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A COMPARISON OF THE EIGENVALUE EQUATIONS fL -1 IN h , a, X AND 7 IN REACTOR THEORY. APPLICATION TO FAST AND THERMAL SYSTEMS, IN L UNREFLECTED AND REFLECTED CONFIGURATIONS Guillermo Velarde Carolina Ahnert Jose Maria Aragones MADRID, 1977 8108000~
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Page 1: A comparison of the Eigenvalue equations in k, alpha, delta, and … · 2020. 1. 15. · Guillermo Velarde Carolina Ahnert Jose Maria Aragones MADRID, 1977 8108000~ A COMPARISON OF

A COMPARISON OF THE EIGENVALUE EQUATIONS

f L -1 IN h , a , X AND 7 IN REACTOR THEORY. APPLICATION TO FAST AND THERMAL SYSTEMS, IN

L UNREFLECTED AND REFLECTED CONFIGURATIONS

Guillermo Velarde Carolina Ahnert Jose Maria Aragones

MADRID, 1977

8 1 0 8 0 0 0 ~

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A COMPARISON OF THE EIGENVALUE EQUATIONS IN k , a , h AND 3 IN REACTOR THEORY.

APPLICATION TO FAST AND THERMAL SYSTEMS, IN UNREFLECTED AND REFLECTED CONFIGURATIONS

Guillermo Velarde Carolina Ahnert Jose Maria Aragones

JUNTA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR

MADRID, 1977

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CLASIFICACION INIS Y DESCRIPTORES

E21 NEUTRON TRANSPORT THEORY EIGENVALUES NEUTRON FLUX FAST NEUTRONS THERMAL NEUTRONS COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS

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Toda correspondencia en relaci6n con es te traba- jo debe dir igirse a1 Servicio de ~ocumentacio 'n Biblioteca : y Publicaciones, Junta de ~ n e r g i a Nuclear, Ciudad Uni- ':* vers i tar ia , Madrid-3, ESPATA.

Las solicitudes de ejemplares deben dir igirse a este mismo Servicio.

Los descriptores s e han seleccionado del Thesauro del INIS para descr ibi r l a s materias que contiene este in- forme con vistas a su recuperacio'n. P a r a m& detalles cog s a t e s e e l informe IAEA-INIS-12 (INIS: Manual de Indiza- ci6n) y IAEA-INIS-13 (INIS: Thesauro) publicado por e l Or- g a n i s m ~ Internacional de Energfa ~ t 6 m i c a .

i Se autoriza l a reproduccio'n de 10s resiimenes ana-

liticos que aparecen en es ta publicaci6n.

Submitted to the 2oth Meeting of the NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY COMMITTEE ON REACTOR PHYSICS, Petten (Nederlands), June 1977.

Este trkbajo s e ha recibido para su impresi6n en Junio de 1977.

Dep6sito legal no M-24411-1977

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A COMPARISON OF THE E I G E N V A L U E EQUATIONS I N k , a , A A N D y I N

R E A C T O R T H E O R Y . APPLICATION T O FAST A N D THERMAL SYSTEMS, I N

UNREFLECTED A N D REFLECTED CONFTGURATIONS.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

1.- Theory ( G . Y e l a r d e l

1.1.- I n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t i a l B o l t z m a n n ' e q u a t i o n s o f n e u t r o n

t r a n s p o r t d e p e n d i n g on t i m e .

1.:. 1. - F u n c t i o n s p a c e .

1 . 2 . - C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r

1 . 3 . - V i r t u a l C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r w i t h k .

1.3.1.- A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n k

1 . 3 . 2 . - P h y s i c a l Meaning o f kg.

1 . 4 . - V i r t u a l C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r w i t h A .

1 . k . 1 , - A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n A.

1 . 4 . 2 .- P h y s i c a l Meaning o f A o ,

2 . 5 . - V i r t u a l C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r w i t h y .

1 . 5 . 1 . - A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n y .

t . 5 . 2 . - P h y s i c a l Meaning o f y o .

<' 1 . 6 . - V i r t u a l C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r w i t h a .

1 . 6 . 1 . - A n a l y s i s ' o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n a .

i . 6 . 2 . - F l u x d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

1 . 7 . - R e l a t i o n be tween a c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r and a v i r t u a l c r i -

t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h k , A , y and a .

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ii .

2 . - C a l c u l a t i o n Method. ( C . A h n e r t , J.M. A r a g o n g s ) ,

2 . 1 . - Cross S e c t i o n s D e t e r m i n a t i o n .

2 .:.I.- U n r e f l e c t e d f a s t s y s t e m s .

2 . 1 . 2 . - R e f l e c t e d f a s t s y s t e m s .

2 . 1 . 3 . - U n r e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .

2 . 2 . 4 . - R e f 3 e c t e d t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .

2 . 2 . - M o d i f i c a t i o n s and u t i l i z a t i o n o f DTF-IY

3 . - C a l c u l a t i o n s and C o n c l u s i o n s . C C . A h n e r t l .

3 . 1 . - Sys tem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .

3 .2 . - S p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s .

3 . 2 . 1 , - Average s p e c t r a l i n d e x .

3 . 2 . 2 . - Average n e u t r o n v e l o c i t y .

3 . 2 . 3 . - Average <v I f> 3 .2 .4 . - G e n e r a t i o n t i m e A.

3 . 2 . 5 . - I n f i n i t e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c o n s t a n t km.

3 . 3 . - C o n c l u s i o n s .

3 . 3 . 1 . - F a s t Sys tem.

3 . 3 . 1 . 1 . - E i g e n v a l u e s .

3 . 3 . 1 . 2 . - S p e c t r a l i n d e x e s .

3 . 3 .:. 3. - C o n c l u s i o n s . 235

3 . 3 . 2 . - Thermal s y s t e m of U . 3 .3 .2 .1 .- E i g e n v a l u e s

3 .3 .2 .2 . - S p e c t r a l i n d e x e s ,

3 . 3 . 2 . 3 . - C o n c l u s i o n s . 239

3 . 3 . 3 . - Thermal s y s t e m of Pu . 3 . 3 . 3 . 1 . - E i g e n v a l u e s .

3 . 3 . 3 . 2 . - S p e c t r a l i n d e x e s .

3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . - C o n c l u s i o n s .

4 .- R e f e r e n c e s .

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I N T R O D U C T I O N .

Using t h e c o n c e p t o f v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d t o

t h e r e a l r e a c t o r i n a d e t e r m i n a t e d moment, t h e t e m p o r a l Bol tzmann

e q u a t i o n o f t h e n e u t r o n t r a n s p o r t can b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n e i g e n v a -

l u e e q u a t i o n s i n k , X, y a n d a. Then t h e p r o b l e m i s t o d e t e r m i n e

which o f t h e s e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n s i s more a d e q u a t e f o r e a c h c a

s e : c r o s s s e c t i o n s w e i g h t i n g , t e m p o r a l a n a l y s i s , n e u t r o n i c f l u x

d e t e r m i n a t i o n . e t c .

I n a t e c h n i c a l n o t e p u b l i s h e d i n N u c l . S c i . Eng. - (7) was p r e

s e n t e d a compar i son o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e s k l o , and a , f o r some 0 ' 2 3 8

f a s t n e u t r o n s y s t e m , .-.~0nis'3s't~in~g-' i n u n r e f l e c t e d Pu s p h e r e s w i t h

d i f f e r e n t r a d i u s .

T h i s work i n t e n d s t o e x t e n d what was t h e r e e x p o s e d , u s i n g

a l s o t h e y o e i g e n v a l u e , which d i v i d e s t h e s c a t t e r i n g a n d f i s s i o n

s o u r c e s and t h e r emova l s i n k s , and t o d e v e l o p a c o m p r e h e n s i v e ap -

p l i c a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g f a s t n e u t r o n s y s t e m s , Pu 2 3 9 s p h e r e s u n r e f l e c - t e d o r r e f l e c t e d by n a t u r a l Uranium, and t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s y s t e m s ,

s p h e r e s o f Pu 239 o r u 2 3 5 mixed w i t h Hydrogen u n r e f l e c t e d o r r e f l e c - t e d by l i g h t w a t e r .

From t h i s s t u d y we w i l l d educe i f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e r e -

f e r e n c e d n o t e a r e a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e s e o t h e r s y s t e m s , o r if

t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s and e i g e n v a l u e s i s d i f f e r e n t .

We w i l l o b t a i n v e r y i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t t h e t r a n s p o r t e q u a

t i o n e i g e n f u n c t i o n s , and which o f them w i l l b e b e t t e r , d e p e n d i n g

on t h e c a l c u l a t i o n t y p e t o be p e r f o r m , T h i s w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t f o r :

t h e r e a l c a l c u l a t i o n o f a s y s t e m , which p o s i t i v e r e a c t i v i t y we w i l l

n o t know a p r i o r i how i s g o i n g t o b e c o m p e n s a t e d ; o r f o r t h e r e a c -

t i o n r a t e s c a l c u l a t i o n s o f a c r i t i c a l a s s e m b l y ; o r f o r c r o s s s e c -

t i o n s w e i g h t i n g ; o r a t l a s t f o r t h e t e m p o r a l a n a l y s i s of a s y s t e m .

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:.- Theory . (G. V e l a r d e )

The r e a l n e u t r o n i c f l u x depends on t i m e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n f o r t h e n e u t r o n t r a n s p o r t , which h a s s e v e n +

i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s ; p o s i t i o n r E R , b e i n g R t h e s u b s p a c e of

t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s p a c e c o n s t i t u t e d by t h e r e a c t o r domain, ve- +

l o c i t y vR E V x 5 2 , b e i n g V x R t h e s u b s p a c e o f t h e v e l o c i t y p h a - s e s p a c e ; and t i m e t .

I n t h e c a s e o f no i n d e p e n d e n t n e u t r o n s o u r c e p r e s e n t , t h e

t e m p o r a l v a r i a b l e can b e e l i m i n a t e d , i n t r o d u c i n g a f i c t i t i o u s

r e a c t o r , e q u a l t o t h e r e a l r e a c t o r i n a d e t e r m i n a t e i n s t a n t ,

b u t w i t h a c e r t a i n p a r a m e t e r m o d i f i e d by an a d d i t i v e t e r m o r a

c o n s t a n t f a c t o r , i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e r e a c t o r b e c r i t i c a l i n

t h e i n s t a n t c o n s i d e r e d . his r e a c t o r i s named t h e v i r t u a l c r i -

t i c a l r e a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d t o t h e r e a l r e a c t o r i n t h i s i n s t a n t .

I n t h i s way t h e t e m p o r a l t r a n s p o r t Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n w i -

t h o u t i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n s e v e r a l s t a c i o n a r y

e q u a t i o n s i n e i g e n v a l u e s , a s many a s m o d i f i e d p a r a m e t e r s .

4 a A. L. - I n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t i a l Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n s o f n e u t r o n t r a n s p o r t ,

a d e p e n d i n g on t i m e .

