A COOPERATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION PROJECT AT THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE KAWAIHAE 2, SOUTH KOHALA ISLAND OF HAW AIT by MARA DURST, B.A. University of Hawaii, Research Corporation/ National Park Service Pacific Island Cluster- National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Publication^ in Anthropology 1 2001 with contributions by Jake Barrow, NPS Senior Exhibit Specialist and Kecia Fong, M.S.
Transcript
A COOPERATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION PROJECT AT
THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD
PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE KAWAIHAE 2, SOUTH KOHALA
ISLAND OF HAW AIT
by MARA DURST, B.A.
University of Hawaii, Research Corporation/ National Park Service
Pacific Island Cluster-National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior
Publication^ in Anthropology 1 2001
with contributions by
Jake Barrow, NPS Senior Exhibit Specialist
and Kecia Fong, M.S.
A COOPERATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION PROJECT AT
THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD
PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE KAWAIHAE 2, SOUTH KOHALA
ISLAND OF HAWAPI
by MARA DURST, B.A.
University of Hawaii, Research Corporation/ National Park Service
with contributions by
Jake Barrow, NPS Senior Exhibit Specialist
and Kecia Fong, M.S.
Pacific Island Cluster National Park Service September, 2001
Publications in Anthropology 1
PREFACE
The National Park Service (NPS) staff and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo conducted the Summer 1999 archaeological field school at the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion at Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. The archaeological research design was aimed at expanding our understanding of the locations, nature, and integrity of archaeological deposits within the upper portion of the Homestead. By establishing this context, the relationship of material assemblages can be placed within a broader cultural context. The controlled subsurface excavations dispersed throughout the site coupled with the information from previous limited archaeological excavations conducted at the John Young Homestead have enabled evaluation of three more of the eight principle structures at the site for site interpretation and development of a preservation plan.
The primary emphasis of this project was to obtain data for interpretive value concerning Western-style Structure 1 (the house of John Young) and simultaneously develop an informed architectural fabric conservation plan with efforts by the architectural conservation team. Staff from the NPS Architectural Conservation Projects Program, Intermountain Region, Santa Fe, New Mexico conducted the 1999 field conservation project at the John Young Homestead also with the cooperation of the University of Hawaii's field school. Areas within the site selected for archaeological priorities were balanced against the conservation objective resulting in a system of conserving the stone masonry (remnant standing walls of stone and mortar) and plasters (wall surface plasters) of the structures on site. The first phase of the conservation effort has included the development of several material conservation proposals based upon pilot tested field conservation methods. The evaluation of the pilot conservation methods based upon material priorities and long-term objectives will be implemented during the next phase of the conservation effort.
This three-party project represents the ongoing research efforts ultimately necessary to fulfill the Establishing Act of 1972, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. This Act, in part, mandates the preservation and interpretation for the public of the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion, State Site 50-10-05-2296.*
' State Site 50-10-05-2296 (the prefix "50" denotes the state of Hawaii; "10" represents the Island of Hawai'i; "05" signifies the USGS 7.5' Topographic Quad map in which the site is located, in this case Kawaihae ; and "2296" represents the unique, incremental site number assigned by the State of Hawai'i, Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP)).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author of this report would like to acknowledge those individuals who have contributed to this overall effort, as their assistance was vital and without it, it would have made this undertaking impossible. We are all much obliged to the project co-directors, Laura Carter Schuster, M.A. of the National Park Service and Dr. Peter Mills of the University of Hawaii at Hilo, for realizing the critical needs at the John Young Homestead site and moving this project forward.
A big thanks to the 1999 UH Hilo Archaeological Field School crew who through the heat and dust of a Kawaihae summer were able to maintain their sense of humor and enthusiasm. All shall be named as they deserve credit for their efforts; Keola Awong, Pichya Boonpinion, Morgan Frazier, Adam Johnson, Sheila LaBelle, Celeste LeSuer, Bambi Nakamura, Nathan Oshiro, Connie Ritchey, Richard Rudolph, Frankie Stapleton, and Oat Wajvisoot.
Jake Barrow and Kecia Fong, the conservation team from the NPS Intermountain Regional Office in Santa Fe, took the lead in the architectural field conservation project. Field school participation in this effort was the first of such here in Hawaii and proved to be a successful endeavor under the guidance of Mr. Barrow and Ms. Fong.
The staff at Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site were invaluable as they allowed the field crew the ease of participation via the staff's ready cooperation and support. A note of thanks goes out to the clerical staff at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park for their administrative assistance in managing the funding for this project.
The post-field season tasks were equally as important. Several individuals provided technical support. Laura Carter Schuster assisted with the historical artifact analyses. Location maps were finalized by Sandy Margriter, HAVO GIS Specialist. The profile graphics were created by Dr. Peter Mills and finalized by Mara Durst. Thanks to Dr. Bonnie Yates, Senior Forensics Specialist for the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory, who graciously offered her services in performing the animal hair taxa identification.
Laura Schuster, Dr. Jadelyn M. Nakamura and Catherine Lentz, members of the Cultural Resource Management staff at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, provided valuable comments on the final draft of this report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF PLATES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH DESIGN 4
Chapter 3. CULTURAL BACKGROUND 10 PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW 10 KAPU 12 CONTACT/EARLY HISTORICAL PERIOD CA. 1778-1820 12 JOHN YOUNG 13 KAMEHAMEHAI 14 EARLY VISITORS TO KAWAIHAE 16 MISSIONARIES 16 THE MAHELE 17
Chapter 4. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH 20
Chapter 5. SITE HISTORY OF THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD 27
Chapter 8. SITE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 107 SITE DISCUSSION 107 CONCLUSIONS 116
IV
APPENDIX A: HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF THE LIFE OF JOHN YOUNG, ADVISOR TO KAMEHAMEHA I by Mara Durst, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii/National Park Service.
APPENDIX B: CHARCOAL TAXA IDENTIFICATION IN SAMPLES FROM THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, PU'UKOHOLA HEIAU NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, HAWAIT by Gail Murakami, International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.
APPENDIX C: THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD 1999 FIELD CONSERVATION PROJECT by Jake Barrow and Kecia Fong, National Park Service.
APPENDIX D: POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLE FROM JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD BY DR. JEROME WARD, PACIFIC PALYNOLOGY.
APPENDIX E: REPORT OF RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSES BY BETA-ANALYTIC, INC.
APPENDIX F: ARTIFACT CATALOG
APPENDIX G: NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS CATALOG
GLOSSARY OF HAWAIIAN TERMS REFERENCES CITED
REPORT CERTIFICATION
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. John Young 13 Plate 2. Keoni Ana and Emma Rooke, circa 1850 28 Plate 3. Base of excavation of unit 7N49W, Feature 3 40 Plate 4. Annular ware plate sherd recovered within unit 30N21W, Sublevel II/c 42 Plate 5. The interior of the north wall and the collapsed west wall of the John
Young Home, Structure 1 (1964 by Lloyd Soehren) 48 Plate 6. The exterior of the John Young home, Structure 1, 1997 48 Plate 7. Structure 3 in the foreground and Structure 1 in the background, 1999 49 Plate 8. The interior of the John Young Home, Structure 1, northeast corner, 1997 49 Plate 9. The 'ili'ili paving encountered in Level II, excavation unit 30N21W,
Structure 1 51 Plate 10. Excavation of Component Al complete, Component A2 and
Component B in progress, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 54 Plate 11. Base of excavations of unit 30N21W, Structure 1 55 Plate 12. Gunflint recovered at the base of Sublevel H/b, unit 30N21W,
Structure 1 56 Plate 13. Ferrous nail recovered within unit 30N21W, Sublevel I/a 58 Plate 14. Iron and lead wall hook, recovered from unit 30N21W Sublevel I/a 60 Plate 15. Monochrome glass bead recovered within unit 30N21W, Sublevel Il/a 61 Plate 16. Light microscopy image of Canis sp. hair specimen 66 Plate 17. Wilson photograph of the "Ruins of the John Young's House" ca. 1920 70 Plate 18. Exposed northeast wall of Structure 3 and 'ili'ili paving, unit 14N19W 73 Plate 19. Polychrome glass bead fragment recovered within unit 30N21W,
Sublevel H/a 76 Plate 20. Porcelain bowl sherd recovered within unit 14N19W, Sublevel Fa 76 Plate 21. Light microscopy image of Sus scrofa hair specimen 77 Plate 22. Plaster fragment recovered within unit 14N19W, Sublevel Fa 89 Plate 23. Plaster fragment recovered within unit 30N21W, Sublevel IFa 90
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Park, Island of Hawai'i 2 Figure 2. Pu'ukohola Heiau NHP: Land ownership and location of the Upper Portion of
the John Young Homestead 3 Figure 3. Extent of the Polynesian Triangle 11 Figure 4. Overview of location of previous archaeological work in the vicinity of PUHE 21 Figure 5. Apple's map depicting "Land Awards ca. 1850" in and surrounding the John Young
Homestead 29 Figure 6. Kelly's "Drawing of LCAs 4522 and 4523 to Kaoana'eha and Puna
[Native Register, Vol. 8:6]." 30 Figure 7. Site map of the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion,
State Site 50-10-05-2296 34 Figure 8. Location of excavation units for the 1999 project, John Young Homestead 35 Figure 9. Profile of the north wall, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 38 Figure 10. Profile of the west wall, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 38 Figure 11. Profile of the west face of northeast quadrant, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 39 Figure 12. Profile of the north wall, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 52 Figure 13. Profile of the south wall, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 52 Figure 14. Planview of the base of Sublevel H/b, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 53 Figure 15. Extrapolated interior wall of Structure 1 69 Figure 16. Profile of the east wall of units 13N19Wand 14N19W, Structure 3 74
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Principal structural features of the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion 32 Table 2. Summary of sediment stratigraphy, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 37 Table 3. Summary of non-artifactul remains, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 44 Table 4. Summary of bone fragment remains, unit 7N49W, Feature 3 45 Table 5. Summary of sediment stratigraphy, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 50 Table 6. Summary of non-artifactul remains, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 63 Table 7. Summary of bone fragment remains, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 65 Table 8. Summary of sediment stratigraphy, unit 14N19W, Structure 3 72 Table 9. Summary of sediment stratigraphy, unit 13N19W, Structure 3 74 Table 10. Summary of non-artifactul remains, unit 13N19W, Structure 3 79 Table 11. Summary of bone fragment remains, unit 13N19W, Structure 3 80 Table 12. Summary of non-artifactul remains, unit 14N19W, Structure 3 81 Table 13. Summary of bone fragment remains, unit 14N19W, Structure 3 82 Table 14. Summary of artifacts recovered form the 1999 excavation project 84 Table 15. Summary of coral lime plaster recovered from the 1999 excavation project 89 Table 16. Summary of marine shell remains from the 1999 excavation project 94 Table 17. Summary of identified Gastropoda from the 1999 excavation project 95 Table 18. Summary of identified Pelecypoda from the 1999 excavation project 96 Table 19. Summary of bone material recovered from the 1999 excavation project 99 Table 20. Summary of identified fish remains from the 1999 excavation project 100 Table 21. Summary of pollen types, Level III, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 102 Table 22. Summary of Pteridophyte spore types, Level III, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 102 Table 23. Summary of bulk matrix sample pH reaction from the 1999 excavation project 105
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of the archaeological excavations and historical studies conducted for the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Island of Hawai'i. A cooperative effort between the National Park Service and the University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Department of Anthropology Archaeological Field School enabled the 1999 archaeological field season while the National Park Service, Cultural Resource Preservation Program, provided the necessary funding for the project. The field project was conducted under the co-directorship of Laura Carter Schuster, M.A., Cultural Resource Management Branch Chief at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO), and Peter Mills, Ph.D., Professor of Anthropology at the University of Hawai'i at Hilo. Project participants in the field included Dr. Mills and twelve University of Hawaii at Hilo field school students who were in attendance at the site from June 14, 1999 until July 9, 1999; and HAVO Cultural Resource Management staff.
Previous archaeological studies at the site were limited in scope (Rosendahl and Carter 1988, Schuster 1992) yet provided important information regarding site processes. The objective for the 1999 archaeological excavation project at the Homestead was to uncover data from at least three of the eight principle features at the Homestead to assist in rendering a developmental plan for interpretation as well as preservation and access to this important historical site.
Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE) is situated along the leeward coast of the Island of Hawai'i (see Figure 1) in the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 2 (also known as Kawaihae Hikina or Kawaihae East), South Kohala district. The seaward portion of Kawaihae 2, including John Young's house site (established circa 1798) is incorporated within the boundaries of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site. The Establishing Act to provide for Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site was passed by Congress in August of 1972. Thus, defining a park unit containing contemporaneous structures, Pu'ukohola Heiau and the John Young Homestead together represent diverse cultural traditions expressed on the Hawaiian landscape of the 1790s by their unique architecture and material remains (Mills, etal. 1999).
The John Young Homestead (Upper Portion), State Site 50-10-05-2296, is one of the few examples and perhaps the earliest example of the transitional period between traditional Hawaiian architecture and the Western influence of architectural design and construction. The John Young Homestead as a whole contains several structures dispersed between the "Lower Portion" (west/makai of Akoni Pule Highway (Highway 270)) now owned by the State of Hawai'i, and the "Upper Portion" (east/mauka of Akoni Pule Highway (Highway 270)) owned by the National Park Service (see Figure 2). The "Lower Portion" of the Homestead is likely buried under fill now a part of Kawaihae Harbor complex (Apple 1978:27). The majority of known structures at the Homestead are concentrated in the "Upper Portion" of the site on a small knoll, bounded by two dry gulches: Makahuna Gulch to the north and Makeahua Gulch to the south. It is in the "Upper Portion" of the Homestead where the current archaeological efforts were concentrated, and henceforth will be referred to as the "upper portion."
As with the previous archaeological excavation conducted in 1978 (Rosendahl and Carter 1988), the reality of site logistics and conditions, and unit recovery greatly reduced the extent of the excavation plan as proposed in the Project Research Design (Mills, et al. 1999). Excavations were limited to Structure 1, Structure 3, and Feature 3 at the John Young Homestead site during the 1999 field season. The results of which yielded hitherto unknown architectural data as well as data regarding artifact and midden dispersal at the site.
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Figure 1. The location of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae 2, South Kohala, Island of Hawai'i. Information derived from USGS Digital Line Graphs.
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Figure 2. Current land ownership and the location of the Upper Portion of the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site.
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Objectives and Research Design
The 1999 archaeological excavations at the John Young Homestead as well as the 1997 assessment and documentation effort (Colby and Barrow 1997) and the 1978 archaeological excavations (Rosendahl and Carter 1988) represent a response to the ongoing need for a preservation and interpretation plan for the site. The 1999 archaeological excavations focused on recovery of data for the archaeological record to promote understanding of site processes and site history.
Research Questions
Previous archaeological investigations and historical surveys were allowed limited insight into early activities at the John Young Homestead, Upper portion. Specific inquiries directed to answer interpretive questions were developed and hence, guided the 1999 archaeological research design at the Homestead (Mills, et al. 1999). The following research questions were posed and are addressed in Chapter 8 under the heading of Site Discussion.
1. Can we identify a longer sequence and earlier occupation of the Homestead than historical documentation and the limited previous archaeological investigations suggest?
2. What can we learn of John Young's family and their connection to the Homestead? In addition, what association did the surviving children of Isaac Davis, who were adopted by John Young after Davis' early demise in 1810, have to the Homestead?
3. What if any new information can be gleaned from controlled archaeological excavations to contribute to our understanding of the architectural form and details of the various structures at the Homestead?
4. Can criteria be devised to differentiate between the established "Hawaiian-style" and "Western-style" form and material construction at the Homestead, and a "Transitional-style" of construction which incorporates elements from both established styles?
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Chapter 2
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Project Location The Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE) including the John Young Homestead is located within the South Kohala coastal zone of the leeward side of the Island of Hawai'i. PUHE is depicted on the Kawaihae, Hawai'i, Hawai'i County, Island of Hawai'i, South Kohala District 7.5 minute series USGS Topographic Quadrangle (1995) as situated between 20° 01'35" and 20° 02'09" North Latitude and 155 °49' 12 and 155 °49'47 West Longitude.
Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site is situated upon the lower western slopes of the Mauna Kea volcano, contiguous and south of the Kawaihae Harbor complex, the major deep-water port on the west side of the Island of Hawai'i. The harbor has served as one of only two naturally deep harbors off the coastline of the Island of Hawai'i. The State of Hawai'i owns the onshore property for the harbor as well as property within northern section of the proposed park boundary (this parcel is owned by the State yet managed by the NPS). The park borders the Queen's Medical Center, Queen Emma Foundation land to the east, and other State of Hawai'i property, Spencer Beach Park, to the south (see Figure 2).
Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site in its entirety encompasses 86 acres. The majority of the park lies to the west or makai of Akoni Pule Highway (State Highway 270). The upper portion of the John Young Homestead lies to the east or mauka of Highway 270 and as such, is physically separated from the rest of the park in regards to pedestrian trail access or safe vehicular access.
Geology Shield basaltic volcanoes form the islands in the Hawaiian Chain. The Island of Hawai'i is comprised of five such volcanoes: Mauna Loa (13,679 ft.), Mauna Kea (13,796 ft.), Kohala (5,505 ft.), Kllauea (4,078 ft.), and Hualalai (8,271 ft.) (National Geographic Society, Map of Hawaii, September 1995).
The John Young Homestead is situated on the westerly slopes of Mauna Kea at close proximity to the interface of the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea. The Kohala volcano became extinct in the Middle Pleistocene and it was by the late Pliocene that the windward side of the volcano had deeply eroded. The last eruption of Mauna Kea occurred ca. 4,500 years ago, though the surface flows within the boundaries of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site belong to the much older Hamakua Volcanics series of Mauna Kea dating to 0.27 million years before the present and older (Petersen and Moore 1987:156-157).
Soils An advanced copy of the most recent map unit descriptions (MUDs) of the Island of Hawai'i from the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (USDA, SCS) identify three soil series which cover the area within the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae. The Waikui and Hapuna soils are a complex (two or more soils that are in such a complex spatial distribution pattern that they cannot be separately delineated at a scale of 1:24,000 (personal communication: Dr. Robert Gavenda, USDA, SCS)) on knolls of 'a'a lava. These two soils form a complex with the Lalamilo series as well. The following soil series descriptions were gleaned from an in-progress advanced copy of the USDA Soil Conservation Service Map Units.
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The Hapuna Series is classified as a medial-skeletal, isotic, isothermic Petrocalcic Duritorrand of which the parent material is volcanic ash over 'a'a lava of the Hamakua Volcanics. The top 13 cm typically consists of a brown to dark brown cobbly silt loam underlain by ca. 7 cm of brown gravelly loamy sand. A brown gravelly loamy sand ca. 28-cm thick and a gray, gravelly sand over 43 cm thick follows.
The Wiakui Series is typically of a dark brown gravelly silt loam followed by ca. 31 cm of a dark brown to dark yellowish brown very gravelly silt loam. This is underlain by ca. 83 cm of extremely gravelly silt loam yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown. This type of soil is well drained. The Wiakui Series occurs on the smooth backslopes of small knolls on hummocky constructional 'a'a. flows with slopes of 6 to 12 percent.
The Lalamilo Series is classified as a medial, isotonic isohyperthermic calcic Haplotorrand of which the parent material is volcanic ash in 'a'a lava of the Hamakua Volcanics. The top 46 cm of soil is a dark yellowish brown to strong brown silt loam. From 46- to 109-cm-deep the soil is a brownish yellow silt loam, then underlain by a yellowish brown gravelly silt loam. This type of soil is well drained and occurs in swales on hummocky constructional 'a 'a flows along slopes ranging from 2 to 6 percent.
Topography The topography for this region ranges from nearly level to gently sloping, and rolling coastal plains to moderately steep low mountain slopes (USDA, SCS 1994). Slopes range from l-to-15% and occur on south and west aspects. The drainage network of the Kohala Mountains to the north and east has dissected ancient lava flows establishing gulches and streambeds across the natural landscape.
The site known as the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion is situated on a knoll above the Makahuna Gulch to the north and the Makeahua Gulch to the south. According to Apple (1979:8), waters flowed through Makahuna gulch fairly consistently during John Young's time, thereby, giving the functional name of Kapili Kahawai-meaning " stream to which boundaries cling"-- to Makahuna gulch.
The site ranges in elevation between ca. 41 feet (12.5 m) and 58 feet (17.7 m) AMSL (above mean sea level) across an approximate area of 40 m by 50 m. The elevation rises gently so that the knoll contains a relatively flat surface upon which the eight principal features at the Homestead were constructed.
Climate Kawaihae and environs are situated within the rain-shadow of the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea. Thus, the project area is classified as a desert, aridic-xeric in nature (USDA, SCS 1994). The arid and semiarid low mountain slopes of this region experience an annual mean precipitation ranging from 5 to 10 inches (USDA, SCS 1994). The majority of the precipitation in this resource area falls between October and May, the wettest month generally being February. The mean annual air temperature at the project locale varies between 62 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit, mean annual soil temperature from 52 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (USDA, SCS 1994).
An influencing factor as to the climate of Kawaihae and environs is the fluctuating wind velocity. The area is vulnerable to high winds, especially when there is an area of high pressure to the north of the islands. The northeast trade winds dominate most of the year, shifting to a more easterly pattern in the saddle between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea. Here, the corridor between these two mountains acts as a funnel for winds causing even greater wind speeds. Denizens and visitors alike
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documented events indicating that wind variability was frequent in historical times. John Young's Log Book (1801-1809:14) files this report for 26 July 1809:
26 Tuesday this twenty 4 ours [twenty-four hours] blowing very Hard from the NE But perfectly Clear
William Ellis, missionary and explorer of the times, notes in 1823 that:
At four o'clock P.M. a light air sprung up from the southward, and carried us slowly towards Towaihae [Kawaihae], a district in the division of Kohala, about four miles long, containing a spacious bay, and good anchorage.... The north side of the bay affords much the best anchorage for shipping, especially for those that wish to lie near the shore. It is the best holding ground, and is also screened by the kuahive (high land) of Kohala from the sudden and violent gusts of wind called by the natives mumuku, which comes down between the mountains with almost irresistible fury, on the southern part of Towaihae [Kawaihae], and adjacent districts. [1969:95-96]
Even today, weather data recorded at Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site indicates that wind speeds up to 65 mph are not uncommon. The mumuku of Kawaihae still cause difficulties on land and at sea.
Flora The John Young Homestead, Upper Portion and the surrounding environment is considered open desert grassland. The majority of plant species across this landscape are species introduced to Hawai'i. Warm season perennial grasses dominate and are well dispersed throughout the plant community (USDA, SCS 1994). The vegetation covering Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site consists predominantly of alien species of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) scrub grassland and kiawe (Prosopis pallida) forest (Pratt and Abbott 1996:2). The major species of grass present at the John Young Homestead site today is buffelgrass, a drought resistant grass species. Buffelgrass was introduced as a cultivated plant in the 1930s (Wagner, et al. 1990:1512; St. John 1973). Pili grass (Heteropogon contortus) and hardstem lovegrass (Eragrostis atropioides) both native species are present within the overall desert grassland biota, as well as Australian bluegrass (Dichanthium sericeum), fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum), and pitted beardgrass (Bothriochloa pertusa) (USDA, SCS 1994). Coastal lands of Kawaihae were called "pili" lands during the early historic period in light of the predominance of these grasses across the Kohala Districts. This reference is stated in various boundary testimonies given by resident Hawaiians between 1865 and 1873 to distinguish such lands from kula (cultivated) lands (BCB: Vol. A, 6-10, 73, 80-81 and Vol. B, 129-130, 147, 276).
Perennial and annual forbs comprise only 5-10% of the total annual herbage production within this open desert grassland. Most common forbs include 'uhaloa also known as waltheria (Waltheria americana), Japanese tea (Cassia leschenaultiana), the native species of pa"'uoHi'iaka (Jacquemontia sandwicensis), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia megacantha), sisal (Agave sisalana), Australian saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata), golden crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides), and zinnia (Zinnia pauciflora) (USDA, SCS 1994).
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Few species of low and tall shrubs are represented. Most specific to the John Young Homestead site is kiawe {Prosopis pallida). The kiawe canopy covers approximately 10-25% of the overall naturalized plant community in the region. Kiawe thrives in semi-arid conditions along coastal regions, as it is able to use brackish groundwater from great depths (Wagner, et al. 1990:62). Kiawe was introduced to Hawaii in 1827 at the Catholic Mission in Honolulu, and eventually spread to other Hawaiian islands as the pods were used for cattle forage (Yzendoorn 1911:30; Neal 1965:413; Wagner, et al. 1990:693). Other species of shrubs identified across this desert grassland include koa haole (Leucaena glauca), kolii bush {Acacia farnesiana), lantana {Lantana camara), and native species 'ilima {Sida cordifolia) and 'a'ali'i (Dodonaea viscosa) (USDA, SCS 1994).
Early historical accounts indicate that coconut {cocos nucifera) grew at Kawaihae as well as hala (Pandanus sp.), milo {Thespesia populnea), kou (Cordia subcordata), and loulu (Pritchardia ajfinis) (Kotzebue 1821:295-296; Lyman 1846:June 13). Reportedly, palm (possibly coconut) and banana {Musa sp.) trees were cultivated at the Homestead during John Young's occupancy (Kotzebue 1821:295-296).
Natural Phenomenon Historically, there have been numerous destructive wildfires within the region, in part due to the aridic-xeric nature of the landscape. Grasses thrive during the short rainy season and become dry during the remainder of the year, thereby, exposing a fair amount of fuel across the landscape. In addition, the lack of livestock ranging has increased the fuel supply. "Some of the [plant] species now associated with the site developed in other parts of the world where natural fire is part of the ecosystem" (USDA, SCS 1994:5). Wildfires can promote the development of naturalized plant communities in which kiawe {Prosopis pallida) thrives. With the depletion of vegetation cover, the area is subject to wind erosion.
Fauna The region in which the project area is located is host to introduced and native birds. The Hawaiian hawk, the 'io {Buteo solitarius) and the Hawaiian owl, the pueo {Asio flammeus sandwichensis) are transitory through the area. The Northern cardinal {Cardinalis cardinalis), the Yellow-billed Cardinal {Paroaria capitata), the Japanese White-eye {Zosterops japonicus), the Gray Francolin {Francolinus pondicerianus), the Warbling Silverbill {Lonchura malabarica) and various species of doves (Columbidae) find suitable habitats in this region (Morin 1996).
