hk tmf urfpfkt f`nknah` pxptfa tmf tntji tj} `naunkfkt no jkx `naandhtx.pfrh`f

jipn hkìvdfp tmf tj} nk tmf rftjhifrp) dfjifrp jkd ajkvoj`tvrfrp urnohtp+ Mfk`f tmf`nkpvafr hp ujxhkl tj} knt nkix nk tmf urh`f no tmf `naandhtx.pfrh`f bvt jipn nk tmf tntji

urnohtp no jii tmf uijxfrp hk tmf ajrgft+ Pn tmf tj} hp bfhkl ifhfd nk tmf urh`f no tmf

`naandhtx.pfrh`f jkd jii tmf urnohtp no rftjhifr) dfjifr jkd ajkvoj`tvrfr `nabhkfd

tnlftmfr+ Hk ihtfrji pfkpf tmf `npt no jkx `naandhtx.pfrh`f hkìvdfp tmf ajkvoj`tvrhkl `npt)

tmf tntji urnohtp) tmf hktfrfpt `naunkfkt) tmf tntji tj} `naunkfkt jkd `nrrvuthnk

`naunkfkt+ Tmf in| hktfrfpt rjtfp) tmf in|fpt tj} rjtfp kn `nrrvuthnk `naunkfkt hk TNU Tj}

pxptfa |hii fkpvrf tmf jjhijbhihtx no `naandhthfp.pfrh`fp jt av`m rfdv`fd urh`fp tmjk hk

tmf urfpfkt pxptfa+

Tmf pijb rjtf -4&( nk jii ankfx trjkpofrp hp pjaf jkd oh}fd jkd |hii bf jvtnajth`jiix

dfdv`tfd orna jii j``nvktp nufrjtfd bx bjkgp jkd trjkpofrrfd tn tmf Ptjtf jkd @fktrfp

`nabhkfd j``nvkt -PJ@@J(+ Tmf ntmfr tj}) @fktrji F}`hpf dvtx jujrt orna TNU tj}) pmnvid bf

haunpfd mfjhix nk tmrff htfap!! `hljrfttfp) ihzvnr jkd `jrp pn jp tn dhp`nvrjlf ufnuif orna

panghkl) ji`nmni `nkpvauthnk jkd tn df`nklfpt rnjdp hk `nvktrhfp |mfrf unuvijthnk dfkphtx

hp frx mhlm+

\htm in| tj} rjtfp hk tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa |mfk `naujrfd |htm urfpfkt tj}jthnk

pxptfa) tmf lnfrkafkt |hii mjf tmf aj}hava ajknfvrjbhihtx hk tntji df`nktrniihkl no tmf

rftjhi urh`fp no uftrni jkd dhfpfi |mhif jihlkhkl dnafpth` urh`fp |htm linbji nkfp+ Ffk |htm

tntji df`nktrni no tmf urh`fp no uftrni jkd dhfpfi) tmf urh`fp |hii bf jt ujr nr bfin| tmf

urfpfkt urh`fp) tntjiix |huhkl nvt tmf vkdfr rf`nfrhfp no tmf ajcnr uvbih` pf`tnr nhi

`naujkhfp jkd pvbptjkthjiix df`rfjphkl tmf iffi no lnfrkafkt pvbphdhfp+


29/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


4+ Nufrjthkl `npt no tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa3

Tmf tntji kvabfr no Bjkgp.pfrh`f `fktrfp -Urhjtf/ Uvbih`( tn bf urnhdfd vkdfr TNU tj}

pxptfa -j bjkg onr ffrx 2555 unuvijthnk( |hii bf jrnvkd 6) 55)555+ Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj}pxptfa Rfun rjtf 1 0+55) rffrpf rfun rjtf 1 2+55) @RR 1 6&) Ptjtvtnrx Ihzvhdhtx Rjthn -PIR( 1

24&) Urhaf Ifkdhkl Rjtf -UIR( 1 2& ufr jkkva vu tn Rp+ :5 ijgmp jkd 4& ufr jkkva onr jbnf

Rp+:5 ijgmp+

Jii ohlvrfp jrf juurn}hajtfd

Kvabfr no Bjkg brjk`mfp.pfrh`f `fktrfp rfzvhrfd 6)55)555

Kvabfr no Fauinxffp rfzvhrfd -:}0( :6)55)555

J3 Nufrjthkl `npt ufr xfjr3 Rvuffp hk `rnrfp

Tjbif !J

:655555 fauinxffp pjijrhfp -Rp :6)555 ufr anktm onr fj`m fauinxff( onr tmf

xfjr w:655555Knp+ } :6555Rp+ } :2anktmpq2


30/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


B3 Hk`nafp tmrnvlm Hktfrfptp vkdfr TNU tj} pxptfa Rvuffp hk `rnrfp

Jii ohlvrfp dfrhfd orna 2558 juurn}hajtf fpthajtfp

Tntji tfra dfunphtp no jii bjkgp -fpthajtfd( 2=)66)


