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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 100–110, Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_008
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
CONSTRUCTION USING SCHNELL
CONCREWALL® PRE-CAST SANDWICH
COMPOSITE PANEL AND RC MOMENT
FRAME WITH BRICK INFILL
Kaira Sneha
M. Tech, National Institute of Technology
Warangal, India
T.P.Tezeswi, Ph.D(UM), Postdoc (UCSD/UM),EIT
Assistant Professor, Structural Division, Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology
Warangal, India
ABSTRACT
Developing countries especially those in Asia (India), are facing the
challenge of a growing middle class with greater demand for housing
facilities. Faster and more affordable methods of construction are being
sought after it, more than ever before as the action of emergency response.
Increased innovation aimed at reducing the cost of construction, and creating
affordable housing, is being integrated into methods of building and
construction. This has led to introduction of components pre-fabricated using
assembly line methods, in the construction process, which reduces the
negative aspects of in-situ construction such as theft, unreliable supply of
labor, unpredictable weather conditions, unprecedented fluctuations in prices
of materials and plenty of energy consumption.
A comparative analysis is conducted based on Discrete event Simulation
and Scheduling integration methodology in order to calculate duration of each
activity of construction process by EZStrobe and determine the resource
utility, productivity of resources for Schnell Concrewall and RC moment
frame with brick infill construction technologies. This research paper will
utilize time study method to determine the time taken by manpower and
equipment to perform each task and show advances in technology that are
making management of productivity, resource utility, cost, time which are
more predictable.. Two case studies were taken in order to have a
comparative analysis.
A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich
Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 101 [email protected]
Key words: Schnell Concrewall Panels, Discrete Event Simulation, Time
study, Productivity.
Cite this Article: T.P.Tezeswi and Kaira Sneha, A Comparative Study of
Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich Composite Panel
and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.100–110.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
Use of Expanded Polystyrene Panels (EPS) introduces a pre-manufactured technology
in the construction of reinforced concrete buildings. This industrial system entails
production of a panel of wavy/undulated shape of polystyrene which is covered on
either side with electro welded zinc coated square mesh. There are 33 connectors of
the square mesh per m2 to form a three dimensional reinforcement steel. There are
two kinds of polystyrene panels, single and double. A single panel has a polystyrene
sheet sandwiched between welded wire mesh on either side while a double panel is
made of two single panels which are joined with an intermediate cavity.
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi described
Concrewall® construction system as a factory made system based on expanded
polystyrene panels (corrugated) reinforced with double mesh of galvanized cold steel
wires, interconnected to each other. To form the walls, the mesh is covered with a
coat of shotcrete applied under pressure using a pneumatic system [1]. A building can
go up to four floors with a single panel and fifteen floors in double panel. Assembly
of the finished panels is done on site. A single operator can lift and place the panels at
their respective design positions creating labor savings compared to traditional
construction techniques which requires several workers to put up a wall using
masonry stone and plaster [2].
1.1. Time study analysis
Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of
working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions and
for analyzing data so as to determine the time necessary for carrying out the job at a
defined level of performance [3].
2. AIM
• To differentiate construction sequence or methodology of Concrewall building
systems and RCC structures.
• To compare the time and cost incurred when constructing a Residential building
using expanded polystyrene panels and conventional (traditional) method using RC
moment frame with brick infill.
• To develop an approach that enables use of discrete event simulation in scheduling of
construction operations i.e. simulation based scheduling.
3. SCOPE
The study is focused on a single story residential structure. The construction of an RC
& Schnell Concrewall® structure with identical floor plan and dimensions is studied
and compared to determine process of construction, resources required, constraints as
well total cost of construction. Major task of the project is to effectively utilize time
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study as well as discrete event simulation technique for determination of duration of
task, unit productivity and through detailed estimation of quantities cost analysis is
done for both systems.
4. METHODOLOGY
A. A brief introduction to Schnell houses in Jindal Steel power plant
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is one of India’s primary & integrated steel
producers with a significant presence in sector like Mining, Power Generat
Infrastructure. National wide it had two branches in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. During
the site visit to Angul, Odisha the following information is collected
• Schnell is a manufacturer of machinery for the production of innovative building
elements
• Schnell machinery for manufacturing EPS panels
Company, Angul. Polystyrene balls get imported from New Delhi for making EPS
sheets.