Common Mynas {Acridotheres tristis) are the most frequent species in the park. The indigenous Black-crowned Night Heron or 'Auku'u {Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) and the short-eared Owl or Pueo {Asio flammeus sandwichensis) have been observed at PUHE (Morin 1996).
The presence of select mammals in Hawai'i began with the arrival of the Polynesian colonizers. Dog (Canidae) and pig (Suidae) were introduced taxa held sacred to traditional Hawaiian culture. It is thought that Rattus exulans was accidentally introduced by the Polynesians. Historically, small mammals including the small Indian mongoose {Herpestes auropunctatus), rats {Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus) and other rodents, and feral cats {Felis catus) were introduced post-contact (Tomich 1986). In 1793, Captain Vancouver introduced cattle {Bos taurus), from Mission San Carlos in California (on his second voyage to Hawai'i) as a gift to the ali'i nui, Kamehameha I. Vancouver asked for a 10-year kapu on this species to propagate a herd and establish a livestock population (Henke 1929:9). During this kapu and after it was lifted, wild herds of cattle roamed the island damaging residences, destroying agricultural crops, and heavily impacting the natural vegetation (Tomich 1986:140-150). In 1792, Vancouver noted that Chief Kaiana (on Ni'ihau) already possessed several goats, though it is believed that domestic goats {Capra hircus) were introduced to the
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Hawaiian Islands in 1778 (Tomich 1986:150-156). Vancouver delivered two ewes and a ram from California to Kealakekua for Kamehameha and requested a similar 10-year kapu to be placed on this species (Henke 1929:16). Subsequently, Capra hircus developed feral herds that negatively effected small communities on Hawai'i, as well. At Kawaihae Bay on June 24, 1803 John Young received the first mare with foal to Hawaii from Richard Cleveland, captain of the merchant-vessel the Lelia Byrd (Henke 1929:5). By 1854, the increase in the horse population too had become a problem not only across the countryside of Hawaii but in downtown Honolulu, as well (Henke 1929:5).
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Chapter 3
CULTURAL BACKGROUND
Prehistoric Overview The Hawaiian Islands are considered the most isolated island chain in the world. As such, these Islands are situated within the northern-most reaches of the Polynesian Triangle. New Zealand at the southwest and Easter Island at the southeast complete the extent of the vertices of the Triangle (see Figure 3). It is thought that peoples from western Melanesia or Southeast Asia, ancestors of the Polynesians, began their migration to colonize the Triangle as early as the middle of the second millennium BC (Dye 1988:5; Kirch 1985:54). Polynesian colonization of the Hawaiian Islands had occurred by at least the fourth or fifth century AD (Kirch 1985:87), likely the end of the migration period of human dispersal throughout the Triangle. Based on radiocarbon dating results from charcoal samples from seven of the Hawaiian Islands, some believe human presence in the Islands may have occurred as early as the first century AD (Hunt and Holsen 1991:158; Kirch 1985:68-88). The pattern of evidence from habitation as well as agricultural sites suggests that it was the Marquesans who were the first settlers in Hawai'i (Kirch 1985:58).
Adaptation to the environment regarding agricultural practices and settlement patterns was vital to the success of Polynesian colonization in Hawai'i. Certainly, critical resources such as water, natural vegetation, lithic sources, and marine resources, in addition to suitable habitats, were available. Yet, endemic Hawaiian vegetation was notable for its lack of edible plants. The newcomers were faced with environmental hazards of catastrophic weather and geologic conditions. The Polynesian colonizers were able to test an uncanny sense of the environment through traditional and adaptive fishing and agricultural techniques as well as supplementing the resource base found in Hawai'i with Polynesian introductions of various plant and animal species.
Early pre-contact history was thought to be a light-hearted or tranquil time in Hawai'i known as the La'ila'i (Beckwith 1940:276-277; Malo 1951:241). With the development of political and economic power and a rapidly increasing population, political conflicts arose. By ca. 1400 AD, populations began to expand inland increasing economic exploitation and subsistence diversity (Hommon 1976:230), ultimately resulting in a competition for land and resources which continued up until and beyond the period of Western contact (Kirch 1994:266). Hommon (1976:272) suggests that inland expansion was "the first and most important step in the development of the ahupua'a", establishing land divisions which contain natural resources and setting their boundaries. During this "developmental period", 'Umi-a-Liloa conquered all the district chiefs and unified the Island of Hawai'i. Two schools of thought exist as to when 'Umi reigned. Based on a thirty-year generation, 'Umi was in power by ca. 1400 AD (Kalakaua 1990, Kamakau 1992, Malo 1951, Fornander 1969) others suggest a twenty-year generation placing 'Umi ca. 1600 AD (Hommon 1976, Kirch 1985, Cordy 2000). Nonetheless, there was peace during 'Umi's reign on the Island of Hawai'i and between the Island of Hawai'i and Maui, which then allowed cultural development to flourish. With the decreased need to focus on warfare and defense, 'Umi was able to instill occupational specialization and division of labor amongst the people, a result of which was setting class distinctions (Handy 1931:282-286; Hommon 1976:231; Kamakau 1992:19). Though Hawaiian society thrived during 'Umi's reign, his successors failed to maintain political control of the island. Battles and strife between district chiefs of Hawai'i Island and neighbor islands continued almost unabated until the late 1700s.
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Figure 3. The limits of the Polynesian Triangle, where peoples are thought to have a common ancestry (Based on Kirch 1985: 23).
The rise of political power and population clearly had an effect on land tenure. The lands in the Hawaiian Islands were divided into major divisions or moku running from a point on the mountaintop extending out towards the ocean. The largest subdivision within the moku is the ahupua'a whose boundaries extended into the sea's outer reef, up to a mile offshore. Early Hawaiian land tenure was held by the chiefs, although the commoners were the residents and toilers of the land. In general, the ali'i nui selected the choice lands and divided the remaining lands amongst his warrior chiefs. The warrior chiefs further divided the lands amongst their followers, continuing down to the native tenant. Hence, territorial control was held by a "pyramidal class of chiefs" (Kirch 1985: 294). The district chiefs obtained further control through success in warfare, annexing lands and therefore increasing their resources base. Lesser chiefs controlled the ahupua 'a, where tribute and labor was paid to the chief by the increasing population of "tenant" commoners. All resources within the ahupua 'a were under the control of the chiefs including marine resources, which were an extension of the ahupua'a. The households within the ahupua 'a shared and exchanged coastal and upland food sources, goods, and services in general reciprocity.
Habitation patterns evolved along with the cultural change in Hawaiian society, from simple thatched shelters to multi-structural permanent habitation sites. Clark and Kirch (1983) and Handy and Pukui (1972) suggest that residential clusters could include several structures for various functions. Multiple platforms and terraces used as separate areas for sleeping and cooking, storage sheds for agricultural activities, canoe sheds, men's houses, and women's menstrual houses suggest an architectural "model" associated with domestic life. It is unlikely that the majority of clusters contain the complete array of functional structures, as permanent versus temporary habitation, and variability of status of the residents would be influencing factors.
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Repeated conquest, integration of annexed lands, and subsequent collapse of major political units continued particularly between leeward and windward districts of Hawaii Island (Kirch 1985, Hommon 1976). During this period of unrest, socio-political division was maintained by a common belief system chiefdoms shared—the kapu.
Kapu Extremely important to the structure of Hawaiian society was the kapu system. Kapu was applied as the framework of traditional Hawaiian cultural and consisted of socio-political and socio-religious prohibitions. Kapu was based on the principle of "complementary opposition" (Levin 1969). Through the interaction of the elements of darkness and light, P6 and Ao, all things were created. Levin (1969:412) suggests:
...that which constituted the sacred, positive aspect of nature was the male principle-the sky, light, life, day knowledge, and strength. That which was considered the unsacred, negative aspect of nature was the female principle-earth, darkness, night, ignorance, weakness and the left side.
The transformation from the Polynesian descent-group system to a state-like society during the classic period of Hawaiian society (post-1400 AD) brought about class distinction. Thus, the concept of sacred (kapu) and common (noa) or unsacred were distinguished and crosscut by birth, genealogical seniority, and gender (Davenport 1969, Levin 1969, Valeri 1985, Webb 1965). The distinction of aristocracy, commoners, and those in servitude (kauwa) considered "unclean" were determining factors in the control of the lands and the associated resources.
The expression of kapu in Hawai'i involved the practices of the segregation of the sexes during various activities, i.e. food preparation and consumption, religious activities and worship. Segregation of the sexes as determined by the kapu was a physical expression in the traditional household cluster-the preparation and consumption of food by males and females was conducted in separate areas, a separate menstrual hut would be available to women, men would gather at the mua or men's house (Handy and Pukui 1972, Malo 1951, Kamakau 1976). Practices regarding clothing, personal actions, and many more customs were all part of the religious doctrine steeped in kapu extending into the socio-political arena. The kapu also involved chiefly taboos. It was by this system of prohibitions that the ali'i were able to sustain the socio-political system and bring about an order of control to the kingdom. The kapu served the Kingdom for centuries; its biggest threat was not an eventual internal factor or factors but presented itself as the coming of foreigners to islands of Hawaii in the late 18lh century.
Contact/ Proto-Historic Period ca. 1778-1820 Captain James Cook and his crew aboard the Discovery, and the Resolution with Captain Clerke at the helm made the first documented European contact with the Island of Hawai'i in January of 1779. Upon Cook's arrival at Kealakekua Bay, thousands of Hawaiians were celebrating the Makahiki, a festival of harvest and fertility, and a time of the lifting of kapu. The Makahiki was a time when Lono, the principal deity of fertility and agriculture, symbolically returned from his travels. The coincidence of the arrival of Cook during the festival may account for the chiefly homage initially paid to Cook. The Captain and crew were treated with great respect and were freely given the food and supplies they needed. Later on this, his third voyage to the South Pacific, Cook met with his death at Kealakekua Bay. A skirmish broke out when an incident involving a missing cutter from the Discovery was noted and suspected as been taken by a Hawaiian. Captain Cook, in an attempt to recover the cutter, became involved in a physical altercation and was mortally wounded (Fornander
It was eight days after the death of Cook that the crew was able to replenish and repair the ship and sail out of Kealakekua Bay. The crew of the Discovery and the Resolution returned to their native lands and gradually, within the next decades, the Hawaiian Islands were established as part of the fur trade route between the Northwest American coast and China principally for supplying provisions. Some of the first vessels to follow Captain Cook to the Hawaiian Islands sailed in 1786. Fur merchants Captains Portlock and Dixon aboard the King George and Queen Charlotte were some of first to embark in the long history of trade with the Hawaiian peoples (Fornander 1969:229-230, Kuykendall 1938:20-21).
Another early trader in the Pacific was Captain Simon Metcalfe who visited Hawai'i in 1788 on a voyage to China (Richards 1991; Cahill 1999). It was on a later voyage with boatswain John Young aboard that Metcalfe's decisions regarding his ship and crew brought about events that would serve as catalysts for great change, not only to the lives of a few men, but to the foundations of Hawaiian society.
John Young (Details of the life of John Young will be found in APPENDIX A)
In 1790, John Young was a 47-year-old British boatswain aboard the American brig Eleanora, the ship on a trading voyage between the Northwest American coast and China. Captain Simon Metcalfe was at the helm when the Eleanora came into Hawaiian waters off Kealakekua Bay, Hawai'i. Through a series of tragic events, misadventure and then good fortune, Young soon found himself included among high-ranking Hawaiian chiefs, granted large parcels of land, and married into the royal line of the Kamehameha dynasty.
Plate 1. "John Young, lithograph done after Pellion." (Courtesy of the Bishop Museum Archives, Negative No. CP 441).
John Young, whilst on shore leave from the Eleanora, was detained by one of the powerful chiefs of the Island of Hawai'i, Kamehameha I. Though with great trepidation at first (Barnard 1937), John Young along with his shipmate Isaac Davis, a Welshman, quickly became willing and valued advisors to Kamehameha I. Young found himself consulting and participating in issues of politics, economic affairs, foreign affairs and diplomacy, and warfare. He served as the keeper of the royal arsenal, business and royal agent, governor of the Island of Hawai'i (from 1802 to 1812), and friend and advisor to Kamehameha I and Kamehameha II over the course of forty-five years of residence in Hawai'i.
Kamehameha I bestowed on Young property including Kawaihae 2, amongst several other ahupua'a (traditional Hawaiian land division) and 'Hi aina (a smaller land division within an ahupua 'a) (Apple 1978). The ahupua'a, the traditional Hawaiian land division that extended from the sea to the mountaintop, varied in size, and abundance and variety of resources. This gift of property from Kamehameha was typical of the ancient custom of distributing conquered lands amongst loyal supporters (Clark and Kirch 1983:28). John Young chose to reside at Kawaihae over all of his other land holdings. He lived out his years at his homestead near the sacred heiau of Kamehameha I at Kawaihae known as Pu'ukohola (meaning "whale hill" (Pukui, et al. 1974) or "hill of the whale"),
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until his death in 1835 at the age of 91. So revered that Young was interred amongst the high chiefs at the Royal Cemetery in Honolulu. His family retained close ties to the monarchy as John Young's son, known as Keoni Ana, served the royal family in various high-ranking offices. John Young's other children as well as later generations took part in the kingdom's affairs, as illustrated by granddaughter, Emma Rooke, who reigned as Queen after marrying Kamehameha IV in 1856.
Kamehameha I In the mid-18,h century (c. 1753 (Kuykendall 1938:430)), a male child man was born to a royal family in North Kohala, on the northern coast of the Island of Hawai'i. Pai'ea, as the child was called, was born of the daughter of a Kona chief and it is believed Kebua, the chief of Kohala (Ii 1959:3; Kamakau 1992:67-68). Threats from hostile factions prompted the removal of Pai'ea to the secluded valley of Waipi'o. At five years of age, Pai'ea was sent to Kailua in North Kona where the young man received chiefly training in many things including religious ceremonies, warfare, and oral history from his uncle, Kalani'opou'u, the ali'i nui of Hawai'i Island. This instruction was preparation in becoming an ali'i 'ai moku (a district chief). Pai'ea learned well and excelled in all endeavors, maturing into the man commonly known as Kamehameha I.
Kamehameha proved himself to be physically strong and an intelligent warrior with enterprising spirit and abilities and was given the feathered-covered image of the Kunuiakea (one of the images of the Hawaiian war akua or god, Ku) for safe keeping by his uncle Kalani'opou'u (Beaglehole 1967:505-506; Beckwith 1940:28-29; Kamakau 1964:12). This expressed the great respect and trust Kalani'opou'u held for Kamehameha, but the designated heir to the chief was his son Kiwala'o. Through several conflicts and campaigns before and after Kalani'opou'u death, Kamehameha was able to secure a place for himself and his loyal followers. Kamehameha I (also called Kamehamehanui or Kamehameha the Great) became chief of Kona, Kohala and half of Hamakua (Kamakau 1992, Fornander 1969, Dibble 1909[1843]), but ultimately, Kamehameha was desirous to unify the Island of Hawaii and eventually control all of the Hawaiian Islands.
Kamehameha I was exposed to the power of western armament whilst spending the night onboard ship with Captain Cook in 1778, perhaps Kamehameha saw the "red-mouthed guns" used there for the first time. In fact, it was months later in the battle that took James Cook's life at Kealakekua Bay, that Kamehameha participated in and gained considerable notoriety establishing a far reaching reputation as a warrior who "moved in an aura of violence [Daws 1968:29]."
Direct responsibility for John Young and Isaac Davis residence in Hawai'i lies with Kamehameha I. With the detention of Young and Davis in 1790, Kamehameha secured individuals able to tutor his forces in the usage of western artillery—cannons and muskets salvaged from the Eleanora. Promoting his own campaigns with western armament clearly gave Kamehameha's forces the advantage over enemies limited to traditional implements of warfare.
It was in 1790 when a prophecy was delivered to Kamehameha I by the priest Kapoukahi of Kaua'i. It was stated that Kamehameha should begin the construction of Pu'ukohola heiau to honor the war god Kuka'ilimoku. Thousands of Hawaiians including Kamehameha himself assisted in the effort to complete the heiau. Kapoukahi became one of the temple architects whom determined the site, orientation, dimensions, and configuration of the heiau and performed ceremonies throughout its construction (Dibble 1909 [1843]:51; Fornander 1969:327-328; Kuykendall 1938:37; Apple 1979:2). The prophecy foretold that Kamehameha would conquer all of the Hawaiian Islands if he built the heiau in honor of his war god. The heiau was completed in the summer of 1791 and only a few months later, Kamehameha was successful in defeating Keoua (chief of the two districts Ka'u and Puna, Island of Hawai'i that were not under Kamehameha's control). The body of the dead chief was one of the first sacrificial offerings at the altar of the heiau and with this, Kamehameha became the
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ali'i nui or paramount chief of the Island of Hawai'i. This campaign brought both Young and Davis success and respect, securing them status in the upper echelon within the pyramidal class structure of Kamehameha's chiefs.
By 1810, the year of Isaac Davis' death, Young had the responsibility of consultation and participation in many issues particularly that of warfare. Young held a commander's rank and he placed 21 cannons on the ancient heiau Mailekini, located just down-slope from Pu'ukohola heiau. One of three small brass cannons that were removed from the Fair American, called Lopaka (Hawaiian for "Robert") was one of the 21 placed at Mailekini. This heiau, believed to have been built in prehistoric times by a district chief, was utilized as a fort in the 1810s to protect Kawaihae Bay and the kingdom's arsenal under the direction of John Young (Ladd, n.d.).
With all of these strategic elements in place, Kamehameha was then able to conquer three neighbor islands-Maui, Molokai, and the island of O'ahu. Struggling with warring factions, Kamehameha eventually brought the Hawaiian Islands together under one rule in 1810 with the diplomatic surrender of Kaua'i by ali'i nui Kaumuali'i. Kamehameha divided the lands among his chiefs and appointed a specific chief to serve as governor on each of the islands. Acting in the role of governor with loyalties to Kamehameha also served to thwart chiefs on other islands from gaining strength and challenging Kamehameha's authority (Hommon 1976:142). Until Kamehameha gave both Young and Davis lands of their own, "Young & Davis wandered from place to place for several years dressed in the native habit...[Reverend Artemas Bishop, Journal entry dated December 14, 1825]."
Economic developments in the islands were solely under Kamehameha's control as he monopolized all foreign commerce, particularly that of trading and whaling ships. Kamehameha assigned John Young the duties of foreign and domestic trade. Kamehameha was instrumental in the rise of harvesting sandalwood for export beginning c. 1811 and was the first to instigate a type of forest resource management with the practice of controlling the quantity of sandalwood that was harvested. However, when Kamehameha I died, Kamehameha II (Liholiho) was swayed to relinquish control of this resource to his chiefs and therefore the profits from the sandalwood trade as well. Reverend William Ellis, one of the early missionaries to Hawai'i, makes this observation on July 22, 1823:
Before daylight on the 22d we were roused by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandalwood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku [Kalaimoku], by the people of Waimea and which the people of Kohala, as far as the north point, had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach [at Kawaihae], for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu.
There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandalwood, according to their size and weight. It was generally tied on their backs by bands made of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breast. [1963:286-287]
Ultimately, the resulting mass-harvesting of this prized hardwood almost completely depleted the reserves by the 1830s. Sandalwood from Hawai'i could no longer serve as the treasury for the Kingdom.
Kamehameha's passing in 1819 ended a period in Hawaiian history in which the rule of the kingdom brought a sense of stability to the general populace hitherto unknown. John Young lost his benefactor, good friend and ali'i nui. At this time, John Young was ca. 76 years old and though Young continued in service to the kingdom, the era of Kamehameha the Great was over and so was the centralized control and ultimate authority that Kamehameha wielded. The accession to power of Kamehameha's son Liholiho (Kamehameha II) had a great effect on the cohesion of the kapu system
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and the centralized authority in the kingdom. This and other factors served as catalysts for the wave of changes that were soon to come to Hawai'i.
Early Visitors to Kawaihae George Vancouver first came to the Hawaiian Islands with Captain Cook, then returning on three occasions between 1792-1794 as commander of the HMS Discovery. Vancouver developed favorable relations with Kamehameha I, aiding in the attempt to help bring about an end to the struggle for ultimate control of the islands of Hawai'i. Captain Vancouver formed a well-disposed association with John Young and Isaac Davis, as well. It was Vancouver who advertised in an English newspaper to notify any living relatives of John Young and Isaac Davis of their whereabouts and state of health. Public notice was successful. On May 2, 1799, more than nine years after Young and Davis' detention, Sarah Davis, sister of Isaac Davis, responded with a letter expressing relief at the state of his health, and informed Isaac of the well-being and fortune of his sisters and mother (Henriques 1917:51).
Vancouver had an interest in developing relations with the Hawaiian kingdom with the underlying motive of securing a vested interest for the British Empire (Vancouver 1967:v3:16-17). Kamehameha agreed to place the Island of Hawaii under British protection. Nonetheless, Vancouver furnished Kamehameha with sufficient supplies to build a good-sized ship and weapons including "a dozen sky rockets, and half that number of effective hand grenades for the sole purpose of Tamaahmaah's [Kamehameha's] protection" (Vancouver [1793] 1967:vol. 2, 155; Stewart 1970:28).
The Vancouver voyages are credited with introducing cattle, mules, sheep, goats (Kuykendall 1938:41; Fornander 1969:336-337; Menzies 1920:58, 61-62; Vancouver 1967:vol. 2, p. 122, 127), even almond and orange trees (saplings grown from seeds aboard the ship) (Menzies 1920:12) as well as water and musk melon (Stewart 1970:146) to Hawai'i.
Vancouver was not the only ship's captain to visit Hawaii in the early post-contact period. A myriad of trading vessels put in at Kawaihae during the early 19th century. It is from numerous journals and ship logs of that era, which provide some of the earliest accounts of John Young in Hawai'i as well as impressions of Kawaihae.
We now saw Young's settlement of several houses built of white stone, after the European fashion, surrounded by palm and banana trees; the land has a barren appearance,... [Kotzebue 1821:295-296]
The Homestead, situated in plain view from Kawaihae Bay, likely appeared as an oasis to foreign travelers whose voyages took them to lush, exotic landscapes and whose homelands were likely much different from the lava landscape and desert-like conditions of Kawaihae.
Missionaries In 1819, Kamehameha II (Liholiho) abolished the kapu system leaving open a pathway for new religious doctrine to be introduced to Hawai'i. In April of the following year, the first wave of Protestant missionaries arrived on the Island of Hawai'i. Leaving Boston, Massachusetts aboard the brig Thaddeus on October 23, 1819, Reverend and Mrs. Hiram Bingham, Reverend and Mrs. Asa Thurston, five other couples, and three Hawaiian students—Thomas Hopu, William Kanui, and John Honolii- from the Cornwall Mission School in Connecticut, arrived in Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i at first landfall (Bingham 1849; Hawaiian Mission Children's Society 1969). Representatives from the corps of missionaries were first sent to Kawaihae to garner the permission of John Young (by then long
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time advisor to Kamehameha I) for an audience with Liholiho (Dibble 1909:137; Stewart 1970:161; Apple 1978:5-6). Under Young's advisement, Liholiho granted permission to establish a missionary station at the King's residence in Kailua-Kona on a one-year trial basis.
It was Reverend Asa Thurston who established the First Church in Kailua—Moku'aikaua Church, founded in 1820. The first church built on site was of a traditional Hawaiian-style thatched structure. A more formal church of lava rock and lime plaster with a thatched roof replaced this structure by 1825. By that same year, the first schools run by missionaries were in operation.
Missionaries were welcomed at the Homestead and many broke bread at Young's table (e.g. Ellis [1969], Bishop [1825], Judd [1880]). It might be assumed that conversation in Young's native tongue was very welcome as well as the spiritual discussion and instruction that may have occurred. Young's wife embraced this new religion as did other royal personages and commoners. Reverend Artemas Bishop (1825:32-33) relays that he:
Intended to have set out this morning for Kohala, but the importunity of Mrs. Young has induced me to spend the day at this place [Kawaihae] in giving religious instruction to herself and her people.
The acceptance of Christianity was one of several western tenets integrated into Hawaiian society during the course of the 19lh century. The concept of land ownership was another.
The Mahele On December 10, 1845, the Hawaiian legislature created the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles, better known as the Land Commission (Chinen 1958:8). The Land Commission was invoked to oversee and process title claims to Hawaiian lands within a two year period beginning on February 7, 1846. The Commission established a set of guidelines consisting of six principles to the process; these guidelines became law on October 26, 1846 (Chinen 1958:8).
The Mahele of 1848 divided the land on all of the Hawaiian Islands between Kamehameha III and 245 Hawaiian chiefs (Kuykendall 1938:287; Chinen 1958:16). Place names only were entered into the Mahele Book during the period of the Mahele from January 27, 1848 to March 7, 1848 (Chinen 1958:16, 20). This began the concept of private land ownership as opposed to the traditional concept of land use value within the kingdom. In March 1848, a set of rules were established by the Privy Council as guides for the separating and defining of rights and interest in the lands of the Kingdom. Kamehameha III retained all of his private lands while the remaining lands were further divided (ca. two-thirds of the lands in the Hawaiian Islands) into one third of the lands for the chiefs and konohiki, one third for the Hawaiian Government and one third set aside for the tenants, thus, converting the kingdom's land system into a private land holding system.
A Certificate of Award was issued by the Land Commission upon confirmation of a claim, the title was then conferred with absolute control and possession vested to the holder. A Land Commission Award (LCA) was awarded to native Hawaiians, naturalized or long-term resident foreigners, or a non-Hawaiian born in the Islands. Each claim was to be presented to the Land Commissioners along with a commutation fee (Chinen 1958:20-21).
The Mahele Award came about after the dissolution of the Land Commission (March 1855) and was issued by the Minister of the Interior to a chief or konohiki who had not yet obtained an award on land recorded in the Mahele Book as quitclaim (title transfer to another) by Kamehameha III. The ali'i were required to pay a fee for the claim title and present a survey of the boundary of the claimant
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Award. Ali'i Awards were subsequent to the tenure of the Land Commission and in fact, it was not "until 1909 that a statue was enacted establishing a procedure for enforcing the [ali'i or chief's] payment of commutation" (Chinen 1958:14). A Royal Patent quitclaimed the interest in the land and was issued to a chief upon surveying of the land. It was not until the 1880s that Boundary Commission Testimony was given to establish the Royal Patents and patent boundaries.