The t e m p o r a l e q u a t i o n w i t h o u t i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e , which

a r e t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t t o o b t a i n t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n s ,

a r e (1) -

where t h e o p e r a t o r s a r e g i v e n by

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+ L = - ~ . V . ; . i s ... t he l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r a t o r o f l e a k a g e ,

d e f i n e d i n l?.

3 R~ = - I t ( r , v , t ) - , is the m u l t i p l i c a t i v e o p e r a t o r o f e x t r a c - .

s = I d v ' do ' I S ( $ , v f $ ' -t v$,t).- ,..is . tth . . . . . l i n e a i i n . t e g r a 1 c p e - ..., r a t o r o f s c a t t e r i n g d e f i n e d i n V x R .

4 I = -

Fx 4 x x x B x I d v ' dQ' v ( v ' ) v t , i s the l i n e a r i n -

@ t e g r a l o p e r a t o r o f f i s s i o n s , d e f i n e d i n V x R ,

x = p , d .

. _ . . . .where,'.f.he .. ., .c.ros-s . . ~ i:s:.~kt:ion~::'a~&;-su~k.d~~ . . o v e r ... a l l t h e n u c l i d e s .

. .

The s u b i n d e x e s p and d d e n o t e t h e prompt' n e u t r o n s and de- &...

l a y e d n e u t r o n s o f g roup d . Xx x = p , d is t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e

prompt and d e l a y e d ' f i s s i o n n e u t r o n s ; a n d , Bx = , v X / v , x = p , d i s +

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f r a c t i o n . P ( $ , v , t ) = x d ( v ) , C d ( r , t ) , b e i n g C d d t h e p r o b a b l e number o f p r e c u r s o r n u c l e i o f g r o u p d . The o t h e r '

e x p r e s s i o n s h a v e t h e u s u a l mean ing .

0 . 1 .1.1 .- F u n c t i o n s p a c e .

3 The f l u x f u n c t i o n + ~ r , v d , t ) must s a t . i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g con -

d i t i o n s :

4 ) G e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s . + s h o u l d b e r e a l , f i n i t e and no n e -

g a t i v e , v z , v$ e R x V x Q , t > t i .

3 i i l C o n t i n u i t y c o n d i t i o n . + s h o u l d b e c o n t i n o u s i n r i n t h e

$ d i r e c t i o n , v $ , v 8 . e R x V x R , t > t i .

i i i ) Boundary c o n d i t i o n . + she-uld obey t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n -t 3 3 3 -t

o v e r t h e f r e e s u r f a c e + ( r , v Q , t ) = 0 f o r ns*O < 0, rs € S 3 3

b e i n g ns t h e o u t e r n o r m a l t o S e n rs .

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i v ) I n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s . @ and C s h o u l d b e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e d

i n i t i a l i n s t a n t t i '

The s e t o f f u n c t i o n s t h a t s a t i s f y t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s

and t h e c o n t i n u i t y and b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s i s t h e f u n c t i o n s p a - ce F . While t h e s e t t h a t o n l y s a t i s f y t h e c o n t i n u i t y and boun-

.-.. ..:. d a r y c o n d i t i o n s i s t h e .function schspace Fc 3 F. Then @ & f .

. . .~.. . .

1 . 2 . - C r i t i c a l R e a c t o r .

A r e a c t o r is d e f i n e d t o b e c r i t i c a l i n t h e i n s t a n t t 0'

when

1 . 3 . - V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h k .

The v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h k i n t i s d e f i n e d a s o t h e r e a c t o r which h a s t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n

o f t h e r e a l r e a c t o r i n t o , e x c e p t t h a t t h e number o f neu.crons

p e r f i s s i o n i s d i v i d e d by a c o n s t a n t f a c t o r k , s o t h a t t h e v i r - t u a l r e a c t o r i s c r i t i c a l , v e r i f y i n g ( 4 ) .

The i n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t i a l Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n o f t h e v i r t u a l 4

c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h k , i s o b t a i n e d when 2 A d Pd i s e l i m i n a - 4 a

t e d be tween ( 2 and 1 ) and t h e f i s s i o n s o u r c e i s d i v i d e d by k

w i t h t h e r e a c t i v i t y p d e f i n e d by

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( 5 ) . i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n

The e q u a t i o n s ( 5 and 7 ) ' a r e g e n e r a l i z e d e i g e n v a l u e equa-

t i o n s , which can b e t r ' a n s f o r m e d i n o r d i n a r y e q u a t i o n s ; s i n c e . . ..

t h e F o p e r a t o r can b e s i n g u l a r , w h i l e M i s . n o t , i t w i l l a d m i t 4

t h e . i n v e r s e o p e ' r a t o r M-', and ( 5 ) g e t s t h e fo rm o f an i n t e g r a l

e q u a t i o n . . . .

. . . .

K kk = k +k, +k E ' F . C . ( 8 )

b e i n g K t h e c r i t i c a l i t y o p e r a t o r , ' w h i c h can b e expanded i n a

Neumann s e r i e , g i v e n by

Then, t h e p rob lem i s r e d u c e d t o d e t e r m i n e . t h e ' e i g e n v a l u e s ki

and t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s +k E Fc o f t h e K o p e r a t o r . i

1.3.1.- A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n k..

It i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o d e t e r m i n e i n which c o n d i t i o n s t h e

e i g e n v a l u e s a r e s i n g l e o r m u l t i p l e , r e a l o r complex , d i s c r e t e ;

o r c o n t i n u o u s , and i f t h e r e i s one w i t h p r e d o m i n a n t modulus . I t

i s a l s o o f i n t e r e s t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x i s t e n c e and u n i q u e n e s s

c o n d i t i o n s o f the. s o l u t i o n s +k E F; t h i s i s , when an e i g e n f u n c -

t i o n e x i s t s and i s s i n g l e , t h a t b e s i d e s o f s a t i s f y i n g t h e con-

t i n u i t y a n d boundary c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a l l t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s sa t i s f y , a l s o be r e a l , f i n i t e and no n e g a t i v e i n t h e who le r e a c -

t o r ( ' ) , a t l a s t i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e i n which c a s e s t h e

e i g e n f u n c t i o n s fo rm a c o m p l e t e s e t w i t h r e s p e c t t p t h e f u n c t i o n s

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I n r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e e i g e n v a l u e s , t h e r e e x i s t s an e i g e n v a - l u e k g , p o s i t i v e and s i m p l e s u c h t h a t ko > I k n I , n ic 0 , w i t h a

c o r r e s p o n d i n g e i g e n f u n c t i o n $k E F , v ~ , v 8 E R x V x Q. 0

F u r t h e r m o r e , @k 0

i s t h e u n i q u e e i g e n f u n c t i o n o f c o n s t a n t

s i g n o v e r R x V x 5 2 . Then, a l l t h e @k E F c , and o n l y $kO E F i

Tn r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s , i t i s d e m o s t r a b l e ( 2 )

t h a t i n g e n e r a l t h e y do n o t form a c o m p l e t e s e t i n Fc .

The e i g e n f u n c t i o n s $ i n k a r e named r e a c t i v i t y f u n c t i o n s k

o r modes k , r e s e r v i n g t h e name o f v i r t u a l f l u x i n k f o r $k 0'

: . 3 . 2 . - P h y s i c a l Meaning o f ko. -

I n t e g r a t i n g (5) o v e r t h e whole p h a s e s p a c e R x V x R , r e -

s u l t s

T h i s e q u a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e r a t i o be tween t h e number o f

n e u t r o n s p r o d u c e d by E i s s i o n i n t h e u n i t o f t ime ' , i n t h e whole

r e a c t o r , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v i r t u a l f l u x , and t h e l o s s e s o f

n e u t r o n s i n t h e u n i t o f t i m e due t o l e a k a g e t h r o u g h t h e f r e e

s u r f a c e o f t h e r e a c t o r and t o a b s o r p t i o n s i n t h e r e a c t o r , co-

r r e s p o n d i n g a l s o t o t h e v i r t u a l f l u x . Because t h i s , k i s na - 0 med t h e e f f e c t i v e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r by f i s s i o n o f t h e v i r -

t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r , o r o n l y m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r , and some - t i m e s s t a t i c m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r .

1 . 4 . - V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h A .

V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h A i n t o , i s t h e r e a c t o r which

h a s t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a l r e a c t o r

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i n t e x c e p t t h a t t h e number o f s .econdary n e u t r o n s p e r c o l l i - 0 '

s i o n a r e d i v i d e d b y a-aonst 'mt f a c t o r X , s o t h a t t h e v i r t u a l r e a z ... - t o r i s c r i t i c a l , v e r i f y i n g ( 4 ) . I n a v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r

w i t h A , t h e number o f s e c o n d a r y n e u t r o n s p e r c o l l i s i o n a r e mo-

d i f i e d u n t i l t h e c r i t i c a l i t y i s r e a c h e d ; t h i s i s , t h e number

o f n e u t r o n s p e r s c a t t e r i n g and f i s s i o n , w h i l e i n t h e v i r t u a l

c r i t i c a l . r e a c t o r i n k o n l y t h e number o f n e u t r o n s p e r f i s s i o n

a r e m o d i f i e d .

The i n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t i a l Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n o f t h e v i r t u a l 4

c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h A , i s o b t a i n e d when 2- X 4 n Pd i s e l i m i n a -

t e d be tween ( 2 and :) and t h e c o l l i s i o n s o u r c e s a r e d i v i d e d by

X

The g e n e r a l i z e d e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n (11) can b e t r a n s f o r -

med i n an o r d i n a r y e q u a t i o n . S i n c e t h e (L+Rt) o p e r a t o r i s n o t ,

s i n g u l a r , it w i l l a d m i t t h e i n v e r s e o p e r a t o r (L+Rt) -&, which

i s an i n t e g r a l o p e r a t o r , whose k e r n e l i s t h e Green f u n c t i o n o f

t h e bounda ry p rob lem. Then, t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n i s

o b t a i n e d

The p rob lem i s r e d u c e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e i g e n v a l u e s X i , - -

and t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s @ E Fc o f t h e o p e r a t o r ~ - ( L + R ~ ) - : ( S t

1 +F) . 'i

2 . 4 . i . - A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n X .

The a n a l y s i s o f t h i s e q u a t i o n i s a n a l o g o u s t o t h e e i g e n v a - l u e e q u a t i o n s i n kc ' ) . I n r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e e i g e n v a l u e s , t h e r e

e x i s t s an e i g e n v a l u e A o , p o s i t i v e and s i m p l e s u c h t h a t ho > I A n I ,

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n # 0 , w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g e i g e n f u n c t i o n @ E F , v :, v 8 E R x

x V x a . Xo

I n r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s , t h e y n e i t h e r form i n

g e n e r a l a c o m p l e t e s e t i n F . C

The e i g e n f u n c t i o n s i n X a r e named m o d e s X , u s i n g t h e n a -

me o f v i r t u a l f l u x i n X f0.r .@ . 1 0

1 . 4 . 2 . - P h y s i c a l meaning o f X - .