• JSPL Township consists of G+3 storey residential houses with Single panel structures
constructed for employees working with in industry shown in figure.
• There are other structures made of Schnell EPS panels integrated other building
systems :
• RCC + EPS Partition Wall Buildings
• EPS Wall Panel Buildings
• Combination of Hot Rolled Sections, Speed floor,
a)Completed G+3 Storey
c) RCC Moment frame wall panel building
Figure 1 Schnell EPS panel buildings integrated with other
T.P.Tezeswi and Kaira Sneha
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 102 [email protected]
study as well as discrete event simulation technique for determination of duration of
task, unit productivity and through detailed estimation of quantities cost analysis is
4. METHODOLOGY
A. A brief introduction to Schnell houses in Jindal Steel power plant
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is one of India’s primary & integrated steel
producers with a significant presence in sector like Mining, Power Generat
Infrastructure. National wide it had two branches in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. During
the site visit to Angul, Odisha the following information is collected:
Schnell is a manufacturer of machinery for the production of innovative building
chnell machinery for manufacturing EPS panels was installed within JSPL
Company, Angul. Polystyrene balls get imported from New Delhi for making EPS
JSPL Township consists of G+3 storey residential houses with Single panel structures
for employees working with in industry shown in figure.
There are other structures made of Schnell EPS panels integrated other building
RCC + EPS Partition Wall Buildings
EPS Wall Panel Buildings
Combination of Hot Rolled Sections, Speed floor, EPS wall panel buildings
a)Completed G+3 Storey EPS structure b) Panels being shotcreted
wall panel building d) Hot rolled steel and with panel erection
Schnell EPS panel buildings integrated with other construction sytems, JSPL, Angul
study as well as discrete event simulation technique for determination of duration of
task, unit productivity and through detailed estimation of quantities cost analysis is
A. A brief introduction to Schnell houses in Jindal Steel power plant
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is one of India’s primary & integrated steel
producers with a significant presence in sector like Mining, Power Generation and
Infrastructure. National wide it had two branches in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. During
Schnell is a manufacturer of machinery for the production of innovative building
installed within JSPL
Company, Angul. Polystyrene balls get imported from New Delhi for making EPS
JSPL Township consists of G+3 storey residential houses with Single panel structures
There are other structures made of Schnell EPS panels integrated other building
EPS wall panel buildings
Panels being shotcreted
panel erection
construction sytems, JSPL, Angul
A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre
Composite Panel
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B. Data collection and analysis
A. Single panels
a)Wavy undulated cross section
Figure
B. Shotcrete
• Cement, quarry chippings (dust) and sand are mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1 respectively.
A water cement ratio of 0.55 is used to realize a workable mix.
• Quarry chippings of 6mm size are used allowing the use of a turbo pump to spray the
shotcrete on the wall panels. Shotcrete is applied to a thickness of 17
C. Concrete
The ratio of concrete mix used as the cover for the floor slab is 1:1.5:3, being the ratio
of cement to sand to ballast (20mm). The concrete is corrugated to make a cover of
40mm for the slab
D. Wire mesh reinforcement
14 gauge galvanized steel wire mesh is used as reinforcement for the prefabricated
panel elements. Cold drawn and galvanized metallic wire with low carbon content,
stress tension up to 700 N/mm² and a constant diameter of 30 mm i
• Angular meshes
• Flat Meshes
• U Meshes
C. Building Procedure
1) Foundation
Foundations for the Concrewall
this research slab foundation is considered.
2) Wall panel erection
Anchoring rebar’s to foundation
Mark out and profile line wall positions
Starter bars should be either
the foundations and 400mm above
a) Electrical drilling machine
Figure 3
f Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich
Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill
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Data collection and analysis
a)Wavy undulated cross section b) Thickness of expanded polystyrene foam
Figure 2 Polystyrene panel cross section
Cement, quarry chippings (dust) and sand are mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1 respectively.