Regarding the lands of Kawaihae, now including the John Young Homestead and Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, the April 1848 awards to quit land titles including Ali'i Awards in The Kings Mahele: The Awardees and Their Lands compiled by Dorothy B. Barrere, 1994 were reviewed. Of John Young's six children, five are mentioned as receiving property through the process of the Mahele and Land Commission Awards. The sixth child Robert Kanehoa, the eldest of two sons of John Young and his first Hawaiian wife Namoku'elua, was sent to attend school Boston at the age of six (c. 1802). Robert joined the United States Navy in 1812 and is thought to have been captured by the British, imprisoned in Bermuda, and likely died there as he was never heard from again (Cahill 1999:142).
John Young's son Keoni Ana, also known as John Young, Jr., was born in March of 1810 at or near Kawaihae. Ana served as the Governor of Maui (c. 1845-1857), Premier of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Minister of the Interior, advisor to Kamehameha III, and a member of the committee appointed to plan the procedures for the Mahele (Kamakau 1992:409; Kuykendall 1938:265, 287). Ana was awarded the Royal Patent in 1848 for the ahupua'a of Kawaihae Hikina (Kawaihae East/Kawaihae 2) under the Land Commission Award 8515. This award also included the ahupua'a of Kukuau in Hilo, Hawaii, Halehaku on Maui, and Pahoa in Kona on O'ahu. In October of 1854, Royal Patent 1661:1 for Kawaihae Hikina was issued to Ana with a waiver of commutation. The boundaries for this Royal Patent were not set until 1903.
Other property John Young left to his children was noted in the Indices (1929:58) as "exempted from division and commutation by the Privy Council on August 29, 1850, by Resolution passed as follows:
'Resolved that the Minister of the Interior is hereby authorized to grant Royal Patents to the heirs of John Young (Olohana) for the lands they severally inherit from their father, without commutation or division.' "
The extent of John Young's holdings was sizable. John Young's other children:
1) Pane (Fanny Kekelaokalani Young) was awarded Ali'i Award LCA 8519-B which included the ahupua'a of Ki'iokalani and Pahoehoe on the Island of Hawaii, Haleu on Maui, and Maunalei on Lanai. Fanny Kekelaokalani was born at Kawaihae, Kohala on July 21, 1806. From her union with husband George Na'ea, Emma Kaleleonalani was born. Emma was hanai to Aunt Grace Kamaikui, and went on to marry Alexander Liholiho, Kamehameha IV, thus becoming Queen Emma. Fanny Kekelaokalani died on September 4, 1880.
2) Grace Kamaikui was awarded Ali'i Award LCA 8516-B, which included the ahupua'a of Wai'aka 1, Kalama, and Kahului, Hawai'i, as well as Halawa on O'ahu. Grace Kamaikui was born at Kawaihae, Kohala on September 8, 1808. She married Ke'eaumoku (George Cox) who died in 1824. Grace Kamaikui then married Dr. Thomas C. B. Rooke. She had no children of her own but was makuahine hanai to Emma Kaleleonalani (Queen Emma). Grace Kamaikui died on July 24, 1866.
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3) Gini Lahilahi (Jane Lahilahi Young) was awarded the Ali'i Award LCA 8520-B and received the ahupua'a of Wai'aka 2, Waika, Pahoehoe, and Waikahekahe 1 on the Island of Hawai'i. This totaled ca. 5,541 acres. Gini Lahilahi was born at Kawaihae, Kohala in May of 1813. She married Joshua Ka'eo (a.k.a. Iosua or Ka'eo Ehu, his second marriage) and had two sons, Peter Kuaokalani Ka'eo (hanai to Keoni Ana) and Albert Kunuiakea who was raised in the household of Queen Kalama. Gini Lahilahi died on January 12,1862.
4) James Young Kanehoa was awarded 'Ouli, Kohala, on Hawaii, 'Ula'ino, Ko'olau, on Maui, and Lawa'i, Kaua'i. Kanehoa was the son of John Young and his first wife Namoku'elua. Kanehoa married Sarah (Kale) Davis, daughter of Isaac Davis. No children were born of this union. Kanehoa was educated in Boston, Massachusetts, and served as Governor of Kaua'i and then Maui (Stokes 1939:16, Thrum 1912:102). He accompanied Kamehameha II, Liholiho, on an ill-fated trip to Great Britain and served as interpreter during an audience with King George IV (Kamakau 1992:256, Kuykendall 1938:77, 79). Days later Liholiho's queen and then Liholiho died of measles.
In addition, John Young's surviving wife Ka'oana'eha, received awards in the Mahele of 1848 including property on the Island of Hawai'i: Kamoamoa and Kukuihala in Puna; Opuo'ao, Ho'owaliohalawa, Kealahiwa, and Kaupo in Kohala; and Kaloakiu, Waipi'o, in Hamakua, Hawaii.
Ka'oana'eha and Isoba Puna, the konohiki of Kawaihae Hikina, applied for and received LCA 4522, what is now considered the Lower Portion of the John Young Homestead. Essentially, Ka'oana'eha was the resident chiefess of the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 2 from 1835 (the year of John Young's death) until her death in 1850, even though the formal Land Commission Award was granted posthumously in October of 1851 (Apple 1978:24).
The holdings of John Young's heirs, inclusive of Isaac Davis' children (whom Young reared upon Isaac Davis' death), were considered 'aina ho'oilina or inherited lands, as they were one of three groups of the kaukau ali'i (class of chiefs of lesser rank than the high chief) (Kame'eleihiwa 1992:249). Whilst other kaukau ali'i were required to relinquish land to the M6T as stated in the Buke Mahele (the Mahele Book), the heirs of John Young retained all 27 inherited lands (Kame'eleihiwa 1992:249).
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Chapter 4
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Cultural sites found on Hawai'i have engaged the interest of some of the earliest visitors to the islands. That interest gave rise to the pioneering of archaeological investigation on Hawai'i early on in the 20lh century. Previous archaeological research conducted near the John Young Homestead began as early as 1906. Other investigations were conducted in the first half of the 20th century but it was during the 1960s and 1970s that several major archaeological projects were contracted for various development projects of rather large scope. These projects included the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, as well as resort and other commercial developments planned for South Kohala. Figure 4 provides a locational map for the projects described below.
J.F.G. Stokes (1919) In a volume of surveyed Hawaiian heiau, Stokes documents both Pu'ukohola and Mailekini heiau (Stokes 1919:164-171). This section of Stokes' text is well illustrated and contains several figures of both heiau. Stokes conducted his survey during 1906-1907 based on a list of Hawaiian heiau gathered by Thomas G. Thrum, publisher of 27ze Hawaiian Almanac and Annual.
Reinecke (1930) In July of 1930, John E. Reinecke conducted a survey of cultural sites from South Kona to Kalahuipua'a, Kohala, Island of Hawai'i. Working for the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Reinecke concentrated on the coastal areas and divided his survey into four sections. Reinecke (1930) suggested that:
Kawaihae and Puako were the seat of several thousands, and the smaller places number their inhabitants by the hundreds. Now there are perhaps fifty permanent inhabitants between Kailua and Kawaihae—certainly not over seventy-five.
During Reinecke's survey he:
"...also walked along the coast from Kalahuipuaa to Kawaihae, but considered it not worth while to attempt a survey of this algaroba-covered [/nnwe-covered] coast unless I had a base there [1930]."
Soehren (1964) A National Science Foundation grant to the Bishop Museum spurred the archaeological reconnaissance survey of the Mahukona-Kawaihae Highway in 1964 (Soehren 1964a). Prior to the survey "Nearly the whole centerline of the highway had been previously cleared by a bulldozer to facilitate the work of the surveyors" (Soehren 1964a:3). The archaeological survey revealed fourteen sites recorded on or near the centerline of the proposed new highway. All sites were identified as pre-contact period sites including "camp sites", burials, and those of an unknown function. Kanupa Cave, a burial cave within the project area, was recommended for preservation.
In addition, in 1964, Lloyd Soehren conducted an archaeological survey along the shores of 'Ouli and Kawaihae 2, South Kohala for the Bishop Museum (Soehren 1964b). The Bishop Museum received a
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Figure 4. Locator map for previous archeological investigations conducted in the vicinity of the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae, Hawai'i.
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"grant-in-aid" for this survey project from Mr. Laurance S. Rockefeller. Soehren identified, surveyed and documented, amongst other sites, Pu'ukohola and Mailekini heiau, HaleoKapuni an offshore heiau, the large upright stone known as "Kamehameha's stone seat" or Kikiako'i, another large stone named "Unea", the WaiaKane spring, and the larger features at the John Young Homestead.
Regarding the John Young house, Soehren indicated that:
...the walls are deteriorating rapidly and in many places have collapsed to a large extent, they appear to have been approximately 8 feet high originally...Wooden posts, several of which still remain imbedded in the walls, were inserted to provide a point of attachment for the rafters...Almost directly in front of Young's house is a platform grave [1964b:14].
Bonk (1968) William Bonk, with the State Parks Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, conducted an archaeological survey of the coastal tract between Honokoa Gulch of Kawaihae 1 and the southern boundary of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station in the ahupua'a of 'Upolu, North Kohala. The three-week survey project occurred in June and July of 1967 and resulted in the identification and recordation of 93 sites within the first three miles of the twelve-mile route. Time constraints altered the survey design and the remainder of the survey was shifted to general site descriptions. Only village sites were surveyed and mapped. Specifically within the coastal area of Kawaihae 1, the survey identified and recorded both "L"- and "U"-shaped stone walls, stone alignments, stone enclosures, a canoe shed, a salt pan and a "chum hole (poho)" (Bonk 1968:8). Lapakahi Village was recorded as part of the latter section of this survey.
Cluff.etal.G969) Under contract to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bishop Museum conducted an archaeological survey within the current Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site boundaries in August of 1969. Pu'ukohola heiau and Mailekini heiau were archaeologically surveyed, and an historical survey of the John Young house, HaleoKapuni heiau, and the "Alapa'i's seat" were included due to the concerns of possible impacts to the aforementioned sites during the then proposed construction of the Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor.
Within this same volume, Apple presents an historical overview of the John Young Homestead site. Apple states that "The walls of his [John Young] principal house still stand in 1969" (Cluff, et al. 1969:20-24).
Ching(1971) The archaeological survey of the Kailua-Kawaihae Road Corridor, the third section of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, was conducted under contract between the State of Hawai'i Department of Transportation, Highway Division and the State of Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and Historic Sites. The fieldwork began on June 10, 1970 and continued until October 7, 1970, at which time the two-thousand-foot-wide and twenty-three-mile-long road corridor was surface surveyed for archaeological resources. The study area extended from the north extent of Lalamilo ahupua 'a south to the ahupua 'a of Hamanamana. The study documented 443 habitation structures, 19 agricultural sites, 11 livestock enclosures, burial features, trails, a refuge cave, a holua slide, an abrader manufacturing area, petroglyphs, and 23 features of unknown function. A high concentration of features including ahu, shelters, "C"-shaped and "U"-shaped structures, walls, "hunting blinds", and mounds were identified in the Lalamilo section of the survey corridor, though few artifacts were identified.
Rosendahl (1969 and 1972) The Bishop Museum, under contract to the Olohana Corporation, conducted a nine-day surface survey along an 0.8 kilometer long by ca. 0.3 kilometer wide stretch of coastal land from Hapuna Bay to Kauna'oa Bay between December 23, 1968 and January 4, 1969 (Rosendahl 1969). Thirty-eight features were identified in the survey area. Shelters, house structures and habitation sites, burials, as well as cairns and unidentifiable structural remains were recorded during the survey. In addition, excavations took place at Site E4-14 located at Kauna'oa Point. Stratified deposits were not identified at the site. The artifacts recovered include fishing gear (twelve such artifacts inclusive of fishhooks and lures), tools and tool fragments (101 echinoid files, files saws, and abraders of coral, as well as four adze fragments), items such as a scraper, a bone pick, a basalt pestle, two shell augers, and personal adornments including shell beads. The cultural remains were in shallow deposits suggesting intermittent or temporary occupation.
During August of 1971, a four-week archaeological salvage project was completed within and adjacent to the Hapuna to 'Anaeho'omalu section of the Kailua-Kawaihae Road Alignment (Rosendahl 1972). Eleven crewmembers recorded 130 archaeological features including 61 residential features identified as low "C"- and "L"-shaped shelters, small cave and rock shelters, platforms, and midden features. Cairns, trails, walls, a cave burial, and abrader manufacturing areas were also identified within the project area.
Barrera (1974) The Bishop Museum under contract to the State of Hawai'i Department of Transportation conducted an archaeological and historical survey of the Waimea to Kawaihae Road corridor. The survey of the approximate 2000-foot-wide corridor resulted in the identification of 4,561 features of which 306 were located within the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 2. The predominant feature type identified within Kawaihae 2 were shelters (153 in all), followed by walls (51), mounds (49), terraces (20), platforms (4), animal enclosures (6), midden deposits (16), and a few features classified as roads, ditches, a well, a petroglyph, and "community-oriented structures."
Under this same cover, Marion Kelly (In Barrera and Kelly 1974; Kelly 1974) authored a report describing the major historical events and activities, which occurred in Kawaihae and Waimea. Information regarding historical figures and archival maps were included to illustrate the rich history of the area.
Apple (1978) In 1978, Russ Apple, the Pacific Historian for the National Park Service published the historical data section of the Historic Structure Report (HSR) for the John Young Homestead, Pahukanilua. Though Apple considered this historic data section as "preliminary", the compilation of information regarding land ownership is extensive and the document provides site data and history, historical references, and a Young family genealogy.
Luscomb(1974) Bernice P. Bishop Museum was contracted to conduct a walk-through survey of the proposed Kawaihae-Kukuipahu power plant site in the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 1. Margaret Luscomb surveyed and mapped previously located sites in the work area and evaluated each site for significance during a one-week period in February of 1974. Three sites were identified which contained a total of 27 features. Thirteen enclosures, ten "C"-shapes, as well as one wall feature, a depression, an ahu, and one "L"-shape were recorded.
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Kirch (19791 The Bishop Museum under contract to the Mauna Loa Land, Inc. conducted an archaeological survey of 3,841 acres of land in the Kalahuipua'a, Waikoloa and Lalamilo ahupua'a, South Kohala. Two phases of work were conducted during the period of June 25 through July 26, 1973, and June 29 through August 7, 1975. One hundred and seventy nine sites containing 449 features were identified during the survey to include over 200 "C"-shapes, 47 shelter caves, 41 enclosure, 63 cairns, 28 abrader manufacturing areas, as well as platforms, petroglyphs, trails, walls, burials, and an historic-era cemetery. The second phase of the project conducted in 1975 included the excavation often sites, all shelter caves with midden deposits.
Hammatt and Folk (19801 In 1980, the Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. surveyed, mapped, and recorded coastal sites (many of which were originally recorded by Rosendahl in 19691 for the proposed Mauna Kea Hotel expansion plan. Eighteen of the 21 sites identified were tested, resulting in either sparse recovery of cultural materials or discovery of disturbed matrices. Twenty of the 21 sites were associated with habitation activities. One site was identified as a probable men's house with internal features, multiple paved living floors, and a long, narrow cupboard containing sections of a structural pole. Artifacts recovered were identified as associated with "craft activities."
Clark and Kirch (19831 The undertaking of the archaeological investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road included four geographical sections, one of which traversed the stretch of the alignment from the now Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor, paralleling State Highway 270 and terminating at Wai'ula'ula Gulch. The investigations of this section of the project were conducted in two phases; the intensive survey during 1973, and the data recovery phase within the right-of-way in late 1980 and early 1981. The initial survey conducted by William Barrera (Barrera and Kelly 1974) identified 235 sites. In the interim of this survey phase and the 1980 data recovery phase, the construction of the small boat harbor and the then existing highway disturbed if not destroyed the shoreline settlement zone (Clark and Kirch 1983:130). In addition, bulldozing in the area and designation of natural features as cultural features prevented relocation of eight of the 235 sites.
Data recovery investigations revealed 51 sites (Clark and Kirch 1983:65) across ca. 225 hectares (555 acres) to include residential, burial, agricultural, and military activity sites. These sites contained shelter, platform, terrace, enclosure, wall, burial, trail, and agricultural (e.g. "C"-shape walls) as well as irrigation features.
Ladd(1986) The after-effects of the April 26, 1973 earthquake prompted the emergency preservation project at Pu'ukohola Heiau, PUHE. Portions of the structure collapsed during the earthquake and posed a concern for visitor safety and the preservation of the heiau itself. Undocumented reconstruction of the heiau took place in 1928 and since that time additional collapse of the traditional Hawaiian mortar-less structure had occurred. The National Park Service undertook two phases of stabilization and rehabilitation during the period between March of 1975 and September 30, 1976. Archeologist Edmund Ladd documented the conditions of the heiau and architectural details prior, during, and after the emergency preservation efforts.
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Soehren(1980) This survey of a ca. 372-acre parcel was conducted west (seaward) of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway within the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 2 (Tax Map Key 6-2-02:6). This was the third of three surveys (Soehren 1964b; Barrera 1974; Soehren 1980) conducted by the Bishop Museum within this parcel, which in total identified 132 features. The 1980 investigation recorded 25 features which were categorized as agricultural features, habitation features, or grave sites.
Rosendahl and Carter (1988) From July 17 to September 30, 1978, under the direction of Principal Investigator Dr. Paul Rosendahl, Rosendahl and four crewmembers attempted subsurface excavations and/or stabilization of four of the structures at the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. The scope of work was sharply diminished once the crew began the excavations, as time and manpower requirements far exceeded the prescribed project limits. In effect, the excavations conducted during this project focused on Western-style Structure 2 (S2). The results of this archaeological investigation detailed the architecture of the structure to include the basalt stones bound by a mud mortar. The interior walls were whitewashed and plastered, and a locally made plaster was applied to the exterior walls. Five postholes were identified; three of which were stone braced. Flooring material of 'ili'ili was identified. In addition, a stone crypt containing the remains of two human individuals was identified within Western-style Structure 2.
Portable remains numbering over 1,150 items were recovered to include traditional artifacts of stone, volcanic glass, bone, and shell objects, and historic artifacts of glass, metal, stone, and ceramic. The interpretation of the archaeological remains recovered during this excavation suggested that Western-style Structure 2 was utilized as a storage facility containing a "collection of artifacts and non-artifactual remains [which] provides a baseline assemblage for future analyses of sites dated between 1793 and 1840" (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:75).
Schuster (1992) During upland fire suppression activities on July 22, 1991, a misdirected state-operated bulldozer traversed the Upper Portion of the John Young Homestead and caused damage to several of the structural features at the site. Subsequently, between May 19 and June 2, 1992, limited test excavations were conducted to determine the extent of bulldozer damage to the site. It was concluded that structural damage had occurred to Hawaiian-style Feature 1 and Western-style Structure 2, as well as to subsurface rock and artifacts beneath the bulldozer's path.
Artifacts recovered from this excavation include glass and ceramic fragments, an iron nail fragment, a strike-a-light, slate fragment and a musket ball. Traditional artifacts recovered include basalt and volcanic glass debitage, a hammerstone, a coral file, and a shell scraper.
Information gleaned from the excavations at Hawaiian-style Feature 1 (Fl) revealed plastered surfaces of the foundation construction material. This suggested that in fact "Hawaiian-style Feature 1" exhibits both Hawaiian and Western style construction techniques and materials, thereby redefining or including a third style of construction at the John Young Homestead, identified as a "transitional-style" of construction (Schuster 1992:28).
Colby and Barrow (1997) The process of developing a preservation and interpretation plan for the John Young Homestead had been discussed early on in PUHE's history. Catherine Colby and Jake Barrow, a conservation team from the National Park Service, Intermountain Field Area, Santa Fe were brought in to assess and
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document the house of John Young resulting in the development of an Historic Structure Report (HSR). The team assembled available historical and archaeological sources and maps, reported on the architectural data and conditions of the house of John Young, provided a historic fabric evaluation of the house and, though Colby and Barrow considered an HSR premature, recommendations were made for further studies necessary to formulate short-term and a long-term preservation treatment solutions.
International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (IARII) (1997) In 1997, IARII was contracted buy the National Park Service to conduct historical research and a field-mapping project pertaining to the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. This project was spurred on by the needs of the conservation team of Colby and Barrow (1997) for discovery of historic photographs pertaining to the Homestead and environs, and for a detailed AutoCad field map of the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. Both objectives were accomplished.
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Chapter 5
SITE HISTORY OF THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD
The abandonment of the John Young Homestead after John Young's death did not remove the site from the public's interest. Many a map created by seamen or surveyors of the 19th century and few of the 20"' century include the site and location stated sadly as "ruins." Yet, the foundations of the Homestead have survived centuries of neglect, having revealed and may yet yield new archaeological data to allow a more complete picture of the life and times of John Young at Kawaihae. Archival research has produced several documents containing limited information regarding the history of the John Young Homestead site. Russell Apple (1978) authored a report synthesizing archival data regarding Pahukanilua, the Hawaiian name of the homestead of John Young, and related information.
John Young's diary (1798-1799) gives us scant information regarding the life of John Young yet does contain a few entries relevant to the Homestead early in its history. Apple (1978:47) provides this insight from the diary, which is otherwise unavailable, as it is privately owned:
Have begun four buildings. My house the cook house and storage room the house for the children and tahus [kahu (honored attendant, guardian, nurse)] and near the small temple a house for storage. My house at the small rise below the great temple more suitable then the ravine which washes away withe Whymea [Waimea] floods. The great one [Kamehameha] comes to use my cook house several times. I make biskits [biscuits] and cook lamb Have all enjoyed feast.
March 1799: I finish plastering all houses and have whitewashed the fences around the animal pens. It is as in Wales.
This reference to Wales may be due to the influence of Isaac Davis, born in Wales and compatriot of John Young on the Eleanora and in Hawai'i. In Wales, plaster was primarily used to seal out drafts and moisture (Oliver 1929:85); a useful technique for the wind swept slopes of Kohala. The plaster finish construction style of these four buildings at the Homestead did not just serve to bring a sense of familiarity or a sense of home to John Young and others but, there were practical reasons for introducing this construction style and method to Kawaihae (see Chapter 8 Site Discussion section).
The Log Book (1801-1809), John Young's handwritten journal on file at the Hawaii State Archives, includes entries relevant to the Homestead:
15 April, 1809 - Satrday fresh Brezses at 6 Em Saw along Ship Standing to the Suthrd But along ways of at a 11 a Clock at Night the 14 of april we Had a very hevy Shock of a Nerth Quake very alarming tho we have them oftn heare this Last was was [sic] truly alarming...
13 July, 1809 - Wednesday Modret and hasey at 10 o Clock at Night we had a very hevy shock of a Erth quak tho we hav them very frequent at Toayhay [Kawaihae] this Last was alarming
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10 August, 1809 - Friday Modret & Cleare No fish Made a Nue Shead for the Child
The Log Book does allow for a brief chronology of the structures at the Homestead of which we assume the entries refer. The Log Book briefly describes recurrence of severe earthquakes, hence we can presume that earthquakes riddled the area throughout the existence of the Homestead up to the present causing the need for repairs and maintenance to the various structures at the site.
In John Young's last will and testament of 1834, bequeathed lands were divided between John Young and Isaac Davis' children and John Young's surviving wife Ka'oana'eha (Mary Kuamo'o). Legal separation of the upper and lower portions of the John Young Homestead occurred under the Mahele and Land Commission Awards (see Figure 5). In 1848, Ka'oana'eha and Isoba Puna (konohiki) applied for ownership of the lower portion of the John Young Homestead (see Figure 6). In 1851, LCA 4522 was awarded to Ka'oana'eha and Puna thereby creating the formal separation of the upper and lower portions of the Homestead.
It was thought that the upper portion of the Homestead was abandoned upon the death of John Young in 1835. Kelly (1974:71) presents circumstantial evidence that suggests that a school-perhaps a Catholic school- may have occupied the John Young home at the upper portion of the Homestead after 1835. The Board of Education was granted School Grant No. 13:3, a one-acre parcel adjacent to and north of the Kawaihae 1 and 2 boundary. In addition, the drawing accompanying LCA 4522 and 4523 kuleana claim ca. 1848 in the Native Register (Vol. 8:6), depicts the "old church lot" adjacent and east of the Lower Portion of the Homestead (see Figure 6). However, in 1853, William Brown visited Kawaihae and observed that the house of John Young was tenanted by a District Judge, formerly a teacher at the Oahu Charity school (Bates 1854:389). Greene (1993:285-286) suggests that the mention of this particular occupant may have given rise to the question of the house of John Young in association with a school.
By 1835, John Youngs' son Keoni Ana (see Plate 2) was well established in the service of Kamehameha III on O'ahu and there is no record of any great interest Ana may have held for this part of his inheritance—Kawaihae Hikina (Apple 1978:21). In 1845, Kamehameha III appointed Ana as governor of Maui and Premier, a post he held until his death in 1857. One-third of Ana's estate, which included Kawaihae Hikina, went to his niece Emma Kaleleonalani, then known as Queen Emma (see Plate 2). Queen Emma mortgaged Kawaihae 2 and her other landholdings several times over the course of her lifetime. Upon her death in 1885, Kawaihae 2 was left to The Queen's Hospital- an institution created by Kamehameha IV in honor of his wife Queen Emma. By this time, Kawaihae was well ensconced in large-scale commerce.
Plate 2. "Emma Rooke with her uncle Keoni Ana (John Young II), ca. 1850." (Courtesy of the Bishop Museum Archives, Negative No. CP114,524).
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Figure 5. After Apple's "Figure 3. Land Awards ca. 1850" (Apple 1978:13). This map illustrates the relationship between the upper and lower portions of the John Young Homestead at Kawaihae, other land awards in the immediate vicinity, fence lines, structures and features.
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Figure 6. "DRAWING OF LCAs 4522 AND 4523 TO KAOANAEHA AND PUNA, ACCOMPANYING THE CLAIM [Native Register, Vol. 8:6]." Redrawn, based on Kelly 1974:69.
As Kawaihae is one of only two natural deepwater ports on the Island of Hawai'i, it experienced a surge in development in the mid-1800s. Kawaihae could accommodate the deep drafts of the Western ships whereas traditional Hawaiian canoes could reach the shoreline in many areas that western ships could not. In the 1840s, William French, who owned and operated a warehouse near Kawaihae landing, is believed to have stated that during the times of Kamehameha I the beach at Kawaihae "...was lined with canoes for miles in length" (G.T. Allan (an agent of the Hudson's Bay Company's Honolulu office) 1848 In Kelly 1974:36). With the expansion of cattle ranching in Waimea, Kawaihae became most important as a port of call for inter-island shipping services. Cattle were shipped alive from Kawaihae to Honolulu slaughterhouses (Kelly 1974:37). Salt was no longer one of only a few marketable products consigned from Kawaihae. In 1853, Bates (1854:389) indicates that Kawaihae was a port of entry and included a Post-office and a Customs house where "vessels have to pay for the privilege of anchoring in the unsafe waters."