I n t e g r a t i n g (11) o v e r t h e whole p h a s e s p a c e R x V x Q , r e -

s u l t s

which i s t h e r a t i o be tween n e u t r o n s p r o d u c e d b y c o l l i s i o n s i n

t h e u n i t o f t i m e i n t h e r e a c t o r , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v i r t u a l

f l u x , and t h e l o s s e s of n e u t r o n s i n t h e u n i t o f t i m e due t o l e a - k a g e t h r o u g h t h e f r e e s u r f a c e o f t h e r e a c t o r and t o c o l l i s i o n s

i n t h e r e a c t o r , c o r r e s p o n d i n g a l s o t o t h e v i r t u a l f l u x . X O i s n a - med t h e e f f e c t i v e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r b y c o l l i s i o n o f t h e v i r -

t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r .

1 . 5 . - V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h y .

V i r t u a l ' c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h y i n t i s t h e r e a c t o r which 0 '

h a s t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a l r e a c t o r

i n t e x c e p t t h a t t h e n u c l e a r d e n s i t i e s o f a l l t h e n u c l i d e s a r e 0 '

d i v i d e d by a c o n s t a n t f a c t o r y , s o t h a t t h e v i r t u a l r e a c t o r . i s

c r i t i c a l , v e r i f y i n g C 4 ) . I n t h e v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h y ,

t h e c r i t i c a l i t y i s r e a c h e d m o d i f y i n g t h e n u c l e a r d e n s i t i e s o r

t h e l e a k a g e .

The i n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t ' i a l Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n o f t h e v i r t u a l

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c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h y w i l l be

I n a f i n i t e ' r e a c t o r , t h e g e n e r a l i z e d e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n

( 1 4 ) can b e t r a n s f o r m e d i n an o r d i n a r y e q u a t i o n . However t h e i m - p o r t a n c e o f (14) i s t h a t c h a n g i n g t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a b l e

t h e f o l l o w i n g i s o b t a i n e d

+ + and i t s s o l u t i o n + ( p , v Q l t O ) i s t h e same f o r a l l t h e r e a c t o r s

Y w i t h e q u a l c o m p o s i t i o n and whose c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e r e l a t e d by

a s i m i l a r i t y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n (is).

e i . 5 . 1 . - A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n y .

Such a s i n 91.3. ; and •˜1.4.:, it c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t

t h e r e e x i s t s ") an e i g e n v a l u e y d i s c r e t e p o s i t i v e and s i m p l e , 0 '

s u c h t h a t y o > I Y n I , n # 0 w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g e i g e n f u n c t i o n

+ Y 0 E F , V f , v 3 a R x V x n .

The e i g e n f u n c t i o n s '+ ' i n y a r e named modes y , r e s e r v i n g Y

t h e name o f v i r t u a l f l u x i n y f o r '+ . Y 0

1 . 5 . 2 . - P h y s i c a l meaning o f y - .

R e s i d e s t h e p h y s i c a l mean ing g i v e t o y b e f o r e , i f i n t e g r a 0 - t i n g (14 ) o v e r t h e whole p h a s e s p a c e R x V x a , r e s u l t s

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t h i s i s t h e r a t i o be tween t h e ' f i s s i o n n e u t r o n s p r o d u c e d i n t h e

u n i t o f t i m e i n t h e r e a c t o r , l e s s t h e l o s s e s o f n e u t r o n s by a b - s o r p t i o n s i n t h e r e a c t o r , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v i r t u a l f l u x ,

and t h e l o s s e s o f n e u t r o n s by l e a k a g e t h r o u g h t h e f r e e s u r f a c e

o f t h e r e a c t o r , c o r r e s p o n d i n g a l s o t o t h e v i r t u a l f l u x .

a yo i s named e f f e c t i v e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r by l e a k a g e o f

t h e v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r .

1 . 6 . - V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h a .

V i r t u a l c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h a i n t o , i s t h e r e a c t o r which

h a s t h e same c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a l r e a c t o r

i n t o , e x c e p t t h a t t h e m a c r o s c o p i c c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a b s o r p t i o n

i s i n c r e a s e d i n a / v , b e i n g a c o n s t a n t , r e s u l t i n g t h a t t h e v i r -

t u a l r e a c t o r i s c r i t i c a l , t h e n s a t i s f i e s C4).

The i n t e g r o d i f f e r e n t i a l Bol tzmann e q u a t i o n o f t h e v i r t u a l

c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r w i t h a , w i l l b e

t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n a can a l s o be o b t a i n e d by L a p l a c e

t r a n s f o r m of (1 and 2 ) w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g s i m p l i f i e d h y p o t h e s i s :

i ) The c o n f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a c t o r a r e i n - d e p e n d e n t o f t i m e .

i i ) The f l u x and t h e p r e c u r s o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e i n i -

t i a l . moment a r e z e r o .

i i i ) The d e l a y e d n e u t r o n s a r e n o t c o n s i d e r e d , i n t h e s e n s e

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t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y a t o t a l y i e l d o f f i s s i o n n e u t r o n s

v = ( 1 - 6 ) v , w i t h a s p e c t r u m x . P P

I n t h i s c a s e t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m o f ( 1 and 2 ) , e l i m i n a -

t i n g L{P } and u s i n g t h e f o r m e r h y p o t h e s i s , w i t h L { + } z + a , re d s u l t s i n

which c o i n c i d e s w i t h ( 1 8 ) i f a p p l y i n g i i i ) .

Then , t h e p rob lem i s r e d u c e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e i g e n v a l u e s

a i and t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s @, E F c o f t h e o p e r a t o r v B . i P

1.6.:.- A n a l y s i s o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n i n a .

A s b e f o r e , i n t h i s c a s e it i s a l s o o f i n t e r e s t t o d e t e r m i -

n e t h e c l a s s o f t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e o p e r a t o r v B t h e e x i s t e n - P '

c e and u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e s o l u t i o n s b e l o n g t o F , and i n which c a - s e t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s fo rm a c o m p l e t e s e t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

f u n c t i o n s o v e r F c .

I n r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e e i g e n v a l u e s and e i g e n f u n c t i o n s , i t i s

o b t a i n e d C 2 ' 3 ' 4 ' 5 ) i n g e n e r a l t h a t ' " :

i ) The re e x i s t s an e i g e n v a l u e a o , d i s c r e t e , r e a l and s i m -

p l e s u c h t h a t a O > Re a n , n # 0 , w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g

e i g e n f u n c t i o n + E F , V G , v?i E R x V x n. a 0

F u r t h e r m o r e , @ a 0

i s t h e s i n g l e e i g e n f u n c t i o n o f c o n s -

t a n t s i g n o v e r R x V x Q. Then a l l @ E Fc and o n l y ai

i i ) I n a f i n i t e r e a c t o r , t h e e i g e n v a l u e s p e c t r u m i s d i s c r e - t e , e x i s t i n g a

E t c v ~ ~ .

If t h e r e a c t o r

l o w e r l i m i t o f a g i v e n by a > - 1 i m ( v ' 0 0 - v+O

i s i n f i n i t e , a t l e a s t i'n a d i r e c t i o n ,

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t h e s p e c t r u m h a s a d i s c r e t e p a r t f o r an 2 - ( v l t ( v ) ) m i n ,

and t h e r e s t i s c o n t i n u o u s .

i i i ) I n a f i n i t e r e a c t o r , t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s fo rm a comple-

t e s e t , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e f u n c t i o n s o v e r Fc .

The c r o s s s e c t i o n 1 ( v ) i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e w e i g h t e d o v e r t a l l t h e c h o r d s o f t h e r e a c t o r . Accord ing t o i) t h e e i g e n v a l u e s

can be o r d e r e d i n d e c r e a s i n g v a l u e s o f i t s r e a l p a r t : a > 0 Re a , > Re a 2 , . . .

L

I n e x t r e m e c a s e s , some o f t h e above r e s u l t s can b e no s a -

t i s f i e d . When t h e r e a c t o r s i z e d e c r e a s e s , a t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e , 0

t h e n f o r r e a c t o r s i z e s s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l , i i ) can b e n o t s a t i s - f i e d c 6 ) , and f o r c a s e s even more e x t r e m e s , a d i s c r e t e s p e c t r u m

can b e n o t t o e x i s t , and t h e n a. d o e s n o t e x i s t . I n t h e c a s e

t h a t t h e r e a c t o r b e formed by two r e g i o n s s e p a r a t e d by a n o t h e r

one c o m p l e t e l y b l a c k , t h e e i g e n v a l u e a. can b e no l o n g e r s i m p l e .

1 . 6 . 2 . - F l u x d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

If $ a . l ~ ; , ~ d ) i s one o f t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g I -. .. ~ . ~ ~ . .~

t o t h e e i g e n v a l u e a of e~7de.x o f .:.niul:[email protected] '.~;,,_t l?_e...gn?ra J: ~. . ~ . -- .. . j -.

s o l u t i o n o f (:9) w i l l be ~

. .~ .. .

which i n v e r s e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m g i v e s t h e f l u x o b t a i n e d by t h e

c o n d i t i o n s i l , i i ) and i i i l o f 51 .6

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S i n c e a > Re a j > 0 , a f t e r a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t i m e o j ' a l l t h e t e r m s w i l l b e n e g l i g i b l e r e s p e c t t o t h e f i r s t o n e , t h e n

( 2 1 ) t a k e s t h e a s y m p t o t i c form

i.7.- R e l a t i o n be tween t h e c r i t i c a l r e a c t o r and t h e v i r t u a l c r i t i c a l

r e a c t o r s w i t h k , A , y and a .

I f t h e r e a c t o r w i t h o u t i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e s i s c r i t i c a l i n

t h e t i m e t o , i t s e q u a t i o n s w i l l b e (1 and 2 ) B + = 0 , t h e n , com - p a r i n g w i t h (5, 7 , 21, 1 4 and :9) , t h e e i g e n v a l u e s w i l l b e k o = - 4 - - a - A

L, p o = 0 , X o - A , y o - ,, a. = 0 , and t h e v i r t u a l r e a c t o r

w i l l b e t h e r e a l o n e .

However t h e r e c i p r o c a l i s n o t s a t i s f i e d , a l t h o u g h t h e con-

f i g u r a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a c t o r b e i n d e p e n d e n t on t i-

me; i f k o = 1, - - 4 - 1 p o - 0 , ho - I, y o - I , a O = 0 , a s t h e e q u a t i o n s - - B $ Y o - B + a O = 0 a r e d i f f e r e n t t h a t (1 and 2 )

A P = B Q , i t w i l l b e + # + k = - - - -

0 +y 0 +a0 and t h e n Q d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y v e r i f y t h e c r i t i c a l i t y c o n d i -

t i o n ( 4 ) .