A water cement ratio of 0.55 is used to realize a workable mix.
Quarry chippings of 6mm size are used allowing the use of a turbo pump to spray the
l panels. Shotcrete is applied to a thickness of 17-
The ratio of concrete mix used as the cover for the floor slab is 1:1.5:3, being the ratio
of cement to sand to ballast (20mm). The concrete is corrugated to make a cover of
Wire mesh reinforcement
14 gauge galvanized steel wire mesh is used as reinforcement for the prefabricated
panel elements. Cold drawn and galvanized metallic wire with low carbon content,
stress tension up to 700 N/mm² and a constant diameter of 30 mm is used.
Concrewall system whether strip or slab are conventional. In
this research slab foundation is considered.
to foundation
Mark out and profile line wall positions
Starter bars should be either φ6mm or φ8mm, 500mm long with 100mm drilled into
the foundations and 400mm above.
drilling machine b) Drilled holes in the foundation
Figure 3 Installing anchor bars into foundation
Cast Sandwich
b) Thickness of expanded polystyrene foam
Cement, quarry chippings (dust) and sand are mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1 respectively.
Quarry chippings of 6mm size are used allowing the use of a turbo pump to spray the
-20mm.
The ratio of concrete mix used as the cover for the floor slab is 1:1.5:3, being the ratio
of cement to sand to ballast (20mm). The concrete is corrugated to make a cover of
14 gauge galvanized steel wire mesh is used as reinforcement for the prefabricated
panel elements. Cold drawn and galvanized metallic wire with low carbon content,
s used.
system whether strip or slab are conventional. In
8mm, 500mm long with 100mm drilled into
Drilled holes in the foundation
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All corners and wall joins must be reinforced
full height of the walls
3) Single panel roof installation
When the vertical panels are assembled on site, the verticality of the walls checked
and the bending meshes positioned on all the corners, it’s time to put the
bending meshes to connect the floor/roof to the vertical panels.
must be fixed in whole the perimeter of the floor /roof, at level of the
a) L mesh to join wall a
Figure 5
4) Window and door fitting
• To cut panels to fit and for door and window openings the wire must first be cut with
a wire cutter or angle grinder.
• Reinforcement around wall openings. Added steel mesh reinforcement is needed
around window and door openings to ensure no plaster cra
Mesh reinforcement strips of must be wire tied diagonally (45°) aro
before plastering.
• Fix a metal angle iron or hollow tube sub frame into the openings before plastering.
Fix and plaster these in place and then sec
a) Cutting the wire mesh b) Cutting of EPS Panel
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Figure 4 Alignment of panels
All corners and wall joins must be reinforced with right angled wire mesh to the
Single panel roof installation
When the vertical panels are assembled on site, the verticality of the walls checked
the bending meshes positioned on all the corners, it’s time to put the
meshes to connect the floor/roof to the vertical panels. The bending meshes
must be fixed in whole the perimeter of the floor /roof, at level of the intrados
join wall and roof panel b) Spacing of props specifications
Figure 5 Roof panel installation rules
Window and door fitting
To cut panels to fit and for door and window openings the wire must first be cut with
a wire cutter or angle grinder.
Reinforcement around wall openings. Added steel mesh reinforcement is needed
around window and door openings to ensure no plaster cracks form in these areas.
Mesh reinforcement strips of must be wire tied diagonally (45°) aro
Fix a metal angle iron or hollow tube sub frame into the openings before plastering.
Fix and plaster these in place and then secure the frames to the sub frame
b) Cutting of EPS Panel c) Mesh reinforcement strips
frame
Figure 6 Opening of wall panel
with right angled wire mesh to the
When the vertical panels are assembled on site, the verticality of the walls checked
the bending meshes positioned on all the corners, it’s time to put the horizontal
The bending meshes
intrados.
b) Spacing of props specifications
To cut panels to fit and for door and window openings the wire must first be cut with
Reinforcement around wall openings. Added steel mesh reinforcement is needed
cks form in these areas.