Only thirty years after Bates' visit to Kawaihae, the John Young Homestead was identified as "ruins" in the Hawaiian Government Survey Map of Kawaihae Bay, July 1883 (George E. Gresley Jackson, Navy Lt., R.N.). The years of neglect after abandonment of the site as well as the effects of weather and earthquakes had left the once dining and meeting place of kings and ali'i in a state of ruin.
Historical notes from the Addenda of The Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1929 (1930:60) speak of John Young's house, Kawaihae:
There is a probability that John Young's house in Kawaihae, island of Hawaii, where he lived during the earlier years of his residence in Hawaii after his forcible detention from the schooner Eleanora by Kamehameha after 1790, will be preserved to posterity, including, of course, an area around the house to be known as "The John Young Park." At the close of the unveiling ceremonies by the Order of Kamehameha in June, 1929, of a bronze tablet marking the site of
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temple of Puukohola, at Kawaihae, erected by Kamehameha and where the body of Keoua was taken after he was assassinated, A.P. Taylor, librarian of the archives of Hawaii, published a plea for the restoration and preservation of the Young house, because it was there that all ship captains and many others generally consulted with Young before having an audience with Kamehameha, and it was there that much of the governmental foundation for the new Kingdom of Hawaii was studied out. Governor Judd, it is reported, favors the plan for a "John Young Park."
It then took another 43 years for this vision to come to fruition. When the Pu'ukohola National Historic Site was established in 1972, the ruins of the John Young Homestead, as stated by the enabling legislation, were included as a detached unit north of the heiau Pu'ukohola. Three lots within Kawaihae 2 were donated to the National Park Service for the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site by the trustees of The Queen's Hospital on April 4, 1973. Lot 2 consisted of 23.8023 acres and included Pu'ukohola heiau, Lot 3 encompassed 8.6169 acres to include Mailekini heiau, and Lot 4, a total of 1.9591 acres, contained the John Young Homestead (Apple 1978:23). In 1990, the PUHE park boundary expanded due to an additional donation by the Queen Emma Foundation (see Figure 2).
Development in the late 1950s through the 1970s in Hawai'i had a clear impact on park resources. A quarry operation adjacent to the southern boundary of the John Young Homestead (Upper Portion) operated up until the 1960s. Though Makeahua Gulch separates the quarry from the Homestead, Kelly (1974:12) states that "Much of what was once Young's backyard has been excavated away by the recent quarry activities in that area."
In 1958, the Territory of Hawaii condemned the house lot containing Pahukanilua and other shoreline parcels for deepwater port improvements at Kawaihae. In 1959, the modern Kawaihae Harbor was created. During 1969-1970, Project Tugboat was initiated and the excavation of the coral reef at Kawaihae expanded the facility to accommodate a new light-draft boat harbor (Day 1972). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cleared the waterway for the new section of the harbor by detonating explosive charges into the coral reef and dredging the coral using it as fill across the shoreline. Concerns were posed as to the impacts to the stability of Pu'ukohola and Mailekini heiau as well as the John Young Homestead and other archaeological features in the vicinity during this project. Some of these concerns were addressed by bracing of steeper slopes and corners of the heiau structures prior to and during the project. No intervention was preformed at the John Young Homestead. Attempts to obtain the seismic measurements to record the magnitude of motion by the University of Hawaii failed due to operational difficulties. Nonetheless, the Project Tugboat report (Day 1972) states that post-detonation and clearing assessment of cultural features in the vicinity identified no damage or disturbance.
By 1976, the State considered a series of alternative roadway corridors for access to Waimea from Kawaihae. The Kawaihae-Waimea Road was already in place at this time. The recommended alignment for State Highway 270 would have passed north of the Park boundaries by ca. 100 feet maintaining the entire park within one continuous parcel undivided by the new highway (R.M. Towhill Corp. 1976). This alternative was not selected and the highway corridor was constructed over the old unimproved road, formally dividing the park.
Natural geological processes have also greatly effected the site over time. As experienced by John Young himself, earthquakes plagued the area throughout recorded history. The National Register of Historic Places Nomination form for the Pu'ukohola Historic District states that the August 26, 1973 earthquake collapsed the highest standing wall of the John Young house (Structure 1) and considerable plaster from the east wall of the house detached. In 1974, a wood and metal shelter was
31
erected over Structure 1 to serve as a temporary preservation and protection measure. Though temporary, the shelter is still in place at the site.
In 1977, the National Park Service and the Office of the Hawai'i State Director prepared an environmental assessment of the John Young Homestead site addressing proposed archaeological investigations (Department of the Interior, National Park Service 1977). Eight alternatives to the preservation and interpretation of the site were offered; options ranged from taking no action to building a "plastic bubble" over the John Young house, even closing the area to visitors and offering guided tours only. The environmental assessment enabled the 1978 archaeological project conducted by Paul Rosendahl (see Rosendahl and Carter 1988 in Chapter 4 Previous Archaeological Research) which identified the eight structural features within the Upper Portion of the Homestead (see Table 1) and allowed a better understanding of a selected area of the site.
TABLE 1. PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD (UPPER PORTION) (based on Rosendahl and Carter 1988:11)
Structural Feature Feature 1
Feature 2
Feature 3
Feature 4
Feature 5
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
Number F-l
F-2
F-3
F-4
F-3
S-l
S-2
S-3
Construction Style Hawaiian-style
Hawaiian-style
Hawaiian-style
Hawaiian-style
Hawaiian-style
Western-style
Western-style
Western-style
Structural Feature Type Stone platform on terrace
Paved terrace
Stone platform
Low stone mound
Stone platform
Stone-walled enclosure with mud mortar and plaster
Stone-walled enclosure with mud mortar and plaster Stone-walled enclosure with mud mortar and plaster
Possible Function Residential (house?)
Residential (work area?)
Residential (?)
Earth oven(?)
Burial
Residential (house)
Storage house
Residential (?)
In brief, the John Young Homestead was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places Inventory by the National Park Service in 1985 under Criteria 36 CFR 60.4 a, b, c, and d. The site is listed in the National Register as number 66000105. In July of 1991, an incident at the Homestead occurred when a bulldozer erroneously drove through the site during fire suppression activities damaging several structures along its path (see Schuster 1992 in Chapter 4 Previous Archaeological Research). In response to this incident, a "friendly fence" was erected by the NPS along the perimeter of the site. By 1996, the John Young Homestead was included in the National Park Service List of Classified Structures (LCS) under Management Category "A" as "structures that must be preserved and maintained." The house of John Young is listed as IDLCS: 05640, Structure Number: JYHSE-PUHE.
32
Chapter 6
FIELD METHODS
Introduction
The 1999 cooperative archaeological excavation project at the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion functioned under the direction of Laura Carter Schuster, Branch Chief, Cultural Resources at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) and Dr. Peter Mills, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, who served as co-directors of the field project. The field crew consisted of twelve University of Hawaii at Hilo students enrolled in the Department of Anthropology Summer Archaeology Field School class. The field crew had no previous training or experience in controlled archaeological excavations, therefore, the three-week field school excavations progressed slowly, with considerable time and attention paid to excavation techniques, methodology, mapping, and record keeping. The field school was in attendance at the site from June 14, 1999 through July 9, 1999. In addition, HAVO Cultural Resource Management staff continued excavations intermittently between July 12 and July 28, 1999.
Prior to the commencement of the field school, a site grid was established for the project. The grid was positioned along a true north declination in reference to the USGS 7.5' Series Topographic map of Kawaihae (1995), establishing True North at 10 degrees east of magnetic north. The project's north-south baseline was registered on True North from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior geological benchmark "HP-18, EL 57.7" which is permanently affixed to a partially buried basalt boulder located in the southeastern section of the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. The AT-G4 Topcon Autolevel in conjunction with a tripod-stabilized Brunton Pocket Transit was employed for this purpose. The geological benchmark was assigned site grid coordinates 20N0W; hence, the site datum was established 20 meters due south of the benchmark. From the benchmark, the east-west baseline for the site was secured.
Rosendahl (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:11-18) identified eight principle features at the John Young Homestead in 1978. These eight structural features consist of five "Hawaiian-style" features (henceforth referred to as Features) and three "Western-style" features (henceforth referred to as Structures) (see Table 1 and Figure 7).
Structure 1, Structure 3, and Feature 3 were selected for archaeological investigation during this project. Structure 1 was selected primarily as it is the most prominent architectural feature at the site and believed to be the house of John Young. Architectural conservation concerns were also a factor. Structure 3 was chosen in order to derive comparative information relevant to the other two "Western-style" features at the site (Structures 1 and 2) in regards to occupation and use of this feature. Feature 3, thought to be a possible earth oven (imu), was selected for its potential to provide detailed stratigraphic data relating to the use of the site over time (Mills, et al. 1999).
In total, four excavation units were initiated at the site within three of the prominent structural features (see Figure 8). Establishing excavation unit datum within Structure 3 and Feature 3 posed little problem. Limited visibility within Structure 1 from the mapping station due to the presence of the protective shelter prohibited determining a location for the excavation unit datum on the grid, as far as integer coordinate designations were concerned. Therefore, a line of sight was established via the autolevel into Structure 1 on a 295-degree (TN) declination. Two arbitrary points along this declination were established within Structure 1. Using a trigonometric function, it was possible to set unit 30N21W within the interior of Structure 1 from these two established points.
33
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Excavation Strategy
One 1-m by 1-m square unit was laid out for each excavation within the confines of Structure 1, Structure 3, and Feature 3. Unit datum were established in the southeast corner of the excavation units except where surface topography and/or the presence of rock or other impediments prohibited such placement.
The excavation strategy considered natural stratigraphy and assigned said stratigraphy a "Level" designation. Sequential levels were assigned Roman numeral characters. Level I is defined as the stratum containing architectural rubble, post-occupational deposition, and overburden. Level II is classified as the cultural stratum, and Level III consists of bedrock materials and/or stratum sterile of cultural materials. The "Sub-level" designation was assigned to each arbitrary 10 centimeter (or less) layer excavated. A sequential lower-case Arabic alphabetic character was utilized to depict each Sublevel within a specific Level (i.e. for this report: Level I - Sublevel "a" is expressed as Sublevel I/a; Level I - Sublevel "b" is expressed as Sublevel I/b, etc.).
Each sublevel was divided into four 50-cm-long by 50-cm-wide quadrants. The matrix from each quadrant was excavated and screened separately and the results were recorded as such. The four quadrants from each sublevel were excavated before continuing on to the next sublevel. In addition, a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm bulk matrix sample was collected from each quadrant of each sublevel and placed in a collection bag unscreened. The sample was extracted from the southeast comer of each quadrant when possible.
Screening tasks performed at Feature 3 were conducted just west of the feature boundary. Due to site logistics, screening tasks associated with Structure 1 and Structure 3 were delegated to an area in the northeast corner of the site. A metal frame and tarp canopy was erected to provide shade during screening activities. All excavated matrices were screened through a 1/8-inch hardcloth mesh. Several overlapping tarps were placed on the ground below the screening area to capture the screened matrix. This material was used for backfill of the excavated units. Architectural rubble consisting of basalt rock was excavated, collectively weighed for each sublevel, and then moved to the periphery of the site. This material was stockpiled for backfill to its associated unit.
Note: All Munsell® color notations were described for soils exhibiting dry moisture states. Munsell notations were conducted during unit excavation and unit wall profiling.
Excavations
As with the previous excavation project at the John Young Homestead (Rosendahl and Carter 1988), the excavation plan as presented in the Scope of Work (Mills, et al. 1999:14-15) was overestimated in scope. Several factors influenced the progression of work on-site. Due to the nature of the logistics of excavation particularly within Structure 1 and Structure 3, the amount of cultural material present including architectural rubble, and the novice standing of the field crew, only four one-meter-by-one-meter units of the estimated twelve units proposed were excavated. Nonetheless, the level of recovery was high for the volume of matrix excavated (approximately 1.1 m 3) as will be discussed for each unit described below.
Preservation and visibility of materials was very good during the screening process. As time and care was spent on recovery, it is believed that near full recovery of cultural materials greater than 1/8-inch in size was accomplished.
36
Feature 3 Feature 3 is located in the southwest corner of the John Young Homestead site, situated at the top of the steep southwest-facing slope, which leads down to Makeahua Gulch. As such, Feature 3 is located on the periphery of the knoll that contains the John Young Homestead site (see Figure 7). The dense thicket and canopy of kiawe {Prosopis pallida) shade Feature 3. Strikingly, just beyond the thicket of kiawe to the west lies State Highway 270.
Rosendahl and Carter (1988:13) described Feature 3 as:
...a low stone platform...The platform measures approximately 7 m (23 ft) by 9 m (29.5 ft), and has a maximum height of 20 cm (7.9 in) to 25 cm (9.8 in). It is in poor condition overall. The surface is paved with flat stones, except for the southern comer, which is clear of stones and defined only by a stone alignment.
It is within this area devoid of stones and within the confines of the alignment, that excavation unit 7N49W was established (see Figure 8). One unit was excavated within Feature 3 representing a ca. 2% sampling of this feature.
Unit 7N49W
Stratigraphy The surface of excavation unit 7N49W contained organic duff material predominantly consisting of kiawe {Prosopis pallida) twigs, pods, and seeds. Cultural materials were noted within the "O" horizon and the first eight centimeters of sediments. Therefore, there was no Level I present and excavations began within Level II, designated the cultural level. Excavation of unit 7N49W revealed a single stratum containing cultural materials (see Table 2 and Figures 9 and 10).
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT STRATIGRAPHY UNIT 7N49W, FEATURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
SUBLEVEL SOIL DESCRIPTION DEPTH Il/a 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt; unconsolidated, loose; matrix 4 cmad - 0 cmbd
includes midden material and considerable organic duff (kiawe twigs, pods, and seeds).
Il/b 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt; unconsolidated and loose grading 0-8 cmbd into a slightly soft matrix at the bottom of the sublevel; fine root structures; matrix includes organic duff, midden material, and a fire associated ash component.
II/c 7.5YR 3/2 dark brown silt; soft, non-sticky, and non-plastic; 8-16 cmbd microstratigraphic lamellar structure apparent; matrix includes water-worn pebbles, very few fire-cracked rocks, a fire associated ash component and considerable midden material.
Il/d 7.5YR 3/3 dark brown silt and decomposing basalt bedrock material; 16 - 25 cmbd matrix i ncludes midden material but no ash component. Component B identified.
37
Feature 3 7N 49W Profile of the North Face of the NW and NE quads, view north.
Figure 9. Profile of the north face of the northwest and northeast quadrants, unit 7N49W, Feature 3, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
Feature 3 7N49W Profile of the West Face of the SW and NW quads, view west
Figure 10. Profile of the west face of the southwest and northwest quadrants, unit 7N49W, Feature 3, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
38
Feature 3 7N49W Profile of West Face of NE Quad
Figure 11. Profile of the west face of the northeast quadrant inclusive of Component B, unit 7N49W, Feature 3, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
The uppermost 3.5 to 8 cm of matrix includes highly organic 10 YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown silt containing a degree of organic duff diminishing at ca. 6 cm below the surface. With the decrease in organic duff, the strength of the matrix increased from no cohesive structure or a loose matrix to a matrix with peds exhibiting a soft rupture resistance.
Sublevel II/c is identified as a 7.5YR 3/2 dark brown silt. Remnant layers of very fine roots emphasize the microstratigraphic lamellar structure of the matrix. Lithic materials encountered within the sublevel include approximately 2.72 kg (six pounds) of fire-cracked rock and a moderate amount of 'ili'ili (randomly dispersed throughout the sublevel) totaling ca. 18.14 kg (ca. 40 pounds) when weighed on site.
Sublevel Il/d consists of a 7.5YR 3/3 dark brown silt interspersed between degrading bedrock basalt. It is within this sublevel that Component "B" was identified (see Figure 11). Component "B" is defined as a ca. 20-x-20-x-11.5-cm deep conical-shaped depression containing a deposit of an ash-rich midden, 10YR 4/3 dark brown in color. Only two of the four quadrants (excluding the southwest and the southeast quads) within Sublevel Il/d were excavated down to bedrock before the unit was terminated (see Plate 3).
39
Plate 3. Base of excavation, unit 7N49W, Feature 3. View is to the north.
Traditional Artifacts
Stone
Debitage Ten pieces of lithic debitage were recovered from unit 7N49W, five were of basalt and five were of volcanic glass composition. Of the five basalt pieces, one flake exhibits simple tertiary reduction technology (catalogue number 1099). Two basalt flakes exhibit bipolar thinning characteristics (catalogue numbers 1107 and 1108). Two other pieces of basalt are of undetermined reduction technology (catalogue number 1109 and 1282). Of the five volcanic glass pieces, two flakes are of a simple tertiary reduction technology (catalogue numbers 1267 and 1269). Two flakes are of the bipolar thinning type (catalogue number 1266 and 1268). One volcanic glass flake is an indeterminate angular piece or shatter (catalogue number 1122).
Hammerstone A small vesicular basalt hammerstone (catalog number 1074) was recovered at 6.5 cmbd within test unit 7N49W. The hammerstone is a well-rounded discoidal measuring ca. 5.1-cm in diameter and 4.48-cm in thickness. The moderately dense basalt stone exhibits localized abrasion and nominal pecked depressions across a small portion of its surface.
Faunal
Marine Shell Bead A shell bead fragment was recovered from the screened matrix of excavation unit 7N49W, Sublevel II/c. The small shell bead (catalog number 1265) was made from a species of Cypraeidae. The incomplete shell exhibits a portion of a circular perforation at the apex of the shell, which is bisected
40
by the fracture across the length of the shell (2.27 cm) parallel to the narrow aperture below. One possible use for this artifact would be for a lei made with marine shell though the traditional lei leho (cowry shell lei) allows for the threading of the cord of olona (Touchardia latifolia) through the narrow slit aperture without the necessity of creating an artificial hole (Buck 1957:542).
Miscellaneous Unidentified Two bone fragments exhibit evidence of cultural modification (catalog number 1279). The specimens are of the class Mammalia and all were likely cut with a sharp implement (Ziegler 2000).
Historical Artifacts
Metal
Metal recovered from unit 7N49W consists of five objects: four small iron fragments and one lead object. One lead shot was recovered from the screened matrix of Sublevel H/b (0-8 cmbd) within unit 7N49W (catalog number 1067). The lead shot was ca. 2.7 mm in diameter, the size of which is considered a birdshot.
Glass
Bottle Glass Seventy-four bottle glass fragments were recovered from Feature 3 representing a minimum number of six bottles. One glass fragment (catalog number 1105) is a colorless glass bottle shoulder fragment. Of the three pale aqua colored bottle glass fragments (catalog number 1120) one is an irregular, applied, beaded lip fragment. Aqua-colored glass was used as one of the earliest 18th
century into the early 19th century wine and liquor bottle materials. They had squat bulbous bodies, long necks ending in a crude banded rim, and high kick-up bottoms (Ketchum 1985:42-43). Three pale green "turn-in-mold" bottle fragments (catalog numbers 1060, 1069, and 1123) represent the third glass bottle and a single small brown-colored bottle rim glass fragment (catalog number 1120) represent the fourth minimum bottle in the collection from Feature 3.
Of the sixty-two olive-colored glass fragments recovered from Feature 3, a minimum of two olive-colored bottles is represented. One bottle was a mold-blown paneled bottle (catalog number 1090) possibly a case gin bottle. The gin bottle had a square base and sides that tapered into broad shoulders (Ketchum 1985). The rectangular shape of the case or gin bottle was ideal for transporting gin in compartmentalized wooden cases. The second considered olive-colored bottle is a mold-blown wine or spirits bottle from which a minimum two fragments were recovered (catalog numbers 1101 and 1153).
Flat glass Twelve small fragments of flat glass were identified during the project, all of which were recovered from excavation unit 7N49W. The flat glass fragments were colorless and/ or exhibited a heavy patina indicative of possible weathering exacerbated by the saline environment or of an unstable material. Thickness of the fragments ranged from 0.9 mm to 3.2 mm. Flat glass is typically used as window or mirror glass but those items in the collection do not exhibit distinguishable characteristics to determine their source.
Vessel glass Forty-two fragments of vessel glass were recovered from the excavations. The vessel glass collection includes olive, pale green, pale aqua, heavily patined glass, amber colored glass and colorless glass fragments. The majority of vessel glass fragments do not exhibit distinctive characteristics, though
41
four small fragments of colorless glass (catalog numbers 1071, 1075, 1098, and 1120) recovered from Level II, unit 7N49W exhibit thickness (between 0.44 and 1.0 mm) and slight curvature typical of chimney glass.
Ceramic
Porcelain Nineteen ceramic sherds were recovered from unit 7N49W. Four of the ceramic sherds have been identified as Chinese porcelain (catalog numbers 1061, 1091, 1095, and 1116). All are underglaze blue on white with typical Chinese ware motifs (Noel Hume 1974:257-262) exhibiting geometric designed rim bands or, as with catalog number 1095, depicting an outdoor scene including the sun, water, a typical Chinese building or structure and vegetation. The high firing temperatures used for porcelains limit underglaze applications to relatively few colors. Blue-color applications, made from cobalt oxide, are of the most stable metallic oxides used for the base of color applications. Chinese export porcelains were popular ca. 1800-1830. This type of porcelain, called "China Trade" porcelain, was made and decorated in China to European order.
One porcelain sherd (catalog number 1061) is a flat rim sherd, exhibiting a plain or unglazed margin. This rim sherd is possibly from a covered dish, jar or stackable bowl. The sherd was recovered from unit 7N49W at 0 cmbd.
The very small porcelain rim sherd catalog number 1104 is hand-painted in an overglaze, lustrous bronze/red-brown pattern on white on both the interior and exterior rim face. The dot-dash-dot pattern, and the scallop and dot with a solid line above pattern appear just below the lip of the vessel. The rim sherd is thin, measuring ca. 1.48 mm in thickness. The thickness of the sherd and the design of the decoration suggests that the original vessel was rather delicate, as with a teacup. The sherd was retrieved from unit 7N49W, Sublevel II/c between 8 and 18 cmbd.
Six porcelain sherds recovered were identified to exhibit white with non-diagnostic remnant blue underglaze decoration (catalog numbers 1066, 1093, 1094, 1106, 1117, and 1621). One very small sherd (catalog number 1113) is of undecorated white porcelain.
Annular Ware Three small annular ware rim sherds were recovered from excavation unit 7N49W (catalog numbers 1097, 1102, and 1103). The incised annular ware sherds are from a minimum single plate. The body sherds exhibit a dark brown outer band on a pale green (Munsell® 5G 8/2 for gley) underglaze and three inner incised bands (see Plate 4). The underglaze pooled within the incised bands has no Munsell concordance but may be described as a deep apple green color. The underside of the vessel is undecorated white. The three sherds were discovered within the southeast quadrant of Sublevel II/c, from a depth of 8-18 cmbd. British annular wares were popular in the period from 1795 to 1815 (Noel Hume 1985:11).
Plate 4. Catalog number 1097 an annular ware plate rim sherd recovered from Sublevel II/c, unit 7N49W, Feature 3.
42
Pearlware One pearlware rim sherd (catalog number 1620) was recovered from excavation unit 7N49W, Sublevel Il/b. The margin or the rim sherd of this plate or serving dish is shell-edged and underglazed with hand-painted fine, blue, linear strokes. Shell edge pearlware plates popular from the 1750s into the early 19th century had molded patterns which produced raised patterns on the inside surface of the vessel (Noel Hume 1985:128-130; South 1977:212; Miller et al. 1989:4, 20).
Earthenware Three earthenware sherds were recovered from Feature 3, unit 7N49W. A small, very dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5/4) underglazed earthenware sherd (catalog number 1112) or chip was recovered from Sublevel II/c at a depth of 8-to-18 cmbd. This earthenware sherd is similar to the coarse-grained quartzite tempered crock sherds underglazed with a reddish brown band and drip along the rim which were recovered from the Homestead in 1978 (see Rosendahl and Carter 1988:67).
The second earthenware sherd, catalog number 1091, recovered from Sublevel II/c at a depth of 8 to 18 cmbd, exhibits a dark gray exterior slipware glaze and a white interior glaze. The exterior glaze was not applied evenly giving two color values of a dark gray (Munsell 10YR 4/1) and a very dark gray (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1) to the exterior of the sherd. This fragment is 1.8 mm thick. One undecorated creamware (Munsell 2.5Y 8/2, a pale yellow) sherd (catalog number 1121) was recovered from this same sublevel, Sublevel II/c.
Faunal Material
Faunal remains were abundant within excavation unit 7N49W. A total of 473.16 g of marine shell remains, 18.34 g of echinodermata shell and spine fragments (see Table 3), and 1,177 bone and bone fragments (see Table 4) were recovered.
The marine shell frequency encountered within excavation unit 7N49W, Feature 3 suggests that there was a period of time in which a high density and diversity of gastropods was introduced at this locale. Sublevel II/c of unit 7N49W exhibits this trend.
Feature 3 Discussion The microstratigraphic lamellar structure of the matrix excavated from unit 7N49W suggests that the interior of Feature 3 had been filled in over a gradual period of time as the aeolian soil deposit intermixed with historical and traditional artifacts and midden material. Historical artifacts recovered from this excavation unit are limited to small fragments of bottle and other vessel glass, 19 small ceramic sherds, very few iron nail fragments, and a single lead birdshot. Traditional artifacts number only 11 and include basalt and volcanic glass debitage, a basalt hammerstone, and a fragment of a Cypraea spp. shell bead.
Recovery from the excavations at Feature 3 consisted predominantly of midden material, which includes marine shell, mammal, fish, and bird remains, kukui endocarp fragments, and charcoal. The midden recovered from this unit was relatively abundant in comparison with the other units excavated at the site during the project.
Faunal remains recovered from unit 7N49W, exclusive of bone material, is presented in Table 3. Shell midden included ca. 240 grams of Nerita spp., Nerita picea being predominant. A total of 479 complete N. picea shells were recovered in addition to 175 Nerita spp. operculum. Approximately 1 % of the complete Nerita picea shell specimens had the operculum in place within the shell aperture.