I n b r i e f c 1 ) , i n a r e a c t o r w i t h o u t i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e s , if - - it i s c r i t i c a l , i t i s v e r i f i e d t h a t k o = 1, p o = 0 , X o - 2 , y o -

- - 1, a O = 0 , b u t i f t h e s e e q u a l i t i e s a r e v e r i f i e d i t i s n o t ne -

c e s s a r i l y c r i t i c a l , a l t h o u g h i f t h e r e a c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n and

c o m p o s i t i o n a r e i n d e p e n d e n t on t i m e , a c c o r d i n g t o ( 2 2 ) + t e n d s - - a s y m p t o t i c a l y t o +k = - Q Y O - Q a O , and t h e r e a c t o r i s na -

0 med a s y m p t o t i c a l y c r i t i c a l .

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2. - C a l c u l a t i o n Method. (C. Ahne r t , J . M . A ragongs )

F o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n , t h e

u n i d i m e n s i o n a l t r a n s p o r t code DTF-IY ( 8 ' h a s b e i n g u s e d , i n s p h e - r i c a l geomet ry and u s i n g t h e d i s c r e t e o r d i n a t e s a p p r o x i m a t i o n

( 1 1 ) S 8 . M u l t i g r o u p c r o s s s e c t i o n s e t s were g e n e r a t e d u s i n g I D X

( 1 3 ) and WIMS-D

2 .1 . - C r o s s s e c t i o n s d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

The m u l t i g r o u p c o l l a p s e d c r o s s s e c t i o n s t o b e u s e d i n DTF-

-1V c a l c u l a t i o n s , h a v e been g e n e r a t e d by two d i f f e r e n t code s y s - tems, o n e f o r t h e f a s t s y s t e m s and o t h e r f o r t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .

2 . 1 . 1 . - The f a s t s v s t e m c r o s s s e c t i o n s ( : 2 ) h a v e been g e n e r a t e d f rom t h e - - ENDF/B-I11 (') L i b r a r y , u s i n g t h e B a t t e l e - N o r t h w e s t code s y s t e m s ,

E T O X ( ' ~ ) - : D X ( ~ ' ) , c o l l a p s i n g them t o a n e n e r g y s t r u c t u r e o f 28

g r o u p s , which h a s been a p p r o p r i a t e l y chosen f o r f a s t s y s t e m t r e a t - m e n t ( t a b 1 e 2.:).

The a v e r a g e n e u t r o n v e l o c i t i e s and t h e f i s s i o n s p e c t r u m i n

few g r o u p s t o be u s e d f o r DTF-IV, have been o b t a i n e d a l s o i n t h i s

s t a g e .

2 . 1 . 2 . - F o r t h e f a s t s y s t e m when a r e f l e c t o r r e g i o n i s p r e s e n t , t h e same

s e t o f 2 . 1 . 1 . , h a s been u s e d .

2 . 1 . 3 . - The t h e r m a l s y s t e m s c r o s s s e c t i o n s have b e e n g e n e r a t e d f rom a b a -

s i c L i b r a r y g e n e r a t e d ' b y t h e GALAXY s y s t e m f rom t h e U K N D L L i b r a r y ,

t h i s b a s i c L i b r a r y i s i n 6 9 e n e r g y g r o u p s , which a r e d i s t r i b u t e d

i n 1 4 i n t h e f a s t r e g i o n , 1 3 i n t h e r e s o n a n c e r e g i o n and 42 i n t h e

t h e r m a l r e g i o n . From t h i s e n e r g y s t r u c t u r e , t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s s e t s

i n few g r o u p s ( 2 1 g r o u p s , t a b l e 2 .21 have been o b t a i n e d by t h e

WIMS-D c o d e (13 a n d 1 4 )

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A new s u b r o u t i n e h a s been added t o t h e o r i g i n a l v e r s i o n o f

WIMS-D f o r c o l l a p s e d c r o s s s e c t i o n s d e t e r m i n a t i o n (15)

The a v e r a g e n e u t r o n v e l o c i t i e s and t h e f i s s i o n s p e c t r u m i n

m u l t i g r o u p s were o b t a i n e d a l s o f rom t h e WIMS-D o u t p u t f l u x s p e c - t r u m .

F o r u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m s t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s have been o b t a i n e d

by a WIMS-D c a l c u l a t i o n o f a n homogeneous and i n f i n i t e r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f e a c h s y s t e m .

2 . 2 . 4 . - Fo r r e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s y s t e m s t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s were o b t a i n e d f rom

a WIMS-D c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e c o m p l e t e s y s t e m r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , w i t h

a c r i t i c a l i t y s e a r c h i n t h e r a d i u s o f t h e f u e l z o n e . The c o l l a p s e d

c r o s s s e c t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e c r i t i c a l s p e c t r u m o f t h e s y s - t em.

Next t o t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s d e t e r m i n a t i o n , DTF-IV c a l c u l a t i o n s

were made o f t h e f o u r e i g e n v a l u e s k , a , 1 and y , whose t h e o r i c a l

mean ings a r e i n 5 2 . But f o r t h i s , it was p r e v i o u s l y n e c e s s a r y t o

made some m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e o r i g i n a l c o d e .

2 . 2 . - M o d i f i c a t i o n s and u t i l i z a t i o n o f DTF-IV.

The o r i g i n a l v e r s i o n o f DTF-IV s o l v e s t h e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n

i n k, a and y , t h e f i r s t one a s a d i r e c t c a l c u 1 a t i o n ; a n d t h e o t h e r

two a s i n d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n s o r s e a r c h c a l c u l a t i o n s . When an i n d i -

r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n i s made more compu t ing t i m e i s n e e d e d .

The p o s s i b i l i t y o f e i g e n v a l u e c a l c u l a t i o n s h a s b e e n added

t o t h e o r i g i n a l code a s an o p t i o n f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e p r e -

s e n t s t u d y .

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The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h i s e i g e n v a l u e i s made a s a d i r e c t c a l -

c u l a t i o n and i s s e l e c t e d by t h e r E V T = -1 o p t i o n ( c o l u m n s , 6:-66

o f t h e iSt c a r d o f t h e i n t e g e r d a t a ) .

F o r some s y s t e m s , p r i n c i p a l l y f o r t h e t h e r m a l s ( w i t h u p - s c a t - t e r i n g ) t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e c o n v e r g e d s o l u t i o n i n A , h a s p r e -

s e n t e d some d i f f i c u l t i e s . Due t o i t s i n f l u e n c e i n a l l t h e s c a t t e -

r i n g t e r m s , an o s c i l l a t i o n i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n was p r o d u c e d .

I n o r d e r t o c o r r e c t t h i s , and p r e v e n t t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s , a dam - p e r f o r t h e X v a l u e s was i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e code a f t e r e a c h o u t e r

i t e r a t i o n .

S i n c e t h e X v a l u e i s c l o s e r t o u n i t y t h a n t h e k v a l u e , t h e A

v a l u e i s n o t a l l o w e d t o s e p a r a t e r a p i d l y f rom u n i t y , by d o i n g a

w e i g h t i n g be tween t h e l a s t A v a l u e o b t a i n e d by t h e code and u n i t y .

The w e i g h t i n g f a c t o r o f A i s a DTF i n p u t datum: XNPM (co lumns

1 - 1 2 o f t h e 6th d a t a c a r d ( f l o a t i n g p o i n t ) , a n d t h e w e i g h t i n g f a c -

t o r o f u n i t y w i l l b e t h e d i f f e r e n c e (i-XNPM).

The a d e q u a t e XNPM v a l u e depends on t h e s y s t e m t o b e c o n s e d e r e d

b e i n g d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e f a s t and t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . T h e r e i s an op-

timum v a l u e f o r e a c h s y s t e m s u c h t h a t c o n v e r g e n c e i s n o t t o o s l o w ,

w h i l e p r e v e n t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s .

Ano the r c o n v e r g e n c e p r o b l e m w i t h DTF-IV a p p e a r s when u s i n g a .

s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e number of n a r r o w e n e r g y w i t h h y d r o g e n e o u s . .. .

m i x t u r e s a s i n t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

T h i s i s b e c a u s e , when t h e t r a n s p o r t c o r r e c t i o n i s made i n t h e

c r o s s s e c t i o n s , l i k e i s made i n WIMS-D t h e s e l f s c a t t e r i n g ( x i i ) i s

low i n t h e r e s o n a n c e g r o u p s . S i n c e t h e d i f f e r e n c e be tween t h e t o -

t a l c r o s s s e c t i o n s X and t h e t r a n s p o r t c r o s s s e c t i o n s x i s t o t t r

a p p r e c i a b l e f o r t h e h y d r o g e n , when X t o t

i s r e p l a c e d by Z t r and

t h e d i f f e r e n c e ( X t r - X ) i s added t o t h e s e l f s c a t t e r i n g t e r m , t o t

i n o r d e r t o p r e s e r v e t h e n e u t r o n b a l a n c e a new s e l f s c a t t e r i n g t e r m

o f n e g a t i v e s i g n r e s u l t s f o r some g r o u p s . Then , i n c o n s e q u e n c e , n e

g a t i v e s o u r c e v a l u e s a p p e a r i n t h e i n n e r i t e r a t i o n s o f DTF-IV, and 87630fi2f,,

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t h e s o l u t i o n d i v e r g e s , t e r m i n a t i n g t h e e x e c u t i o n i n e r r o r .

The n e g a t i v e "flux fix-up" correction i n c l u d e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l

v e r s i o n o f DTF-IV, o n l y g u a r a n t e e p o s i t i v e f l u x s o l u t i o n s i f

a l l t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s and s o u r c e s a r e p o s i t i v e s .

We have f o l l o w e d t h e p r o c e d u r e s u g g e s t s by G . M i n s a r t and

J . Quenon ( 1 6 ) f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h i s p rob lem. Then we have mo - d i f i e d DTF-IV, b e i n g p o s s i b l e by o p t i o n i n t h e i n p u t d a t a ( I S I = - a - columns 62-66 o f t h e 3rd d a t a c a r d ( i n t e g e r ) ) t o make a

damping o f t h e s c a l a r f l u x s o l u t i o n a t t h e end of e a c h i n n e r i t e - r a t i o n , b e i n g t h e r e s u l t a n t f l u x , t h e mean v a l u e be tween t h a t ob - t a i n e d i n an i t e r a t i o n and t h a t o f t h e f o r m e r i t e r a t i o n . I n o r -

d e r t o n o t p r o l o n g i n e x c e s s t h e i t e r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n , t h i s dam - p i n g i s o n l y made when (Ci ) gr ,mesh < 0 . 0 .

By u s i n g t h i s o p t i o n i t h a s b e e n p o s s i b l e t o e x e c u t e c o r r e c - t l y t h e DTF-IV c a s e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s , t h a t

i s & t i e r way p r e s e n t e d s t r o n g d i f f i c u l t i e s .

