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ARVARD rpLi.EG^ gBRAW

HARLEC l..''..".'AUJ-ANMA MAivCillb, 1941

* if, tZj,

O

S EXCELLENCY .IR ARTHUR ELIBANK HAVELOCK, KCM.G.,

vernor and Commander-in'Chief in and over the Island of Ceylon, with ths Dependeneereof, ^


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amples and explanations, and the introduction of some matter not perhaps strictlypertaining to the province of a Grammar, but likely to be of use, its scope has exceededunds originally contemplated.

ave to acknowledge my deepest obligations to several gentlemen who have encouragedded me in my labours.

. R. ROST, CLE., the accomplished Librarian of the India Office, ever an unselfish andvoted friend of all

PBBFAGB.

gaged in Oriental studies (at whose suggestion I Yenturecl to seek the support of theylon Gtevemment), has helped me much by sound advice, and has watched the progrese Grammar with much interest. The Hon. Sir A. H.. Gordon, G.C.M.G., late Governor ofylon, with that generous readiness to encourage native literature which ha& alwaystinguished him, sanctioned the issue of the book from the Government Press. Mr. J. H

B Sabam, District Judge of Galle and Menrber of the Board of Civil Service Examiners, h

wed the publication of the work with favour. At the hands of my tutor, WaskadUWEUBHliTi TbrunnInsb, P.N.M., the well-known learned priest, I have received material aiudaliyar B. Gunasbkara,. Chief Translator to Government, among the foremost of Sinhholars, has kindly assisted me throughout the progress of the work.

Mr. H. C. P. Bbll, Archaeological Commissioner and Honorary Secretary of the Ceylonanch of the Royal Asiatic Society, I owe a special meed of thanks for the ungrudgingsistance he has rendered me, by snatching time in the midst of his own laborious dutieery scrutinizing revision of the proof sheets from the commencement.

stly, I desire to tender my warm thanks to Mr. 6. J. A. Skbbn, the Government Printer^e pains he has taken personally in connection with the printing.

lombo^ September, 1891. A. M. G.

ONTENTS.'

AGE

dication ... ... ... "^eface ... ... . 7

dex of Contents ... ... ^,

nts to Students ... ... ^vi

trodnction . ... ... ^

thograpby ... ... ... ^^6


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phabet, &c. ... ... ^^

ansliteiation ... ... 29

onetic Rules ... .. ^J

stakes in Orthography... ... . ^^

ymology... ... ... . ^'^^^H

unclassification, Ac.... ... ... "

nder ... ... ... 70

umber ... ... ^2

rsoB... ... ... ... ^^

se ... ... ... ... 25

ble of Case-endings ... ... ... 96

cleision ... ... ... ^*

jective ... ... . j^'J

umeralsdeclension, &c. ... . 1^

ticle... ... ... ... 1^

onouideclension, Ac. ..." ... 1^

onoriics ... ... . ^^^

rb ... ... ... ... 177

io ... ... ... ... J78

ooi ... ... ... ... 11

nnd or Verbal Noun ... ... 188

rticiple ... ... ... }^^

rticipial Adjective .. ... ... 1^2

DBe ... ... ... ... }^|

unber ... ... ... '^^


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non... ... ... ... ^^^

Mes of Inflectional Endings of Verbs ... 198

iicipal Parts of Verbs ... ... 208

njucation ... ... ... 219-292

epuar and Defective Verbs ... ... 237

xiliary Verbs ... ... ... 292

mpound Verbs ... ..." ... 294

rbal Honorifics ... ... ... 298

verb ... ... ... ... 3^

ej^ition ... ... ... 309

njunction ... ... ... 311

terjection ... ... ... 312

efixes ... ... ... ... 314

ntents s S^Mpatraya gee)flO or Pafuna ego.

AGE

rtides... ... ... ... 316

mposition or Compound Words ... ... 323

rivation ... ... 336

nomatopoatio Words ... ... ... 387

ffixes and Derivatiyes ... ... ... 389

duplication of Words ... ... . ... 396

nonyms ... ... ... 399

omonyms ... ... ... 406

evation and Degeneration of Words ... ... 407

me useful Words ... ... ... 409


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ntax ... ... ... ... 411-475

assification of Sentences ... ... 412

ses, &c. ... ... ... 417

jective ... ... ... 433

onoun ... ... ... ... 434

rb ... ... ... ... 435

ported Speech ... ... ... 439

njunction ... ... ... 439

rrelative Expressions ... ... ... 440

der of Words in a Sentence ... ... 440

lloquial Sinhalese ... ... ... 442

alysis ... ... ... ... 443

rsing ... ... ... ... 446

om ... ... ... . 446

nctuation, Ac. ... ... . 470

mparison of Classical and Colloquial Sinhalese .. 471

dex of Words ... ... ... 476

DEX OP CONTENTS.

nmbers with p. prefixed indicate the pages; others, the seotions. /= foot-note.]

jective : definition of 119 ;

vision of 120 ; sub-divisions

121 qualitative122 verbal122, 179, 202, 250, 262 quantitative123 cardinal numera3 a indefinite numeral123 a demonstrative124 definite article 124 a, 135 indefiniteicle 124 a, 135 pronominal124 b interrogative124 c ordinal numeral124 d inflectio

5 comparison of 126-127 nouns used aa120, 327 endings of p. 144, 179, p. 232/,

277/. syntax of 326-327

verb : definition of 204 formation of 205 nouns used as^p. 301 classification of 206


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me p. 301 place p. 303 arrangement p. 305 repetition p. 305 manner p. 306 timepressive of doubt,

., p. 306 quantity or degree p. 306 affirmation and negation

307 cause and effect p. 308 comparison of 207 endings of 205, p. 303, p. 302/ p. 304/

pluibet : definition of 2 E[u and mixed7-9 vowels and consonants of }u8

marks on E]u^pp. 4, 6 vowels and consonants of the

xed9 Sanskritp. 5 remarks on the Sanskrit and

xed^p. 5 combination of letters 10 complete inflectedpp. 8,9 symools of vowels andeir

mes 11 compound letters pp. 12-15

marks onpp. 13, 16 formation of compound lettei*8

. 17-19 moae of writing letters(plate)38 classification of letters20-28 formation of sou-30 mode of reading letters 31 sounds of letters 32 names of letters 34 a new letter to

present " f " 3.') Palip. 347 f. Tamap. 356/

ide under Letters.)

alysis 349-351

position words put in 288, 322

ticle 135; some peculiar modes of denoting it 137

clension of nouns with the indefinite138

finite140

definite13&-140

culiar uses of139, 141, 142

ses or Crude forms

nouns and their application 91 of verbs 190 (Vide under Derivation.)

DBX OP CONTBNTS.

Me : definition of 97 enumeration of 98 definitions of the cases 99,102,

4,106,108,110,112,113,114 nominative99-101,273-289,326 accusative 102-103, 290-3


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5 instrumental104-105, 302^04 auxiliary106-107, 305-308 dative108-109, 309-3lative110-111, 313-316 genitive112, 317-322 locative113, 323-324 vocative114, 34

relation or RAraka 115

endings 116, (246-252)

absolute 325 Clansieal and Colloquial

nhalese, comparison of 362

mposition or Compound ^fTords:

finition of 213

ssification of 214

se compounds 215, (irregular) p. 328; an unclassified list of p. 329; unelided216

jectival compounds 217

lective compounds 218; remarks onp. 332

declinable (or adverbial) compounds 219

ative (attributive, or possessive) compounds 220 Coi^ugration 194,195. {Vide Verb.)

njunction 209, 304, 344-

5 Consonant FtV^ Alphabet

rrelative Expressions 346 Declension : division of words for the purpose of117 remarpp. 98, 99, 127, 134 of masculine nouns pp. 98-118 nouns with honorific endings pp.

6,with the mdefinite article 138 feminine nouns pp. 11^126 inanimate nouns pp. 15 abstract nouns p. 135 verbal nouns pp. 136-137 numerals 132-133 pronouns pp.3 {yide Noxm and Pronoun.)

llnitions (Vide under the different headings.)

rivation: radicals (roots) 221 number of roots in Elu, Pali,.

d Sanskrit 222 classification of radicals 223 method of deducing radicals 224 characteratures of E{u words as compared with Sanskrit and Pali 225 list of (verbal) roots 226 minal bases 227 origin and development of

nhalese 228 mode of derivingElu words p. 348 comparison of Elu with Iiidian

yan languages p. 349 of some important words, &c., 229 derivatives differing only in

rm 230 by means of suffixes 246-252^ (Consult Index of Words to find out the


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rivation of any particular word.) !Outcli, naturalised and derived words from 236

ng'lisli, naturalised and derived words from 237

tymolog-y, pp. 66-411; definition of 72 FiiTures, Sinhalese (plate) 130 V^actions, how tpress 131

ammar, definition of 1

vision of 5 Oender 81-88; modes of denoting82

inanimate objects 83-^6, 88

mmon ~ 87

marks on - p. 71

erunds or verbal nouns 172^ {Vide under Verb.)

andvrriting* (plate) 39

omonyms 257

onoriflcs of substantives 150, of verbs 203; 285 some words used as honorifics-p. 105/om : importance of 353 idiomatic sentences 354 idiotisms 355-360

DBX OP CONTENTS.

Msriptton (very old) p. 4 Interleetion, list of (com-

sm^ words used in calling

imab) &c.) 210 reduplication of p. 314

tters: definition of 2 proper use of pp. 31-41 a letter to represent " f ** 35 mode of writi8-39 origin of 41

ide under Alphabet.) Malay ^words naturalised and

rived from 239 Haldiire langruag-e, affinity

Sinhalese to 232 ]IIstale in Orthography 71 Mooa FfVie Verb. Hamlimtlon 70 Mip4-210, 212 Moiin : definition of 74-78 classification of 76-79,117 inflections of 80 basesverbal Vide Verb endings of p. 68, 79, p. 71, p. 72, p. 75, p. 78, p. 82, p. 83, p. 86, 99, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112,113,114,116, 134, p. 136,

350/ used adjectively 120


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ide under Gender and Declension.)

umliei- 89-95,185 modes of forming92-93 of abstract nouns and nouns

noting natural productions

-95 plural of proper nouns 79 plural of numerals 134 Syntax of 276, 278-284

merals 128

nhalese figures (plate) 130

tliOgTapl^y PP-1-66 ; definition of 6 mistakes in71

li: alphabet p.347/; naturalised words from^238 PaniiiV 349, 352

rticipial Adjectiwm

2, 179, 202 Participles : present174 past176 anomalous forms of178

ide under Verb.)

rticles (indeclinable) 73,. 211-212, p. 140, p. 143, p. 156, p. 157, p. 158, p. 160, p. 172, p. 183, p. 241/.

rts of dpeecli 4,73

rson 96,186

ntax of 274, 276, 280, 287,. 338-339 Phonetic rules 47-69 elision 48 substitution 49gmentation 50 assimilation 51-53 reduplication 54, 353 metathesis 55, 299, 341 elongaabbreviation 57 combination 58-69, 135

rtugroese words naturalised from 235 Prakrits p. 348.