43
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS (EXCLUSIVE OF BONE MATERIAL) FROM UNIT 7N49W, FEATURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
'Complete specimens
"Fragment tally
' " T o t a l weight (g)
44
N O N - A R T I F A C T U A l .
R E M A I N S
L E V E L Il /a L E V E L I l /b LEVEL ll /c LEVEL Il/d TOTAL
4 c n u d • 0 cmbd 0-8 cmbd 8-16 cmhd 16-25 cmbd
c s . p p . T W ( g ) « " CS FT TW(g) CS FT TW(g) CS FT TW(g) CS FT TW(g)
UNIT T O T A L 1 9 4.23 39 211 52.58 637 1653 427.3 9 18 7.42 686 1891 491.5
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF BONE FRAGMENT REMAINS FROM UNIT 7N49W, FEATURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999.
NON-ARTIFACTUAL
REMAINS
VERTEBRATE
Small vertebrate
Small and/or medium vertebrate
Medium vertebrate
TOTAL
OSTEICHTHYES
Acanthurid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Mugilid
Polynemid
Priacanthid
Scarid
Scombrid
TOTAL
FISH (indeterminate class)
TOTAL
REPTILIA
Small lizard
TOTAL
AVES
Gallus gallus
Large bird
Medium bird
Small bird
Small or medium bird
Small Passeriform
TOTAL
MAMMALIA
Canus familiaris
Ratlus cxulans
Rattits norvegicus or Rattus rattus
Rattus sp.
Sus scrofa
Mus musculus
Small-to-medium or medium mammal
Medium mammal
Medium and/or large mammal
Medium Artiodactyl (indeterminate family)
TOTAL
UNIT TOTAL ( fragment count)
LEVEL H/a
4 cmad - 0 cmbd
-2
1
3
---------0
. 0
-0
------0
------2
---2
5
LEVEL H/b
0-8 cmbd
-14
-14
-------1
-1
4
4
-0
------0
-1
-3
1
1
41
1
20
-68
87
LEVEL II/c
8-16 cmbd
-43
-43
5
1
2
2
2
1
-12
-25
684
684
-0
-1 5
-2
-8
4
1
1
-11
-215
2
82
1
317
1077
LEVEL H/d
16-25 cbd
-1
-1
---------0
5
5
-0
------0
------1
-1
-2
8
TOTAL
-60
1
61
5
1
2
2
2
1
0
13
0
26
693
693
0
0
0
I
5
0
2
0
8
4
2
1
3
12
1
259
3
103
1
389
2354
45
This suggests that the "live catch" came directly from the ocean shoreline and was sorted, processed, and possibly ingested at the Feature 3 locale. A minimum of three types of bivalves, Isognomon californicum, Pteriidae, and Tellinidae are minimally represented within Feature 3. Other marine shell midden recovered includes species of gastropods and pelecypods that typically exist within shoreline and intertidal zone habitats.
The bone material collected from the site was sent to Dr. Alan Ziegler, Zoological Consultant, for identification to the lowest taxonomic level (see Floral and Faunal Remains in Chapter 7). Fish bone of undetermined genera dominated the bone assemblage from excavation unit 7N49W (see Table 4). The low frequency of identified Osteichthyes or bony fishes present are representative of common reef groups. Of the remaining bone material identified within unit 7N49W, the class Mammalia follows in abundance. A small range of mammal species larger in size than rodents are represented in the bone assemblage. Polynesian introductions (domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), and pig (Sus scrofa)) comprise the majority of excavated identifiable mammal bone recovered from unit 7N49W. Sus scrofa is represented in limited frequency, as is Canis familiaris. Though the sample size is small, the majority of pig and dog remains represent juvenile or immature individuals implying management of these domesticated animal species. The presence of rodent remains is limited and may be a natural phenomenon and intrusive rather than the result of human activity. Very limited bird bone is represented.
Approximately 1.83 grams of kukui endocarp fragments were recovered from this excavation unit. Kukui have traditionally been used to furnish fire light as the kernel contains a high concentration of oil, and the nuts are still cooked to furnish a relish called 'inamona (Pukui and Elbert 1986). Other traditional uses for the kukui nut include medicines, dyes, being strung for lei, and birdlime removal (Pukui and Elbert 1986; Nagata 1987) as well as providing a varnish for tapa cloth (Ellis 1979:269). Other botanical material recovered from unit 7N49W includes 159.9g of wood charcoal. Clearly, burning activities occurred on site but whether solely from cook house activities, wildfires, or other activities or combination thereof, is unclear.
Faunal remains recovered as well as indications from the phosphate reaction to the matrix samples from the excavation unit (see Chapter 7 Soils section), suggest that food consumption, food processing including cooking, and food refuse activities occurred at Feature 3. Faunal analysis suggests that vertebrate-material deposition occurred in the post-Contact Period (Ziegler 2000). This is supported by the presence of western-style or historical artifacts within the same stratigraphic layer.
In all, the lack of refuse of any substantial size would suggest selective midden. Few and fragmentary historical artifacts, traditional artifacts also small in size, and numerous bone fragments, might suggest selective midden typical of floor sweeping or traditional floor mat clearing refuse.
The highest density of artifacts as well as bone and shell midden material found within excavation unit 7N49W appears within Sublevel IFc. Sublevel II/c contained 88.6% of the total bone material by weight, 81.9% of the total artifacts by count and 88.2% of the total shell midden by weight recovered from this unit. This indicates that Sublevel IFc was filled in during the most active period over the course of the usage of Feature 3.
The ability to apply a descriptive form to Feature 3 would be enhanced by further excavations as no conclusive archaeological evidence suggesting activities other than tasks associated with food consumption and possibly household refuse deposition were revealed during this project.
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Structure 1 Structure 1 is a large, rectangular enclosure considered to be the ruins of John Young's house (Soehren 1964b:13-14; Kelly 1974:10-18; Apple 1978). Structure 1 is centrally positioned within the Homestead and sits at the highest elevation of any of the architectural structures within the site (see Figure 7).
Overall dimensions of Structure 1 measure ca. 15 m in length and 6.5 m wide (Rosendahl and Carter •1988:15), oriented at approximately 80-260 degree azimuth (TN) along its long axis. The interior dimensions of Structure 1 measure ca. 8 m by 5 m (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:15). Soehren (1964b: 14) estimated that the walls of the structure "appear to have been approximately 8 feet high originally" (see Plate 5). In 1978, the existing walls stood as high as 1.2 m above the surrounding ground surface and varied in width from 0.5 m to 0.6 m (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:15).
Structure 1 was constructed of stacked basalt cobbles and boulders (few of which are water-wom), earthen mortar, and a coral lime plaster applied to the interior and exterior walls. Wooden posts "imbedded in the walls, were inserted to provide a point of attachment for the rafters" (Soehren 1964b: 14). These posts were not observed during the 1999 field season.
In 1974, Ed Ladd then the NPS Pacific Archeologist, acted on concerns regarding the structural preservation of the John Young House. A temporary shelter was erected over Structure 1 using wooden bracing, plywood, fiberglass insulation and corrugated metal for roofing (see Plates 6, 7 and 8). The effort was designed to protect the original lime plaster and not to support the walls themselves (George Chambers 1989). Sections of metal piping intended as anchors for the bracing were driven into the ground within and outside of Structure 1 and guy wires were added. A layer of thick-mil black plastic was laid across the top of the extant walls of Structure 1 to prevent moisture from trickling down into the wall and displacing the remaining earthen mortar. Lithic material similar to that contained within the extant walls of Structure 1 were laid on top of the plastic layer to batten it down. The origin of this course of rocks was not recorded but it is likely that they were collected on-site.
During the 1999 excavation project, access into the structure was provided by a temporary wooden staircase leading up and over the north wall and down into the structure itself. The solid construction of this staircase facilitated the transfer of excavated materials out of the structure and to the screening area, and the passage of the fieldcrew safely in and out of Structure 1.
The interior of Structure 1 contains considerable architectural rubble, the modern shelter's structural elements, and the remains of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and kiawe (Prosopis pallida) which once grew within the confines of Structure 1 (see Plate 5 and 8). The intrusion of these elements significantly diminished workspace within the structure. Architectural rubble was observed to slope at ca. 30-degree angle of repose from almost the top of the extant walls towards the center of the structure, hence, plaster fragments and basalt stones riddle the ground surface within the structure. Maintenance staff at the park has conducted vegetation removal activities on site leaving few low cut immature kiawe tree stumps within the structure and numerous tufts of dried buffelgrass across the ground surface. Remnants of charred wood lengths present within Structure 1 suggests that kiawe may have burned within the structure, or have possibly blown in during one of several wildfires in the area. Only one 1-meter-square grid unit was excavated within Structure 1 representing an approximate 2.5% sampling within the structure.
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Plate 5. The interior of the north wall (photo-right) and the collapse west wall (photo-left) of the John Young home, Structure 1. View is to the west. This photograph was taken in 1964 by Lloyd Soehren, titled "Site E5-7. North wall of John Young's house, showing construction and one remaining post." (Courtesy of the Bishop Museum Archives, Negative CP118,868).
Plate 6. The exterior of the John Young house, Structure 1, with protective shelter constructed in 1974 in place. View is to the east. NPS photograph taken in 1997.
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Plate 7. Structure 1 in the background and Structure 3 in the foreground, John Young Homestead. View is to the north. NPS photograph taken in 1999.
Plate 8. The interior of the house of John Young, Structure 1, northeast corner as observed in 1997. View is to the northeast. NPS photograph.
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Unit 30N21W
Excavation unit 30N21W was centrally situated within Structure 1, ca. 1.4 m south of the north wall of the extant enclosure (see Figure 4). The interior wood bracing from the temporary shelter hampered access from the east side of the unit, and architectural rubble was a minor impediment to the north, south and west sides of the unit.
Stratigraphy Mapping of the surface of unit 30N21W revealed a highly irregular floor due to the considerable architectural rubble consisting of large pebble- to small boulder-size basalt rock and fragmented plaster. The initial excavation of the surface layer removed considerable architectural rubble and ca. 1-cm-deep layer of organic duff. Organic duff material was comprised of predominantly buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and kiawe {Prosopis pallida) litter.
Excavation of unit 30N21W revealed three stratigraphic levels (see Table 5). Level I extends from 2.5-20 cm deep. Below the ca. 1-cm-thick duff layer, sediments excavated within Sublevel La are described as 5YR 3/3 dark reddish brown silt. An estimated 75% of the volume from this sub-level consists of architectural basalt rock rubble and structural plaster fragments. The architectural basalt rock rubble from Level La amassed a total weight of 127 kg (280 pounds). Sublevel Lb is shallow at ca. 2 cm thick and described as a 5YR 3/3 reddish brown silt.
TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT STRATIGRAPHY UNIT 30N21W, STRUCTURE 1 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
SUBLEVEL I/a
I/b
Il/a
Il/b
SOIL DESCRIPTION 5YR 3/3 dark reddish brown silt; loose; considerable structural basalt rock rubble and plaster fragments; organic duff (buffelgrass and kiawe litter) and buffelgrass rootwads present; matrix includes midden, structural artifacts, and black sheet plastic fragments.
5YR 3/3 dark reddish brown silt; loose; abrupt, wavy boundary; structural basalt rock rubble and plaster fragments; matrix includes midden, structural artifacts, and black sheet plastic fragments; boundary is very abrupt and wavy.
Water worn basalt pebble ('ili'ili) paving with 5YR 3/4 dark reddish brown fine silt interspersed; loose silt, non-sticky and non-plastic; fairly homogenous basalt large granules and small pebbles, tightly packed within unconsolidated aeolian sediments; matrix exhibits an increase of concentrations of a sandy silt with increase in depth; Component A identified.
Water worn basalt pebble {'ili'ili)paving with two distinct sections of sediments - 10YR 4/3 brown sandy silt and a 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown sandy silt interspersed; loose silt, non-sticky and non-plastic; fairly homogenous basalt small pebbles and slightly more abundant large basalt granulesthan Il/a, tightly packed within unconsolidated aeolian sediments; matrix includes midden, very few naturally rounded fragments of coral; Component B identified. The boundary is abrupt and smooth.
DEPTH 0 - 19cmbd
19-21cmbd
21 - 29 cmbd
29-31cmbd
Ill/a 7.5YR 4/3 brown silt with few threadlike orange brown mottles and few concentrations of friable degrading basalt medium gray in color; slightly hard and slightly compact; non-plastic and non-sticky; matrix includes very infrequent midden and very few (<1% of volume) rocks.
31 -34 cmbd
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Plate 9. The 'Hi'Hi paving encountered in Level II, excavation unit 30N21W, Structure 1. Emerging Component A noted (photo left). View is to the east.
Plasters from Level I had a collective weight of 10.719 kg (23.63 pounds). Within Level I, a "layer" of plaster fragments was found at ca. 16 cmbd across the unit. The fragments of plaster were randomly distributed across the excavation unit at this general elevation. The orientation of most of the fragments was that in which the flat surface or the exterior finish/veneer faced downward. This lens of plaster fragments was deposited during a single event, most likely a serious earthquake, when plaster fragments lost adhesion and were violently shaken from the walls of the structure.
Fragments of degrading thick-mil black plastic used in 1974 by Ladd as part of the preservation treatment were encountered throughout Level I. The lower boundary of Level I is very abrupt and wavy, marked by the 'Hi'Hi paving throughout Level II.
Level II, the cultural stratum, consists of and is defined by an 8.5-to-13 cm thick layer of 'Hi'Hi paving (see Plate 9). The 'Hi'Hi material consists of a fairly homogenous layer of rounded waterworn pebbles with low to medium sphericity and a light density of marine coral randomly dispersed throughout. Sublevel Il/a and Sublevel Il/b are distinguished by the matrix interspersed between the densely compacted pebble paving. Sublevel Il/a contains 'Hi'Hi of pebble-sized stones, and sediments interspersed between the stones defined as a fine 5YR 3/4 dark reddish brown aeolian silt similar to the earthen mortar of Structure 1. Sublevel Il/b is described as a sandy silt matrix interspersed between 'ili'ili stone paving. Sublevel Il/b may be further distinguished by what appears to be a gradual color change between the sediments within the western section of the 1 m x 1 m excavation unit and the sediments present in the eastern section of the unit. The east section of Sublevel Il/b is described as 10YR 4/3 brown sandy silt. The west section of Sublevel Il/b is described as 10YR 3/6 dark yellowish brown sandy silt. Two postholes emerge within Sublevel Il/b (see Figures 12 and 13). A distinct linear boundary consisting of a compacted 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown sandy silt containing few 'ili'ili runs along a north/south orientation directly from posthole Component A to posthole Component B, dividing the unit sublevel (see Figure 14).
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Structure 1 30N21W Profile of the North Face of the NW and NE quads, view north
Figure 12. Profile of the north face of the northwest and northeast quadrants, unit 30N21W, Structure 1, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
Structure 1 30N2IW Profile of the South Face of the SW and SE quads, view south.
Figure 13. Profile of the south face of the southwest and southeast quadrants, unit 30N21W, Structure 1, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
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Structure 1 30N21W Planview of Base of Sublevel Il/b
Figure 14. Planview of the base of Sublevel Il/b, unit 30N21W, Structure 1, John Young Homestead project, 1999. Component A(u at the north end of the unit, Component B at the south end of the unit, and compacted matrix spans a narrow length in between the components.
There is an abrupt and smooth boundary between Level II and Level III. Level III contains little cultural material and is considered the subsoil base. Only the northeast quadrant of Sublevel Ill/a was excavated. Sublevel Ill/a is described as a thin lens approximately 2-4 cm thick of a slightly compacted and slightly hard 7.5YR 4/3 brown silt containing less than 1-percent in volume of unmodified lithic material. Artifact and midden recovery greatly diminished within Sublevel Ill/a. The surface of Sublevel Ill/b emerged in the northeast quadrant and is described as a compacted, slightly hard 7.5YR 4/3 brown silt with fine, threadlike orange and gray mottling from degrading basalt material. Sublevel Ill/b was not excavated due to time constraints and the unit was terminated.
Components Three architectural components were encountered within Unit 30N21W.
1) 'Ili'ili pavement (see Plate 9). The layer of 'Hi'Hi pavement encountered throughout Level II ranges from 8.5 cm to 13 cm thick. This layer of medium-to-large size (2 cm to 5 cm long) rounded-to-well-rounded waterworn basalt pebbles is well sorted and compacted exhibiting a volume of over 60% of the matrix from the Level. The smallest of the pebbles were well rounded
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Plate 10. Excavation of Component Al completed (photo right). Excavation of Component A2 (photo right) and Component B (photo left) in progress, unit 30N21W, Structure 1. View is to the west.
with high sphericity but the remainder of the lithic material ranged from rounded with high sphericity to rounded to well-rounded with low sphericity. The materials were predominantly of vesicular basalt. The presence of a low frequency of coral throughout Level II suggests that the 'Hi'Hi material was marine in origin as opposed to recovered from the nearby gulches.
2) Component A (Al and A2) (see Plate 10). Component Al was first identified at 23 cmbd along the northern perimeter of excavation unit 30N21W. Component Al was identified as a postmold ca. 20 cm in diameter when first encountered. When excavated fully, the component Al measured ca. 25-27 cm in diameter and 45 cm in depth. The walls of the posthole taper slightly with the increase in depth resulting in the base of Component Al measuring ca. 18 cm in diameter. The contents of Component Al include matrix similar to that of Level I (7.5YR 3/4 dark brown silt) inclusive of a light density of lime-based plaster fragments, 'ili'ili, and few historical-era artifacts. This aeolian sediment and the architectural rubble deposit within the posthole suggests that the wooden post (see Wood Charcoal Identification, Chapter 7) within the posthole was removed or decayed after the site was abandoned.
Sublevel Il/a, when excavated further, revealed an "outer ring" or wider extent of the feature beyond Component Al, so designated Component A2 (see Plates 10 and 11). The matrix of Component A2 is defined as a loose 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown silt. Rounded-to-subangular pebbles were noted within the matrix as well as lime-based plaster fragments. Cavities devoid of sediments were encountered where lithic material was clustered together. The boundary of Component A2 was clearly defined as the outer perimeter walls were comparatively more compacted than the matrix within Component A2. The smooth exterior wall of Component A2 exhibited clear vertical cutting of the natural sediments; suggesting a metal tool was employed for this purpose.
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Plate 11. Base of excavations of unit 30N21W, Structure 1, John Young Homestead. View is to the east.
Component Al is interpreted as the mold of the post itself. The post, likely round in cross-section, was oriented in an upright vertical position. The tapering of the base of Component Al suggests that the post had been tapered at its base as well, perhaps rounded. Component A2 is interpreted as the wider hole or container for the stone wedging and sediment that stabilized the vertical post within.
Materials recovered from Component A (Al and A2) are similar to artifacts recovered within 30N21W, Level II as the metal, glass, and ceramic objects as well as midden material and plasters exhibit no marked variation.
3) Component B. Component B, a posthole, was identified within Sublevel H/b, at 32 cmbd along the south wall of the excavation unit. In plan view, the 24-cm wide by 20-cm long feature is somewhat rectangular-shaped with rounded corners (see Plates 10 and 11). The matrix within Component B was excavated and screened separately. The contents were similar to that of Component A2; fill of subangular pebbles and few 'ili'ili pebbles. Component B was not excavated fully due to project time constraints.
Component B may have served as a support for a wall, door jam or stair frame post. As with Component A (Al and A2), Component B exhibits no marked variation as to the artifacts recovered from the component compared to those recovered from the excavation unit matrices.
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Traditional Artifacts
Stone
Debitage In total, only three pieces of lithic debitage were recovered from excavation unit 30N21W, Structure 1. All debitage from this unit was of volcanic glass material; basalt debitage was not recovered from excavation unit. One volcanic glass flake is of a simple tertiary reduction technology (catalogue number 1212) and one piece of volcanic glass is of an undetermined reduction technology (catalogue number 1203). Both of these artifacts were recovered from Sublevel Il/a, between 21 and 30 cmbd.
In addition, a small volcanic glass core fragment was identified within the assemblage. The core fragment (catalogue number 1181) was identified at 21.5 cmbd within Sublevel I/b of unit 30N21W. This core fragment measures ca. 1.19 cm in length and exhibits multi-directional flake scaring along its only rounded, unbroken facet. This volcanic glass core exhibits no cortex.
Faunal
Coral Abrade r One small, coral abrading tool (catalog number 1201) was recovered from the excavations. The 1.725 cm x 1.64 cm x 1.15 cm thick piece of coral exhibits one smoothed and flat worked surface. This artifact was recovered from excavation unit 30N21W, Sublevel Il/a, between 21 and 30 cmbd. This type of artifact was commonly used in the manufacture of bone, shell, and wooden artifacts (Buck 1957).
Miscellaneous Unidentified One small bone fragment collected from Sublevel Il/a, 21-30 cmbd exhibits evidence of cultural modification (catalog number 1196). The bone fragment is of the class Mammalia and appears to have been cut with a sharp implement (Ziegler 2000).
Historical Artifacts
Stone
Gunflint Directly below the layer of 'Hi'Hi paving at 28 cmbd (base of Sublevel II/b/top of Sublevel Ill/a) within unit 30N21W, a fine grade gunflint was recovered in situ (catalog number 1210). The material
composition is of a dark grey/black translucent flint and is dark brown when viewed through a strong light source. The object measures ca. 2.35 cm x 2.32 cm x 0.82 cm thick and is prismatic in shape (see Plate 12).
Plate 12. Gunflint, catalog number 1210, recovered at the interface of Sublevel Il/b and Sublevel Ill/a, unit 30N21W, Structure 1.
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The edges are beveled, while the dorsal or bed is flat, the ventral side or face is slightly concave. The top bears three traverse flake scars— the face, and the front and side bevels. The bed exhibits a simple traverse flake scar. Both face and bed exhibit smooth polished surfaces and are approximately parallel to one another, hence the fine grade. The gunflint has been well used but not exhausted. The gunflint displays edge-wear along all four margins of the bed and along one margin of the face, and exhibits negative flake scaring along the margins of the bed.
The form and material composition of the gunflint suggests that it is of British manufacture, a type mass-produced during the 19th century (Noel Hume 1985:221; Witthoft 1966:32-37; Kent 1983:35). Gunflints from eighteenth century colonial and revolutionary sites were predominantly of French manufacture-flints of honey-color, blond or brown—as they were considered superior. In the first half of the 19lh century, western traders both British and American were selling predominantly English gunflints. Witthoft (1966) suggests that archaeological evidence for the British gunflint industry support a post-1780 production period. English gunflints were cut from previously prepared blades from a flint core (Stone 1974; Witthoft 1966). This technique of separating blades into segments eliminated retouch to shape the flint, thereby making this process quick, efficient, and valuable (the British kept the details as trade secrets (Witthoft 1966:32)). The gunflint recovered from the John Young Homestead is similar in type to those mass-produced at the British works at Brandon (Witthoft 1966:34-37; Kent 1983:35).
Although percussion caps appeared in 1820 making flintlock guns obsolete, flintlocks remained in use until the late 19th century and into the early part of the 20,h century (Witthoft 1966, Kent 1983). In his report on "Honolulu in 1838" (1977:3-38) Greer reprints an advertisement from the 1838 Sandwich Island Gazette which read as follows:
Goods Advertised for Sale in the Sandwich Island Gazette on January 6, June 2, and December 29, 1838 by William French and by Pierce and Brewer ...pen knives percussion caps muskets flints sad irons liquor cranes drawing knives fish hooks...
In fact, flints were still a worthwhile marketable item in Hawai'i as late as 1865. The tabulations of records for the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company, Parker Ranch for the years 1861-1865 indicates that flints were being transported from Kawaihae to Parker Ranch in Waimea and sold at the fairly high price of 25<2 each (Wellmon 1969:116-117).
Slate A fragment of slate was recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel Il/a. The object is ca. 8.9 mm in length, 3.5 mm in width and 0.9 mm thick (catalog number 1213). In Hawai'i, slate artifacts occur at sites that post-date the arrival of the missionaries (Carter 1990). With the development of missionary schools, writing skills were practiced on writing slates. A possible source of the slate fragment is that of a writing slate.
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Metal
Iron Objects composed of iron represent the predominant group of metal objects in the artifact assemblage recovered from unit 30N21W, Structure 1. The iron objects include 17 mostly intact nails, 88 nail fragments, two iron tacks, 23 thin flat iron fragments, and 958 fragments most likely originating as parts of metal hardware or tools.
Three hand wrought nail-head types typically found on historical sites were identified amongst the nail and nail fragments recovered from the Homestead. The most common of the three nail types, the "rose head", exhibits five hammered facets radiating down from a central point on the head (Noel Hume 1985:252). Six rose head nails (catalog numbers 1126, 1184, 1185, 1187,1188, and 1218) and three rose head nail fragments (catalog numbers 1192, 1204, and 1230) were recovered from the excavations. The nails range from 1.1 cm (0.43 in.) to 3.43 cm (1.35 in.) in length.
The hand wrought T-head nail, a flat head hammered over on opposite sides of the shaft, was utilized for flooring or stair framing (Noel Hume 1985:252-254; Nelson 1968). Two incomplete T-head nails (catalog number 1128 and 1180) were identified. In addition to these two T-head nails, another T-head nail (catalog number 1145) was recovered from unit 30N21W at the base of Sublevel I/a, 20 cmbd. This T-head nail has been modified to suggest the form of a metal fishhook.
Plate 13. Modified T-head iron nail, catalog number 1145, recovered within unit 30N21W, at the base of Sublevel I/a.
In its original form, the nail shank is square in cross-section and the head is
roughly square and off center of the shank presenting one side of the head protruding over the shank. The nail has been modified as the shank is bent creating two angles (see Plate 13).
An L-head nail, a flat head nail in which the nail head protrudes over only one facet of the shank, was typically used as trim and flooring nails (Nelson 1968). One incomplete L-head nail (catalog number 1166) and two such nail fragments (catalog numbers 1193 and 1251) were recovered. The L-head nail measures ca. 2.81 cm (1.11 in.) in length.
Two incomplete iron nails and an iron nail shank fragment are hand wrought but their fair-to-poor condition limit the identification of the head style (catalog numbers 1134, 1140, and 1219).
Five machine-cut nails (catalog numbers 1127, 1141, 1190, 1253, and 1256) and two machine-cut nail fragments (catalog numbers 1130 and 1136) were recovered. One such nail, catalog number 1141, exhibits a machine-cut shank and a hand-wrought head. This nail type is typical of the early use of machinery to shape nails ca. 1790-1810 (Nelson 1968).