About t h e u s e o f t h e c o d e , we h a v e t o p o i n t o u t , t h a t t h e

compu t ing t i m e i s c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d , and t h a t f o r some c a s e s

it makes p o s s i b l e t h e c o n v e r g e n c e o f t h e s o l u t i o n , i f a n i n i t i a l

f l u x g u e s s i s g i v e n i n t h e i n p u t d a t a , which can b e o b t a i n e d

f rom a p r e c e d i n g c a s e .

C o n c r e t e l y , t h e a d o p t e d p r o c e d u r e h a s been t h e f o l l o w i n g ;

f i rs t t h e k c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e n t h e a c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h t h e f l u x

g u e s s o b t a i n e d i n t h e k c a l c u l a t i o n s ; and n e x t t h e X c a l c u l a -

t i o n s w i t h t h e f l u x from t h e a c a l c u l a t i o n s ; f o r t h e y c a l c u l a -

t i o n s t h e f l u x f rom t h e k c a l c u l a t i o n s h a s been u s e d . The com-

p r e h e n s i o n of t h i s p r o c e d u r e w i l l come o u t when t h e compar i son

among t h e f l u x s p e c t r a f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t e i g e n v a l u e s b e made.

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i8.

2 8 GROUPS STRUCTURE FOR FAST SYSTEMS

H i g h e r E n e r g y (EV) GROUP H i g h e r E n e r g y (EV)

T a b l e 2.:

2: GROUPS STRUCTURE FOR THERMAL SYSTEMS

H i g h e r E n e r g y CEVl GROUP H i g h e r E n e r g y [EV)

T a b l e 2 . 2

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3.- C a l c u l a t i o n s and c o n c l u s i o n s ( C . A h n e r t ) .

239 Three s y s t e m s have been s t u d i e d , one f a s t s y s t e m o f Pu ,

and two t h e r m a l s y s t e m s , one o f them u s i n g U 235 a s f i s s i o n a b l e

m a t e r i a l and t h e o t h e r u s i n g pu2". Each o f them i s s t u d i e d i n

u n r e f l e c t e d and r e f l e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . The f a s t one i s r e f l e c - t e d by n a t u r a l Uranium and t h e t h e r m a l o n e s by l i g h t w a t e r .

F i r s t , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o g e n e r a t e m u l t i g r o u p c r o s s s e c t i o n s

f o r e a c h s y s t e m a s e x p o s e d i n •˜ 2.:. Next t h e r a d i i r a n g e f o r

which t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r s were compr i sed be tween 0.8 and

:.20 was chosen by D T F - I V c a l c u l a t i o n s . F o r f i v e r a d i i i n t h i s

r a n g e , and f o r e a c h s y s t e m t h e 4 e i g e n v a l u e s k , a, X and y , were

c a l c u l a t e d .

I n t h e r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m s t h e f u e l zone r a d i u s , were c h a n g e d ,

l e a v i n g t h e r e f l e c t o r t h i n c k n e s s c o n s t a n t and e q u a l t o 20 cms . ,

which i s e q u i v a l e n t t o i n f i n i t e r e f l e c t o r .

Only i n t h e y c a l c u l a t i o n s , s i n c e i t s v a l u e a f f e c t s t o t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o t h z o n e s , f u e l and r e f l e c t o r , t h e r a d i i o f

b o t h z o n e s mus t b e changed i n t h e same p r o p o r t i o n , i n o r d e r t o

g e t s i m i l a r s y s t e m s . And t h e n , t h e r a t i o be tween t h e r a d i u s of

t h e s t u d i e d s y s t e m and t h e r a d i u s o f t h e c r i t i c a l s y s t e m , i s ob-

t a i n e d a s t h e y v a l u e , a s deduced from t h e t h e o r y ( 5 i).

3.1.- Sys tem s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .

C7 1 i f U n r e f l e c t e d f a s t s ~ h e r e . M a t e r i a l = Pu

239 3 o f d e n s i t y 15.6 gr / cm

R a d i i = 5 . 3 , 5 . 8 , 6 .24 , 6 . 8 and 7.3 ems.

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2 35 i i ) U n r e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s p h e r e o f U .

-2 ' N H = 6 . 2 3 0 x 1 0 a t . b / c m

3

R a d i i = 2 5 . , 2 7 . , 2 9 . , 3 1 . , and 33 . crns

2 39 i i i ) U n r e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s p h e r e o f Pu .

9 R a t i o N ~ / N ~ ~ = 9 0 0

R a d i i = 2 0 . , 2 2 . , 2 4 . , 2 6 . , and 2 8 . crns.

i v ) R e f l e c t e d f a s t s p h e r e .

Zone 1. F u e l a s i ) o f r a d i i = 3 .0 , 3 . 5 , 4.0, 4 . 5 , and 5 .0 crns.

Zone 2 . R e f l e c t o r o f n a t u r a l Uranium o f 2 0 crns t h i c k

v ) R e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s p h e r e o f U 2 3 5

Zone 1. F u e l a s i i ) of r a d i i = 2 0 . , 2 2 . , 2 4 . , 2 6 . , and 2 8 . crns

Zone 2 . R e f l e c t o r of l i g h t w a t e r o f 2 0 crns t h i c k .

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v i ) R e f l e c t e d t h e r m a l s p h e r e o f Pu 239

Zone 1. F u e l a s i i i ) o f r a d i i = 1 5 . , 1 7 . , L9., 2 1 . and 23. crns.

Zone 2 . R e f l e c t o r o f l i g h t w a t e r o f 20. crns. t h i c k a s t h a t o f v ) .

From t h e e i g e n v a l u e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e s e s y s t e m s , t h e r e s u l t s

shown i n t a b l e s 3.: t o 3 . 6 , were o b t a i n e d . I n them t h e k , a , X

and y e i g e n v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h r a d i u s , a r e shown, a s w e l l

a s t h e v a l u e s f o r e a c h o f t hem, o f some i n t e g r a l o r a v e r a g e p a r a - m e t e r s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e DTF-IV s o l u t i o n . These p a r a m e t e r s de-

pend on t h e e i g e n f u n c t i o n s of e a c h c a s e ; t h i s i s , on t h e n e u t r o -

n i c f l u x s o l u t i o n o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n and t h e n

on i t s s p e c t r u m .

These s p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e f u e l z o n e , and

by means o f them t h e d i f f e r e n t f l u x s o l u t i o n s w i l l b e a n a l i z e d .

3 .2 . - S p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s .

The s p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s c h o s e n , have been t h e f o l l o w i n g :

3 . 2 . 1 . - Average s p e c t r a l i n d e x . T h i s i s t h e r a t i o be tween t h e t h e r m a l

and t h e f a s t f l u x e s , j - n t e g r a t e d i n e n e r g y and volume.

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where E s i s t h e h i g h e s t e n e r g y of t h e s p e c t r u m , t a k e n a s 20 MeV

and 1 0 MeV f o r t h e f a s t and t h e r m a l s y s t e m s r e s p e c t i v e l y . E c i s

s p e c t r u m e n e r g y c u t o f f , s e l e c t e d i n e a c h c a s e a s t h e mean p o i n t

o f t h e s p e c t r u m , i n a way s u c h t h a t t h e i n t e g r a t e d f l u x e s i n e n e r - gy o v e r and u n d e r E c , b e a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e c r i t i c a l con - f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s y s t e m , s o t h a t t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x b e

c l o s e t o u n i t y .

Fo r t h e f a s t s y s t e m s E = 1 . 3 MeV, o b t a i n i n g a s p e c t r a l i n - C

d e x 1.05: f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l s y s t e m , and 2 .677 f o r t h e

r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l .

235 F o r t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s o f U , E = 27.7 eV, o b t a i n i n g a

C

s p e c t r a l i n d e x 0.940 f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l s y s t e m , and

1 . 0 2 8 f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l ; and f o r t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s of 239

Pu , E = 5 . 5 3 KeV w i t h t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x 0 . 9 9 2 f o r t h e u n r e - C

f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l , and :.;:0 f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l .

The s p e c t r u m e n e r g y c u t o f f E c is t h e same f o r b o t h , u n r e f l e c - t e d and r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m s ; t h e n i t i s o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e s p e c t r u m

o f t h e f a s t s y s t e m is s o f t e r when i s T e f l e c t e d C L i n c r e a s e s ) , whi-

l e f o r t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s I changes s l i g h t l y , b e c a u s e i t s s p e c -

t r u m i s s u f f i c i e n t l y s o f t i n t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t ' i o n .

3 . 2 . 2 . - Average neatron' v e l o c i t y . I t t h e a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y o f t h e n e u t r o n

s p e c t r u m , and h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d a s :

T h i s p a r a m e t e r i s r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y w i i h I , when t h e s p e c t r u m i s s o f t e n e d , I i n c r e a s e s and ; d e c r e a s e s l o g i c a l l y , a n d , - v i c e ~ e r s a . )-J/'Gj3hLQ+.

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3 . 2 . 3 . - Average <v If:. IS t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a f i s s i o n n e u t r o n

v i e l d and is c a l c u l a t e d a s :

< v l f > = FISSION NEUTRONS (DTFI

N E U T R O N F L U X CDTF)

t h i s p a r a m e t e r depends o f t h e e n e r g y s t r u c t u r e o f t h e f i s s i o n

c r o s s s e c t i o n and f l u x .

0 3 . 2 . 4 . - G e n e r a t i o n t i m e A . Is t h e t i m e be tween t h e v i e l d o f two con - s e c u t i v e f i s s i o n n e u t r o n s .

t h i s p a r a m e t e r c h a n g e s s l i g h t l y f r o m one c a s e t o o t h e r f o r t h e

t h e r m a l s y s t e m s .

3 . 2 . 5 . - I n f i n i t e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c o n s t a n t k . -

t h i s p a r a m e t e r i n d i c a t e s t h e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e o v e r a l l s p e c t r u m ;

b u t a s A , it changes s l i g h t l y f o r t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s , and t h e n

i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y s e n s i t i v e t o a n a l i z e i t .

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3 . 3 .- C o n c l u s i o n s .

To a n a l i z e t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s u s e w i l l b e done o f some t a -

b l e s and f i g u r e s c o l l e c t i n g t h e r e s u l t s . B e s i d e s o f t h e t a b l e s

3 .2 t o 3.6 o f s p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , we h a v e

r e p r e s e n t e d g r a f i c a l l y t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s ( F i g s . 3 . : t o 3 . 3 ) .

Each f i g u r e shows t h e d i f f e r e n c e be tween t h e s p e c t r a l i n -

dex f o r e a c h e i g e n v a l u e k , a , X and y , and t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x

o f t h e c r i t i c a l c a s e , v e r s u s t h e s y s t e m d i m e n s i o n , o r even b e t - t e r , v e r s u s t h e e i g e n v a l u e y o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h s y s t e m r a d i u s .