31/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 0:

6++++++++++++++++++++++@naujrjthf ptvdx no Tj} rffkvfp3 !!!!!!!Tmf `naujrjthf ptvdx no@fktrfp tj} rffkvfp vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa |htm rfpuf`t tn 2558!,:5

vkhnk Bvdlft fpthajtfp jkd tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Vkdfr tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj}pxptfa tmf TNU Tj} |hii bf 4&}01:2& no BF 2558!:5 LDU 6=)6?)6?8`rnrfp jp fj`m `naandhtx

nr pfrh`f |hii bf trjkpj`tfd jt jk jfrjlf no tmrff thafp-ajkvoj`tvrfr.pfrh`f urnhdfr)

dfjifr jkd rftjhifr( +

Tjbif Kn3 0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Rvuffp hk `rnrfp

Pn TNU Tj} 14&}01:2& no6=) 6?) 6?8 -LDU( BF 2558!:5


32/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Vkdfr tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa tmfrf |hii bf kn tj} fjphnk) vkj``nvktfd.pmjdn|

trjkpj`thnkp) bij`g ankfx jkd ojgf `vrrfk`x jt jii+ Ho |f tjgf hktn j``nvkt tmf vkj``nvktfd

LDU no Hkdhj) tmf j`tvji LDU |nvid mjf bffk anrf tmjk tmf fpthajtfd LDU vkdfr urfpfkt

pxptfa+ Pn tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} rffkvfp j``rvfd orna j`tvji LDU |hii bf anrf -jianpt

dnvbif( tmjk tmjt j`tvjiix pmn|k hk tmf tjbifp+ Tmf urnunpfd Urnoht Tj} -UT( mjp knt bffk

jddfd tn tmf fpthajtfd tj} rffkvfp vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa) jp ht hp knt gkn|k tmf

f}j`t Urnoht Tj} jjhijbif vkthi tmf TNU Tj} pxptfa bf`nafp nufrjthnkji+

Tmf `naujrjthf ptvdx no tj} rffkvfp no jii ptjtfp vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa |htm rfpuf`t tn

255=!58 bvdlft fpthajtfp jkd vkdfr tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa+ Vkdfr tmf urnunpfd

TNU Tj} pxptfa tmf TNU Tj} |hii bf 4&0 1 :2&no BF 2558! :5 LDU jivf no 6=)6?)6?8 `rnrfp

jp fj`m `naandhtx nr pfrh`f |hii bf trjkpj`tfd jt jk jfrjlf no tmrff thafp -hk tmf

ajkvoj`tvrfr.pfrh`f urnhdfr) dfjifr jkd rftjhifr `mjhk(

TNU Tj} 14&}01:2&no 6=) 6?) 6?8`rnrfp -LDU( -BF 2558!:5(


33/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Vkdfr urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa nfr jii Ptjtfp tj} rffkvf pmjrfp orna Vkhnk tj}fp jkd

dvthfp -hk`ivdhkl TNU Tj} pmjrf( |hii bf anrf -Rp+82) ?:=`rnrfp( tmjk vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa+

?++++++++++++++++++ Jdjktjlfp no TNU tj} pxptfa3Tmfrf hp jk fpthajtfd `vrrfk`x no ?)2


34/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


Vkdfr urfpfkt pxptfa tmf @fktrji Lnfrkafkt hp ujxhkl ofrthihsfr pvbphdx dhrf`tix tn tmf

ofrthihsfr `naujkhfp+ Kn| tmf urnunpfd TNU Tj} pxptfa pvllfptp dfrflvijthnk no tmf ofrthihpfr

urh`fp jkd tmf fkthrf jiin`jtfd pvbphdx onr ofrthihsfrp hk BF 2558!:5 bvdlft 48)8=5 `rnrfp `jk

bf ujhd dhrf`tix tn ojrafrp Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt jp hiivptrjtfd hk tmf oniin|hkl tjbif+