The remaining iron nails and nail fragments exhibited enough oxidation and exfoliation as to render manufacturing techniques undeterminable. Numerous thin, flat iron fragments were recovered from the excavations of unit 30N21W.
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Two incomplete iron tacks were recovered from unit 30N21W. Both tacks exhibit shanks rectangular in cross-section and remnant head elements (catalog numbers 1223 and 1260).
Brass Brass materials recovered from unit 30N21W within Structure 1 consists of five objects. The materials identified are two brass nails, one brass nail shank, and two brass tacks.
One of the brass nails (catalog number 1195) recovered at 21 cmbd, Sublevel Il/a exhibits a convex rounded head ca. 1.43 cm (0.56 inches) in diameter and a tapered square-cut shank. This hand wrought brass nail is 2.98 cm (1.17 inches) in length. An incomplete brass nail (catalog number 1228) was recovered from Sublevel Il/a at 23 cmbd. The machine-cut shank of the brass nail is intact, yet the oval-shaped head of the nail is incomplete. A brass nail shank (catalog number 1170) was recovered from Sublevel I/b at 18.5 cmbd. The ca. 2.8 cm (1.1 inches) long, hand wrought shank is tapered in length and square-cut in cross-section.
Edgar Henriques (1917:51) a member of the Hawaiian Historical Society stated in his article to the Society:
There are two trunks made of wood, covered with leather and trimmed with brass nails, evidently of English make. They each have a copper plate with their names engraved, exactly alike; one with the name of John Young, the other with the name of Isaac Davis. The one with the name of John Young is on exhibition at Hanauakamalama, the home of the late Queen Emma. The other is in my possession.
Brass fittings such as upholstery tacks for ornamentation and anchoring or larger tacks for harness ornaments and retention for 18th century coaches and sedan chairs are typical of ornamental hardware (Noel Hume 1985: 227-228). Two brass tacks were recovered from the excavations, one from Sublevel Il/a and the other from Sublevel Il/b, unit 30N21W. The intact brass tack (catalog number 1197) was recovered from Sublevel Il/a at 24 cmbd. The tack is ca. 0.9 cm (0.35 inches) long and the head ca. 0.88 cm (0.35 inches) in diameter. The shank is rounded in cross-section and the length of the shank is tapered. An incomplete brass tack (catalog number 1250) was recovered from 29 cmbd. It measures 1.21 cm long and the head 1.25 cm. in diameter. The shank, rectangular in cross-section, is incomplete. Both brass tacks exhibit convex heads.
Inquiry with Historian Mildred Nolan of the Daughters of Hawaii, Queen Emma Summer Palace, Honolulu, lead to no record of a trunk in their collection as mentioned by Edgar Henriques (1917:51). Contact with the Bishop Museum proved slightly more fruitful. Mr. Kevin Montgomery, Department of Anthropology Collection Manager, stated in a telephone conversation that in fact, Bishop Museum does have a lone plate engraved with John Young's name donated to the Museum with the collection from the Henriques family. This plate is similar to a nameplate that might appear on a trunk. No conclusive evidence can associate the engraved plate at the Bishop Museum and the trunk mentioned by Henriques with the brass hardware recovered from within Structure 1 but it is feasible that they are associated.
Lead Two lead objects were recovered from the excavations. Those lead objects recovered from the site exhibit a dark gray patina and patchy, powdery white surfaces which are evidence of unstable lead carbonate.
One lead shot was recovered from Sublevel Il/a at 25 cmbd within unit 30N21W (catalog number 1199). The lead shot measured ca. 4.3 mm in diameter and weighs ca. 0.49 g.
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The third lead object was recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel Il/a. The object is identified as a lead strip ca. 2 cm (0.79 inches) long and 0.24 cm (0.09 inches) thick that has been bent to create an uneven loop (catalog number 1241).
Lead and Brass A metal button (catalog number 1232) and two associated button fragments (catalog number 1240) were recovered from unit 30N21W. The incomplete button and associated button crown fragments reconstruct ca. 75% of the crown and 100% of the loop shank of the button. The button is of a single crown and back element cast around the loop. The loop is corroded but intact and is mounted to the slightly concave back directly on a shallow neck or cone. The cone shank element was utilized in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Luscomb 1967). The button was recovered in situ from unit 30N21W at 25 cmbd in the northwest quadrant of Sublevel Il/a. The associated brass button fragments were recovered from the screened matrix of the northwest quadrant of Sublevel Il/a (21-30 cmbd).
The button itself (catalog number 1232) appears to be composed of two metal compounds, a lead cast body and a brass gilt or other copper alloy plating as indicated by the three values of green patchy patina noted on the crown face only. The crown face exhibits small fragment detachment of ca. 45% of the beveled edge of the crown and exhibits a maximum diameter of 3.20 cm (1.26 inches) where intact. The crown face is slightly convex and is decoratively embossed. The design can be described as a "spiral sunburst." The size of the button suggests that it was utilized on an outerwear garment such as a coat or uniform jacket. The indications of metallic plating suggest a higher status to the value of the object.
Lead and Iron One composite object of fused sections of lead and iron (catalog number 1144) was recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel I/a at 19.5 cmbd (see Plate 14). The ornamental terminal is composed of lead and is expressed as a hexagonal cylinder bent to a 90-degree angle inserted into a 1.58 cm (0.62 inches) in diameter ferrule. Inserted into the opposite sleeve of the lead ferrule is a ferrous hardware
material, likely a screw or molly that has been oxidized. This composite object is similar in form to a wall hook or wall brace (see Noel Hume 1985:229, Figure 72).
Plate 14. Catalog number 1144, a lead and iron wall hook/brace recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel I/a at 19.5 cmbd.
Glass
Glass Beads Three glass beads were recovered from the eastern quadrants of Sublevel Il/a, unit 30N21W. The first of the three beads was recovered at a depth of 26.5 cmbd. The seed bead is fragmented in two revealing a circular cross-section of a translucent red over an opaque white core (catalog number 1200). This drawn glass bead exhibits a hot-tumbled finish. The exterior diameter of the bead is ca.
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2.84 mm in diameter and the bore ca. 0.8 mm in diameter. This bead is similar in type to cornaline d'Aleppo glass beads.
Cornaline d'Aleppo, sometimes termed "Hudson's Bay Company" beads, were identified in the Fort Vancouver, Washington bead assemblages dating from 1829 -1860 (Ross 1990). Fort Vancouver was one of two major mercantile centers managed by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). As the administrative headquarters and primary fur depot from 1824-1845, the HBC at Fort Vancouver maintained mercantile and trading stores in Hawai'i during this period beginning in the late 1830s (Ross 1990). The cornaline d'Aleppo bead variety is commonly associated with Native-American sites especially those dated to the early and mid-19'h century. This bead type has been identified in the artifact assemblage from the 1978 excavations at the John Young Homestead (Rosendahl and Carter 1988).
The second glass bead recovered from unit 30N21W is a monochrome drawn glass bead (catalog number 1217). This short glass bead is ca. 3 mm in length. It has an exterior diameter of 2.74 mm and a bore diameter of ca. 1.1 mm. The opaque off-white tubular bead exhibits slightly rounded uneven ends to an otherwise circular cross-sectioned bead. This bead was found within the screened matrix of Sublevel Il/a, recovered from a depth between 21 and 30 cmbd.
Plate 15. Catalog number 1221, a translucent rose-colored wound glass bead recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel H/a at 26 cmbd.
The third glass bead (catalog number 1221), recovered at 26 cmbd from the excavation unit, is a translucent rose colored wound glass
bead (see Plate 15). This short hot-tumbled bead is circular in cross-section and measures ca. 2.74 mm in length. The bead exhibits an exterior diameter of ca. 4.2 mm and bore diameter of ca. 1.24 mm. This bead type was popular throughout the 19' century.
Bottle glass Glass was sorted by color range and analyzed. Bottle glass recovery from Structure 1 was limited to nine fragments. Based on color range, a minimum of three bottles is represented. Amber-colored glass fragments (catalog numbers 1229, 1235, and 1243) from a mold-blown bottle were identified. Olive-colored glass fragments from a mold-blown paneled bottle (catalog numbers 1194 and 1198) and a pale green glass bottle lip fragment (catalog number 1243) are among the items recovered.
Vessel glass Three fragments of vessel glass were recovered from the excavations. The three small, amber-colored glass fragments were recovered from the screened matrices of Sublevel Fb, 23-32 cmbd.
Ceramic
The ceramic assemblage indicates a minimum number of five vessels based on assessment of similarities in ware, form, and decoration. Porcelain and earthenware were recovered from unit 30N21W, Structure 1.
Porcelain Three ceramic sherds recovered from unit 30N21W, Structure 1 have been identified as Chinese porcelain (catalog numbers 1207, 1208, and 1209). All are underglaze blue on white with typical
61
Chinese ware motifs (Noel Hume 1974:257-262) exhibiting geometric designed rim bands typical of "China Trade" export porcelains.
Three small ceramic sherds were identified as painted overglaze porcelains. One of the sherds exhibits a hand painted floral design of pink flower and green leaf overglazed on white (catalog number 1215) typical of Cantonware with a Mandarin motif of the late 18th to the early 19th century. The second sherd is decorated in a weathered, pale yellow and blue floral design with a faint overglaze gray band above (catalog number 1214). Both sherds were recovered from the screened matrix of unit 30N21W, Sublevel H/a, between 21 and 30 cmbd. The third overglaze sherd (catalog number 1247) exhibits a hand painted pale jade green design outlined in brown. This possible floral design was painted onto white porcelain. This sherd was found at 30.5 cmbd, Sublevel Il/b.
A porcelain sherd recovered from Sublevel Il/a, between 21 to 30 cmbd, exhibits an underglazed two-color banded rim of orange and gray transfer print on white (catalog number 1216). This small fragment has been chipped off of the original vessel.
One porcelain sherd recovered at 28 cmbd, Sublevel Il/a was identified to exhibit white with nondiagnostic remnant blue underglaze decoration (catalog number 1207).
Earthenware Three sherds of undecorated creamware (Munsell 2.5Y 8/2, a pale yellow) were identified in the collection from unit 30N21W. The sherds were recovered from the screened matrix of Sublevel Il/a (catalog number 1242), Sublevel Il/b (catalog number 1274) and one sherd from the Component A1/A2 posthole matrix of Sublevel Ill/b (catalog number 1275).
Faunal
Animal Skin A small fragment of animal skin product (catalog number 1281) was recovered from the screened matrices of Sublevel Il/a, unit 30N21W, Structure 1. Preliminary microscopic analysis by Brigid Sullivan, Conservator from the Northwest Cultural Resources Center, Massachusetts indicates a laminated structure and a manufactured or cut edge. The fragment measures ca. 2.07 cm (0.81 inches) in maximum length, 1.09 cm (0.43 inches) in maximum width and ca. 0.026 cm (0.01 inches) in thickness. The form and material type is typical of parchment. Such materials are very durable.
Faunal Material
Marine Shell The total recovery of marine shell remains would typically be considered midden material at most archaeological sites. The indications from excavation unit 30N21W, Level II suggest that some of the faunal material recovered, originating from the marine environment may indeed be present on site under more casual circumstances. The 'Hi'Hi paving material present within Structure 1, Structure 2 and across the "courtyard" at the site was collected from the shoreline ocean waters. It would appear that the haul was not sorted, nor purged of non-lithic materials, thus "impurities" such as coral and marine shell are present within the matrix. Hence, a percentage of selected material class items are rendered as not a result of midden deposition but that of indirect and unutilized primary material deposition. Nevertheless, marine shell frequencies encountered within excavation unit 30N21W suggest that there was a period of time in which a high density and diversity of gastropods occurred at this locale (see Table 6). Sublevel Il/a of unit 30N21W exhibits this trend, this sublevel consisting of the surface and near surface of the living floor of the John Young home.
62
ON
TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF NON-ARTIFACTUAL FAUNAL REMAINS (EXCLUSIVE OF BONE MATERIAL) UNIT 30N21W, STRUCTURE 1, JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
N O N - A R T I F A C T U A L
R E M A I N S
U N I T M A T R I C E S C O M P O N E N T Al A N D A 2
L E V E L 1/a L E V E L l/b L E V E L 11/a L E V E L HAS L E V E L Ml/a L E V E L I l l / a L E V E L l l l / b L E V E L IH/c L E V E L I l l / d T O T A L
0-19 c m b d 19-21 c tnbd 21-29 c m b d 29-31 c tnbd 31-34 c m b d 32-42 c m b d 42-52 c m b d 52-62 c m b d 62-68 c m b d
C S * F T " T W < g ) « " CS FT TW(g; C S FT TW(g) CS FT TW(g C S FT T W ^ ) CS FT TW(f ] CS FT TW(g] C S FT TW(e; OS FT TW<g; C S FT TW (c)
T O T A L E C H 1 N O D E R M A T A 0 3 0.25 0 1 0.03 0 15 0.5 0 4 0.15 0 0 0 0 1 0.01 0 5 0.15 0 1 0.03 0 1 0.09 0 31 1.21
U N I T T O T A L 1 13 2.43 2 6 4 4 5 3d 151 49.93 4 24 3-32 0 5 1.77 I 10 0.11 0 9 0-5 7 6 11.9 0 5 2S 49 229 76.91
' C o m p l e t e s p e c i m e n s
" F T a e m e n l ta l ly
" • T o t a l we igh t (g)
Bone Recovery of bone material within unit 30N21W, Structure 1 resulted in the identification of 1,734 specimens. The substantial remains of an indeterminate fish class (a total of 1,604 fragments) are attributed to the abundance of fish scale remains recovered, which to date are extremely difficult if not impossible to identify. Nonetheless, of the remaining 130 bone fragments recovered from this unit, Ziegler has identified a minimum of ten families as well as three species (see Table 7). Seven of the ten families identified are of the Order Osteichthyes, representing a moderate diversity of bony fish remains.
The predominance of an indeterminate class of fish and Osteichthyes remains, as well as other taxa identified within Sublevel Il/a, unit 30N21W would suggest that the surface of the 'Hi'Hi paving (Level II) served as the living floor. The nature of the waterworn pebble paving material would allow for smaller items from the surface of the paving material to filter through the paving and settle within the stratum. This may account for the number of identified bone specimens within Sublevel Il/b (less than Sublevel Il/a, yet more abundant than other sublevels within the unit).
Animal Hair Identification Two fibrous samples recovered from unit 30N21W, Structure 1 at the John Young Homestead were submitted to Dr. Bonnie Yates, Senior Forensic Specialist for the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Lab in Ashland, Oregon for animal hair taxon identification. Dr. Yates employed light microscopy, a process in which light is passed through an object to illuminate the internal structure of the sample. Dr. Yates used the extensive comparative animal hair collection at the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Lab to identify origin of the submitted samples.
Specimen Catalog number 1453 was collected from unit 30N21W within the confines of Structure 1. The specimen consists of a single strand of hair collected in situ from the southeast quadrant of Sublevel I/b between 20 and 22 cmbd. Under light microscopy, this sample was identified as a medium secondary hair lacking definitive morphological details (see Plate 16). However, according to Yates, the length and diameter of the sample is consistent with secondary hair of some domestic dog breeds, Canis familiaris (e.g. Sheltie, Poodle, etc.).
The second fibrous sample from unit 30N21W submitted to Dr. Yates for analyses proved to be vegetal in nature.
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TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF BONE FRAGMENT REMAINS FROM UNIT 30N21W, STRUCTURE 1 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS
VERTEBRATE
Small vertebrate
Small and/or medium vertebrate
Medium vertebrate
TOTAL
OSTEICHTHYES
Acanthurid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Mugilid
Poiynemid
Priacantliid
Scarid
Scombrid
TOTAL
FISH (indeterminate class)
TOTAL
REPTILIA
Small lizard
TOTAL
AVES
Gullus gullus
Large bird
Medium bird
Small bird
Small or medium bird
Small Passeriform
TOTAL
MAMMALIA
Canns fcnniliuris
Mns iiiiiscutiis
Rallus cxuluns
Rallus norscgiens or Renins rutins
Rutins sp.
Sns scrofa
Small-to-medium or medium mammal
Medium mammal
Medium and/or large mammal
Medium Artiodactyl (indeterminate family)
TOTAL
UNIT TOTAL
SUBLEVEL
I/a 0-19
cmbd
1
1
-----
-
0
. 0
0
-
----0
-
0
I
I/b 19-21 cmbd
1
--1
---
• --0
3
3
0
-
2
1
1
4
--
0
8
lira 21-29 cmbd
2
5
7
1
68
1
10
1
3
3
87
14-18
1448
2
2
2
2
2
1
7
4
1
2
-
7
1558
I I/b 29-31 cmbd
2
2
1
-3
4
83
83
0
-0
-
0
89
Ill/a 31-34 cmbd
-
0
-
-
0
. 0
0
-
---
0
-
-
0
0
COMPONF-NT Al and 32-42 42-52 52-62 cmbd cmbd cmbd
1
0 1 0
2 1
-
. 0 2 1
11 12 35
11 12 35
0 0 0
.
.
2
1
1 0 2
.
.
.
0 0 0
12 15 38
A2 62-68 cmbd
0
-
-
0
11
11
-0
0
--
0
11
COMPONENT B 32-40 cmbd
-0
---
1
1
1
1
0
-----
0
--------
0
2
Total per
Species
4
7
1
12
1
0
72
1
10
0
1
6
4
95
1604
1604
2
2
2
0
4
3
4
1
14
0
4
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
7
1734
65
Plate 16. Light microscopy image of animal hair specimen NPS Catalog number 1453 recovered from excavation unit 30N21W. Taxon identification is not conclusive but the length and diameter of the sample is consistent with secondary hairs of some domestic dog (Canis familiaris) breeds.
Floral Material
Wood Charcoal Identification Two wood charcoal samples from the excavations at Structure 1, unit 30N21W were submitted to Gail Murakami of the International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (IARII) in Honolulu for taxon identification (see Appendix B). The two charcoal samples were submitted under Lab #743 (catalog number 1456) and Lab #521 (catalog number 1460).
The multiple-piece sample collected from unit 30N21W at the base of Component A (62-68 cmbd), a post-hole, was viewed under a dissecting microscope and analyzed. The results were most interesting. According to Murakami, this sample (catalog number 1456) contains charcoal of Chamaesyce ('akoko), Metrosideros polymorpha {'ohi'a lehua), probable introduced species of Acacia, probable fern caudex, and uncharred bark. Charred fern stems (Pteridophyta) are the major component of this sample representing 71.7% of the 0.99g total sample weight. Ferns have been used in Hawaii as thatch for roofing material of upper status residences (Kamakau 1976:280; Apple 1971:182). The 'ama'u fern was used as thatch for the ridge, bunched, trimmed and/or plaited (Kamakau 1992:102). The presence of fern caudex at the base of a posthole may be a secondary deposit. Yet, certain fern species (i.e. the sword fern, Nephrolepis exaltata) have been used as offerings (Neal 1965).
Vascular plant surveys of the 1970s through the 1990s at PUHE indicate a natural cycle of presence and absence of specific fern species in the park (Pratt and Abbott 1996). This may have been true during John Young's occupancy at Kawaihae. A member of the Pteridaceae, Doryopteris decora (dwa'iwa), an endemic species to Hawaii, was observed though rare at PUHE in 1977 and 1982 (Pratt and Abbott 1996).
66
Murakami indicates that catalog number 1456 also contained a single piece of charcoal identified as Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud, in Hawai'i also known as 'ohia lehua. Traditional uses of this hardwood were as materials for furniture, images, spears and mallets (Neal 1965:637-638). Rafters and posts hewn for houses were often made from 'ohi'a (Buck 1993:87; Malo 1951:20). For chiefly residences, all house posts were to be of the same wood type (Kamakau 1976:137-138; Hooili 1919:642). This poses a good probability that the Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud identified in the charcoal sample collected from the base of the posthole Component A was the material composition of the wooden post formerly set in the posthole. Therefore, 'ohia lehua was likely the material used for all of the posts within Structure 1, the house of John Young.
Uncharred botanical material from excavation unit 30N21W was recovered at 19.5 cmbd. Taxon identification analysis of this sample (catalog number 1460) indicates that the material resembles bark, suggestive of the outer "corky" layer of a monocotyledonous plant such as a palm. Taxon could not be identified.
Other Botanicals A substantial sample of an unidentified organic material was recovered in situ from excavation unit 30N21W between 25 and 27 cmbd, and from the Sublevel Il/a (21-30 cmbd) excavated and screened material. Approximately 2.6g of the total 31.9g sample (catalog number 1458) was submitted to IARII for preliminary analysis (see Appendix B). Observing the physical traits of the sample, Murakami posed that it resembles plant sap or resin and remotely resembles sugar cane slag.
A simple test of burning a small sample of the material gave off an odor very similar to that of pine pitch. Pine pitch or tar, as well as other byproducts of Pinus sp. are included in oils, wood tars, and turpentine known as "naval stores." Pine tars were used in making varnishes, adhesives, and sealing waxes and perhaps, John Young used this material for one or more of the same purposes.
A total of 5.46g of kukui (Aleurites moluccana) endocarp was recovered from unit 30N21W. Kukui have traditionally been used to furnish fire light as the kernel contains a high concentration of oil, and the nuts cooked to furnish a relish called 'inamona (Pukui and Elbert 1986, Abbott 1992). Kukui also contains a gum, which was used in preparing varnish for tapa cloth (Ellis 1979:269).
Mineral (Non-cultural) Excavation of unit 30N21W at Structure 1 revealed three crystal fragments of the mineral quartz. Two quartz specimens were recovered from the screened matrix of Component Al and A2. The third piece of quartz was collected from screened matrix of Sublevel Il/a, the layer of 'Hi'Hi paving.
Jones and Knowlton (1998) conducted trace quartz quantitative analyses on sample JYH_2, one of two mortar samples from the John Young home (Structure 1). They concluded that the sample contained trace concentrations of quartz and illite (hydrous mica). This finding is consistent with quartz and illite concentrations in areas of light rainfall in Hawai'i as many soil surfaces whose source is tropospheric dust from the Asian continent do contain quartz (Jones and Knowlton 1998).
The presence of quartz samples within Component Al and Sublevel Il/a suggest deposition of an aeolian matrix whose source is possibly the mortar from the structure itself.
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Structure 1 Discussion In 1830, Dr. Gerrit Parmele Judd and his wife Laura Fish Judd were guests of John Young at his home in Kawaihae. Laura Fish Judd (1880:36) recounts the event:
Here we were entertained by old John Young, an English runaway sailor, who had been many years on the islands, and had assisted Kamehameha in his conquests. He had married a native woman of rank, has a fine family of sons and daughters, and is considered a chief. He lived in a dirty adobe house, adorned with old rusty muskets, swords, bayonets, and cartridge boxes. He gave us supper of goat's meat and fried taro, served on old pewter plates, which I was unfortunate to see his servant wipe his red flannel shirt in lieu of a napkin. I was surprised to see how imperfectly Mr. Young spoke the native language. We were sent up a rickety flight of stairs to sleep. I was afraid, and requested Dr. Judd to look around the room carefully for concealed dangers, and he was heartless enough to laugh at me. Sleep was out of the question; I was afraid of the wind, which sometimes sweeps down the gorge of the mountain, and got up at midnight, and went down to the grass house of Mrs. Young, which was neat and comfortable. She is a noble woman. She lives in native style; one of the sons is with the king, and the daughters are in the train of the princess.
Marion Kelly in Listen to the Whispering Sea (1974:16) offers the following:
From the time he was three months old until he was about twelve years old, William Akau lived within 250 ft of the ruins of this two-story building. As a young boy, Akau used to play in its foundations. He described them as having been about 75 x 50 ft, with a ground floor and steps inside leading upstairs. There were windows, Akau recalled, on the makai side, but no roof, and there was a large door on the Kohala (Mahukona) end of the building. The foundations were made of stone, mud, and grass.
There is a possibility that this makai building was the ruin of John Young's "old house", the one described by Laura Judd as having been made of adobe and having an upstairs. It seems, also, to agree with the location designated on Jackson's map as John Young's old house.
The historical record offers information regarding the architectural form of the John Young house during occupancy and well over 100 years after abandonment. The archaeological excavations presented here, however, revealed hitherto unknown details of specific architectural form and method.
The extant postholes Component A (A1/A2) and Component B jointly are in perpendicular alignment with the north wall of Structure 1. This alignment and the relatively short distance between the postholes suggest that they served as an internal wall bearing support (see Figure 15). The configuration of Component B is slightly different from Component A (A1/A2) and may indicate an interior doorjamb posthole.
The soil matrices present on either side of the alignment between the postholes exhibit a clear chromatic difference (see Figure 14). In addition, the matrix spanning the length between the two postholes within the lower elevations of Level II exhibits a higher degree of compaction than other
68
Figure 15. Interior wall of Structure 1 extrapolated from the two postholes identified within excavation unit 30N21W, Structure 1. A section of the John Young Homestead transit map, prepared by International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. in 1997, serves as the base map for this graphic.
sediments within the level. The compacted sediments were described as a 10YR 4/2 dark grayish brown sandy silt that contains a considerably lower frequency of 'ili'ili than the paving above or adjacent. The greater compaction of the sediments spanning the distance between the postholes suggests a greater weight or force applied to this particular area as would occur with a wall or partition made of stone.
Essentially, this then suggests that there were at least two distinct spaces or rooms on the ground floor of Structure 1. The diminished frequency of 'ili'ili within the compacted sediments indicates that the wall was in place before the 'ili'ili paving was laid down.
In Macrae's With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825 (1922:facing p. 48), a photograph taken by W.F. Wilson ca. 1920 is reported as depicting the ruins of the interior of John Young's house (see Plate 17). The physical location of the interior wall within the house of John Young in the upper portion of the Homestead came to light during the 1999 excavation project. The characteristics of the interior wall of the structure as depicted in the photograph could feasibly fit the indications of a wall and the postholes as seen during excavations. Yet, with the passage by Laura Judd (1880:36) indicating that she and her husband "... were sent up a rickety flight of stairs to sleep," the photograph does not depict any indications of crossbeams, which would have supported an upper story. The photograph may in fact represent a structure that was located within the lower portion of Homestead also belonging to John Young.