efixes 211; forms of certain^p. 316 Preposition : Ust of 103,105,

7, 111, 113,208, 300,304, 307^

0, 316

e and the origin ofp. 310

rds having the force of p. 311 Pronoun : definition of 143

ssification of 144

rsonal144

monstrativerl 44


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errogative144

definitep. 156

ssessive^p. 157

finitivep. 157

flective^p. 158

jectivep. 159

ative145

tributive146

plication of 149

dings of p. 164, p. 167, p. 172*

ntaz of 328-329

DEX OP CONTENTS.

ation 33 Punctuation, &c., 361

ported speech 242-243

diyas, words used by 240 b

ot Vide Derivation.

nd1ii, rules of 60-^9

anskrit : alphabet p. 5 words, how introduced into the language 238

entenee : definition of 3 ckssification of 264-272 order of words in a347

elling* : mistakes in 71 alters the meanings of words 42

ljeetand pvediisate 261-263 ; when they are omitted 262, 263, 286

bject and airreement

minative case 273-289 Suffixes (endings) Vide under the different parts of speech ; p9-396 definition of suffix 243 derivation of some229

by means of^pp. 389-396 Taadhita^and derivatives 246 Kridanta 249


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UaMes 40

nonyms for Buddha, nir-v49a, heaven, god, sun, moon, star, devil, sky, Mahamera, cloun, lightning, day, morning, evening, night, year, fire, wind or air, earth, man, woman, krned or wise-man, friend, enemy, forest, b6-tree, cocoanut tree, tree, lion, elephant, hod, snake, sea, fish, gold, white, couple, great or large, small or little, near, always, quickarrive, to say, to see 254-256

ntax pp. 410-443; definition of 260 of nominative case 273-289 accusative 290-301

nstrumental auxiliary dative ,, ablative

2-304 305-308 309-312 313-316

genitive case 317-322

ocative 323-324 peculiarities and uses of some

ses p. 432 nominative and accusative absolute 325 of adjective 326-327

ronoun 328-329

erb 330-334

mood 335-337

erson 338-339

ense 340-341 uses of the present tense 340 reported speech 342-343 of conjunction 345

olloquial Sinhalese 348

mil : alphabet 234/. words naturalised and derived from234

nse: definition of 180 mode of expressing the minor

nses 181-183 colloquial forms of 184 formation of 190 fonnation of past tense 192 uses

e present tense 340

ansliteration 36-37

anspositional speeeli

49

pasarftra 211

dda dialeet, list of words


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240 a Terb : definition of 151

nsitive and intransitive153, 291-293, 301, 331-334

nsitiveused intransitively 154

flections of 155

ice 156

ssive voice 157-159

flective and reciprocal160

ood 161, 335-^37

nedictive and optative mood 161/

dicative mood 162

tative mood 163, p. 288/

perative mood 164, pp. 201-202

marks on the imperative mood pp. 201-202

tative force of the imperative 165

DEX OP CONTENTS.

I

rmiflsiye form 166

rtative167

nditional mood 168, 335-

7 cansal169, p. 229, 289 /,

460/. formation of cansal170,

ve mood 171

rbal nouns or geronds 172, 251, 252, 294; endings of 77, p. 179 /, 171, 172, 178/, p. 219, p6, p. 244 /, p. 274/, p. 290/, p. 361/

esent participle 174-175

st participle 176 |


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rmation of past participle \ 177 I

nse 180

dings of 187, pp. 183-184, | 184, pp. 198-203, p. 207 / ; p. 215/ p. 239/ p. 248/ I p. 287 /8 / p. 320/ p. 351/

litive and involitive188

rmation of involitives 189, p. 264/

ses of 190

rmation of tenses 190-192, pp. 210-218

ncipal parts of 193

njugation of 195,197, 198

marks on conjugation, &c., p. 236

egular and defective196

xSiiary199

personal^200

mpound^201

mtax of 330-337

m^welVide Alphabet.

ords : definition of 2 classification of 73,117 comparative lists of 42, p. 37,

39, p. 78, pp. 339-349 a comparison of some E|u

rivatives with those m

mil 230 original forms of lu231 afilnity of the Maldive tongue

the )u 232 introduction of foreign words

o the Sinhalese 233

naturalised from Tamil 234 Portuguese 235 Dutch 236 Ex^lish 237 Pali 238 Ma9

mployment of foreign238 introduction of Sanskrit words into Sinhalese 238


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of the VeddA dialect 240 a

used by Rodiy^ 240 b Euphemistic Hdc: agricultural

ms p. 385 forest terms p. 385 onomatopoetio241

expressing the cries of animals 242

culiar use of the specific names of trees, &c., 248

formed by means of sufl&xes 244-262

duplication of253

used with reference to degree of respectability 256

evation and degeneration of

8 some useful259 order of words in a sentence 347

RRATA ET ADDENDA.

6 . inflert " San ottf or Sa^fid o^a^'* before " Orihogtaphy treat8"&c.

10 .in heading of col. 4, for" 9tf" read" ^f."

. 2V. for "life" read "breath."

. 28 . 4. Dentals, coL 3, sub. " ^ " for " d."

. 39 .for "(6) "read "(c)."

. 46a. omit " (^p^ircdl pickaxe."

. 46e. item 13, sub. mesi for in " 0049."

. 486. sub. cD for a) in " ^SiasaBtd:'

. 48


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b. ).

. 75 .(ii.) after "oaf" add "CD" and after "J^.^

6 . 160 . footnote , sub. "^" for "J."

6 . . footnote f, sub. ^ for


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8 . 172 . para. 2, line 2, for "persons" read '


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9, 247, 248, 253, 259, and the Chapter on Syntax. Where many examples are given, thoost serviceable for practical requirements should be first mastered. (Vide p. 476.)

Sections 353-360 should prove specially useful to European Students, who will be abler mastering the sentences given to form others by their aid.

Section 362 presents briefly side by side some characteristic features of classical andloquial Sinhalese.

The reader should note in the text the Errata and Addenda on pp. xiv and xv.

NHALESE GRAMMAR.

INTRODUCTION.'

e science that treats of the proper use of speech or language ibasa^c^jbhdshdva G>3called Viyarana 8cac5^ {Vydkarana 3)S3c54S), Grammar. That portion of the generence of language which teaches us to speak and write the Sinhalese {Sihala fiffi), Elu


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^hala, people of that name would still be found in Indiasince Si^ha B&hu is said to hd thirty-two twin children, of whom Yijaya, the first king of Ceylon, was the ^destbutey are not found there.

SigDificant combinatioDS of elementary sounds are called pada oq or vadan qfachana ), Words; marks or symbols which represent these sounds are called oAur^cî {akahara ^23S9t or vdkyaya )9sxic9, Sentence.

single word may also be used as a sentence in Sinhalese, as giyemi cBcs, ('I) went';lidati eoS^, ('they) cry.* Still, though the subject {katu -Ksvsp, kartri a^&t) of the verbriya ii^Scij kriyava ^c33S)is always implied in Sinhalt^ne by its predicate {kiriya ^SScyava ;^cS30), and sometimes need not be expressed, it is rather vague to omit it in snc

lated and unconnected sentences as the above; therefore mama giyemi (S^c&nt,' and avhu haftdati S))g C5S)d3, 'they cry,' are preferable.

d pg = d iMof = hd !, * well'; rf , * to fly in the air,' referring to the sound which inveyed in the air upon the utterance of the letters which the alphabet embodies; â apletive suffix. Though this is the commonly accepted derivation of the word, yet it ismetimes disputed, and the word derived from the Tamil tuvaii Srîu (chuvoifi) to whics a close resemblance.

Vdsagama is sometimes used for a collection of sentences, and vdkyaya is, therefore, a m

propriate term. The former is also applied to prose, as distinguished from kavi o3 {kd3C)a), 'poetry.'

This word is written also as karttri ocftoa.

The different sorts or classes into which words are -divided are called pada oq. Parts ofeech.

Grammar is divided into three parts, namely (1) San r (Siin;a csocs^), Orthograp

Fada ^ndydva oq 8qA>& or Pada siddAiya oq8&GC>, Etymology; 4ind (3) Vakya yyanCSs ^(ZidasyiQ^ Syntax.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

Orthography treats of the forms and sounds of letters, ând the correct mode of spellinrds.

e Alphabet.

There are two alphabets in Sinhalese, namely, the Ela alphabet and the ''mixed" (misra@) alphabet.


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The Ela alphabet comprises letters used in writing pare Sinhalese words. It contains 33ters, of which 12 lire vowels (panakuruo^.e^z^prdndk8Aara Q-i-^G^d) and '21nsonants* (ffatakuru osyG^e^dz, gdtrdkshara cs>9@38SS?


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The tank of the Parumaka Tisa, son of the Parumaka Abhaya, at the mountain of Achagsa, is given to the priesthood of the four quarters, present and absent. The great king,loved of the gods, Gamini Abhaya, ordered; Achanagara and Tavirikiyanagara, which haen established by my father. King Tisa, son of King Abhaya, (are given) to the priesthooe four quarters, present and absent."

The "mixed" alphabet comprises letters of the Elu' and the Sanskrit alphabets, and is mrfect than either of them. It contains 54 letters, of which 18 are vowels and*

9] ORTHOGRAPBT. S

consonants^ and they are used in writing both EIn and foreign words naturalised in thnguage.

e VoTvels.

a,

em. ^ I is not a letter of the Sanskrit alphabet as used in Northern India, but is only arruption of the Vedic letter ^ d. The above alphabet begins with the benedictory expres Svasti SiddAam cs^5985)," ^Let prosperity attend/ and ends with " Iti stddAi-r-as& fiSc^cscg," * Thus let the undertaking come to a successful termination.' In Ceylon,

ur letters csa, C3??, , gsyn, are respectively pronounced as trUy iru, iluy ilu, and areonounced similarly by educated persons when they are in combination with 3 as hru ; mri ^ as mm, &c. But, strangely enough, the uneducated pronounrds having such letters correctly, e.g.y ssrj * worm,' as hrimi, not hrumi;

8INHALESB GBAaiMAB. [ lO"


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^y ^BigliV ^ drishtiy not drnsAfi; cpCfi


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e inflections of k are therefore:

), zsn^ ; /SS)i, zsf\ ; 'Sd, ^S; 2$, ss^\ S)a, iSS99; ^9, 2S


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Idri ^/i tii phri ^phli

ia 6A/^ - 6A/*

aa mri w m/i

a rr dhai 0 nai 9*&o pai phai S) bai 99^ bhai 99 mai 99ai yai d rot C ^cud CO gai Aat a/ CdAa; (S ^'

0 oi^ ^ aijho

^jj

3 to 9^0 (ho Mb 4o

b3 ^Ao '^ ^

)3 to


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)1 nd

)lcA(5

^;fcAA(J

^l^d

Ajhj6

i 0

^ fhd oH^ cb:r(Ad 9^yf ^d 9esyi td af A


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ed with the rest of the consonants.