Mesh reinforcement strips of must be wire tied diagonally (45°) around openings
Fix a metal angle iron or hollow tube sub frame into the openings before plastering.
e the frames to the sub frame
c) Mesh reinforcement strips d) Window
A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre
Composite Panel
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5) Electrical and plumbing installations
A hot air gun or torch is used to create channels in the polystyrene for the placement
of switch boxes, electrical conduits, cables or pipes.
6) Application of shotcrete
Application of shotcrete is done on both sides of the
thickness of 17-20mm is achieved. After about 30 minutes, mortar of 15mm thickness
is applied.
4.1. Comparative Study
4.1.1. Plan
In order to have a comparison between the RCC and Schnell Concrewall panel
buildings in terms of cost and time, a residential 2BHK building plan satisfying all the
vasthu norms is drawn in Auto cad and analyzed in terms of cost and time incurred
during construction.
Plan shown below consists of
1. Hall 2. Master bedroom 3
Figure 7
a) Wall panels alignment
Figure 8
4.1.2. Cost analysis of buildings
The main savings in cost when building using the expanded polystyrene are achieved
through reduced transport, labor and running and maintenance costs. The costs
f Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich
Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill
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and plumbing installations
A hot air gun or torch is used to create channels in the polystyrene for the placement
of switch boxes, electrical conduits, cables or pipes.
Application of shotcrete
Application of shotcrete is done on both sides of the single or double panel till a
20mm is achieved. After about 30 minutes, mortar of 15mm thickness
Comparative Study
In order to have a comparison between the RCC and Schnell Concrewall panel
s of cost and time, a residential 2BHK building plan satisfying all the
vasthu norms is drawn in Auto cad and analyzed in terms of cost and time incurred
Plan shown below consists of
bedroom 3. Children bed room 4. Kitchen 5. Balcony
Figure 7 Single storey Residential house plan
Wall panels alignment b) Roof panels alignment
Figure 8 Wall and roof panel alignment
Cost analysis of buildings
cost when building using the expanded polystyrene are achieved
through reduced transport, labor and running and maintenance costs. The costs
Cast Sandwich
A hot air gun or torch is used to create channels in the polystyrene for the placement
single or double panel till a
20mm is achieved. After about 30 minutes, mortar of 15mm thickness
In order to have a comparison between the RCC and Schnell Concrewall panel
s of cost and time, a residential 2BHK building plan satisfying all the
vasthu norms is drawn in Auto cad and analyzed in terms of cost and time incurred
Kitchen 5. Balcony
Roof panels alignment
cost when building using the expanded polystyrene are achieved
through reduced transport, labor and running and maintenance costs. The costs
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involved in construction were analyzed by detailed estimation of material quantities
and labor charges involved in construction of both buildings.
The following notes below were used to compute the material costs of the
building
RCC Brick infill structure:
• Perimeter of house 1015sft (35’x29’2”)
• Height of the storey is 10’6”
• Density of cement 1440 kg/m3
• Quantity of cement used for 1m3 of concrete (1:1.5:3), generally it is assumed that
percentage of voids occupied for a given quantity of concrete is 57 percent.
• Cement: 1/5.5x 1.57x1440=8bags
• Steel: Conversion factor for 1meter length of Fe415 steel in terms of
kilograms if d2/162.2, where‘d’ is the diameter of steel rod.