I n o r d e r t o s u p e r p o s e i n t h e g r a p h s t h e e i g e n v a l u e s o f

b o t h s y s t e m s , r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d , s o t h a t a l l c o i n c i d e

i n t h e j u s t c r i t i c a l p o i n t (y = 1 . 0 ) t h e e i g e n v a l u e y h a s b e e n .- . . - -.

u s e d i n t h e X-axis and t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x i n t h e Y - a x i s , w i t h

t h e s c a l e f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m i n t h e l e f t a x i s and f o r

t h e r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m i n t h e r i g h t a x i s . Both a x i s have t h e s a -

me s c a l e , b u t a r e s h i f t e d i n o r d e r t o c o i n c i d e i n t h e j u s t c r i - t i c a l p o i n t . I n t h i s way t h e s p e c t r a l c h a n g e s can b e e a s i l y

a n a l i z e d and t h e b ' e h a v i o u r s o f b o t h r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d

s y s t e m s can b e d i r e c t l y compared.

T h i s i s t h e more r e l e v a n t g r a p h i c o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ,

b e c a u s e by means o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e c u r v e s l o p e s and

t h e compar i son among them, c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t what e i g e n v a l u e

t y p e s h o u l d b e u s e d d e p e n d i n g o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o b j e c t can

be o b t a i n e d .

Ano the r g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t h e k , a and X e i g e n -

v a l u e s Y e r s u s t h e e i g e n v a l u e y ( F i g s . 3 .4 t o 3.6). I n e a c h o f

them t h e e i g e n v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h o f t h e m e n t i o n e d s y s -

t e m s i n t h e r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e shown.

A l l o f them c o i n c i d e i n t h e j u s t c r i t i c a l p o i n t k = 2 .0 , a= 4

= 0 . 0 , A = 1 . 0 and. y = 2 . 0 . The a s c a l e C ~ e c - ~ ) i s i n t h e l e f t

Y-axis and t h e k and y s c a l e s i n t h e r i g h t Y-ax i s .

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F i n a l l y some t a b l e s w i l l h e l p us t o e x p l a i n t h e r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d , a s t h e a b s o r p t i o n and s c a t t e r i n g b a l a n c e t a b l e s

( t a b l e s 3 .7 t o 3 . 9 ) . They a r e t h e b a l a n c e t a b l e s f o r a c r i t i -

c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n , and f o r a s u p e r c r i t i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n

two c o n d i t i o n s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a and A e i g e n v a l u e s o l u t i o n s .

By means o f t h e m , t h e e f f e c t p r o d u c e d by b o t h e i g e n v a l u e s o l u -

t i o n s on t h e a b s o r p t i o n s and s c a t t e r i n g , w i l l b e o b s e r v e d ,

w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c r i t i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n , N e x t l y t h e r e s u l t s

w i l l be a n a l i z e d and t h e c o n c l u s i o n s f o r e a c h s y s t e m e x t r a c t e d

0 3 . 3 . 1 . - F a s t s y s t e m .

3 . 3 . 1 . 1 . - E i g e n v a l u e s ( F i g . 3 . 4 )

The m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c o n s t a n t k depends l i n e a r l y on t h e

e i g e n v a l u e y o r on t h e r a d i u s , and w i t h a l m o s t t h e s a m e s l o p e

f o r b o t h r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e s . The e i g e n v a l u e A i s

c l o s e r t o u n i t y t h a n t h e e i g e n v a i u e k , t h i s , i s b e c a u s e A , i s

a d d i t i o n t o d i v i d e t h e f i s s i o n s o u r c e a s k , a l s o d i v i d e s t h e . .

s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e and t h e n i t s e f f e c t i n t h e t o t a l s o u r c e i s

h i g h , e r . I n t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e i s s t i l l c l o s e r t o u n i t y b e c a u s e

t h e r e f l e c t o r zone i n c r e a s e s t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e , and them y

e f f e c t i n c r e a s e s .

The v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e " t e m p o r a l a b s o r p t i o n " a , f o r

t h e same k v a l u e s , a r e l o w e r i n a b s o l u t e v a l u e f o r t h e r e f l e c - t e d s y s t e m t h a n f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m . T h i s i s v e r i f i e d

f o r b o t h c o n d i t i o n s , s u p e r c r i t i c a l s C p o s i t i v e s a) and s u b c r i t i - c a l s ( n e g a t i v e s a ) . T h i s can b e due t o t h e a e f f e c t i n t h e a b -

s o r p t i o n s o f t h e r e f l e c t o r z o n e , b e i n g i t s e f f e c t i n t h i s zone

h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e f u e l z o n e , b e c a u s e t h e s p e c t r u m i s s o f t e r i n

t h e r e f l e c t o r ( t a b l e 3 . 7 ) .

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3 . 3 . 1 . 2 . - S p e c t r s l i n d e x e s ( F i g . 3 . 1 )

The s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s o b t a i n e d i n t h e k c a l c u l a t i o n s v e r s u s

y , have a p o s i t i v e s l o p e , b e c a u s e t h e k e i g e n v a l u e d e c r e a s e s

t h e f i s s i o n s o u r c e i n t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , and t h e n i t

s o f t e n s t h e s p e c t r u m . I n t h e s u b c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s t h e e f f e c t

i s t h e o p p o s i t e .

The e i g e n v a l u e s a a n d X a f f e c t t o t h e s p e c t r u m i n t h e same

s e n s e , a i n c r e a s e s t h e a b s o r p t i o n and X d e c r e a s e s t h e s c a t t e r i n g

a n d f i s s i o n s o u r c e s ; t h e n , b o t h p r o d u c e a h a r d e r s p e c t r u m i n t h e

s u p e r c r i t i c a l c a s e s r e s p e c t t o t h e c r i t i c a l o n e . I n t h e u n r e f l e c - t e d s y s t e m t h e a e f f e c t i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e X e f f e c t , t h i s can b e

b e c a u s e t h e t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s c a - t t e r i n g s o u r c e ( t a b l e 3 . 7 ) .

The s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s i n t h e r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l c a s e ( = 1 . 6 7 7 ) ,

change s t r o n g l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c r i t i c a l c a s e

( = 1 . 0 5 1 ) , t h i s i s b e c a u s e i n t h e f a s t s y s t e m s t h e r e f l e c t o r r e -

g i o n i n c r e a s e s s t r o n g l y t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e ( t a b l e 3 . 7 ) .

The s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s f o r t h e k c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h e r e f l e c t e d

s y s t e m s change s l i g h t l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e v a l u e s o f t h e u n r e f l e c - t e d s y s t e m s , b u t t h e y change s t r o n g l y , f o r t h e a and A c a l c u l a -

t i o n s ; and i t h a s been o b s e r v e d , t h a t b o t h e i g e n v a l u e s a f f e c t more

t o t h e s p e c t r u m i n t h e r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m t h a n i n t h e u n r e f l e c t e d

s y s t e m , t h i s i s b e c a u s e b o t h e i g e n v a l u e s a l s o a f f e c t t o t h e r e -

f l e c t o r r e g i o n .

The a and X s p e c t r a a r e s i m i l a r i n t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s c l o s e

t o c r i t i c a l i t y , b e c a u s e t h e a e f f e c t i s an a b s o r p t i o n a / v , and

t h e X e f f e c t i s t o d i v i d e t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e by t h e X v a l u e

i n a c u m u l a t i v e way i n d e c r e a s i n g e n e r g i e s , and t h e n i t s e f f e c t

r e s u l t s i m i l a r ; a f f e c t i n g b o t h more t o t h e low e n e r g i e s t h a n t o

t h e h i g h e n e r g i e s . A s i s o b s e r v e d ( t a b l e 3 . 7 ) t h e a / v t e r m de-

c r e a s e s t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e , r e s u l t i n g i t s v a l u e o f t h e same

o r d e r i n t h e a c a s e s and i n t h e X c a s e s .

The s p e c t r u m i n t h e y c a l c u l a t i o n s does n o t change w i t h Y

a s was w a i t e d .

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3.3.:. 3 . - C o n c l u s i o n s .

Fo r a " r e a c t i o n r a t e s " c a l c u l a t i o n o f a c r i t i c a l expe r imen-

t a l a s s e m b l y ; o r f o r a r e a c t o r p e r f o r m a n c e c a l c u l a t i o n , i n which

i t s p o s i t i v e r e a c t i v i t y i n e x c e s s i s compensa ted i n t h e r e a l r e -

a c t o r i n v a r i o u s ways; o r f o r c o l a p s i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n s an e i g e n -

v a l u e s h o u l d b e u s e d , s u c h t h a t a s s o c i a t e d s p e c t r u m c h a n g e s w i t h

y a s l e s s a s p o s s i b l e , and t h e n i s c l o s e t o t h e c r i t i c a l s p e c -

t r u m . But f o r a t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e s p e c t r u m c l o s e s t t o

t h e a c t u a l one i s t h a t o b t a i n e d i n t h e a s o l u t i o n s o t h a t o t h e r

e i g e n v a l u e s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d i f i t s a s s o c i a t e s p e c t r u m i s con-

s i d e r a b l y d i f f e r e n t o f t h a t o f t h e a s o l u t i o n .

With t h e s e p r e m i s e s , it i s deduced t h a t , f o r an u n r e f l e c t e d

c a s e : -

a ) Fo r s t a t i o n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e b e s t e i g e r i v a l u e i s A , o r

s t i l l b e t t e r y .

b ) Fo r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , o n l y a s h o u l d b e u s e d .

The A e i g e n v a l u e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f b e a n a t u r a l e i g e n - , . v a l u e o f t h e i n t e g r a l t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n , and a l s o t h a t . i s n o t

l i m i t e d t o s y s t e m s w i t h f i s s i o n s l i k e t h e k . e i g e n v a l u e ( 7 ) , howe - v e r i t h a s t h e l i m i t a t i o n t h a t , s i n c e h - i s l o w e r t h a n lk-:I

f o r t h e same s y s t e m , t h e h e i g e n v a l u e i s l e s s s e n s i t i v e , and i n

n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s a h i g h e r c o n v e r g e n c e c r i t e r i o n . '

t h a n i n k c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e n p r e c i s e s a h i g h e r compu t ing t i m e .

The y e i g e n v a l u e h a s t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g o b t a i n e d i n t h e

t r a n s p o r t c o d e s by i n d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n s , a s i n d i r e c t s e a r c h i n

i t s v a l u e , t h i s a d d s u n a c c u r a c y i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n and h i g h com - p u t i n g t i m e s and a l s o few c o d e s a r e a b l e s t o make y c a l c u l a t i o n s . .

To o b t a i n t h e y e i g e n v a l u e a s d i r e c t c a l c u l a t i o n , i t seems

t h a t w i l l p r e s e n t c o n v e r g e n c e p r o b l e m s , b e c a u s e i t s v a l u e a f f e c t s

t o a l m o s t a l l t h e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n t e r m s .