1]

RTHOGRAPHY.

itial vowels are written in fall, but vowels following^ and in combination with^ conson

e expressed by the above symbols.

ee note J on preceding page.

n ancient rock inscriptions kombuva is written c, as in Bengali^, and is more like a hor

mpound or Joined Letters. {BeMi akuru S^^ ^^


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sa sta . ^(5^ dramhha^ * beginning'; tasi^ifSi stambhoy

ost/ * pillar.* '


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16

This is the general and more common name for the symbol, and is omitted in this tablehen it takes also another name (vide page 16).

rddha binduva {f^QtsS^Q, arddha anusvdraya


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csT + qf = D ^ga

+ w + S = ^^gi + + SD = eD3 figo

n like manner ^g may mean either 'water* {


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. All the letters of the alphabet are primarily divided

o vowels and consonants. The term panakuru ohSPo

dz or prdnakshara gD-Sfesd', denoting vowels, means

fe-letters,' and gatakuru (s^ts^s^dz or gdtrdk^kaxa

):iQyss3dy denoting consonants, means 'body-letters.*

e term malakuru Qs^


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/ do. 0cB ... /,


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Mahd S)fi09, 'great/ and prdrui 99^, 'life.* This word mahd prd^ 0)0393 4lB9 is generalonounced by the nnedacated as mdp-prdâ ^d^^. Mahdprdâ is also called dhanita g)o.

. Letters are lastly divided into eight classes, according to the places at which they origi

) Gutturals {kanthaja ca-^^d*) : rf*, AA; csfy, C^Â; n; q a, cp a; qji f,


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Demat dkuru ^^ai


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"Aara,"

. Sounds of Letters.

he sound of a in amuse, America. = a father.

c f(5U.t

(Ger.) foUe, hande. = & 1, (Ger.) madchen, grfimen.

, t, U-

t machine.

seed, feel.

tt fttU, put.

M nde.

,, food.

Vide 33.

i and ^t have no exact equivalents in English: a in *dam' is the nearest sound to


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in components of a compound word, except the first, or when it is not preceded by h, isways pronounced as a in * syllable.' Ex. Davasa qSto, * day'; gala gd(5, ^ stone.' But a in st syllable of karami rs^d, Î do,' and of other inflections of the verb karai^dy Ho doo takes this sound of a.

is usual for the purpose of facilitating pronunciation to double consonants written singus, vikrama S-ejS, Mieroism,' chitrakdra S^âad', * painter,' chdritra thS^, * custom,' aonounced as vikkrama, c/iiitrakdra, chdrittra. Owing to this pronunciation such words en mis-written. Consonants that are doubled should be pronounced distinctly: Ex. S(ôg' as bal-ld and not bald, Europeans are apt to make this mistake. ( Vide 71.).

4]

RTHOQBAPHY.

mes of Letters. 34. Some letters have names other than those given after their respecti

unds. Such letters, with their names-aod significations, are noticed here :

me of Letter.

tter.

( mfifiaka gayanna

kcha

a^nalca chayarma

maiiahajayanna d itfa or nja J osfisqoqffls da


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anftaAra bayanna 1

oaaqas Skscsfod, or i

iba bayanna I

fifiaka mahdprdria fha- 1

nna i

J

hflaha mahaprdista dha-^

nna {

> J

ra yanna 1

acJ),t or (

Unaka vayanna |

nundsikdksharaya Do.

mbined ^a letter.

mbined c2a letter.

mbined ha letter; or* ba having the sound of mba.

mbined aspirated fha letter.

mbined aspirated dJia letter.

at which is called dva, or combined va letter.

-nasal letter. J do.

Perhaps 9 is a corruption of 2S) mba. The term aihba bayanna is more common.

This is generally corrupted into dvd yanna ^ cdc:fo and dvd vayanna


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ma

a sha t&sa

NHALESE OBAMMAB. [ ^^

me of Letter. Signification of Name.

Co-nagal letter.

nundsikdksharaya

. Do.

mdha layanna

o^ sayanna

o^u sayanna ( ma^ sayanna ( sahhaka layanna

nuwdraya


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e English letter " f," which is wanting in the Sinhalese language. In the absence of anotore appropriate symbol it may be adopted with advantage, giving it all the privileges offlections proper to Sinhalese letters. It may be inflected thas :

^/j 003/a; coi/f, ro^/^; R/, /f; 29/m, g/i ; ^^fVh 0^3 fv^ y oo'n fUy (yn fU; co feoACS^0 and dantaja nay anS^syfi Aa^^n, respectively (vide 27).

The anusvdraya is always used after vowels. It is in some old dla books sometimespresented as (o, when it is called " cJiandra hinduwa ^5 SitfgS)" (chandra *moon,'nduwa *dot').

aTisliteration.

. The system of transliteration used is that adopted by the Ceylon Government,* whichite of some deficiencies, is generally soand and has been followed here for the convenie

readers in Ceylon, who are accustomed to it.

In devising a new system of transliteration, care shonld be taken (where possible) notopt diacritical signs which are already employed for other purposes.

s nsoal to represent qpt, cf^, by f, S^ or ^, a. This is incorrect inasmuch as the letter wused to represent f should have some diacritical mark attached to it, to represent qpi,r the simple reason that the latter are only modifications of qp. Hence they may perhapst represented respectively by a, rf.

o system of transliteration of a phonetic language by an unphonetic one, like the Englisn ever be perfect. The system given below has greater claim to be considered accurate tany that have come under the notice of the author.

wels.

yCpd;


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the order of writing them. (Plate I.) Sinhalese characters, it will be noted, are written frt to right.

. Handwriting may be divided into three kinds. That in well-written 61a books is the bed is similar in character to the printed character. That marked {b) may be recommender general use. The three kinds are shewn opposite in the order of their superiority. (Plat)

should be observed that in manuscripts words are not written separate from one anoth

t all in one unbroken continuation, which however does not make it difficult for a natiad them fluently; but in printed books, words are separated as in English. Sinhalese haly one kind of letter: it has no capital letters as have European languages.

llailes.

. In Sinhalese every vowel or vowel-consonant is a syllable. Thus in the words ara gediyd tcoScd, Hhat fruit,' the syllables are a ^, ra d, ge ^C55, di 8, ya c3. A consonant wwel or a vowel-consonant forms one syllable. Thus in polgas @^03(^coe^, ' cocoanut

es,' the syllables are pol @voj^ and gas coe^. When Sinhalese words are transcribed inglish characters, the syllables are easily discerned.

e Origin of Sinhalese Letters.

The ancient letters used by the Sinhalese were the Afl6ka or old Pali characters. Theodern Sinhalese

&tel

he> commencement of each letter or part of leUer is indiixded' iy cudot.)

3 d&5 -5 '^'^C* ^(^

^'y GC)3 O^CV '^^ (?j (2^ 5 5 (^J -S^*^-55i ^-

M'SurveyorS$tt0r^U Ofnc c^hmbo WISTT

^tell.

aracters were derived from the Grantha* of Southern India, which had its origin in the^ra, a variety of the Asoka charactei:, and of which there were several varieties, as Choantha, Tulu, etc. They must have been introduced during the 10th or 11th century a.d. (tified by inscriptions of that period), when the Chilians began to visit the Island andablished (in 1038) a vice-royalty at Polonnaruwa, the capital of Ceylon at that time, wh

ted twelve years. The modern Tuju has a striking resemblance to the Sinhalese charact


46/590

a comparison of the alphabets of the different Indian languages it will appear that neaof them have some affinity in the shape of letters to the Sinhalese. It is surprising to fka^ 05 ta^ cd ga^ ^ da^ ma^ Q to, (g /a, in the M&ldive language, and S va in the

ilippine

nguage.

e Proper Use of Letters.

. As Sinhalese is a phonetic language, very much unlike in that respect English and othropean languages, it may be thought by some that the acquisition of its orthography issy. But it is quite the contrary. Owing to the absence of any stated rules in orthographye conseqVient difficulty of acquiring a knowledge of the proper use of the nasals, theilants, and the dental and the cerebral /, Sinhalese orthography is still in an unsettled

ate.

show the importance of a correct system of orthography for preserving the propereanings of words, a few examples will be given here, with their equivalents in Sanskrit

li, from which their orthography is determined :

nskrit. Pali. EIxl SignificatioiL

h^a cd9 - u^ha, (^^sb) - utfu c@ - ^^% warm. iuia ci5 - ^na (^-i^D - unu c,


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sal deprived of its inherent vowel is followed by a consonant, the nasal of the class tohich that consonant belongs is used. This is very simple.

amples.

sal . Nasal SS^-

eDsd, 'charcoal.' ^fi^, 'gold.'

l^e), 'war,' 'battle.' C^^saqC^^O^ 'mark,' 'sign.'

cOto,'multitude,"Buddhistpriest.'@a^4SS, 'knowledge,' 'consciouH-

ss.'

sal ^. Nasal iSf.

^cS, Hhroat.' ^^, 'blind.'

J'vocabulaiy.' J^l } *last.'

i P^* *^'^^ 9a>fl3, 'pleased,' 'dehghted.'

4SJg, 'government.' 0^^> 'good.'

In Sanskrit and Pali S)CE3 means 'Ganges' (the Indian river) but in Sinhalese it, as wits derivative 020 gaiiga^ is generally used in the sense of ' river.*

^ D

SINHALESE GRAHMAB. [44

sal . Nasal o.

0C, *re8t-houBe.* oAdq), * junction of a road. ( 44.)

)3, ^mother.' o3ia(p, 'mortar.' ( 44.)


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oC Ummagga t7dtoA;a,a history oafa(5, 'Buddhist monastery.*

a previous birth of Buddha. oa^jQoa^ ^ fi^e hundred.'

s


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thout something to guide him it would be difficult for a beginner to learn to identify surds as ss^d^ and iCS>d'i4g, 'cause,* ^Gotf and ^gSd", *town,* Qte and %Qiy * world

3 and 8:f, * palace,* t&essQ and ficog, 'all/the first of which in each case is Sanskd the second its Elu equivalent.

. The use of n, ^, ^, shy s, l, and I deserves special attention.

The cerebral n is also used after the letters esa, csaa, Sy ^ (when they are in one and tme word), and is not in any way hindered by the intervention* of any vowel, guttural, laof c^, 8, or anusvdra e.

This is not generally observed in the case of Ela words.

amples.

OMlSb, 'desire,' < craving/ ^fi^fi, * mirror.*

^&^^ < woman.' 934fi, * extent/ 'sise/

a4$,' grai^/ 99'^} * life/

4fi, * momenta' ^C0B)4fi, * Brahmin.'

3040, < beauty/ * mark.' dd^do, * death/

S^,' south.' OD^itt'do, the ' Bim&yana.'^

vdS,' ear.' ^S)4fi,' ear/

e final n of a word and n doubled are, however, generally replaced by the dental n,asCDqS^/from the house,* (BS6


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rvice,'' solicitation *; qcS, ' sight'; dQ^Oy * literary composition'; dxSSi^ * queen *; ^bbing,' Ac.

derived Elu words n is determined by reference to the words from which they are derivto which they bear a close affinity.

Y^lmlki's great epic poem recording the adventores of lUma.

some words n is natural and cannot be explained by any rule. Such words should be

udied with the help of a dictionary. A few examples are given here:

i^,


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Q9, 'hare.'

doacS, 'rest,' 'felicity.'

3C9} * hall.'

909, ' science.'

30903, 'scripture,' 'religion,' 'command.'

,' Indra,' (the ruler of heaven), cg^, 'Venus,' 'semen virile.'

, 'cold.'

S, 'head.'

C *good conduct.'

(33, 'art.'

)C 'cold.'

SC/flaccid," feeble.'

oo, 'lucky.'