• Brick: Common burnt non modular clay bricks of size 23x13x10 cm size are
used whose dimensions with cement mortar are 24x14x11cm
• Depth of reinforced slab of 6”
Schnell EPS building:
• Panel area (1.2m by 3m) = 3.6 m2
• Cost of a wall panel including transportation cost per m2 = 110 rupees
• Cost of a wall panel including transportation cost per m2 = 160 rupees
• Number of labors in a team = 7members
Table 1 Material Cost estimation for RCC Moment frame with brick infill structure [4]
Material Quantity Unit Price per
unit
Net
amount in
rupees
Bricks non modular 8880 No’s 5.50 48840
43 grade Cement required for sub
structure and super structure including
brick work mortar
620
Bags
330
204600
Reinforcement bars of various diameter
i.8mm diameter bars 2669 kgs 46 122774
ii. 12mm diameter bars 1725 kgs 44 75900
iii.16mm diameter bars 400 kgs 44 17600
40mm aggregate/stone ballast for PCC 160 cft 23 3680
20mm stone ballast for columns, slab,
stairs 2192 cft 25 54800
Coarse sand for sub and super structure 1237 cft 45 55665
A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich
Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill
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Table 2 Material Cost estimation for Schnell EPS Panel structure
Material Quantity Unit Price per unit Net amount in
rupees
Steel reinforcement cost
i. 8mm diameter bars 828 kgs 46 38088
ii.10mm diameter bars 240 kgs 45 10800
iii.12mm diameter bars 250 kgs 44 11000
Schnell Wall Panel of
100mm thickness 1400 Sq. ft 100 140000
Schnell Roof Panel of
thickness 160mm 1000 Sq. ft. 160 160000
Cement for M20 grade
concrete 500 bags 330 16500
Coarse Sand for M20
grade concrete 560 cft 45 25200
Coarse aggregate for
M20 grade concrete 1220 cft 25 30500
4.1.3. Duration analysis by Simulation
Time study analysis is conducted in order to obtain durations taken by each task in the
activity. The activities are captured in the video so that series of durations can be
noted for each task at different locations on construction site .Then distribution fitting
using Easy Fit software is used to obtain the best fitting curve for the continuous
duration points of tasks noted from video.
• Schnell EPS panel Building
Activity 1: Earthwork Excavation
Soil of 600cubic feet has to be excavated by hydraulic excavator of bucket
capacity 9.2 cft and excavated soil is carried to some distance and dumped by a tractor
whose truck capacity is 55 cft. The activity is captured by video and durations for
each tasks for multiple cycles are noted. The best fitting curve is obtained from each
task duration points and that distribution is inserted into model using ACD elements
in Microsoft Visio with EZStrobe.
Table 3 Activity Durations obtained at different locations
Duration
in minute Distribution
Tasks/Durations D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
Excavate 0.175 0.16 0.151667 0.141 0.155 0.1473 Nor(0.16,0.012)
Swing loaded 0.084 0.085 0.092333 0.0843 0.085 0.0843 Pert(.0835,.085,.1)
Dump into tractor 0.077 0.07 0.079333 0.0813 0.09 0.0953 Nor(0.01,0.082)
Swing empty 0.085 0.095 0.083 0.0875 0.085 0.0812 Tri(0.08,.083,.098)
Haul to dumping
site
2.183 2.192 2.15 2.1583 2.267 2.095 Normal(2.17,0.056)
Align in position 0.226 0.248 0.223167 0.1857 0.2 0.2045 Normal(.14,.0.022)
Dump soil 0.85 0.927 0.981667 0.8833 0.893 0.9293 Normal(.91,.045)
Return to site 2.078 2.1 2.126667 2.0833 2.017 2.0783 Normal(2.1,0.04)
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In the similar manner, activity cycle diagram for each
is created in Ezstrobe and through simulation durations for all the sub tasks and tasks
of those activites are determined.
For an idea, ACD of Earth work excavation whic
in figure 9.
Cost: On comparison from Table 1and 2
polystyrene panels (Rs.4, 32,088.00)is about 16% less than cost of the same when
using the conventional method of construction us
(Rs.5,83,859.00) for a single
about 35.7% in the total cost of materials, labor and equipment using cast in
concrete panels with EPS core and shear connectors was estimated for the project
Figure 10 Material cost c
• Duration: The time ta
technology is much less than RCC which has been analyzed through simu
EZ-Strobe, table 4.
0200004000060000
RCC with brick infill
Rupee
s
T.P.Tezeswi and Kaira Sneha
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Figure 9 ACD for Earthwork
In the similar manner, activity cycle diagram for each of the construction activities
is created in Ezstrobe and through simulation durations for all the sub tasks and tasks
of those activites are determined.