The presence of an interior wall establishing at least two living spaces within Structure 1 was realized during the 1999 excavations but what can we pose as to the function of these two rooms? Limited as we are to recovery of artifacts and midden from only 2.5% of the total ground surface area within Structure 1, there appears to be marked distinctions between the types of artifacts recovered from the
69
Plate 17. Wm. F. Wilson photograph ca. 1920 of the "Ruins of John Young's House, Kawaihae, Hawaii" in 1922 edition of Macrae's With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825: Being extracts from the MS diary of James Macrae, Scottish Botanist, facing p. 48.
east section (east of the alignment from posthole Component A to Component B) and those from the west section (west of the alignment from posthole Component A to Component B) of 30N21W, Level II, the cultural level.
• Glass beads. The three glass beads recovered from the unit were all extracted from the eastern section of the unit. The three glass beads were all of diverse form and presentation. • Ceramics. Eight of the nine ceramic sherds recovered from Level II were extracted from the matrix of the eastern section of the unit. • Bottle glass. All glass fragments recovered from Level II are bottle glass fragments extracted from the western section of the excavation unit. • Metal objects. The only metal objects extracted from the eastern section of the Level consist of seven iron nails and nail fragments. The metal objects recovered from the western section of the level exhibit a diversity of material composition and form. Metal artifacts recovered from the western portion of Level II include:
1. a brass button and two associated brass button fragments, 2. a brass nail and a brass nail shaft, 3. a brass tack, 4. a single lead buckshot, 5. a lead object which can be defined as a small elongated lead strip shaped or bent
into a somewhat circular configuration, 6. one intact and nine incomplete iron nails, 7. an iron nail modified into the shape of a traditional fishhook, 8. four flat iron fragments, possibly from a metal container or barrel strap, and 9. an iron tack.
• Pine resin or tar. A total of 31.9 grams of a substance identified as pine resin or tar was recovered from Level II. Of the collective gram weight, 30.88g or 97% was extracted from the western section of the Level and 1.03 grams or 3% of the total weight was extracted from the eastern section.
70
The artifacts recovered from each distinct living space suggests that the western section of the house may have been used as a work space or a section of the house utilized as men's quarters. This room may have been the view that formed Laura Judd's impression of John Young's house as "adorned with old rusty muskets, swords, bayonets, and cartridge boxes."
The glass beads and the majority of the ceramic assemblage (89%) from Level II were extracted from the eastern section of the excavation unit. The seven iron nails and nail fragments were likely associated with the architectural component of the house structure. Glass beads and household wares present indicate activities distinct from the living space in the western section of the house. It could be suggested that these objects are more typically associated with activities and personal adornment specific to females. Further archaeological excavations over and above the 2.5% sampling completed during this project would enhance interpretation of the usage of these distinct sections of the house.
The house of John Young revealed few small and fragmentary artifacts from within excavation unit 30N21W, Level II, the cultural level. As would be expected, it would appear that the 'Hi'Hi paving as a living surface was maintained and kept clear of debris. Overall, the artifacts recovered from Structure 1 indicate household and kitchen activities. Objects of personal adornment, hardware of an architectural nature, as well as possible furnishings were recovered. The artifact assemblage does indicate household activities of the late 18th to mid-19th century. The date range of identified artifacts mirror the period in which John Young and family reportedly occupied the site.
The eyewitness account by Bates (1854:389) indicates that the house of John Young, Structure 1, was inhabited in 1853 by a District Judge, formerly an O'ahu schoolteacher. It is possible that some of the cultural remains, particularly those within the lowest deposits of Level I and even possibly few within the upper elevations of Level II, can be attributed to this time period and occupation.
Table 6 represents the non-artifactual remains exclusive of bone material recovered from unit 30N21W. Sublevel Il/a contains the highest frequency and range of diversity of marine invertebrate remains within this unit. Bone material recovered from the excavation of the unit includes vertebrates, bony fish, reptiles, birds and mammal remains (see Table 7). Ninety-five percent of the bone material recovered from the unit was collected within Level II: 90% from Sublevel Il/a and 5% from Sublevel H/b. Sublevel Il/a bone material is predominately fish bone (90%). Mammals are minimally represented, all within Sublevel Il/a. Historically introduced mammal species include roof rat {Rattus rattus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) which occasionally occur in lower deposits as a result of their burrowing activities. Bird species are minimally represented overall (0.8%) and reptiles expressed as remains of small lizards are also minimally represented (0.1% overall). All species identified within component matrices are represented within the Sublevel matrices except for one small Passeriform bone fragment identified in the uppermost level of Component A (between 32 and 42 cmbd). The 'ili'ili paving served as the architectural living floor through the duration of the permanent occupancy of the structure whether it was covered with a traditional fiber (i.e. lau hala) woven mat or left barren.
Approximately 25 items collected from the surface of Structure 1 at the John Young Homestead site by a private individual in 1971 were returned to the park during the 1978 excavation project (as stated in John Young Homestead Project Report Draft, Portable Remains, in PUHE curatorial files, author unknown). These items include porcelain and earthenware sherds, glass bottle fragments, and a folded brass sheeting fragment. Provenience is unknown.
71
Structure 3 Structure 3, considered a Western-style enclosure, is situated ca. 6 m southeast of Structure 1 (see Figure 7). The extent of Structure 3 ranges across an elevation change of over 0.5 m (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:12) as it was constructed along a gradual north-south trending slope, which originates just below the level 'Hi'Hi paving placed across the majority of the site. In 1978, Structure 3 was defined as follows:
The rectangular stone walled enclosure is in very poor condition and is similar to, but not as well constructed as, Structure 2. It measures approximately 5 m (16.4 ft) by 8.5 m (27.9 ft) overall, and remaining remnants of the wall foundations indicate wall widths of 35 cm (13.8 in). The walls were constructed in the same manner as the walls of Structure 1 and Structure 2 [Rosendahl and Carter 1988:15, 18].
Two contiguous one-meter square excavation units were established (see Figure 8) representing a 5% sampling within Structure 3.
Unit 14N19W
Unit 14N19W was the first unit excavated within the confines of Structure 3. Excavation unit 14N19W was placed across what appeared to be the remains of the elevation of the northeast wall of Structure 3. Considerable architectural rubble was removed from the surface of this unit consisting of over 200 pounds (90.7 kg) of predominantly sub-angular rocks mixed with a few sub-rounded large pebble-size to small boulder-size basalt rocks and occasional lime-based plaster fragments. Few of the boulder-size rocks remained in situ as these rocks extended below the ground surface for an unknown depth.
Stratigraphy Excavation of Level I included the removal of predominantly rock, plaster and limited soil matrices within the 1 m x 1 m unit. Level I sediments were identified as a loose 10YR 3/4 brown silt ranged from 10-to-13 cm thick, containing few fine granules of calcareous sand (see Table 8).
TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT STRATIGRAPHY UNIT 14N19W, STRUCTURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
SUBLEVEL SOIL DESCRIPTION DEPTH I/a 1OYR 3/4 brown silt; loose; matrix includes considerable structural basalt 13 - 25 cmbd
rock rubble and few plaster fragments, midden, and organic duff and roots (bufflegrass and kiawe).
I/b 10YR 3/4 brown silt; loose; matrix includes considerable structural basalt 25 - 36 cmbd rock rubble and few plaster fragments, midden, and organic duff and roots (bufflegrass and kiawe). Site courtyard 'ili'ili paving encountered in NE corner, and northeast structural wall of Structure 3 revealed. Excavation terminated.
In the northeast corner of the test unit, 'Hi 'Hi paving was encountered at ca. 3 cm below the surface. This buried section of 'ili'ili is associated with the "courtyard pavement" which extends from the western perimeter of the Homestead back to the eastern-most structural features within the site boundary (see Figure 7 and Figure 8). In addition, an alignment of small waterworn basalt boulders
72
Plate 18. The interface of wall segment of Structure 3 (foreground) and the edge of the 'Hi'Hi courtyard paving (photo - center) exposed in the northeast corner of unit 14N19W. View is to the northeast.
was observed adjacent to the exposed section of 'Hi'Hi paving (see Plate 18). The alignment exhibits facing as well as lime plaster adhesion on the face contiguous to the 'Hi'Hi paving. This is the interface of the exterior wall of Structure 3 and the 'Hi'Hi paving across the site. At this juncture, excavations ceased at unit 14N19W and a contiguous 1 m x 1 m unit was established to the south, unit 13N19W (see Figure 8).
Unit 13N19W
Unit 13N19W represents the second one-meter-square excavation unit within Feature 3. The slope of the surface of the unit was moderate with a maximal change of 14 cm in elevation from north to south. The surface of this unit exhibits architectural rubble content similar to unit 14N19W.
Stratigraphy Extensive rubble of basalt cobbles and small boulders was observed on the surface of unit 13N19W. Due to the natural slope and the lithic material present on the surface of the unit, only limited loose soil sediments were available for excavation from in-between the rubble of Level Fa (see Figure 16). Over 200 pounds (90.7 kg) of lithic architectural rubble was removed from Level Fa. Several small boulders were left in situ as they extended below the arbitrary sublevel elevation boundary.
Level I sediments are identified as loose, 10YR 4/3 brown fine silt extending from 17 cm to 25 cm thick (see Table 9). The soil includes a minor component of fine calcareous sand granules, whose frequency increased slightly with the increase in depth. Component A, identified within Sublevel Fc, is described as a shallow lens of calcareous sand ca. 12 cm in length, 8 cm in width, and less than 1 cm thick. A small fragment of modified basalt was recovered within Component A. The object exhibits two polished adjacent surfaces similar to a margin fragment from a basalt adze (catalog number 1154).
73
Structure 3 13N 19W; 14N 19W Profile of the East Face (View East)
Figure 16. Profile of the east face of excavated units 13N19W and 14N19W, Structure 3, John Young Homestead project, 1999.
Only three of the four quadrants of Sublevel Il/a were excavated due to time constraints. Sublevel Il/a is defined as loose 10YR 5/2 grayish brown sandy silt. Component B was identified within Sublevel Il/a at the interface of Level I and Level II. Component B is described as an ash deposit ca. 8 cm in length, and 4 cm in width, depth undetermined. As the excavations of this unit were terminated at this juncture, the total contents, extent and function of Component B are unknown.
TABLE 9. SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT STRATIGRAPHY UNIT13N19W, STRUCTURE 3, JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
SUBLEVEL I/a
1/b
I/c
Il/a
SOIL DESCRIPTION DEPTH 10YR 4/3 brown silt; unconsolidated, loose; matrix includes organic duff 22 - 36 cmbd (bufflegrass and kiawe), considerable structural basalt rock rubble and several plaster fragments, and midden.
10YR 4/3 brown silt; unconsolidated, loose; matrix includes considerable 36 - 46 cmbd structural basalt rock rubble and several plaster fragments, organic matter (buffelgrass and kiawe) and roots, and midden.
10YR 4/3 brown silt; unconsolidated, loose; matrix includes midden, few fine sand granules, considerably less structural rubble, and few water worn pebbles ('ili'ili); Component A identified. Boundary is clear.
10YR 5/2 grayish brown sandy silt; loose; matrix includes midden and few water worn pebbles ('ili'ili). Component B identified. Sublevel not completed.
46 - 55 cmbd
55 - 66 cmbd
74
Traditional Artifacts
Stone
Debitage Six pieces of basalt debitage were recovered from Structure 3: three from unit 13N19W, and three from unit 14N19W. Two basalt flakes recovered from Sublevel I/a, unit 14N19W, exhibits simple tertiary reduction technology (catalogue numbers 1077 and 1078). One basalt flake recovered from Sublevel I/a, unit 13N19W exhibits complex tertiary reduction technology (catalogue number 1089). One basalt flake recovered from unit 14N19W, Sublevel I/b exhibits bipolar thinning characteristics (catalogue numbers 1083). Basalt debitage collected from Sublevel I/c, unit 13N19W includes one angular indeterminate piece of shatter (catalogue number 1157) and one piece of basalt debitage of undetermined reduction technology (catalogue number 1158).
Eight pieces of volcanic glass debitage were recovered from Structure 3 excavations. Two volcanic glass flakes are of a simple tertiary reduction technology (catalogue number 1087 from unit 14N19W and catalog number 1155 recovered from unit 13N19W). One flake recovered from unit 13N19W, Sublevel I/c is of a complex tertiary reduction technology (catalogue number 1277). Two flakes recovered from Sublevel I/b, unit 14N19W, were of the bipolar thinning type (catalogue number 1085 and 1086). Three pieces of volcanic glass (two from unit 14N19W, Sublevel I/b, and one from unit 13N19W, Sublevel I/c) are of an undetermined reduction technology (catalogue numbers 1084, 1088, and 1156).
Basalt Adze Fragment A basalt adze fragment was recovered from excavation unit 13N19W at 55 cmbd. The fragment (catalog number 1154) exhibits two flat, ground, and polished surfaces adjoined at an obtuse angle of ca. 110°. This object is recognizable as an adze margin fragment and measures ca. 10.6 mm by 10.7 mm by 7.9 mm thick.
Faunal
Echinoderm Abrader One fragment of an echinoderm spine (catalog number 1278) recovered from excavation unit 14N19W, Sublevel I/a, has been identified as culturally modified. The small fragment (7.46 mm x 6.6 mm x 3.42 mm thick) of an Heterocentrotus mammilatus spine, exhibits an abraded surface across the length of the spine. This type of tool was utilized in the manufacture of fishhooks as well as other bone, shell, and wooden artifacts (Buck 1957, Emory et al. 1968).
Historical Artifacts
Metal
Iron One iron nail and nine iron fragments were recovered from unit 13N19W, Sublevel Il/a. No metal objects were identified within unit 14N19W.
75
Glass
Bead One glass bead fragment was recovered from the screened matrix of excavation unit 13N19W, Sublevel Il/a (see Plate 19). This faceted polychrome bead fragment (catalog number 1175) was wound, cut, and shaped in manufacture. Opaque white glass was inlaid in a spiral configuration across the exterior of the opaque black bead, and then the bead was shaped-hexagonal in cross-section.
Plate 19. Catalog number 1175, a faceted polychrome wound bead fragment recovered from unit 13N19W, Sublevel Il/a, at a depth between 56 and 66 cmbd.
The bead fragment measures ca. 7.2 mm in width and 4.9 mm in length. More effort and detail in manufacture was applied to this bead, more so than any other of the beads recovered at the site. A strung necklace of like beads would be a striking adornment suitable for an individual of high status.
Bottle Glass Structure 3 was limited to three bottle glass fragments but these represent a minimum of two bottles. One glass fragment (catalog number 1080) recovered from Sublevel I/a, unit 14N19W, is from an olive green "turn-in-mold" bottle. The other two olive green bottle fragments (catalog number 1174 and 1178), both recovered from Sublevel Il/a, unit 13N19W, are from a mold-blown, probable wine or spirits bottle.
Vessel Glass A small, colorless glass fragment was recovered from Sublevel I/b, unit 14N19W. The glass fragment (catalogue number 1270) exhibits a thickness of ca. 0.96 mm and a finished rim edge. These characteristics are typical of chimney glass.
Ceramics
Porcelain Three ceramic sherds were identified within excavations at Structure 3: one within Sublevel I/c, unit 13N19W, and two within Sublevel I/a, unit 14N19W. All three ceramic sherds have been identified as Chinese porcelain (catalog numbers 1076, 1081, and 1160). All are underglaze blue on white with typical Chinese ware motifs (Noel Hume 1974:257-262) exhibiting geometric designed rim bands, known as "China Trade" porcelain.
The porcelain sherd identified as catalog number 1081 is characteristic of being part of a small footed bowl (see Plate 20), while the remainder of the Chinese porcelain sherds recovered are either from a plate or other common tableware.
Plate 20. Catalog number 1081, a Chinese porcelain bowl footed base sherd recovered from 23 cmbd within Sublevel I/a of unit 14N19W, Structure 3.
76
Faunal Material
Animal hair Specimen Catalog number 1455 was collected from unit 13N19W within the confines of Structure 3. The specimen consisting of multiple strands was identified in situ at 38.5 cmbd in the northwest quadrant of the test unit. Under light microscopy this sample was identified by Dr. Yates as Sus scrofa, pig guard hair (see Plate 21). It is likely that the Sus scrofa guard hair is of the historical period yet is difficult to distinguish remains of pre-Contact Polynesian pigs from morphologically similar breeds of the historically introduced ones.
Plate 21. Light microscopy image of animal hair specimen NPS catalog number 1455 recovered from excavation unit 13N19W at 38.5 cmbd. Taxon identification of the hair sample by was determined as pig (Sus scrofa).
Structure 3 Discussion Excavation of unit 14N19W identified the structural boundary of a section of the northeast-facing wall of Structure 3. The form of the wall construction and the presence of lime-based plaster adhesions support the identification of Structure 3 as being that of a transition between Hawaiian and Western construction styles. Once the wall and courtyard paving were identified, and the Sublevel I/b excavated and screened for cultural materials, unit 14N19W was abandoned and excavations began within unit 13N19W. Time constraints forced termination of the excavation of Sublevel Il/a unit 13N19W, which was at ca. 75% complete.
As the two units within Structure 3 were not fully excavated, faunal remains recovered reveal vertebrate remains low in both variety and frequency (see Tables 10, 11, 12, and 13). Based on this initial data, secondary deposition of "human food midden carried from elsewhere by carnivore/scavengers such as dogs and deposited at Structure 3" is indicated (Ziegler 2000:3).
77
Artifact recovery from units 13N19W and 14N19W was limited in frequency and range. The 18 historical artifacts recovered include one iron nail and nine iron nail fragments, four glass fragments, one glass bead fragment and three ceramic sherds. Traditional artifacts, including 14 pieces of lithic debitage, a basalt adze fragment, and a fragment of an echinoderm spine abrader, were all recovered from Level I. In addition, numerous strands of animal hair were recovered from within Level I. Taxon identification concludes that it is of Sus scrofa (pig guard hair). The presence of both traditional and historical artifacts within Level I, the overburden/architectural rubble layer, suggest several possible scenarios: 1) the artifacts were introduced to the site during the period of abandonment; 2) some of the objects were introduced to the site within the structure's earthen mortar, the sediments of which have been determined to originate off-site (Jones and Knowlton 1998); or 3) the matrices within Structure 3 are disturbed.
The range of artifacts and midden recovery from Structure 3, coupled with the termination of both unit 13N19W and unit 14N19W prior to full excavation limits the discussion as well as possible interpretation of this feature. Further archaeological excavations at Structure 3 are necessary to draw conclusions as to the possible function of this architectural feature. In addition, cessation of the excavation 14N19W at the base of Sublevel I/b precludes discussion of differences between the exposed section of the courtyard pavement in the northeast corner of the unit and the interior of Structure 3.
78
TABLE 10. SUMMARY OF NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS (EXCLUSIVE OF BONE) RECOVERED FROM UNIT 13N19W, STRUCTURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
•Complete specimens
••Fragment tally
•••Total weight (g)
79
NON-AKTIEACTUAL
REMAINS
SUBLEVEL l/e SUIII.EVEI. l/h SUBLEVEL I/c SUBLEVEL II/« TOTAL
CS« F T " TW(g)"> CS FT TWO,) CS FT TW(g) CS FT TW(g) CS FT T W ( g )
T O T A L KC'HINODKRMATA 0 I 0.02 0 16 0.83 0 28 1.94 0 18 1.23 0 63 4.02
U N I T T O T A L 7 43 10.16 8 235 28.09 21 304 33.64 6 177 21.16 42 759 93.05
TABLE 11. SUMMARY OF BONE FRAGMENT REMAINS RECOVERED FROM UNIT 13N19W, STRUCTURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
NON-ARTIFACTUAL
REMAINS
VERTEBRATE
Small vertebrate
Small and/or medium vertebrate
Medium vertebrate
Total
OSTEICHTHYES
Acantburid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Mugilid
Polynemid
Priacantbid
Scarid
Scombrid
Total
FISH (indeterminate class)
Total
REPTILIA
Small lizard
Total
AVES
Gallus gatlus
Large bird
Medium bird
Small bird
Small or medium bird
Small Passeriform
Total
MAMMALIA
Canus fanliliuris
Mus musculus
Rutins exulans
Rallus norvegicia or Rallus rallus
Rattus sp.
Sus scrofa
Small-to-mcdium or medium mammal
Medium mammal
Medium and/or large mammal
Medium Anicxiactyl (indeterminate family)
Total
UNIT TOTAL
SUBLEVEL I/a
22-36 cmbd
---0
---------0
0
-0
------0
-
---
-
0
0
SUBLEVEL I/b
36-46 ctnbd
---0
--------
0
11
11
-0
----
0
--------
0
11
SUBLEVEL I/c
46-55 cmbd
• 2
1
3
1
• ---• -1
-2
31
31
-0
----
0
------6
-1
7
43
SUBLEVEL H/a
55-66 cmbd
-6
-6
-------1
1
0
-0
------0
-1
----11
---12
19
TOTAL
0
8
1
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
42
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
17
0
1
0
19
146
80
TABLE 12. SUMMARY OF NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS (EXCLUSIVE OF BONE) RECOVERED FROM UNIT 14N19W, STRUCTURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
NON-ARTIFACTUAL REMAINS
MARINE SHELL
GASTROPODA
Architectonicidae
Conus spp.
Cypraea spp.
Cypraea caputserpentis
Cypraea inaurltiana
Cetlana sp.
Cellana exarala
Drupa morum
Drupa spp.
Morula foliacca
Morula granulala
Morula sp.
Mltra sp.
Ncogastropoda
Nerila polila
Neritidae Operculum
Nerila picea
Nerila spp.
Siphonaria normalis
Strombidae
Thaididae
Theodoxus cariosus
Theodoxus neelectus
Theodoxus sp.
Undetermined Gastropoda
PELECYPODA
Isognomon californlcum
Isognomon sp.
Ptcriidae
Tellinidae
Undetermined Pelecypoda
TOTAL SHELL
ECHINODERMATA
Colobocentrotus alralus
Echinomelrida spp.
Heterocenlrolus mammilalus
Undetermined Echinodermata
TOTAL ECHINODERMATA
UNIT TOTAL
SUBLEVEL I/a
CS* FT**
2
31
--
1
----
3
-1
--4 1
4 29
--
3
---1 98
63
---9 232
-2
2
0 4
9 236
TW(g)***
1.28
-17.69
--
1.27
-1.97
-0.35
--
0.70
2.07
-0.25
---
8.35
-1.88
---
35.81
-1.34
0.02
1.36
37.17
SUBLEVEL Mb
CS
--
-
1
---2
-----
6
14
---
---
-
-23
-
0
23
FT
2
1
23
1
-----1
---
1
61
--2
-
-134
-128
-
1
355
2
-3
12
17
372
TW(g)
0.99
0.21
10.87
53.11
0.01
-
0.92
-0.16
----
1.37
3.76
--
0.16
-
8.57
-3.59
0.21
83.93
0.17
-0.73
0.57
1.47
85.40
TOTAL
CS
0
0
0
-0
1
--
2
-0
-0
--10
18
--0
---1
-0
--0
32
0
-0
0
0
32
FT
4
1
54
1
1
---0
4
1
-2
90
--5
---
232
191
1
587
2
5
14
21
608
TW(g)
2.27
0.21
28.56
-53.11
1.28
--
0.92
-2.13
-0.35
-
2.07
5.83
0.41
---
16.92
5.47
--
0.21
119.74
0.17
-2.07
0.59
2.83
122.57
*CompIete specimens
••Fragment tally
•••Total weight (g)
81
TABLE 13. SUMMARY OF BONE FRAGMENT REMAINS RECOVERED FROM UNIT 14N19W, STRUCTURE 3 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
NON-ARTIFACTUAL
REMAINS
VERTEBRATE
Small vertebrate
Small and/or medium vertebrate
Medium vertebrate
Total
OSTEICHTHYES
Acanthurid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Mugilid
Polynemid
Priacanthid
Scarid
Scombrid
Total
FISH (indeterminate class)
Total
REITILIA
Small lizard
Total
AVES
Gallus gallus
Large bird
Medium bird
Small bird
Small or medium bird
Small Passeriform
Total
MAMMALIA
Canus familiahs
Mus musculus
Rattus exulans
Raltus norveglcus or Rattus rattus
Rattus sp.
Sus scrofa
Small-to-medium or medium mammal
Medium mammal
Medium and/or large mammal
Medium Artiodactyl (indeterminate family)
Total
UNIT TOTAL
SUBLEVEL I/a SUBLEVEL I/b 13-25 cmbd 25-36 cmbd
-
0 0
0 0
1
0 1
0 0
1
1 0
0 0
1 1
TOTAL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
82
Chapter 7
LABORATORY METHODS AND FINDINGS
Introduction
Laboratory procedures for the cooperative excavation project at the John Young Homestead were dictated by the nature of the project, research goals and budgetary decisions. Selected material class submission for laboratory analyses were based on maximizing the value of research funding.
During the field project, each collection of artifact, sediment sample, or other non-artifactual remains was assigned an individual sequential laboratory number and entered into the project's field catalog. Once field operations were shut down, the recovered materials from the excavations were transported from Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site to Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park for analyses and appropriate National Park Service accession and cataloging processes. The artifact collection from the 1999 field season at the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion will be returned to Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site for curation upon the completion of the entry of the Museum Catalog Records into the National Park Service ANCS+ Program Data Base.
The discussion of artifacts and field samples that follow will reflect National Park Service (NPS) catalog numbers. Concordance of NPS catalog numbers and assigned laboratory numbers can be viewed in the Artifact Catalog and Non-artifactual Remains Catalog located in Appendix F and G of this report.
Artifacts
One thousand three hundred and thirty five (1,335) artifacts were recovered from the John Young Homestead during the summer of 1999 excavations (see Table 14). In all 1,303 artifacts in the assemblage are historical or non-traditional in origin to Hawaii while the remaining artifacts, numbering 32, are of traditional Hawaiian manufacture, material, and form. The historical artifacts include bottle and vessel glass fragments, glass beads, ceramic sherds, a gunflint, a slate writing board fragment, a fragment of parchment, and metal objects. Traditional artifacts include a hammerstone, Iithic debitage, an adze fragment, and volcanic glass.
Traditional Artifacts
Mineral
Debitage Twenty-seven pieces of Iithic debitage were recovered from the 1999 controlled excavations at the John Young Homestead. The frequency of Iithic debitage varies from feature to feature: the lowest frequency and lowest range of material composition of flakes occurred within excavation unit 30N21W, Structure 1, the house of John Young; the highest frequency occurred within unit 7N49W, Feature 3. It has been suggested that some of the Iithic debitage may have originated off-site and was introduced to the Homestead as a component of the soil used in the earthen mortar (consider Structures 1 and 3). The unit with the highest frequency of Iithic debitage, 7N49W, revealed 10 flakes all collected from the lower sublevels of the excavation unit (Sublevel II/c and II/d). Considering that Hawaiian-style Feature 3 contains no mortar, it seems unlikely that the Iithic debitage recovered from unit 7N49W was produced off-site.