Asd, 'hog,'

, 'empty,' 'void.'

d, 'hero,' 'energetic and" cunning man.'

C *PJkc.'

a'C * jackal.'

kC5^, 'remainder.'

k^codsCi an aquatic plant.

sQftSiy 'stanza.'

)3, 'faith.'

Ef, 'fortunate,' 'illustrious.^

^d, 'oldest,' 'senior,* 'excellent.'

) Words written with sh are also Sanskrit. No rule that will explain all its uses can be gt it is generally used after the consonants k^ r, /, or any vowel except a and a, either


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mediately or separated from it by 151 or h^ It is also often used before /, th^ d^ dh^ a

6]

RTHOGRAPHY.

m6, better/

S, *eye.'

Smeitaif 'sprinkling.'

93t9f 'protection/

39, 'sugar cane.'

tQf 'cherished/ 'beloved/

O^/liot.'

9, 'saint' or 'sanctified person.*

^so), 'medicament,' 'drug.'

^j 'belly.'

8Skli,' bag/' treasury/' dictionary.'

f < minute/ 'smalL'

MQ, 'field.'

, 'clever.'

, 'fault.'

amples.

itf, 'man/ 'husband.'

3,'flower.'

Qoc^a, 'medicament/ 'drug.'

^Qra, 'man.'

, 'buffalo.'


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09, 'devil/ 'fiend.'

st0f 'protection/ 'profession.'

Sj, 'rain,'

a,' poison.'

a4S0, 'tree/

S, 'head.'

KSCfo, 'phlegm.'

fiCQQK), 'pleased/ 'delighted.'

a3to^, 'joy/ 'pleasure.'

to, * mustard/

competent knowledge of the use of 5, sky and s can only be acqaired by studying the wowhich they occur.

) This cerebral / is used in place of another cerebral, which has been dropped for the saeuphony, or in Elu words derived from other words. It is sometimes borrowed from thrd from which the Elu word is derived.

amples qf^V acquired by Derivation,

NHALESE GBAUKAB.

46

gnification.

amil.

method, arrangement.

arth.

rst.

mage, idoL cat.

u.


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nscribing Sanskrit words in Sinhalese characters it would seem desirable to make thetinction, and it is to be determined by ascertaining whether the / in the Sanskrit wordnds for a cerebral letter (as dy r, &c.) in the root or in some old form of it; if it does, it recognised as the cerebral /.

QmeA6^ * cocoannt * = cos^gêsfd or ^ssi59^^. In Pali these words are very properlyitten with /.

s usual, as in the case of cerebral n, to change I into / when it terminates a word or wh

doubled, as ^Q^sîS^ ^ cloud,' into S(33p(^ (pi.) and sî^y ' bird,' into e^di^Qs.

rebral n and I do not begin words in Sinhalese.

onbtio Rules. 47. A knowledge of

@


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f)Af, 'Anat/ the chief of the N%Ei8 or Serpent race that inhabits the infernal regions ...

^, *wood,* * forest'


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^ changed into csf: 0* ,i C*> ^mortgage/

8S^ ificS^, 'latrine;

si changed into cS : 9SoS) o^ooi)/alone/'loneliness.*

8(goB, 'remedy/ 'redress.*

agao fiasco (or QtOoi), ' painting.*

i changed into & : ffoitsidi y ^afe)di,' manufacturer.*

)o ,,


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e)Ad 6)ie)flod,' usage,'' custom*'

cod changed into 8c)d, * extent/ * about.'

g 0^0)' remaining.'

flg^ i&G^dj * kitnl,' a kind of palm (Garyota urens).

Vide supra the sabstitution of n and Z for other cerebrals.)

Bhoold be observed that thoagh A is substituted for Sf the rule does not apply vice versom this it may be inferred that the form of the word spelt with s is the original.

ere are other letters which undergo substitution besides those already noticed; they mlearnt by perusing the works of standard writers. It should be borne in mind that none

e substitutions invariably occurs, and that only those sanctioned by usage should beopted* Of all the substitutions, that of h for s is the most common.

Augmentation ob Augment.

fam or Aganm.

. The insertion of a letter (consonant) in a word without effecting any elision is calledam^ ^Augmentation' or 'Augment' This may also be called' Euphonic insertion.'

amples. C =3',* hot.'

sf^Q = e^ASMo^, a planet,' the descending node.' C>Cf = ^^CfI * noon,' * daytime

S =fiS


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nsonants in a word.

amples. ck5i into G^6i^ 'star.' MD^tt ^, e^ta^^ca, thirteen.'


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. Changing the short vowel-sounds in a word into long ones is called Vedij ^ Elongation

breviation of the Vowel-Sounds. Adu or Hdniya.

ChaDgiDg long vowel-soands in a word into shori ones is called Adu^ ^Abbreviation.'the reverse of Vedi.

amples. ^eKst into


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mbination by assimilation of the initial letter to the final one. (h) 0DOBtfik(3ad oo (^^,^ ' not * + C*' ^^^ moves')' calm,' * still/ ebfioq'^S) (dial, *eech' + q^SSi, 'restraint'), 'reproof,' 'control

speech.' mDQ034u (0,t 'six' + QP33, 'languages'), 'six languages.' aSM (At, 'true' +octrines'), 'true doctrines.'

ceptional Farms. Visarga is dropped when preceded by , 'wood'), 'sacred^ grove frequented by asce

msttiG^^i (p^t, 'milk,* 'water' -f 0)6^ 'that which contains'), ' woman's breast,' ' doud.'

m


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Ct^ti (^^, < hand' + c*> * ^rib *)>' present,' * bribe.' '^dttA (


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d by augmenting any semi-nasal which may occur before it, or by the elision of the initnsonant of the second word.

amples. (Elu.) ^i)^o (^S)^ 3(S, < Colombo' + q


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jq (Q, *four* +


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. Many Eln words, nnnasalized in their original and

ictly correct form, have acquired in pronunciation a

mi-nasal sound.*

amples.

stakes in Orthographt. 71. A list of words often incorrectly spelt, written, and pronounc

subjoined for the benefit of the student. The ame word is sometimes spelt, written, anonounced in different incorrect ways, of which only one or two are noticed there.

rong Orthography Ck>rrect Orthogiaphy and Prononciation. and Pronunciation.gnification.

A - tfiQ - very much, exceeding.

C)9d - ^^esod - dysentery.

This peculiarity is common also in Maldive words.

NHALESE OBAHHAR.

71

Hindust&ni, ^vd.

As an adQ, derived from fd'^oa, this form is correct.

Generally used for astronomy or astrology. f Cf. Hindust4ni gCDCro^, * Jupiter.'

0BSkaja9f 'a woman of the Yaisya (the third, or mercantile and agricultural) caste/ is Oed for mSXStai.

. oqSqj, or oqaScs, Etymology, treats of the structare and history of words.

assijieation of Words.

The different classes into which words are divided are called oq,' Parts of Speech.*cording to Sinhalese grammarians there are only four parts of speech, namely:

-CD or 3S) (o


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Pronoun. > (i.) J!fam or Ndma.

Adjectiye. )

Verb, .. (ii.) Kiriya or Kriyd.

Adverb. \

Preposition. /("^) ^^> ^^ )

Conjunction. [^^'T' > i71V ^ T X X. (Ov-) Upasaga or I Avyaya. S. Interjection. Ppasarga. )

efixes and Suffixes. J

un. Nam or Ndma.

. A or ^3 is the name of a person, place, or thing.

ote. This term, however, comprises also pronoun and adjective, which will be separateated of, as in European grammars.

assification of Nouns.

Nouns are divided into two principal classes: (i.) csa^c^-gS or taoS)od4^ 3,mmon nouns. (ii.) cat or C3os, Proper nouns.

) Common Nouns.

. tiîQ^d4^ tSô9y common noun^ is used to denote each thing out of a class of thinge same kind.

Common nouns are subdivided into

di& 3, names denoting genus or class:

amples. gd, 'god'; ^6, 'shark.'

or examples of inanimate objects under this head

de (3) tTifra.]

eadoesiô^SDepd' (or A^^^sêoc^ ^3, names denoting employments or professio

amples.

, ^king'; ^t^, * minister'; goscsteO), * clerk'; d^fid,' herdsman'; ACDoS, 'farmer';


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otSfO)), 'tailor'; oS, 'pandit'; find, 'thief; dg, 'carpenter'; oicondi, S)iS)s>TE.These nouns are formed by adding the suffixes ^, 6)' or Qi^, QOddGO, xSkHf

S)) ad, to the adjectives. Sometimes the-adjectival form itself stands for the noun, am^, codes.

^oodd ihQm ), names of state :eS^q, ' sleep'; odo, ^health'; Bti^^j 'madness*o, 'anger' ; codes, 'anger.*

)3e)^c09, names of action, or verbal nouns:


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olish man'; defxQy ' red woman'; C^^y ' sick person' ; ^Q^^OgO), * foolish man'; q)ich man.'

q'b ^c93, verbal nouns denoting agent or object;

amples.

DOeStsy, )c)4xr^, >c)^^ (ttumc), 'dancer' ()c)^^ /^m.) ; e9f3, gSa5*f,Qcrf (maw.), 'runner' (gSsf^ /.); S)igo^,' who or what fell' ; Se^,' what was said.

TE.These are formed by suffixing the endings qfSSeyt, ^^tS, fsSc^f 9^^) &c., to therbal bases, or by adding the suffixes


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(g or gSta), * Gender.'

Sto or e^,* ' Number.'

C3- SSes),(or.>ca),}'


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QfSicfi^j^ * young man.' C^Q * young woman.'

5;} * ^**''-' ^' * mother.'

^ (applied to smiths in) a3&S#5 general). S

Sometimes a feminine soffix, as in o^tf), ead.

are.

NHAI.K8B ORAlfMAB.

82

aBcnline. 809/father.' gco), 'son.*

^9My 'husband/ 'man.' S)t

I'husband,' 'man.' g4sfC09, 'grandfather.'

minine. e, 'mother.' g, 'daughter*' taj 'wife,' 'woman.' rfSi * daughter-in-law,' 'niece.

^ai4Sj ^lady,' 'madam.'

ousm: ebSb, 'maternal uncle,* 'father-in-law.'

nt.


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asculine suffixes : ep, qpS^(cS3).

minine suffixes : cftssifS or ^iCjf^cS, if or , (& or 16, 5ccfd3 or (gfsS&y rfa or


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cnGo, * adulterer,' 'whoremonger' j -^gS* CBflgc^,' enemy,'' foe'

c39, * serpent'

C,,' white man'

dcoc^)' fondling *

^diy ' man of the jaggery caste' ...

caS


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^W mode. (a) By suffixing masculine and feminine nouns to the distinguishingjectives or nouns used as adjectives.

amples.

asculine. Feminine,

)^8^sdo3y lit. < little fathe

^f . } 'patemaldder nnde' { ^^1^'

^2êb^,f ' maternal elder nncle * e^â^ C^cSCf

îs^fc/Saii,X ' elder brother' ... 9ôe^ êsfoM.

8339.

By suffixing feminine nouns to crude forms of the

asculine.

atnples*

asculine. Feminine.

sBan, ' horse' ... ^gsk) ^9^Q (or qOSK)

6Sh,'ffyfiV ... dîq).||

3e)9,' camel' ... 6D3#^).