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For t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e :

a ) F o r s t a t i o n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e b e s t e i g e n v a l u e i s k .

b ) F o r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , a s h o u l d b e u s e d , o r a l s o X i n

t h e zone c l o s e t o t h e c r i t i c a l i t y , b u t n e v e r k .

235 3 . 3 . 2 . - Thermal s y s t e m o f U .

a 3 . 2 . 1 . - E i g e n v a l u e s ( F i g . 3 . 5 )

The m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c o n s t a n t k c h a n g e s w i t h y more f o r t h e

u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e t h a n f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e , b e c a u s e t h e r e -

f l e c t o r zone d o e s n o t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e f i s s i o n s o u r c e .

The a v a l u e f o r t h e s a m e k , c h a n g e s s l i g h t l y be tween b o t h

s y s t e m s , r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d , b e i n g a l i t t l e l o w e r i n ab-

s o l u t e v a l u e f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e t h a n f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c a - s e .

The X v a l u e i s c l o s e t o u n i t y f o r b o t h s y s t e m s , r e f l e c t e d

and u n r e f l e c t e d , b e c a u s e t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e i s h i g h i n t h e s e

c a s e s , and t h e n t h e X e f f e c t i s i m p o r t a n t , b e c a u s e a s m a l l chan - ge i n i t s v a l u e a l t e r c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e .

3 . 3 . 2 . 2 , - S p e c t r a l i n d e x e s ( F i g . 3 . 2 )

The s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s f o r k , a and A change w i t h 7 w i t h t h e

same s l o p e s t h a n i n t h e f a s t s y s t e m s .

I t mus t b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t , t h e a and 1 s p e c t r a a r e s i m i -

l a r f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m . The a f v a b s o r p t i o n c h a n g e s t h e

s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e , t o a l m o s t t h e same v a l u e t h a n i n t h e X c a l c u - l a t i o n s , and s i n c e t h i s s o u r c e i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e t o t a l a b s o r p -

t i o n , i t s e v o l u t i o n i s p r e d o m i n a n t .

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I n t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e s , t h e c r i t i c a l s p e c t r a l i n d e x (=1.028)

i s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h a t o f t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e C=0.940).

The k e i g e n v a l u e a f f e c t s more t o t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e s p e c t r u m t h a n

t o t h e r e f l e c t e d o n e , f o r t h e same k v a l u e , t h i s i s b e c a u s e i n t h e

r e f l e c t e d c a s e , k a f f e c t s t o t h e f i s s i o n s o u r c e . a n d t h e n o n l y t o

t h e f u e l z o n e , s o t h a t i t s e f f e c t i s damped.

When t h e s y s t e m is r e f l e c t e d , t h e a and X v a l u e s a f f e c t more

t o t h e s p e c t r u m t h a n i n t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m , and s i n c e a chan-

g e s a l s o t h e s c a t t e r i n g s o u r c e , t h e a and X s p e c t r a a r e v e r y c l o -

I t w i l l b e o f i n t e r e s t , t o compare t h e d i f f e r e n t s p e c t r a l i n - d e x e s o b t a i n e d by t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e e i g e n v a l u e t r a n s p o r t equa -

t i o n , w i t h t h e f l u x o b t a i n e d by t h e B, a p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e funda - I

m e n t a l mode, which was o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h t h e WIMS-D r u n s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e , f o r c o l l a p s i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n s .

T h i s i s t h e no rma l a p p r o x i m a t i o n i n t h e c e l l c o d e s and t h e n

t h e compar i son w i t h t h i s s p e c t r u m i s i m p o r t a n t , s i n c e i t i s u s e d

t o c o l l a p s e c r o s s s e c t i o n s e t s . WIMS-D was u s e d w i t h t h e homoge-

neous B, me thod , which t r e a t s e x p l i c i t l y t h e P, s c a t t e r i n g m a t r i I 2

- c e s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l m o d e r a t i n g m a t e r i a l s , i n o u r c a s e Hydrogen.

The l e a k a g e c a l c u l a t i o n was made by d i f f u s i o n t h e o r y w i t h t h e 2

DB 4 t e r m i n t h e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n : t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x f o r t h e

c r i t i c a l f l u x o b t a i n e d i n t h i s way i s 120.984, t h a t compared w i t h

t h e s e o b t a i n e d by t h e e i g e n v a l u e e q u a t i o n s ( F i g . 3.2) i s l i k e an

e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e k c a l c u l a t i ' o n s f o r s u p e r c r i t i c a l s y s t e m s .

T h i s can b e e x p l a i n e d , b e c a u s e t h e D B ~ term i s an a b s o r p t i o n

which r e d u c e s t o c r i t i c a l t h e s y s t e m , whose km=i.4:5, t h i s a b s o r p - t i o n i s h i g h e r f o r t h e f a s t e n e r g i e s t h a n f o r t h e t h e r m a l e n e r g i e s ,

s i n c e t h e d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s h i g h e r f o r t h e f a s t e n e r g i e s ;

t h e n i t s e f f e c t i n t h e s p e c t r u m i s i n t h e same s e n c e t h a n t h e k

e i g e n v a l u e ; d e c r e a s i n g t h e f a s t f l u x i n t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l s y s t e m s

and i n c r e a s i n g t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x .

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Comparing w i t h t h e s p e c t r a l i n d e x e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e r e f l e c - t e d s y s t e m , t h i s v a l u e i s l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e c r i t i c a l o n e .

I n b r i e f , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l mode s p e c t r u m ( 5 0 . 9 8 4 ) i s s o f t e r

t h a n t h a t of t h e c r i t i c a l u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m ( = 0 . 9 4 0 ) , b u t i s

h a r d e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e c r i t i c a l r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m ( = 1 . 0 2 8 ) , k e e -

p i n g a l m o s t t h e same d i f f e r e n c e w i t h b o t h .

C o n c l u s i o n s

Fo r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e :

a ) Fo r s t a t i o n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s : k , a o r X .

b.) F o r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s : a o r A .

Fo r t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e :

a ) F o r s t a t i o n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s : t h e b e s t i s k .

b ) F o r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s : a , o r a l s o h i n t h e zone c l o s e t o

t h e c r i t i c a l i t y .

I t s h o u l d b e i n d i c a t e d t h a t , s i n c e i n t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m we

h a v e u s e d c r o s s s e c t i o n s e t s c o r r e c t e d by t r a n s p o r t ; i n t h e X e i -

g e n v a l u e c a , l c u l a t i o n s , w h i l e t h e t r a n s p o r t c o r r e c t i o n o f t h e s e l f - s c a t t e r i n g i s b e i n g a f f e c t e d by a :/A f a c t o r , t h e t r a n s p o r t co-

r r e c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l c r o s s s e c t i o n i s n o t . S i n c e n o r m a l l y ( I t r - - l t o t ) < O . O . , i f t h e f a c t o r 1/X were a p p l i e d t o b o t h c r o s s s e c - '

t i o n s i n a s u p e r c r i t i c a l c a s e a s i t s h o u l d b e ; i t s e f f e c t would b e

t o . i . n c r e a s e t h e a b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n , and t h e n t o h a r d e n s t i l l

more t h e s p e c t r u m w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e o b t a i n e d by u s ; b u t s i n c e

t h e d i f f e r e n c e (I tr - l t o t ) i s l o w , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s w i l l n o t

be i m p - - ' a n t .

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From t h e compar i son w i t h t h e f u n d a m e n t a l mode, t h e c o n c l u -

s i o n i s t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a l o t o f s y s t e m s , t o c a l c u l a t e

t h e c o l l a p s e d c r o s s s e c t i o n s i n few g r o u p s s o l v i n g t h e e i g e n v a -

l u e e q u a t i o n s by t r a n s p o r t c a l c u l a t i o n s , u s i n g a s u f f i c i e n t num - be?? o f m u l t i g r o u p s .

239 3 . 3 . 3 . - The rma l s y s t e m o f Pu .

3 . 3 . 3 . 1 . - E i g e n v a l u e s ( F i g . 3 . 6 )

The m u l t i p l i c a t i o n c o n s t a n t k depends on y w i t h a h i g h e r s l o - p e t h a n i n t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m o f u ~ ~ ~ , and i s a l s o h i g h e r f o r t h e

pu 239 s y s t e m , a s we w i l l s e e l a t e r .

The a v a l u e , f o r t h e same k , i s a l m o s t t h e same f o r b o t h s y s - t e rns , r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d , b e i n g s l i g h t l y l o w e r i n a b s o l u t e

v a l u e f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d t h a n f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d .

The h v a l u e s , a s i n t h e U 235

c a s e s , i s c l o s e t o u n i t y .

3 . 3 . 3 . 2 . - S p e c t r a l i n d e x e s ( F i g . 3 . 3 )

The k e i n e n v a l u e a f f e c t s t o t h e s p e c t r u m more t h a n i n t h e - u~~~ c a s e , f o r b o t h s y s t e m s , r e f l e c t e d and u n r e f l e c t e d ; t h i s i s

b e c a u s e t h e k v a l u e i s h i g h e r f o r t h e same y .

The a and h v a l u e s a f f e c t l e s s t o t h e s p e c t r u m t h a n i n t h e

u~~~ c a s e f o r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m ; b u t , f o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c a - s e , t h e e f f e c t i s t h e same. T h i s i s e x p l a i n e d , b e c a u s e t h e s c a t

t e r i n g s o u r c e i n t h e u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m , i s l o w e r i n t h e Pu 239-

c a s e t h a n i n t h e U 2 3 5 c a s e ( t a b l e 3 . 9 ) . However i n t h e r e f l e c t e d

c a s e , t h e r e f l e c t o r r e g i o n , c o n t r i b u t e s w i t h an i m p o r t a n t s c a t t e - r i n g s o u r c e , r e s u l t i n g i t s t o t a l v a l u e s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e

u 2 35 c a s e ; and t h e a and X v a l u e s a f f e c t t o t h i s s o u r c e .

The f l u x s o l u t i o n of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l mode h a s i n t h i s c a s e ,

a s p e c t r a l i n d e x o f I = 1 . 0 4 6 , b e i n g t h e i n f i n i t e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n "ppyj7<.. 0 L <I L L. \, 1

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c o n s t a n t km=1.S07

A s i n t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m o f u ~ ~ ~ , t h i s v a l u e (1.046), i s

be tween t h e i n d e x o f t h e c r i t i c a l u n r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m (0.9921,

and t h a t o f t h e c r i t i c a l r e f l e c t e d s y s t e m (:.110), k e e p i n g a 1 - most t h e same d i f f e r e n c e w i t h b o t h .

3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . - C o n c l u s i o n s

Fo r t h e u n r e f l e c t e d c a s e :

a ) Fo r s t a t i o n a r y c a l . c u l a t i o n s : a , X o r k .

b ) Fo r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s : a o r 1.

F o r t h e r e f l e c t e d c a s e :

a ) Fo r s t a t i o n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s : k .

b ) F o r t e m p o r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s : a , o r a l s o X i n t h e zone c l o s e t o

t h e c r i t i c a l i t y .