Tjbif Kn3 ? Pvllfptfd TNU Tj} pxptfa

P+

K

Ojrafr

ptjtvp

Ijkd

unppfppfd

bx ojrafrp

Kn +no

ojrafrp

hk

`rnrfp

Ufr`fkt

no

jiin`jtfd

pvbphdx

Pvbphdx

janvkt

`rnrfp

Fj`m

ojrafrp

pmjrf

Jl+

Pmjrf

ufr

mf`tjrf

Hk Rp+

: Ajrlhkji Vu tn :+5

mj

6+=8 ?6& 02)4=< 6)6:6+55 6)6:6+55

2 Pajii : tn 2 mj :+?8 25& 8)88? 6)8:4+55 0)842+55

0 Pfahafdhva

2 tn 4 mj 5+80 :5& 4)88= 6)0


35/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa


dhoofrfkt Ptjtfp) ajghkl an`gfrx no tmf ijkd `fhihkl j`t+ TNU Tj} pxptfa fkpvrfp tmjt tmf ijkd

`fhihkl j`t `jk bf hauifafktfd hk tntjihtx tn ufrof`thnk ajghkl Lnfrkafktp tjpg fjphfr hk

uvpmhkl onr|jrd ijkd rfonrap jkd jiin`jthkl ijkd tn ijkdifpp unnr+ Ho jk hkdhhdvji nr `naujkx

j`zvhrfp ijkd no anrf tmjk 25 j`rfp onr hkdvptrx) ptvdhnp) rfji fptjtf nr jkx ntmfr uvrunpf) ijkd

tj} no :5)555 ufr j`rf ufr jkkva kffdp tn bf ifhfd+ Ho ijkd hp j`zvhrfd onr PFSp tmf ojrafrp

pmnvid bf ujhd knt nkix tmf ajrgft urh`f no tmf ijkd bvt jipn Rp :)555 ufr j`rf ufr anktm onr

rfpt no mhp.mfr ihof jkd tmfrfjotfr tn mhp.mfr iflji mfhr+ Ht hp fjphfr onr in`ji ujk`mjxjtp)

avkh`hujihthfp) `nrunrjthnk tn `niif`t mnvpf tj}) j`jkt uint.ijkd tj} jkd urnufrthfp tj} jp jii

tmf dftjhip no j ufrpnkp urnufrthfp jrf rf`nrdfd hk mhp.mfr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvkt -APJ(+

Tmf rflhptrjthnk `mjrlfp onr uvr`mjphkl jkx urnufrtx h+f+ ijkd) uint) oijt) mnvpf nr ntmfr

`naafr`hji fptjbihpmafktp |hii bf pjaf jkd fzvji jii nfr Hkdhj hrrfpuf`thf no tmf uij`f jkd

ajrgft jivf no urnufrtx+ Tmf rflhptrjthnk `mjrlfp |nvid bf nkix Rp+ :)555 ufr j`rf) Rp+ :)555

ufr 055 pzvjrf xjrdp no uint nr Rp :)555 ufr :555 pzvjrf offt no oijt jkd avithuifp tmfrfno+

Tmfpf rflhptrjthnkp `jk bf ajdf hk jkx bjkg jkd jkx|mfrf hk Hkdhj+ Ht hp kffdifpp tnafkthnktmjt ho j ufrpnk bvxp j urnufrtx -ijkd) uint) oijt) mnvpf) `naafr`hji fptjbihpmafkt( onr Rp+ :5

ijgmp) j TNU tj} no Rp+ 45)555 |hii bf dfdv`tfd orna mhp APJ nr PPJ |mhif trjkpofrrhkl tmf `jpm

tn tmf pfiifrp j``nvkt+ Ho mf.pmf bvxp tmf pjaf urnufrtx onr Rp+ : `rnrf tmf dfdv`tfd TNU tj}

|hii bf Rp+ 4 ijgmp+ Hk tmf `jpf j ufrpnk trjkpofrp j urnufrtx jp j lhot tn mhp.mfr pnk.djvlmtfr nr

jkx ntmfr ufrpnk) trvpt nr nrljkhpjthnk tmf TNU tj} dfdv`tfd |hii bf khi jp tmfrf hp kn `jpm

trjkpofr ajdf+

Tmf anpt kntf|nrtmx vpjlf no tmf TNU tj} pxptfa hp urfujrjthnk no fif`tnrji rniip onr lfkfrji

fif`thnk) Ptjtf fif`thnk jkd in`ji bndx fif`thnkp+ Vkdfr tmf urfpfkt pxptfa tmf urfujrjthnk no

fif`tnrji rniip hp `vabfrpnaf jkd thaf `nkpvahkl urn`fpp tjghkl vu tn ? anktmp jkd xft tmf

ohkji ihpt |hii bf ji|jxp dfof`thf |htm `nauijhktp ljinrf orna tmf fif`tnrjtf |mn dn knt ohkdtmfhr kjafp hk tmf ntfrp ihpt nk tmf unihkl djx+ Vkdfr tmf urnunpfd TNU tj} pxptfa) APJ ihptp