Ddi6G09, * rat snake' ... (sd8o^).

^fSir * ^^ C*'^ vehicle of Yishnu) ... ^6i^99^4ioQ.

gd,peacock' ... SgdetS^^.

B)/rat' ... 9iq).

i, deer* ... ge)9iâ.

a9jôo), * tiger' ... )B9g9Sê).


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Oflos, < lion' ,. doOoOkS^e).

oOGO), swan' ... fiOoCMid^c).

ote. SiqfQ and 9^^ may be nsed indiscriminately.

nder of Inanimate Objects.

. This is the most difficult part of gender to acquire, and no stated rule can be given to

sist the student. As Sinhalese gender is considered to have been derived from Sanskrit li, a knowledge of the gender of words in

Lit. 'great (or elder) father.' c^Ag^dftOd^S is also nsed for

it. * great (or elder) uncle.' X Lit. 'great (or elder) brother.* Lit. 'good father.' I Also ^me classical writings.

He is gener&Uy represented as being something between a man and a bird, and considee sovereign of the feathered race.

ose langaageSy especially in the former, is essential to determine the gender of Sinhalerds. If the Sanskrit or Pali eqaivalent of the Sinhalese word is in the masculine gender

en the Sinhalese word is in the same gender; and so with the other two genders. Innskrit, nearly all bases ending in apy ify and those formed with the affix S are feminined those ending in q^^ S), a, jg, cfcSy


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eir employment is optional with the writer. {Vide^ 101.)

. (a) An example of the names of inanimate objects used in the masculine gender :

f iCs^cS 9^^ ^i9>iS 8mS ^ #030@^cst Scxa csaDe5^3caflBDc)k33(5>ff3."*Let not that fire of anger, therefore, be produced in thy train oought.' Here the word g>2sxdc3 is in the masculine gender.

) An example of the names of inanimate objects used in the feminine gender :

d3C3S ^3i* Q)i3 3 a308cs."^That hall resembled Sudharm&.' * Herrd csasQag) is in the feminine gender.

. The gender of adjectives is determined by reference to the nouns which they qualify. ve no endings of their own to indicate gender.

mmon or Undetermined Gender.

. There are some nouns (and pronouns) which may stand for both masculine and feminders, in spite of the existence of separate forms (in the case of nouns) to mark the twnders :

amples. Nounsin sense onlyidcM, *fly'; iSooa, *frog'; t^6i^c>7 'bW; q


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. The singular and the plural of nouns are formed by adding certain suffixes to their crurms, in conformity with the rules of combination given above.

ngnl.r..xt{KL'.-?''''''-

ntal .nfflie. { ^^^^ } . a & e^'.

Sometimes (MS)I is used for males and ^ for females.

t should be observed that the suffixes above given are those proper to the nominative cly. The singular and plural forms of nouns in the other cases may be likewise known byffixing their respective case endings to their bases. (Vide 116 and DedensionB 118.)

An honorific suffix. It is sometimes used as S)^gm in the singular and g)


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. Modes of forming the singular and plural of nouns-from their bases :

Masculine Nouns.

The suffixes and ^ also oooar short, as in î9d309,MacfC d)M9. (Fieitf 56 and) t The suffix is Q.

urals of most animate nouns may be formed by adding to their bases the suffix g unelidQd (the crude form of the plural suffix Qdi) with q affixed thereto. These forms are

nerally found in classical works.

Vide footnote * on p. 84.

NHALESE GBAIOIAB.

92

e plaral suffix is added to the honorific terminations qa^, ^^9 ^&^ î^, which areixed to the bases of masculine and feminine nouns; nouns so formed, though plural in

rm, are singular in sense. ( Vide 284.) The honorifics ^pA and ^^ are added to mascu& and ^\& to feminine bases. They sometimes indicate

dearment.

xamples.

nral Form.

i)ÔKal

D


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) - odac) - ead^di^ speech, story.

Kst - CDGO - o^o^cf * house.

{ - G^flfl -


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x.

) Feminine Nouns.

tfd

ê

|peb3di - ^&8c9

elder sister.

mother.

randmother.

e elephant.

s.

fe, woman.

ifer.

Nouns applied to Inanimate Olêcts.

- ^^ - Î'^Qd bed.

h - ^4lSco, ffi9^ î^ nail.

5 - aC^) >E)^ ' belly, stomaciL

(3aa3 - SbgcDsd - ibgo9 palace.

-60 - dOQtf country.


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- 9^


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issveg 6Scf or jss^^ Sts^essS, Instrnmental case.

zo


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the sentences B&e^c^ cotQ esii8j ^ I cut the tree with the knife' (I with-the-kne-tree cut),^ofif S)g9 @^03^(39^ ootfiSsf coig>8cs, ^ a man struck him a blowth a club'(a-man to-h'im with-a-olub a-blow struck),. e5@i05 d)^c3ccf 3JK0-S, ' he is a Brahmin by caste' (he by-caste a-Brahmin is), 83S^csf, oa^oeSccf, and{S@vcs^ are in the auxiliary case.

7. The expression es^dfa@iSS):iQ>@^CD^ or jSS>dyS33C)^ which literally maving taken as the means or instrument,' is used paraphrastically in the sense of ^by*^

rough' to convey the sense of the auxiliary case.

tive Case.

8. Sapadan vibat or Sampraddna vibhaktiy the dative case, is that form in which a nounonoun) is used when it denotes the recipient of anything.^ Its endings are-Singularfc&," 'fromto-day he is myhis-one to-day-from my son), SDg


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e endings Cfz and q^ mostly occur.

the sentences cqtfiQo ^tsîQê^^ (or eôS^^ôfiB) {SqS, Hhe child sleeps in theadle' (the-child in-the-cradle sleeps), Jf^fi^^cî ^cqSq (ortf^cio^^) 0C3OS) d&ople live in houses' (people in-houses live), @3 zs^ e^dS (or ^9^S) Sgs^ S^cs^tsS

sShcAO^ssi iS^^S), ' he has great confidence in me' (of-me in-the-hand of-him greatnfidence there-is), oaoS^^ (or wsioB^î^cS)^ (SkQ (or ^csD^) and ws^r eêsê^ are in the locative case.

s a mistake to treat the words y Ho traders/

dicating to whom the nuts are given, the dative relation (csSg^^ 2S)3


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nder no such assistance to verbs, and the nominative case because it is embodied in thecusative and instrumental relationSj either of which is put in that case according as therb i active or passive.*

6. A Tabu of Case-endings.

It seems that ia Hindi (and Hindustani) the term 9a6ai is used with aU the cases.

hese particles are sometimes used in classical works as pronouns.

17]

YMOLOGY.

se.

tive case.

ngular

Q, c,

lative case.

nitive case,

, da:f, ^^,

ural Endings.

s?a, (530,

O, ojO, aO,

cative case

,


92/590

^,


93/590

metimes suffixed to nouns (and pronouns) in the instrumental case; thus, g


94/590

c. ... ôr^. s^S or B^gtS.

amples. M0&46, moamB^, ûnioom'; 9aii^, êlk'; C/tf), 9^msD^ddi, Ace. and Ins. 0)^îtff, Auz. and Abl. e)^l)icf9io^, Dat. 9^ isidi^^SQ, [Loc. 9&cx>6iCS ^dc9,] Voc. 9^^Q


95/590

oc. ] (9q, 1 9^jss)e


96/590

ange in the plural, as C^^i C^^^t ^^

tftf/king/ Singular, Plural.

rn. ... dd* ... cS'rfg or Q ... cf^^Q or 3 ... wstfS^^csif.

e. & Ins. ^StrScas ... s^ifSoccT or 9^g)Sf.

Also dd^, 6tmai


97/590

ngular.

ural. #JSg8'^0 or

;f)c3^@f * messenger,* 'envoy*; g^,'son*; a^dif 'husband,* 'man*; ^Qss)y 'Brahma*; ^QQirahmin'; )9


98/590

orshipper*; Q8, ' stander.* These are identical in form with the Present Participialjective.

) ^cfifSiy ^ servant,' * soldier,' * masker.'

nguUir, Nom. ... ^CtS^CCo Acc. & Ins. e^cf&3Cd3

t

n. [Loc. Voc.

&fS)3CS3^CSf

ve;t03C3r or e^st5)3Ses:f. ^atS}9cn^sS9


99/590

18]

TKOLOOY.

3) tf/parrot.'

5

ngular. Nom, ... (fitfi* Acc. & las. (SdSh Aux.&Abl. c&d'&3


100/590

t. ... aairf^3Q ... rOicSSHg^Q.

n. ... c5irfSi3@^csf ... ffiJicSShgcrfe^csf. [Loc. ... tSiitSS>i?h^ssi^cS. tsîtSSîê^rS.] Voc ^ 5ifSi* j aiiigiccf.

foijt 'porcupine'; C^^h * civet-cat'; ia&^Qxt * ant-eater'; Og^, 'donkey.'

omp. No. 12.)

The forms ts^ti^Qs, miti&i9S>S, &c., and caictTSb, OzeflS)lr &c., are also used.

ometimes mtaS&t^tsf, ts^tS&x^taâifSf, &o.

The forms âtcotooo,


101/590

4!rai^ff, &


102/590

aroZ. ... B89.

esror8SSC0C5*.

5rcs5r or I 68^Qde:f8^(5xs:f.

65^S or eSc&^.

eare$:r


103/590

l. \ Dat Geo. [Loc. Voc

1)

ngidar.

QaS03

aSy ^ sanctified sage/

lural.

esaSg or csaSSc^i. ... tQz&^ or e^SQdi^.

a3c833 ... C39S^3 or t^zS^di'^Q.

9Sc33iC5f ... e9a3^@kcsf or a^SQdztsl&csS,

aSc93ore893c3... tiSaS-^Jc?* or eaaS&c^i-^.

2)

m. ceE)3cS3 Acc.&

)98, ^ lord/ ^ master.'

ural,

e3E)3@@iC9J'^ e)3@Q, or t)iQdi, ... cBaScf or t):iQdi


104/590

t. ... o^cC3c)

kn. ... bfi3c33@^c5f

oc. ... ofi8c83 tiSsse^S

c. ... OfiSo or C93c33

uraL o^sSg or oaS^ca:f.

m^^Z^.teo^, ^ elephant.'

Sometimes used for the vocative singular out of respect. words are so used.

NHALKSB GBAinCAB.

118

4)

'

Ftd6 foot-note (**) on page 106. -f The dental I may also be used.

xamples. ^syCD6i, 'Mars'; ê^Msig, 'groom' (j>L qtSwoifM^); C^g, 'wttd or palm oat'aradaxurus Zeylonicus); C^^^SS; C^^Sî Moris,' 'Indian sloth'; d^, 'goat'; SDg, 'oamel^>y 'crab'; asiQy 'priest of a D^wila'; ngg,^ '^^Qi 'crow' (vide ded. 27); OMd^cHdi,

arbet' (MegalcBmincB); Q)di, 'prince/ 'boy'; omO^, 'mule'; e^sg, 'lad,' 'boy'; slgdi,; ocn^, 'dmnbman'; )|>g, * dancer'; o^, 'worm'; og, 'pandit'; ag^, 'spider'; gdi,osquito'; 3g,'fish'; 6k(Md8D(5i,'servant'; 6)zc)A'sheep'; gdi, âss'; cup;, 'friend'; dgrpenter'; Go^gdi, 'vellala* (a man of the Goyigama caste); cSd^, 'ex-Buddhist-priest.' '

omp. No. 12.)

ote. The word eôQ is also declined as follows: 9mirtQ^, #o(^C3KDf, &c. (sing.);B)3cfoc^, es^^t

.