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E i g e n v a l u e Type

Rad ius (ems)

5.3

5.8

6.24

6.8

7.3

5.3

5.8

6.24

6.8

7.3

5.3

5.8

6 . 2 4

6 . 8

7.3

5.3

5.8

6.24

6.8

7.3 '

a UNREFLECTED FAST SPHERE

a

E i g e n v a l u e S p e c t r a l I n d e x (E = i.3 Mev)

C

0.991

0.948

i.05:

1.05;

1.051

1.051

1.051

1.079

1.064

1.G52

1.038

1.027

T a b l e 3.1

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Rad ius ( c m s . )

E i g e n v a l u e

UNREFLECTED THERMAL SPHERE OF Pu 239

S p e c t r a l Index (Ec=O. 0055Mev

Table 3.3.

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Eigenvalue Type

k

k

k

k

k 4

a ( seg- '

a " a "

a "

a "

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

h

A

A

A

A

adius cms .

3.0

3 . 5

4 . 0

4 .5

5 .0

3 .0

3 .5

4 . 0

4 . 5

5 .0

3 .0

3 . 5

4 . O

4 . 5

5 .0

3 .0

3 .5

4 . 0

4.5

5 .0

Eigenvalue

0 . 7 1 3

0 . 8 2 4

0 . 9 3 1

1 .O33

2 . 1 3 0

- 0 . 1 3 2 + 8

- 0 . 0 9 3 + 8

- 0 . 0 4 0 + 8

0 .O29+8

O . l 4 8 + 8

0 . 6 9 2

0 . 8 0 7

0 . 9 2 3

1 . 0 3 8

1;:53

0 . 9 6 2 6

0 . 9 7 0 8

0 . 9 8 7 5

1. 0 1 1 6

1 . 0 4 1 3

a REFLECTED FAST SPHERE

Spectral Index :E -1.3 Mev)

C

- v (cm/seg)

i 0 . 3 6 7 + 8

TO. 2 3 9 t 8

L 0 . 1 4 0 + 8

LO. O66+8

1 0 . 0 1 1 + 8

5 .71&+8

7 . 3 8 9 + 8

9 .O5O+8

1 0 . 5 1 1 + 8

2 1 . 4 2 1 + 8

:O.O87+8

1 0 . 0 8 7 + 8

1 0 . 0 8 7 + 8

2 0 . 0 8 7 + 8

1 0 . 0 8 7 + 8

6 . 5 4 2 + 8

8 . 1 0 8 + 8

9 , 3 9 0 + 8

1 0 . 4 5 0 + 8

1 1 . 0 3 2 + 8

Table 3 . 4

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Eigenvalue Type

Radius (ems.)

Eigenvalue

REFLECTED THERMAL SPHERE OF U 2 3 5

S p e c t r a l Index (Ec= 27.7 eV)

T a b l e 3 . 5

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E i g e n v a l u e Type

i a d i u s [ems.)

1 5 . 0

1 7 . 0

$ 9 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 3 . 0

1 5 . 0

1 7 . 0

1 9 . 0

2 1 . 0

2 3 . 0

1 5 . 0

1 7 . 0

1 9 . 0

2:. 0

2 3 . 0

1 5 . 0

1 7 . 0 ,

2 9 . 0

2:. 0

23 . 0

REFLECTED THERMAL SPHERE OF P U 239

S p e c t r a l Index (Ec=O. 0055Mev)

T a b l e 3 . 6

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NEUTRONIC BALANCE FOR THE FAST SYSTEM

UNREFLECTED

R a d i u s I n (Eigenv.) S c a t t e r .

C r i t i c a l 1 . 6 3 1 - 1

6 . 8 crns 1 . 6 5 3 - 1 ((a y

6 . 8 crns 1 . 5 6 7 - 1

( A )

S e l f S c a t t e r .

A b s o r p t i o n

3 . 2 8 8 - 1

4 . 1 4 2 - 1

3 . 2 8 4 - 1

R i g h t L e a k a g e

R a d i u s

(Eigenv. )

C r i t i c a l

T a b l e 3 . 7

I n S c a t t e r .

REFLECTED

S e l f S c a t t e r

A b s o r p t i o n R i g h t L e a k a g e

Zone

4 I

2

" I

2

.4 I

2

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N E U T R O N I C BALANCE FOR THE THERMAL SYSTEM OF U 2 3 5

I UNREFLECTED

Rad ius I n S e l f (Eigenv.) S c a t t e r . S c a t t e r .

C r i t i c a l 2 . 5 1 8 + 2 6 . 0 5 2

33.0 crns 2 . 5 3 0 + 2 5 . 9 7 7 ( A 1

A b s o r p t i o n R i g h t Leakage

R a d i u s (Eigenv. ) ,

C r i t i c a l

2 8.0 crns ( " )

2 8 .0 crns (A

I n S c a t t e r .

2 . 4 6 5 + 2 2 . 6 0 8 + 1

2 . 4 8 4 + 1 2 . 4 6 1 + 2

2 . 4 8 4 + 1 2 .:85+2

T a b l e 3 . 8

REFLECTED

S e l f S c a t t e r .

6 . 4 2 0 1 . 0 7 7 + 2

6 . 3 3 4 2 . 0 1 3 + 1

6 . 3 2 5 8 . 9 0 0

A b s o r p t i o n

7 . 0 6 5 - 1 2 . 6 2 8 - 1

7 . 3 6 5 - 1 2 . 7 9 7 - 1

7 . 0 6 8 - 1 2 . 1 8 6 - 1

R i g h t Leakage

2 . 8 4 9 - i 2.22:-2

2 . 6 7 2 - 1 2 . 0 4 0 - 2

2 . 6 4 9 - 1 1 . 3 3 3 - 2

Zone

L

2

" L 2

.3 .' 2

-

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UNREFLECTED

Rad ius I n (Eigenv. ) S c a t t e r .

C r i t i c a l 1.540+1

S e l f S c a t t e r .

2.283

2.045

2 .O86

A b s o r p t i o n

6.220-1

6.908-1

6.222-1

R i g h t Leakage

3.785-1

3.097-2

3.074-1

R a d i u s (Eigenv. )

C r i t i c a l

23.0cms. ( a , )

23.0cms. ( X )

T a b l e 3.9

I n S c a t t e r .

1.483t: 3.444t:

1.518+1 2.332+:

2.511+2 2.078+1

S e l f S c a t t e r .

2.736 1.422+1

2.446 9.204

2.473 8.116

REFLECTED

A b s o r p t i o n R i g h t Leak age

Zone

1 2

4 I

2

2.

2

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Unref.

1-1,

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Unref.

I-Ic

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4 . - R e f e r e n c e s

1. V e l a r d e , G . - E c u a c i o n e s i n t e g r o d i f e r e n c i a l e s e i n t e g r a l e s ,

n o r m a l e s y a d j u n t a s d e l t r a n s p o r t e d e n e u t r o n e s c o r r e s p o n -

d i e n t e s a r e a c t o r e s t e m p o r a l e s y v i r t u a l m e n t e c r i t i c o s c o n

k , A , y y a - JEN-377 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

2 . H a b e t l e r , G . J . y M a r t i n o , M . A . - P r o c . Symp. A p p l . Math .

X I , A m . M a t h . S o c . ( 1 9 6 2 ) .

3 . H e n r y , A . - N u c l e a r R e a c t o r A n a l y s i s -MIT P r e s s ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

4 D a y i s o n , B . - N e u t r o n T r a n s p o r t T h e o r y - C l a r e n d o n P r e s s

( 1 9 5 7 ) .

5 . B e l l , G . I . y G l a s s t o n e , S . - N u c l e a r R e a c t o r T h e o r y - Van

N o s t r a n d ( 1 9 7 0 1 .

6 . A l b e r t o n i , S . y M o n t a g n i n i , B . - J . Math . A n a l . A p p l . 1 3 ,

1 9 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

7 . Ronen , Y . e t a l . - A C o m p a r i s o n o f 50me E i g e n v a l u e s i n R e a c - t o r T h e o r y - N u c l . S c i . E n g . 6 0 , 1 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

8 . L a t h r o p , K . D . - DTF-IV, A F o r t r a n I V P r o g r a m f o r S o l v i n g

t h e M u l t i g r o u p T r a n s p o r t E q u a t i o n w i t h A n i s o t r o p i c S c a t t e - r i n g - LA-3373 ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

9 . O z e r , 0 , a n d G a r b e r , D . - E v a l u a t e d N u c l e a r D a t a F i l e Su-

mmary D o c u m e n t a t i o n - BNL-17541 - (.May 1 9 7 3 ) .

1 0 . S c h e n t e r , R . E . , B a k e r , J . L . a n d Kidman , R . B . - ETOX, A Co - d e t o C a l c u l a t e Group C o n s t a n t s f o r N u c l e a r R e a c t o r C a l c u -

l a t i o n s - BNWL-1002 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

4.4 . H a r d i e , R.W. a n d L i t t l e J r , W . W . - IDX, A One D i m e n s i o n a l

D i f f u s i o n Code f o r G e n e r a t i n g E f f e c t i v e N u c l e a r C r o s s S e c -

t i o n s - BNWL-954 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

Page 55: A comparison of the Eigenvalue equations in k, alpha, delta, and … · 2020. 1. 15. · Guillermo Velarde Carolina Ahnert Jose Maria Aragones MADRID, 1977 8108000~ A COMPARISON OF

1 2 . M a r t i n e z - V a l , J . M . - C o n j u n t o d e S e c c i o n e s E f i c a c e s Prome - d i a d a s p a r a S i s t e m a s R 5 p i d o s - C o m u n i c a c i S n p r i v a d a ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

i 3 . Askew, J . R . e t a l . - A G e n e r a l D e s c r i p t i o n of . t h e L a t t i c e

Code WIMS. JBNES. ( O c t . 1 9 6 6 1 .

1 4 . R o t h , M . J., e t a l . - The P r e p a r a t i o n of I n p u t Data f o r

WIMS - AEEW-R-538 ( 1 9 6 7 ) .

5 . A h n e r t , C . , A r a g o n G s , J . M . - M o d i f i c a c i S n de WIYSpara Con

d e n s a c i S n d e S e c c i o n e s E f i c a c e s p o r Z o n a s y / o p o r G r u p o s

c o n E s p e c t r o C r f t i c o - TRCN-27 ( E n e r o 1 9 7 6 ) .

2 6 . M i n s a r t , G . , Q u e n o n , J . - Some I m p r o v e m e n t s t o t h e S t a b i -

l i t y a n d t h e C o n v e r g e n c e o f t h e R e a c t o r Codes . DTF-IV,

EXTERMINATOR a n d TREPAN-TRIBU. " N u m e r i c a l R e a c t o r C a l c u -

l a t i o n s " - r A E A ( 1 9 7 2 ) .


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