hk tmf bjkgp jrf hrtvjiix tmf fif`tnrji Ihptp jkd |hii bf jjhijbif tmf pjaf djx tmf fif`thnk

knthoh`jthnk hp rfifjpfd+ Pn tmfrf hp kn zvfpthnk no knk!hk`ivphnk no jkx `hthsfk hk tmf ntfr ihpt

jkd tmfrf |hii bf kn bnlvp nthkl+

Bvt hk tmf `jpf no jkx bx!fif`thnk) tmf ntfrp ihpt -APJ ihpt( no tmf ijpt lfkfrji fif`thnk nr Ptjtf

fif`thnk) |mh`m n``vrrfd ijpt) kffdp tn bf tjgfk hktn `nkphdfrjthnk bf`jvpf unihth`ji ujrthfp

ajx fk`nvrjlf tmfhr oniin|frp orna ntmfr `nkpthtvfk`hfp tn `mjklf tmfhr in`ji jddrfppfp hk

tmfhr Ajhk Pjhklp J``nvktp -APJ( |htm kf| jddrfppfp |mfrf tmf bx!fif`thnkp |hii bf mfid+

Bx vphkl tmhp pxptfa) Lnfrkafkt aj`mhkfrx `jk bf ohkf!tvkfd tn fkpvrf j``nvktjbhihtx)

fooh`hfkt |ffdhkl nvt no |jptfovi f}ufkdhtvrf jkd `nkptjkt ankhtnrhkl+ Jii ifjgjlfp hk tmftrjkpht no ovkdp orna lnfrkafkt tn fkd vpfr |hii bf uivllfd tn lft tmf dfphrfd rfpvitp+ Tmf

@fktrji Lnfrkafkt avpt pmfd htp iftmjrlx) unih`x j`hiijthnkp jkd hkdf`hphnk tn urnhdf tmf

kf`fppjrx hkorjptrv`tvrf onr f`nknah` dffinuafkt jkd rfdhptrhbvthnk no rffkvfp tn tmf

kffdx tn jiifhjtf unfrtx+ Tmf Lnfrkafkt |hii mjf fknvlm ankfx tn bfjr tmf tntji

f}ufkdhtvrf `npt no mfjitm `jrf pfrh`f jkd fdv`jthnk no jii ojahihfp+ Uifjpf pff ujlf := tn 2:+

Trjdfrp) bvphkfppafk) hkdhhdvjip-n|k hkdvptrhfp( dfjifrp |hii kn inklfr kffd tn ajhktjhk

j``nvkt bnngp) ptn`g ihptp) pjifp ihptp) uvr`mjpf bhiip ft` onr jppfppafkt uvrunpfp+

Tmf f}j`t Unuvijthnk ohlvrfp no Hkdhj `jk bf jjhijbif nk jkx djx jt jkx thaf orna Ajhk

PjhklpJ``nvktp jkd tmfrf |hii bf kn kffd onr tmf @fktrji Lnfrkafkt tn `jrrx nvt ijbnrhnvpurn`fpp no `fkpvp jt ffrx df`jdf+


36/49


TNU Tj} pxptfa

Uifjpf hpht |||+hcjxjgrvpmkjjraj+`na Ujlf 0?

Ho tmhp TNU tj} pxptfa hp jdnutfd bx jii `nvktrhfp) tmf |mnif |nrid |hii bf`naf hktn nkf

mnanlfkfnvp jkd rfjpnkjbix fzvhtjbif pn`hftx) dfnhd no jii f`nknah` hiip) tfrrnrhpa) ahihtjk`x

jkd hkfzvjihtx+

Tmfrf |hii bf kn ojgf `vrrfk`x jkd bij`g ankfx hk tmf urnunpfd Tnu tj} pxptfa) bf`jvpf :555)

655) :55) 65 rvuff kntfp |hii bf dfankfthpfd+ Urhkthkl no ojgf `vrrfk`x hk 25 jkd :5 rvuff

kntfp |hii bf`naf mhlmix f}ufkphf) rhpgx jkd haunpphbif tn uvt hktn `hr`vijthnk hk ijrlf

kvabfrp+ Ahihtjk`x jkd tfrrnrhpa hp vpvjiix onptfrfd) rvk jkd nufrjtfd bx tmf kntnrhnvp

trhvahrjtf no bij`g ankfx) ojgf `vrrfk`x jkd f}tnrthnkp+ \htm tmf jdfkt no TNU Tj} pxptfa

tmf trhvahrjtf no bij`g ankfx) ojgf `vrrfk`x jkd f}tnrt

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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A Common Economic System for All Nations

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