^k3'

di, 'teacher'; C^^, 'louse'; c^6i, 'pig'; togg, gg, 'crow ' (vide decL 26); eê^>, 'cock' (wcl. 42); 8g(5i, 'python,' 'rock snake' (Python molurus); 6)S^, 6)fi3g^, 'owl' (KetupayUmensis); Og-^,'Brahmin'; a?-, 'bug,''bed-bug'f; 8^8^, 8^9A> 'grandson'; ds^Q,

end,' 'vampire'; gdi, 'monkey'; ma^j cs^ts^dit 'enemy'; gg^, 'house lizard.'

omp. No. 5.)


105/590

ote. The form eês^c! ^ sometimes taken as the base, and the neoeesary suffixes areded to it by the rules for the "combination of Yowels." The plural nominative form ismetimes AQc^^g.

omp. No. 42.)

Sometimes aogOOd, ogOOdMstff, &c, (sing,); a)gO*c)l, $dq^ QeS, Ac. (pi.)

he term ^^ 6^) corresponding to this word, is also used.

NHALE8B GRAHHAB.

8) ad, < drunkard.'

118

9gg, * hedge-lizard'; gj, * black man'; Otê^csd^Q, * cockroach*; e^di^, ^bird'; AQfôrpion'; ^>tQ, 'wise man'; 0^, 'dog'; 6)g/the night-jar'; 9>CDQy 'old man'; g^Q,andfather'; 6g^^, 'fiend/ 'vampire'; dQ, 'red man'; c)gg, 'calf'; gg, 'white man.'

9) ^g/poor man.'

nffular.

eiei, or ^,^

m. Acc. & Ins.

t.

n.

oc.

c.

omp, No. 3.)

18]

om.

YHOLOGT.

3

0)


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ngular.

CC, & Iq8. @Gf43

x. & Abl. geric^DS^QDccf

t

n.

oc.

c.

7' grandfather.'

ural.

f033(33Q. Gf03(53


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gtfiQorcgdoQ.. cgdos:f, &c. Dat. ... Sec^cfcdfS ...^


108/590

e plural in Q).

) Bases ending in Consonants^ (35) wJorf, ^ox.' Singular, Plural,

m. ... (QdzSio ... (S^st>

c. & Iqb. cs^desio ... cs^dest or csids^^.

x. & Abl. ^dss^9^(Q(sf ... csids^;sS^(sy * crocodile'; )ic9(^ * jackal/;as3(5sf, * white-breasted waterfowl' {GaUinula phcenicura); (D3f, *ox'; c98sJ, *ute,' * beast'; gGtofi*, gc^o-c^,

oor man'; Qd, * son'; 0330ftfflf, * rich man'; 6) *bear'; eD(^, * slave'; act,

reature,' * being'; 8rf, e9(5/jackal.'

Note. The t^ in (^cD^sf is sometimes doubled in the singular, as ^^s^D3,^^^^'^) ^^n ^^d ^^6 nominative plural formed in S as (^cofi^fflKf.

8) fif, ^ gentleman,'' grandee.'

ngular, Plural.

rn. ... QDO)3 ... flD03'


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c. & Ids. ^ ^ CD^^.cs)f. D.t. ... a.8 { l^^-^-

oc. ... )C53 z5s^dtB { I J^'^ } ^sa^c^^B.l Voc. ... GDO)3 ... QDe2rSc5i-CD-qj*.

9) ffljr,'father.' Singular, Plural,

in^^*^' 1 0)3Ie)3 ... G)3Gf03Q3 or G^rfoôa.*

t. ... CJoacfâQ ... aiafoioQDS or G)3o:foo30.

j TSiê^ ( OjGfOJaQj or

^' I OjCfOb ( C33GfO)(33.

omp. No. 30.) o Sometimes o>9iO^CD]S)di, c>3^sâ>3)


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t. ... ^003 . ... S^.

en. ... e53c33


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e. & Ins. ... Sodde^cd*. Aux. & Abl.... 6Q83^^tGoo:!f. Dat. ... 8QC3rfc).

n. ... 8o33^J>2Cft3Q ca@>(5aBI g^jo^i^ l^oaa, * Sirimi,' (name of a lady.)


112/590

ote. Observe that the plural forms of proper nouns are used to denote respect.

0) SSS,' hen.'

ngular, Plural.

m. ... iSsS/g or ^S^S^g ... 2ai9(gcsJ*. Ace. & Ins. iS^gcst ... -sSsSgcfi^.

x. & Abl. ^S^Sgco^co^ ... sSgcs^e^Go^. Dat. ... SiSgco ... iS^Sgcs^.

n. ... -8S2S(c3csf ... 5S39gc3o:!f@^csr.

oc. ... ^fi(c3 scS'eS. 929(gc3:r lack woman'; fiajcfeS, * female crow'; iS5^(3, '^^ bir8f * princess,' * young girl'; aa(g, * fisher woman'; ieDi(3, inc?(3, *old woman'; ^6d', ^^SS", 'grand-daughter';

gei3, 'woman'; (e)^d, 'queen'; ete))


113/590

ometimes c8S43, c8SôcJ, Ac, ScJ^, co^SfifêKDCf, &c.

NHALESK OBAKUAR.

118

amples, ^(Q^y qi^cS^, 'she-elephant *; Qi(^&cS4SS, 'she-bear'; i8Ji^, csii3ts54SS,male snake.*

ote. Verbal nouns such as ^GOOf^, 'femalecook'; coO^tf^, 'female-dancer'; gfi>iSStQmale-runner*; QmtsS^y 'female-cook' i)&es5^/seamstress/ tailoress*; g^^, 'female wclerk*. Q^cS^, 'female worshipper,* are also declined like caf&cS^y as ôo^ftff, &c.

ometimes


114/590

NHALKSE GBAHUAB.

118

Sometimes gc), ^oiCDOCf, &c.

0) 3^r,' lady; Singular^ Plural,

x. AAbl.... QD3^f^


115/590

n. ... qcf ... ^q^cf^csf.

oc. ... q ^/a^tfcS ... ^qgcf ev^ae^rfoB.]

c. ... ^q^

Also commonly used for the female of many animals (vide Gender p. 77.) t Sometime;JiacJ, ^tsi^tsfecifsfy &c.

clension of nouns mth the honorific ^&. (63) fi, ^daughter.' Modified base--Q^&.

amples.

, *wife'; i^, 3i, *aunt/ * mother-in law'; , * mother'; are dedined like the above, S) * "^oot of the tree.'


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It is only when personified that names of inanimate objects have the Vocative case, whform is generally the same as the Nominative case.

The forms fftt^si and BS^cS are sometimes used for the Nominative plural and the usufl&xes added to them in forming their oblique cases.

Inanimate nouns when personified (as frequently in classics) are declined like animateuns, as s63&)ACDSfy as>(23e)Okst, &c. (sing,)\ a>d9xr, )d3drr, a>d3)^i9c), &l.)

5) aic> * water jar or pot'

ngtdar, Plural.

m., Ace., & Voc. 0(30 or 2^ ... es^. Aux. &Abl. ... a3(3^ ... iSaogy 'rope' ; $), 'mast'; e^d^ 'hoof'; 9k0,llow*;


117/590

also eci SC> *wind'; , *way'; 8gi), ' heel' (pi @i)); OiS), * pillar' (pi. Oi). [^3p. 88.]

7) w^, ' pingo.'

ngular. Plural.

m., Acc, & Voc. iSsq ... ... a!5Gf.

x. &Abl. ... a5q


118/590

erchandise,''goods'; oSbg, 'neck'; otSb ... S333S(33.

*- { Sl^J } ^^3C)s, poem'; zh^^, ^chowrie^^ thl of the Indian yak; o4i, 'logic'; a)#,'law,' 'religions doctrine'; OCDd, 'town,' 'city'; ^Sfe'; CM^, leaf'; edtD, 'mountain*; 09^, 'bowl,' 'vase'; 09e, 'sin';

The forms efllt^, etrfdi^^s^, &c., are colloquially used in the mgular. For o^Sfg,;tgoSG9 (9CS>g9, ' fruit,'' ball') is often used, t Generally spelt and pronounced asade), 09d*c)


119/590

xfi, 'wall'; 8, 'hammer,' 'parcel'; g, 'Ud'; dSdsDJ^, 'government service,' 'feudal servS, 'edge,' 'border'; 8, 'manner,' 'mode'; ScDtDijS, 'calamity'; 8, 'street'; 8c9, 'case'; 0ek'; tsag^,' thanks'; C0O8, a wide-mouthed shallow chatty; )c:f^, 'joint,'' junction';e),' native waist-chain'; ezdG38, OtdS8, n

ote. The nominative, accusative, and vocative plurals of some of the above words are a

rmed wil^ the sufl&x e)cf, as ^cMOe)^, asl%^^. The singular inflections of e^Q and 00e $^, z^Q

1) ^q}, ^ branch.'

ngular. Plural.

m.; Ace., & Voc. ^Gfo... ... qffig.

x. AAbl. ... ^cwd" ... ^-cpSg^f.

t ... qsfG^Q) ... ^-29cQ.


120/590

c. & Qen. ... qfacrccforqc5 ... ^^.

x. AAbl. ... qa* .,. 4>Q^,

t. ...


121/590

YMOLOGY.

3

dtf, * pod/ * ear' (of com.)

fiksaf, * mirror.'

CC/> * blemish,' *8car.'

coaij *8aw.'

Oc), * pair,' * set.'

Cd' i^eck.'

)^, * journey.'

^,' stone.'

Derf, 'tree.'

D3Cf> *fol


122/590

cfii, ' fault,' ' mistake.'

?d, * plough.'

,' name.'

(5CJ, * forehead.'

DiQ, ' dance,' ' dancing.'

i@,'ship.'

oMSf, * chisel.'

J,'thread.'

a,' tire.'

J5^,rule,' * order.'

MTf^, * torch.'

rofl(^, ' Buddhist temple.'

,'sin.'

rf, 'family.'

s^eS,OicS, 'lamp.'

qD, ' lesson.' , cC * bridge.' [ 8ar,'lid.' I g * compound' (t. 6. house yard.)

?,'root.'

:f(5,'pestle.'

ODOf, ' bed.'

y)Q(sS,^ a measure of distance (about 16 miles).

QuS, * secret.'


123/590

>crr, 'cubit.'

rf,*8ail.'

3, * shoe' (of a horse, &c.)

^1 'almanac.'

hearth.'

a, 'writing,' 'letter.'

C'^ri) ' cloud.'

sco,' sentence.'

I,'lake,"pond.'

^,' calamity.'

^,'span.' [66.)

(=S), 'heel.' ( Vide ded.

O4Xr,'quarreV* fight.'

f,' mind.'

)(5,' oar,'

n books the singular inflections are sometimes e094xfa, 9aisS af, Ac; and etoaqcos^^^^, &c.