For an idea, ACD of Earth work excavation which was made in Ezstrobe is shown
On comparison from Table 1and 2, the material cost when using the expanded
polystyrene panels (Rs.4, 32,088.00)is about 16% less than cost of the same when
the conventional method of construction using RCC frame with brick infill
83,859.00) for a single–storey residential dwelling. An overall reduction of
35.7% in the total cost of materials, labor and equipment using cast in
concrete panels with EPS core and shear connectors was estimated for the project
Material cost comparison bar chart between Schnell and RCC Building
The time taken by each activity in Schnell Concrewall construction
technology is much less than RCC which has been analyzed through simu
RCC with brick infill Schnell with EPS panels
of the construction activities
is created in Ezstrobe and through simulation durations for all the sub tasks and tasks
n Ezstrobe is shown
cost when using the expanded
polystyrene panels (Rs.4, 32,088.00)is about 16% less than cost of the same when
frame with brick infill
storey residential dwelling. An overall reduction of
35.7% in the total cost of materials, labor and equipment using cast in-situ
concrete panels with EPS core and shear connectors was estimated for the project.
omparison bar chart between Schnell and RCC Building
Concrewall construction
technology is much less than RCC which has been analyzed through simulation using
A Comparative Study of Construction Using Schnell Concrewall® Pre-Cast Sandwich
Composite Panel and RC Moment Frame with Brick Infill
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Table 4 Duration analysis for both Schnell and RCC structure
Schnell Concrewall house RCC Structure
S.No Activity Duration(hours) Activity Duration(Hours)
A1 Excavation 1.01 Excavation 10.4
A2
Reinforcement in
supporting
beams
8 Reinforcement up to
plinth level 3.7
A3 Slab foundation
casting 15
Concrete casting up
to plinth level 32
A4 Wall panel
erection 19.6 Plinth beam 23.3
A5
Roof panel
erection
including stairs
9 column raising to
Slab reinforcement 83
A6 Shotcreting 16.05 Slab casting 10
A7 Slab/Roof
casting 17.1 Brick wall 52
A8 Electrical
fixtures 0.67 Electrical fixtures 1.57
Figure 11 Durations for each activity in construction system
• Productivity:
The labors working under Schnell panel system are more productive because of
the simplicity of the construction technology.
Productivity = Quantity executed/Time taken to execute
Figure 12 Bar chart showing the productivity analysis
1.01 8 15 19.6 9 16.05 17.1 0.670
10
20
30
Schnell house Activity
durations
Activities
Du
rati
on
in
ho
urs
10.4 3.7
32 23.3
83
10
52
1.57
0
50
100
RCC activity durations
Activities
Du
rati
on
in
ho
urs
66
52
10
25
156
0
20
40
60
80
Walls Roof Electrical fixtures
Productivity rate for schnell(per.hr)
Productivity rate for RCC(per.hr)
Qu
an
tity
exe
cute
d
pe
r h
ou
r
T.P.Tezeswi and Kaira Sneha
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5. CONCLUSION
The study indicates that expanded polystyrene wall and slab panels are cost effective
and efficient enough as a construction technology to be used as a replacement for the
traditional RCC frame with brick infill buildings. A time saving of 50% and cost
saving of 30% though labor, transport and hiring of construction equipment and
formwork, are being achieved. Use of expanded polystyrene panels also conserves the
environment by saving on the energy spent in construction, reducing visual intrusion
due to construction activities, reducing damage to landscapes.
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Civil Engineering Research 5(2) 2014.
[3] Marvin E.Mundel, David L. Danner, Motion and Time study improving
productivity, Prentice Hall India, 1948.
[4] Government of India, CPWD (2013), Analysis of Rates for Delhi, Volume1.
[5] C.Freeda Christy, R.Mercy Shanthi, D.Tensing, Bond Strength of The Brick
Masonry. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 2012,
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[6] Ghassan Subhi Jameel, Study The Effect of Addition of Wast Plastic On
Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Structural Lightweight Concrete
Containing Broken Bricks As Acoarse Aggregate. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 2013, pp.415–432.
[7] Brian Jacks Odero, R. N. Mutuku and C. K. Kabubo, Mechanical Characteristics
of Normal Concrete Partially Replaced with Crushed Clay Bricks. International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 2015, pp.62–75.