6) ^^^, * epistle/ * message/ * news/ * seat/

ngular, Plural.

m., Acc, & Voc... cftS^ or qfs ... ^Q^-

x. & Abl. ... ^rf@^f or qfgr...


124/590

uns, chiefly those naturalized from Sanskrit, are sometimes improperly inflected withoe augment, as Bcfejss^ for oicto or e^im^ioSf ^9x5f for ddko or

The nominative form is sometimes used to do duty for the genitive and locative, as into (3)oo9, lit. 'child in the hand/i.e. *babe' ; "


125/590

7) as, ' white/ * white cloth.'

m.y Ace., & Yoc.... gq.

z. & Abl. ... g^ ^deficiency.' (Comp. No. 68.)

9) Acf>' Wue/ ' blue cloth.'

m., Ace, & Voc.... ^Sq.

x. & Abl. ... ^9^cS.

t. ... oS.

c. & Gen. ...


126/590

c. & Gen. i8^(^ or ^iQ^^S. i8g(3.

amples,

i8(2, * feeding,' * sweetmeat'; CDi^g, * beating'; 8(g, * running';


127/590

sesun or VisSsAana. 119. @ke(CitS or S&(sf9^:o. In Sinhalese,own in 73, adjectives are treated as nouns, being names of attributes.

0. Adjectiyes are divided into two classeB:

Adjectives denoting qualities or attribntes inherent in the object qualified. Hence they amed ^BSQOsQes^d^ S9


128/590

2. (1) ^Svahhdvdehaka visesAana, Qualitative adjective, is an adjective which denotes sality or attribute.

o^, aSo^, < noble/ 'high-mindea.'

@flf/new; ^ftoc, 'near.*

5^ay, ' worthy of respect or love.*

> C*a, * great,* * highly esteemed/' highest.'

/hot.'

rf,'tall,* *high.'

od, < active.*

^t&'idle.*

/black.'

S)B,' smalL*

, ' cmeL*

amples,

6i^, * young.* to^ ^,' hard/ 9^aD,'bad.' *hlue.'

MDOt, 'low.*

dCdor,'soft; < mild.'

dQ, C03^/old.*

ldaiy * subordinate.'

fi5,*red.*

t 0^S}' rough.'

> C * near,* * dose.' ikaS>6, < barbarous.' (S^th6, ^ civilised/ ' polite.'&*C, C/white,' @^, < small.' eo9


129/590

0a>, a98;tg, 'dancing.' o^9, oi85)9, ebg, * that-cried/

j c38(A, cSacwg, cSc)q, 'that-stood.'

6 atfi^bg, C83q,Q,* made,' * that-made/

or further examples of (b) & (c) see chapter on Verbs.] 123. (2) Pramdnavachahaeskana, Qaantitative adjective, is an adjective which denotes quantity.

xamples. (a) ^QtoSSin') Q9(sfm46f Cardinal numeral adjectives: êsS, dD, *one*;^,^ *two,' 'both'; agfiJ, 'three'; csad, flDDd,t 'four'; oerf 'five'; ca, 00, oo, ooco, 'six'; m^st, 'seven'; Ô, 'eight'; oc), 'nine*; ^fls, ôo, 'ten'; ÔkSOim^^ti^ 'eleven'; g), 'thousand'; ca 'âc,' '100,000'; Sore,' 'ten miUions'; Ac [Vide 128 & 133.]

ote 1.When these adjectives are used with reference to animate nouns, the word oqtoople,' 'persons,' is used after them, as 4J^gg 3c9oqqtsSqaci = c^^^ 03(S)c9.

Observe the force of affixed to the word ot^cs and numerals; ^9'i (0 ?3 oe^^fl3e>Ul we five'; cod oocode)


130/590

nds or handfuls'; qito (occurs also as tft^ ^co and ôotD),' two hands*; ^tco, ^tooi, qfe two eyes.'

ometimes contracted into end, GS9d, as in end 8aG0, osod 8qogo, ' four hundred.'

Sometimes used in classics also with the names of neuter objects when personified.

^^tScoco)89 8etcsf4S, Indefinite nnmeral adjectives:^, fft, ^half'; ^cstta, 'manrious*; eyi, ' many/ ' much, 'most'; g,ahole/ 'complete'; go, 'any*; qo^6, 2S8c9, some'; CB)flDd, 'some'; cb, 'all'; ficfasc? *all/ 'whole'; tt)C53, * few/ * little'; floi, csi, 'aU.' (Fwfe 146.)

4. (3) NirdSsavdchaka visSshanaj Demonstrative adjective, is an adjective which point that which is spoken of.

amples.

^cfttD KsTa-tfo, Definite article :^, ' the.' (Vide 140.) 4|p, 'sixth' OC09, 'seventh';D, 'eighth'; cod, 'ninth'; ôa, 'tenth' ^4a^C9, 'eleventh'; Soco, 'twentieth'; ôC9irtieth'; e)^g)38o(a, ' fortieth'; CMaq&dCd, ' fiftieth'; a6co, ' sixtieth'; &c. The rest oese adjectives may be formed by suffixing 9tS>^ or the old form ÛO in the case of Elurdinals, and to in the case of those naturalized from Sanskrit, to the bases of cardinalmerals. These adjectives naturalized from Sanskrit are used only in books.

5. Sinhalese adjectives are not inflected. They are presumed to have the gender, numbed case of the nouns which they qualify. Instances of inflected adjectives are sometimesth in classical works. But cardinal numerals, used as nouns, are inflected to denote caside^ 133.)


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mparison of Adjectives.

6. Sinhalese adjectives do not undergo any change in denoting comparison.

e comparative degree is expressed by using e)S)3,* '* more,* before the simple form ofjective. If the noun or pronoun, standing for the person or thing with which themparison is made, is expressed, it is put in the genitive case with the termination c>. Eo &S)3 zssgco, * it is blacker' (it more is-black); ^ c^esQ c)S>) MfM^S, ^ this is bean that' (this-one of-that-one more is-good); d^) Sc) g>S}3 @k03kS)3C3ieS, ^he

her than I' (he of-me more is-rich); ^S)c3 QtsS^ xSS>iS^ 3 iC09


132/590

perlative idea may always be expressed by the comparative, as in English.

The above three sentences without the particle S) would mean (1) 'you are the bad one them*; (2) *I plucked the large mangoes (not the small) that were in the tree'; (3) ' Is tur grown-np son'? (where though no comparison is made the eldest is implied.)

NHALESE GBAMMAB.

127

7. Adjectives naturalised from Sanskrit are sometimes intensified by snffixing ts^d (=ore')and oS) or sta (= ' very,' * most'). The forms with o are however

rely used.

amples.

o,'dear' 030, * sinful' tte


133/590

qO3C&, @33^(S3e3.

qODQOO, 05(g3O.

qeocfS, qQ&tA.

qoo^Sca.ir

, Srfci.

SSdo.

An npasarga (prefix).

he nominative forms of the numerals are given as more commonly used than their basrms(i(2e 133 for their bases).

In classics 6) also stands for ' two' in such words as 6)d,' 12'; S)4fld/32'; S)


134/590

, ea^&co.

, Scsy, &&.

firfa).

, CDOigQE), C3G)g.*

CDOgrfdis, Ac.

, 04ftCD, 04ft.

o^^d^.

, CDiS, nc).

QDiOdO, &c.

, QOiCCfO)^, OiCfO^.

,


135/590

0.

In classics sometimes contracted into toaga, c^j ^,

ometimes contracted into doo, and dal8a into d8o or ^Qm^ as in


136/590

Utje m.

3 4 5 6

8 9 10 11 12

14 15 16

^ (mn oaJ(3^ (S S

18 19 20 30

50 60 70 80 90

GU^r, GK^ C^

M) 200 800 400

0 600 POO^

0 900 1000

O^îKQ^ M8' (modern qqp9); cdêsago, U5' (modem e^G^QeSocQ); fiSesiS, '64'odern OHdaocx^); 9^(Z cfêa^Q, < 228' (modem #


137/590

= ocQ@^@i9^cs^ ooGX^OoGeS (lit. 'from fifteen four

rts'). II = S8o#as* Ooc5 Q0OQD3d' (lit. ^from twenty-five

ven and half parts').

Yowel-conaonants are even now employed in lien of figares to indicate the number ofves in 6I books.

sy3(3 (lit. ^ from eleven five parts and quarter *)

and ^ftca are also used in books for ''half.'' In classics, eoo (modern Sinhalese e '100,000'; ictts^f9eoT csntstts^ieSXB.

mmpUs.' tf^, 'eighty'; ^^, 'ninety'; ^Q (vicfo p. 145),

SB/twenty.* Nom., Acc.,&Yoc. ... Btia.


138/590

z. & Abl. QeS&to^.

t. ... ... SdfooS.

c. & Qen. ... QtSe


139/590

) + ^csf = oSDooof, * a rope.'

di + dof = O) di^Qe^, * a duck.'

to +


140/590

7. The word MSâ^* is sometimes used in lien of d^, for the sake of respect, as liqgesie^&ai^ ' a Mudaliydr'; ^c ^ss^^^s^, 'a chief; cp33cakaf, 'a wet-nurse'; ddtS^^, 'a king.' In classical works it is sometimes found suffixed also to names of infimals and objects, as o^ êsê^ât, â worm'; S>q ê^&ssi, â dog'; O m#tS3^,

w.' In books 3ggj Q09gstfi :)crf, Ac.

s important to notice here a loose practice which has crept in, viz.: that with some nourrowed from foreign languages, especially English, d^ is used as a definite article, andsâi as its corresponding indefinite article, as 9êsiiQ deo, Hhe coat'; ^ss3Q d^s^sf, ât'; &xsioQd d2S), Hhe collar'; eêsi^Qd dfiDot, â collar'; (SitCiiQ d.^, ^ the gazette.' e same manner the word oO,| ^ place,' is used, as in is^êQ rfkSi5t oq, *the

Gf. dateiooktoaf, 'one person/ 'one'; i&Q (or a) Gkoe^coaf, * any person.' t A veryspectful word. It may also mean 'went.' X With Sinhalese words oc is nsed in the sense ace,' as DiÔQ, 'the working place'; i98 (or CDsS) eCi *^^ cultivated place; 'field

S>C3C) 'work' (jShjSkêsI, sometimes i)iS)al ooof, 'a work'); AôC) 'property' (


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8. When Asi or qs^ is suffixed to a noun, the case-endings are affixed to the article^ whe base of the nonn stands unchanged throughout, as will be seen from the followingamples:

eô^,' a man.' 4Qe^c^ or SsSS^tae^.

)

O^rf, * an eye.'

92S) or ^ztQsiS.

9. Such redundant expressions as the following are countenanced by usage: d^ 3&gê man'; Aesi coesfif,' a one tree.' In these expressions S e^ssât^ * two fruits.'

Ses^sf, which is sometimes used for C9, ^save/ ^ except/


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RONOUN. Sarvandma. 143. o8{i,'pronoun' (lit. 'name for all'), is a word nsed in placun, as 9,'I'; q or ^S>, 'you'; a or kof,' he.'

Compare the old English expreasioiiB '* twelvemonth, " this seyen year/' " a fortnight, "opence/' of which the last two are stiUnsed.

amjieatian qfPrcnanna.

4. (1) Personal Franauns, 4&cq taB&sS or Q^psyQsss 90^09. They comprise

onoans of the let and 2Qd persons, viz.:

Iflt person,, ' I '; ^8, 3, 'they' (Z. 'hsec'). {Vide Possessive pronouns, foot-note to 9 & 147.)

Interrogative Pronouns, gcsMSoQiCa C38i :

zaq,t ffl5^-8sfq> iSaStfcfq, 'who' (wn^.); d'lq, o


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ote. (1) Obsenre that ^ in the above pronoans is merely an interrogatiye particle and otached from tiiem in composition and suffixed to some other word, generally the last, ie sentence. It does not undergo any change either in form or position when the pronoue inflected, (yidt infra decls. 18 to 27.)

The pronoans M)0K5sf^, ne)dest^, ase)ds^, 4Qafe, cS#df^ S^, ae)desfq,s)k5^, ^S, 9kSM@e)dq, are not used colloquially.

The pronouns Sbfi}3e, M>329q, e>30ao8sf^, }Smm3}^, and WMSfjq;^, a

ually applied to animals and sometimes (in contempt) to inferiors, as in a AebOd^:fc**^) 'What (animal) is this P A wild boar' (lit. rf, 9^32S>^,'any'n.; 32sx^&af,9^992ae>Q:f,fifzsM>of,

Or fir^.

ome' (-thing), 'any * (-thing) . (SbS3af, pl.)p tacsidsiy 'some' (pL) n.i 6es^, 'one&aêsty 'another' n. (definite fonn qîtsi); eShes^^ 'whatever'; e^9Gtf Sq^, &tsiesi,hat/ 'whatever';; Ac. ( Vide infra decls. 19, 20, 22, 23, 28, & 29.)

oTB.(1) The pronouns ge)esf and S)af are not need ooUo-quiaUy. In classics dassometimes feminine. Notice thatodMôf cannot always be substituted for 2Sfi#Ssf or

ce vend: , g., 99> iS8S)af )9gA9, 'I do not know (or recognize) any one.' So witii resptheir neuter forms, as e)) n&QQes^ C0s^^9, 'I do not know anything.'

The particle Qaf^ * even/ affixed to some of the above pronouns tends to intensify thdefiniteness. So too the particle 0âi (or Ôf) is used with Mb04(DSf, M>9Saf ( a)


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(5, s,'yours' {sing.); Ci^C^^^y eS)O30Ef,

ours' (pL); SQScrf,' yours' {sing, fpl.) ;

i^^f Sge^csf, dcsoe^csf, ^d'cooe^csf, SDc93


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bserve the force of pronouns when strengthened by suffixing the emphasising particle , 'I myself'; qp6| 'we ourselves'; *^, 'you yourself; S)gc), 'to himself.'

Of. the force of the emphasiHing particle to9 in 9^9 8) ^Scb 00)8, 'She certainly said so'; tdy^ ts&Q, ' It M nntme/ t. ., * it is antme / knowJ

)3)a9 (or OM^Sod) CDiî) (lit. < taldng one's own life' mmitting soioide).

) Adjective Pronouns^ 8@k3#4S odÔd :

st#e5)3, tsiêh, C3i3), coii), q^, eitSd or j #d5, flcog, ' all/ w. /. ^ .; eaE5c3^rf, 8-8S>st, ^, kittle'; SbQDJc3^rf, Qrf, * much/ * many/ . / f n.;csc&fflf, * several' n.; ^Sjg^qdj, * much/ ^ many/ w. /. ^ w.; &o. (Firf iw/ra decls.32.)

ote. The pronouns ie^), i), OiS), and îS) are not used coUoquially. esH9S>i9,

9S>S9, oiS)9iq>, ooz)9i^ or tDtCOiofMol, 'the persons that came'), 'those that came/ 'comers*;

setfool (- esgg 9(oS>^y ' the persons that remained'), ' those that remained,'' the rest

0100 Cutt}*

ocs^ êach word.' 'Iq the presence of one another' and în the presence of each other' nerally rendered by the common phrase d^Se^ô 9^S6S>^. ' Give each a fruit' may bendered by AtsîQ (or i^siês^ts^) iC2oSc9^ SkS^ ^t> (lit. ^to*one at-the-rate-of-it give'), where by the use of Sic&sf, ^ at the rate of,' dctoO (or dîies5t03c)) has the

rce of ^ each.' ( Vide Idioms.)


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e Pronominal Adjective * every' may be rendered by the adjective ScsQ or cs^S), âll/ we emphasizing particle affixed to the noun which it qualifies: e.g. ^ Every man has a do it' = Hesi ^SS)c> Scsg S^gÔ* g4@S)fif S@S> (lit. 'it for-doing to-all -men a-rere-is). Snch expressions to (1) ^ Every man that went,' (2) ' Every thing I saw,' may bendered either by (1) S S 4y or 3 sg 4^. {Vide 123 b.)

Either' and ^neither' are usnally expressed by e^qS^ dcs^, * one of two,' and q^ra^rfBcf ^, * not even one of two,' respectively. Êither' may be better rendered byaSd'iSaf or oCtfiOoS (lit. *any whoever' m. f/')r e^fza&fif, ^ssiiss^tsf, e^ssîaxoS, orzsyiSAesiCQS (lit. ^ any whatever' n.)i 'neither' by the same expressions with a negativrticle attached to the predicate. The sentences (1) ' Give him either of these two,' (2) * Iuld do neither,' (3) * Either of them is (i. ^., both are) wrong, (4) * Neither of you were

ere,' may be respectively translated thus (1) tq^S^ Sidy (3) r z3rfaesr itf^S, (4) (5033C3.

oc. ... C)3 e^S)(5eS ... e^3C3 9ês)K5S.]

ote. The forms okdI, eiO>9#cDfi:}, MmO, ê^Jtsf, 9^ #8sd(9, may be nsed both forales and females, in books generally for the former, 49 being confined to females. Acol


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flections beginning with me or 9m are now commonly used. (Vide next Ded.)

An archaic form.

88

mmon Gender. (4) c, *you.'

ngular. Plural,

x. & Abl. c^ or c^:f... (5ODcs)f. Dat. ... (5Q ... c(33.

n. ... c or cQ and its inflections are used both in the 2nd and 3rd persons, singular and plu)eD^ and ^^e^ are not much used.

ak8f,' your honour.'

ngular. Plwrai.

x. & Abl. ^giej^cs>(5:f ... es)gveJ(33KS3f. Dat. ... Oirfa ... o)grfojQ.

n. ... S3g^^#(sf ... zs)^e


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e. & Ins.

x. & Abl.

t.

n.

oc.

ird Person.

a^cuUne Gender.

% *> * he' (= Lot. Singular.

).

wrdl. ... SDq, SDSg, or dSg.*

C^Oa- dcSoQ).

SDge* or dgf.*

Q^ or c*^0^'

dcS3Q3.

DgtrfiS'Co^ or (j-crf axri* or

g^ or dg^Q.

^* or c*H53-


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0003(55.

gr(Ef or 6g


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e. & Idb.

x. & Abl.

t.

n.

ural,

oc.

5'^3 or qdisi.

d\Qi&Gsyci or

fca3(5o. qdi(yiQ or

5^(33csr or cfdi^msf.

0^(5S.]

ote. Observe that ^dt is contracted from ^6 + c^ and is less respectful in modem usagan the form ^^009. (Vide 149.)

) asM,'W{=Lat.'is'). {Vide Aay^Becl. 6.) SingtOar. Plund.

m ... f-ss>3 ... ifO0Q3.*

o. & Ins.... iJes^ ... iJesy^i or Se^cS.

x.&Abl.... raj,(DJ j ^^"^^^^^^^

t. ... ifzas ... ifssnQsQ or ^ts^^OQ.

mpe9.^


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wfe supra Decl. 5.)

The nominatiyes plural of ^sany (D>9, and e^Do^ are sometimes eoUoqniaUy expresf$, Stsf^Q, and A^esftiQ, respectiyely.

^ (or >) + eicD =


152/590

t. ... tftdtQottfdiQ... (ftdtiQiQ ot &rf,or

t ... dcsQ, erf Qoc. & gen. sing.) is often used colloquially. Observe its adverbiarce in the sentence ^^S) dierf (fioftj^, * did jrou so there ' (to-that-place)? The formsecf and ^^ are also used in the masculme and feminine genders. These remarks equallply to the Loc, Gen., and Abl. forms of ^d, 8Dgo, and 9i. {Vide

5) ftf or ^tf, 'iV{^ IM' illud'). ( Vide No. 7.) Angular, Plural.

m. & Ago. ... q


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Dc3 or 2S3 g)3.

&5f or &^SUsS ... e)>a^ or SS^st. S)a3ores)a ... S&aS. SD^ or k2st ... SSaOc^de note to decl. 14.)

m. & Ace. Anx. & Abl. Dat. Log. & Gen.

7) e** or e9sa, ' it' (= Za^ hoc'). (Tirf^No. 10.) Singular, Plural,

om. & Acc. ... kc8 or ^2S) ... e^Seb. The rest are like those of Declension 14. (FtV^te to Decl. 14.)

asculine and Feminine, (18) ae^sd^.

c. & Ins. ... aslQeidsdci or i6s99^&ds^9^ci.


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t ... i6se)9^2^q.

n. ... esS>e^ds^(Sfq.

oc. ... i6S^


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ed. (Vide DwUb. 25 & 31.)

uter Gender.

2) eSjfli^,'what?' Singular. Plural,

m.&Aco. ... k3iSoq ... t3^3S3q or ^sf^caaq.

,.&Abl....^3^,{ I^^V

t. ... Sb-83q ... Sb^ShQq or fitiOaQq.

g. k Gen. ... ^^q^ ... i3^3e)3^q or sizss^


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ngular. Ptural.

m.&Acc.... MS^ts^q ... m^s^iOiq.

x.&Abl. ... 9^9atf&stq ... G^S):fS)3a^ tss&did&iGSiSf*

t. 330 JBQBdt^Q.

n, i6S>3kQSf zs^E^disSs^,

oo. ... S)3 Gi6S)^


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ote. In dedension the endings at and S)^ are treated like ^ in interrogative pronouns. the case of esi^6iai, the vowel ^ is inserted between the final ^ of the inflection and AtD3Mdq^, Uif>di^4st, a^B6itsSmn^4st.

aseuliney Feminine^ and Neuter. (30) Sssfeiai3/all/ Nom.^ Ace, & Ins.... SDs:f'

t. ... eQi0 (or i>

i and Ot, as tei9^>; 9yt9S>imsitaS> or OiGoks)^) i0^(or S>)di8iM)iO) or QDie)c));


158/590

s^^Qcrf.

cad'c^9 or

c3^cgf^cr or

csÔg^ or

t.

n.

oc.

at. ...Sc3(^(5Q. or

ote. OSâ^^, 2S, etShêoaS) do not properly admit of inflections and ate generally the nominative and accusative only.

oTBdThe singular inflections are also used for the plural and vice versd. Plural of *^) ^0O3, es)^^.


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ote. q3 and qS) are sometimes applied in classics to persons of rank.

For superiors and people of rank (terms of the

ghest respec

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