83
TABLE 14. SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS RECOVERED FROM THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
The lithic debitage has been sorted by material composition and reduction technology. All debitage was identified as waste material suggesting that stone tools were being modified or rejuvenated at the site. Flakes visibly modified from use are not present in the assemblage.
Eleven basalt flakes were recovered from site excavations representing 41% of the lithic debitage assemblage. The basalt flakes range from 7.6 mm to 24.3 mm in length. Reduction of basalt material is almost equally divided between early stage flake types (27%) and later stage flake types (36%). Three basalt flakes exhibit simple tertiary reduction technology. One basalt flake exhibits complex tertiary reduction technology while three basalt flakes exhibit bipolar thinning characteristics. One basalt flake is an angular indeterminate piece of shatter and three other pieces of basalt are of undetermined reduction technology.
Sixteen pieces of volcanic glass were recovered from the site representing 59% of the total lithic debitage assemblage. The volcanic glass flakes range from 3.4 mm to 12.4 mm in length. Overall, the volcanic glass material ranged from poor quality to fine-grained quality. One of the closest known source of volcanic glass is available at the Pu'uwa'awa'a (meaning "furrowed hill") crater, a trachyte scoria cone in the North Kona district, located ca. 17 miles south of Kawaihae. Though this is the closest known source, the materials collected at the Homestead are not typical of the type of volcanic glass from this provenance.
Reduction of volcanic glass material is equally divided between early stage flake types (33%) and late stage flake stage types (33%). Five volcanic glass flakes are of a simple tertiary reduction technology. One flake is of a complex tertiary reduction technology and four flakes were of the bipolar thinning type. One volcanic glass flake is an indeterminate angular piece or shatter and four pieces of volcanic glass are of an undetermined reduction technology. In addition, a small volcanic glass core fragment was identified within the assemblage.
Faunal
Three traditional artifacts composed of faunal material were recovered from the excavations at the Homestead in 1999. Two of these traditional artifacts are objects commonly utilized as tools: an echinoderm abrader and one small, coral abrading tool. These types of tools were utilized in the manufacture of bone, shell, and wooden artifacts (Buck 1957, Emory et al. 1968). The third artifact in this category is a single shell bead fragment made from a species of Cypraeidae.
Historical Artifacts
Mineral
Stone Two historical artifacts recovered during the excavation were composed of stone, both objects from excavations within Structure 1. This includes a 19th century British manufactured gunflint. Gunflints were utilized in Hawai'i well past the mid-19* century (Wellmon 1969:116-117). The other stone object is a fragment of slate, a material not found to exist naturally in Hawai'i. Though slate roofing was popular in Great Britain by the later half of the 18* century (Brunskill 1970:82), the slate fragment recovered from the excavations is more likely from a tablet utilized as a writing board. Missionaries were responsible for the introduction of slate writing tablets after 1820.
85
Metal Metal is the most abundant artifact type recovered from the excavations at the Homestead in 1999. Iron nails and nail fragments comprise the most prevalent artifact group within this category, although the source of many of the 972 unidentified iron fragments may well be detached rust fragments from the nail assemblage. Few objects were of brass composition, and even fewer those of lead.
The frequency of metal objects varies from feature to feature with the lowest frequency and lowest range of material composition occurring within the excavation unit 14N19W, Feature 3; the highest frequency and greatest range of diversity of material composition occurs within unit 30N21W, Structure 1.
Objects composed of iron represent the predominant group of metal objects in the artifact assemblage. The iron objects include 19 mostly intact nails, 92 nail fragments, two iron tacks, 23 thin flat iron fragments, and 972 fragments most likely originating as parts of metal hardware or tools. The iron objects recovered from the excavations exhibit various degrees of oxidation (rusting) and are in fair to poor condition. Oxidation of ferrous materials recovered from the site has been augmented by the site's proximity to ocean and sea air, which contain destructive chloride salts. The presence of soluble salts in contact with ferrous materials has caused material expansion and subsequent exfoliation or detachment. Therefore, identification of the original form and origin of many objects is limited. The majority of iron objects were recovered from within Structure 1, unit 30N21W and were likely used in the architectural construction of the house of John Young.
Three types of hand wrought nail-head typically found on historical sites were identified amongst the 111 nail and nail fragments from the Homestead. The "rose head" nail, the T-head nail, and the L-head nail are represented in the assemblage. Hand-wrought nail of this type, all rectangular or square in cross-section of the shank, were commonly used in building construction from the 17th century continuing into the 19lh century (Nelson 1968). In ca. 1790, the first nails to be cut by machine were formed from shear bladed sheet iron and the heads were shaped by hand (Noel Hume 1985, Nelson 1968). It was not until ca. 1810s that the nail head was machine-cut as well (Noel Hume 1985, Nelson 1968). By the early 1800s, machine-cut nails were available in Hawai'i and were available in quantity after Missionary settlement began in the 1820s (Glidden et al. 1997). This nail type dates from ca. early 1800s to 1894.
The remaining iron nails and nail fragments exhibited enough oxidation and exfoliation as to render manufacturing techniques undeterminable. Numerous thin, flat, iron fragments were recovered from the excavations. These fragments can range in date from the late 18lh into the 20,h century though their source is undetermined.
Brass materials recovered from the site consist of two brass nails, one brass nail shank, and two brass tacks. Three lead objects were recovered from the excavations including two lead shots of slightly different caliber, ca. 2.7 mm and 4.3 mm in diameter, and a modified lead strip. The original form of this object is undetermined.
Two composite metal material objects were recovered from the excavations. These include a lead and brass button (including two associated button fragments), and fused sections of lead and iron similar in form to a wall hook or wall brace.
Glass Artifacts composed of glass were recovered from each of the units excavated at the site. Four glass beads, vessel and bottle glass, as well as flat glass fragments were recovered. All four of the glass beads recovered from the excavations at the Homestead are of diverse manufacture and presentation.
86
A total of 86 bottle glass fragments were recovered from the excavations. Glass was sorted by color range and analyzed. Most of the glass fragments were small (less than 2 cm in any dimension). Sixty-seven fragments from the total assemblage (representing 78%) were of a dark olive-green color, a color commonly associated with nineteenth-century wine or spirits bottles.
A minimum number of 11 glass bottles are represented in the assemblage: an aqua-colored glass wine or spirits bottle, a colorless glass bottle, a pale green "turn-in-mold" bottle, a brown-colored bottle, two olive-colored mold-blown paneled case gin bottles, two olive-colored mold-blown wine or spirits bottle, an amber-colored glass mold-blown bottle, a pale green bottle, and an olive green "turn-in-mold" wine or spirits bottle. The bottle glass fragment assemblage represents mostly imported wine and liquor bottle. The earliest method of bottle manufacture was blowing by hand which continued up until the late nineteenth century. The use of molds to shape a glass mixture was established in England ca. 1814 (Noel Hume 1985:61) whereas; the "turn-in-mold" technique was developed after 1880 AD. Mold-blown bottles were manufactured until automatic-bottling machines came into use in ca. 1903 (Munsey 1970). Mold-blown bottles manufactured before 1910 are the most frequently occurring bottle types recovered from nineteenth century sites in Hawai'i (Glidden et al. 1997).
Twelve small fragments of flat glass were identified; all were recovered from excavation unit 7N49W. Flat glass is typically used as window or mirror glass but those items in the collection do not exhibit distinguishable characteristics to determine their source.
Forty-one fragments of vessel glass were recovered from the excavations. The vessel glass collection includes olive, pale green, pale aqua, heavily patined glass, amber colored glass and colorless glass fragments. The majority of vessel glass fragments do not exhibit distinctive characteristics, though six small thin fragments of colorless glass exhibit a slight curvature typical of chimney glass.
Ceramic Thirty-two ceramic sherds were recovered from the excavations at the Homestead. The minimum number of 14 vessels is high for the assemblage of 32 small sherds, yet maker's marks or diagnostic indicators to determine specific origin are not present. The minimum number of vessels is based on assessment of similarities in ware, form, and decoration.
A minimum number of eight vessels of porcelain are represented in the assemblage. Ten ceramic sherds have been identified as Chinese porcelain. All are underglaze blue on white with typical Chinese ware motifs (Noel Hume 1974:257-262). Chinese export porcelains were popular ca. 1800-1830. This type of porcelain was made and decorated in China to European order, known as "China Trade."
Four small painted overglaze porcelain fragments, an underglazed two-color banded porcelain plate rim sherd and three incised annular ware rim sherds from a minimum single plate were recovered. British annular wares were popular in the period from 1795 to 1815 (Noel Hume 1985:11).
One pearlware sherd is included in the assemblage. Shell edge pearlware plates popular from the 1750s into the early 19th century had molded patterns which produced raised patterns on the inside surface of the vessel (Noel Hume 1985:128-130; South 1977:212; Miller et al. 1989:4, 20).
Six small earthenware sherds were recovered from the excavations. One earthenware sherd is similar to the coarse-grained quartzite tempered crock sherds underglazed with a reddish brown band and drip along the rim which were recovered from the Homestead in 1978 (see Rosendahl and Carter 1988:67). The origin and a date range are unknown (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:67).
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Faunal A small fragment of animal skin product typical of parchment was identified in the artifact assemblage. Neither the weight (relative thickness) of the animal skin fragment nor its origin has been determined. Parchment is made from the skin of a sheep, goat, or calves in preparation for writing. Heavy parchment is typically made from donkey, goat, wolf, and calf skin. Heavy parchment is used for drumheads, though traditional Hawaiian drumheads were made of sharkskin (Buck 1957). Whether the specimen recovered from the 1999 excavations was used as paper (such as for a map, treatise or book) or considered heavy parchment serving, for example, as a drumhead, at this time is unknown.
Plasters
The plasters noted and recovered from the upper portion of the Homestead are of a coral lime plaster composition. Jones and Knowlton (1998:2) analyzed two samples of plaster from the site. Both samples contained calcite and aragonite.
Aragonite (CaC03) is formed by biological activity, not by the absorption of carbon dioxide by portlandite. Therefore, a major portion of the plaster has to be unbumed coral.
As a cementing agent for the raw coral, lime has to mix with water to form portlandite and then a slurry of portlandite was mixed with coral, added to the structure, and allowed to harden. With time, portlandite absorbed carbon dioxide to stabilize the plaster [as the reaction is not immediate and takes years to fully react].
Fossilized microorganisms and shells were identified within the calcareous plaster via thin section microscopy (Fong in Colby and Barrow 1997). Surface finishes were microscopically analyzed to reveal a finer-grade version of the plaster composition where aggregate particle size and distribution are the primary differences (Fong in Colby and Barrow 1997). Prior to the archaeological excavation and rehabilitation of Structure 2 in 1978 (Rosendahl and Carter 1988), similar plaster fragments were littered within and outside of the structure, and in 1999 plaster fragments were observed in a light scatter across the site.
During the 1999 field season, excavations resulted in the recovery of upwards of 18 kg of plaster fragments (see Table 15). More than two-thirds of the plaster recovered from the excavations were collected from unit 30N21W, Structure 1, the house of John Young. Unit 7N49W within Hawaiian-style Feature 3 had the lowest frequency of plasters recovered. Plaster fragments recovered during the 1999 excavations exhibit remnant veneer surfaces, some with linear striations and few with striations exhibiting curvature reflecting a variance of application methods. Barrow and Fong (see Appendix C), indicate that Structure 1 plasters were applied with a two-coat base system: the base coat (also serving as a "quasi-mortar") ranging from ca. 2.5-to-ll cm in thickness; and a thin veneer finish.
Vegetal imprints were noted on several fragments of plaster, but it was most obvious on the larger fragments (those greater than 5 cm in any given dimension). The imprint was predominantly identified within the keys or the back (opposite side to the veneer or smoothed surface) of a plaster fragment. Keys are more easily identified on plaster fragments larger than 3 cm in any given dimension. Keys range from shallow to well-pronounced and pinched to globular suggesting that the
88
TABLE 15. SUMMARY OF CORAL LIME PLASTER RECOVERY FROM ALL EXCAVATION UNITS JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
UNIT
7N49W
I3NI9W
I4N19W
30N2IW
SUBLEVEL
I I/b
II/c
I/a l/b
I/c I I/a
l/a I/b
l/a
l/b
I l/a
I I/b
11 l/a
11 I/b
11 I/c
Ill/d
PROJECT TOTAL
Unit Total
Unit Total
Unit Total
Unit Total
PLASTER (g)
27.76 30.85
58.61
51.62
371.84
4884.17 272.18
5579.81
121.05 113.74
234.79
6839.65
3880.01
1263.80
43.29
14.24
20.60
15.25 5.44
12082.28
17955.49g
random rubble wall foundations and elevations were not smoothly faced and that the plaster application thickness varied. One of the hundreds of plaster fragments recovered during the excavations at the Homestead exhibits striations made by an object with a concave, ridged edge (catalog number 1079 - see Plate 22). Such an imprint may have resulted if the plaster had been applied with a marine shell, spread and finished with the margin of the scalloped edge.
Plate 22. Plaster fragment, catalog number 1079, recovered from unit 14N19VV within Sublevel l/a, between 13 and 25 cmbd. Application technique of plaster is evident in the striations apparent on the exterior of the fragment.
Plaster fragment catalog number 1233 was recovered from unit 30N21W. The outside exterior of the plaster fragment exhibits two planar surfaces conjoined by a greater than 90 degree, smoothed and veneered surface (see Plate 23). The inside exterior of the same fragment exhibits a large basalt pebble (waterworn) adhered within the plaster matrix and a flat exterior fragment (with remnant applied veneer) keyed into the applied "outside" exterior. The form of this piece of plaster suggests that it was applied and served as a finished edge—a ledge or framing piece such as for a doorway.
89
Plate 23. Plaster fragment (catalog number 1233) recovered from unit 30N21W, Sublevel Il/a. This fragment exhibits exterior finishing on two opposite sides.
Mortar
Analysis of samples of the mortar used at the John Young Homestead was conducted in 1998 by Jones and Knowlton, Soil Mineralogy Laboratory, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. The results of analyses of the two samples of mortar from Structure 1, the John Young home, indicate that one sample (sample JHY_2) was the strongest as it was mixed with lime (CaO). The results for the second sample (JYH_1) indicate that it was treated with portlandite (Ca(OH)2). Lime is formed when coral is burned, heated to ca. 900° C. A popular name for lime is quicklime as it exhibits a rapid reaction with water (Jones and Knowlton 1998). Portlandite is the mineral name for hydrated lime, Calcium hydroxide. A mixture of lime and soil introduces the lime to moisture and forms portlandite when heated.
Three soil samples from the John Young Homestead were analyzed for chemical composition and thus sources of mortar soil for the John Young home (Jones and Knowlton 1998). Two of the samples were ruled out as mortar sources as they contained geothite, which was not detected in the mortar samples. Only one soil sample from the site proved to be a possible source to the mortar soil although the match was deemed poor (Jones and Knowlton 1998). Jones and Knowlton conclude that:
The source of soil used for the mortar in John Young's homestead [John Young's home, Structure 1] does not appear to be any of the soils that were submitted for analysis.
The utility of the mortar was not as much a function of the source of the soil, but rested on the treatment before it was used as a mortar.
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Artifact Summary
Artifacts recovered from archaeological sites are fundamental in establishing the vertical extent of a site, site integrity, site chronology, and functional assessments. Though site sampling was limited to four one-meter-square excavation units during the 1999 project at the John Young Homestead, recovery was considerable for the volume of matrix excavated. Artifacts recovered from the project number 1,335 and though the majority of objects offer limited diagnostic characteristics other than their material composition and form, general statements can be made from the artifact assemblage.
The traditional Hawaiian artifacts recovered from the excavations exhibit a low frequency and narrow range in comparison to those artifacts of western influence. Traditional artifacts from Structure 3 were recovered from Level I, considered the layer of overburden and architectural rubble. As excavations of this particular feature were terminated before completion, the cultural deposits within cannot be assumed undisturbed or incidentally included in the wall earthen mortar from a source location off-site. In all, only four traditional artifacts (three pieces of lithic debitage and a small coral abrader) were recovered from Structure 1, unit 30N21W: one from Sublevel I/b and three from Sublevel Il/a. Hence, the indigenous artifacts recovered from excavation unit 30N21W may be secondary deposits as well, precipitating out of or displaced from the no longer cohesive earthen-mortar from the structure. Feature 3, however, appears contemporaneous with historical midden in its appropriate context.
The historical artifacts recovered from Feature 3, Structure 1, and Structure 3 at the John Young Homestead during the 1999 project represent mostly household refuse, metal hardware, and few personal items. The death of John Young in 1835 may have prompted the removal of personal effects and furnishings from the Upper Portion of the Homestead by either Ka'oana'eha and family members, by scavenging, or by other means of removal (Apple 1978). The lack of evidence from another documented source other than Brown's account of a tenant at the Homestead in the 1850s (Bates 1854:389), introduces the possibility of site contamination but no specific objects recovered from the 1999 excavations can be directly attributed to a later occupancy. What remains at the site is revealed through the archaeological record, the artifacts representing very fragmentary pieces of history.
Thirty-two historical period ceramic sherds were recovered during the 1999 excavations. The collection, representing a minimum of 14 separate vessels, reflects the residential aspects of the Young family at the Homestead. All ceramics were analyzed providing some temporal or functional data. Most of the items in the collection represent household tableware items (i.e. plates, cups, saucers, and small bowls) and one possible utilitarian kitchenware vessel (e.g. storage vessel or bowl). The small and fragmentary condition of the ceramics suggests domestic household refuse. The Chinese export wares of blue on white porcelain are typical on historical sites of the late 18th and early 19th century. Yet, the British annular ware and creamware represent some of the earliest ceramics recovered on archaeological sites in Hawaii.
Of the 140 glass objects recovered, four were identified as glass beads each unique in form. The remaining glass fragments exhibit no maker's marks or embossment; therefore, manufacturing techniques provide the general date range for these vessel glass fragments. Some of the identified glass artifacts are fragmentary alcoholic beverage bottles, few are possible structural glass fragments (e.g. window or lamp glass), but non-diagnostic glass fragments predominate.
The 1,119 metal items recovered from the Homestead in 1999 are largely non-diagnostic iron fragments; however, most of the identifiable metal artifacts are categorized as hardware (e.g. nails, tacks, and a hook/brace). Based on size, most of the nails in the collection are typical of those used
91
for flooring, interior, or light framing carpentry. The gilded button is the only metal object of a decorative and personal nature.
The 1999 discovery of a British-made gunflint directly below the 'Hi'Hi paving within Structure 1 indicates that the object was deposited during the process of the Homestead's construction. This gunflint is similar in form and material composition to the gunflint recovered at the Homestead in 1978 (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:49).
The occupants of the Homestead were accepting and using imported goods originating in China, Europe, and probably North America as well. Fur traders and other merchant ships from Europe and North America were the likely suppliers when putting in at Kawaihae or possibly other ports of call in Hawaii. The documentary record and the archaeological record suggest that John Young had a preference to western goods once his position in Hawaii was secured and such goods were available to him through trade. Hommon (1976:291) suggests that "with the possible exception of nails and small trinkets, most of the Western goods became the property of the governing chiefs, either directly or through expropriation." The ceramic bowls and plates (the remains of which are small and fragmentary at the site) were likely used in everyday food consumption (see Stewart 1970:134), while pewter tableware (Judd 1880) was possibly reserved for guests.
The artifacts in the assemblage suggest an estimated date range for site occupation from ca. the early 19lh century up until the mid-19lh century. This date range coincides with the documented date of occupation of John Young and his family at the Homestead. The type and range of artifacts recovered are typical of other 19lh century sites in Hawaii. Fragments of metal and other material classes recovered from the Homestead that held no diagnostic indications could extend the date range up to the 20lh century. However, either the finding of a few artifacts of historical materials introduced to Hawai'i post-contact shaped into traditional artifact forms, or new forms made with indigenous materials suggest a period of transition in which portable remains were evolving.
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Floral and Faunal Remains
Laboratory analyses of the range of floral and faunal material recovered from the controlled excavations at the John Young Homestead, 1999 are discussed below. The faunal and floral remains, in particular, were selected for laboratory analyses based on the research design developed for the project. The midden materials were either extracted in situ from the corresponding excavation unit or collected from the residuals of matrices screened through 1/8-inch hard cloth mesh.
Faunal Remains
A considerable amount of faunal remains inclusive of midden material was recovered from Upper Portion of the John Young Homestead during the 1999 season as a result of the excavation of four one-meter-square units. Faunal material recovered from the site includes mollusks (marine shell), echinoderms (sea-urchin spines, carapace and mouth fragments), and fish, mammal, and bird bones. Preliminary bone analysis was conducted by University of Hawaii at Hilo students under the direction of Dr. Peter Mills. The final bone analysis is submitted by Alan C. Ziegler, Ph.D., zoological consultant. Marine shell remains were sorted and examined by Mara Durst, BA. The predominant floral material was identified as kukui (Aleurites moluccana) endocarp and wood charcoal. Gail Murakami, of International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., analyzed selected samples of the wood charcoal.
Faunal recovery from the controlled excavations at the Homestead resulted in a total weight of 963.31 grams of material exclusive of charcoal and coral.
• Marine shell material resulted in a collective weight of 784 grams representing 81.4% by weight of the total faunal material recovery.
• Bone material accounted for 15.9% by weight of the total midden material recovered collectively 152.9 grams in weight.
• Echinoderm material amounted to a collective weight of 26.41 grams, representing ca. 2.7% by weight of the total faunal remains recovered.
Mollusks The controlled excavations at the Homestead yielded approximately 757.6 grams of mollusk shell and shell fragment (see Table 16). Pacific island peoples have a long tradition of harvesting marine mollusks for food, ornaments, and tools. The Polynesians who colonized the Hawaiian Islands supplemented their diet with a marine harvest as the native terrestrial vegetation and Polynesian introduced species comprised a limited food supply. Midden remains from archaeological sites, including historic-era sites across the Hawaiian Islands, indicate that mollusks were a significant resource.
The proximity of the John Young Homestead to marine waters indicates relatively easy access for the gathering of marine resources. Likely, the marine shell was collected from within the boundary of the ahupua'a, Kawaihae 2, as was tradition. A light density of marine shell remains was scattered across the surface of the site.
A total of 140.37g of marine shell remains were either so greatly weathered or so fragmentary that they could not be categorized as to family. This represents 18.5% of the total weight of the marine shell remains recovered at the site.
93
TABLE 16. SUMMARY OF MARINE SHELL REMAINS RECOVERED FROM EXCAVATION OF UNITS 7N49W, 30N21W, 13N19W, AND 14N19W JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
Class Gastropoda The predominant mollusk recovered at the John Young Homestead excavations are identified as within the Class Gastropoda. Ten families of gastropods were identified reflecting a moderate diversity of marine shell.
Nerites were the most predominant gastropods; the black nerite Nerita picea being the most frequent species recovered (see Table 17). Nerita picea inhabit the rocky shoreline substrate (Kay 1979:63), equivalent to that at Kawaihae. This species and Theodoxus neglectus, known as pipipi, are a traditional food source and the shell is used for ornamentation (Buck 1957, Pukui and Elbert 1986, Kay 1979 and 1994).
TABLE 17. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED GASTROPODA REMAINS FROM EXCAVATION OF UNITS 7N49W, 30N21W, 13N19W, AND 14N19W JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
The next most abundant genus is Theodoxus spp., specifically Theodoxus neglectus. Theodoxus cariosus is minimally represented. Both of these endemic species, 77. cariosus and 77. neglectus, can live in tide pools and along rocky coastlines but are dominant in brackish water environments (e.g. anchialine pools) (Kay 1979:66-67).
Cellana also known as 'opihi, the carnivorous snail Morula, and the herbivorous or omnivorous cowry Cypraea (C. caputserpentis (L.) also called the leho-kupa, and C. mauritiana (L.) known as leho-kdlea) follow though with limited frequency. Cellana exarata are found on the basalt shorelines where it occurs with Nerita picea (Kay 1979:44). Morula foliacea, found under rocks on benches and in shallow water shoreward of the fringing reefs, and Morula granulata, habitants of the intertidal zones on hard substrates (Kay 1979:247), are minimally represented in the collection. Cypraea caputserpentis is the most common of the Hawaiian cowries (Kay 1979:188). Cypraea spp. are
95
shallow water inhabitants, collected from under ledges and loose rock and boulders for an important food source, ornamentation, and to utilize as a component of the traditional leho or fishing lure (Buck 1957, Pukui and Elbert 1986, Kay 1979).
Conidae, Drupa spp., Mitridae, Siphonariidae, and Strombidae account for at least two minimum individuals each. Marine shell taxa identified from the excavations at the John Young Homestead indicate a rocky shoreline or intertidal location for gastropod harvesting.
One marine shell fragment from the collection exhibited evidence of cultural modification. The Cypraeidae shell fragment exhibited a perforation at the apex of the shell. The shell fragment was removed from the midden after identification and is discussed in Chapter 6, Feature 3 Traditional Artifact section of this report.
Class Pelecypoda Pelecypods represent 3.9% of the total marine shell remains recovered at the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. Three families were identified in the collection of which the family Isognomonidae was predominant (see Table 18). Isognomon spp. have an affinity to the brackish-water environments of tide pools but also inhabit fringing intertidal reefs (Kay 1979:520). Only a small section of the northwest coast of the Island of Hawai'i is fringed by reef, the location—Kawaihae (Kay 1994:192). Isognomon californicum (C), called papaua, is minimally represented. /. californicum is typically found under the surface of stones in shallow water. Tellinidae and Pteriidae are minimally represented in the collection; both are fringing reef dwellers (Kay 1979).
TABLE 18. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED PELECYPODA (BIVALVE) REMAINS FROM EXCAVATION OF UNITS 7N49W, 30N21W, 13N19W, AND 14N19W JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
Taxon identification of the marine shell recovered from the excavations indicates that resource procurement took place in the near-shore and intertidal regions.
Data gleaned from the excavation of Level II, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 suggests that some of the marine invertebrate material recovered may indeed be present as a component of the 'Hi 'Hi paving material collected from shoreline ocean waters. Therefore, a percentage of marine invertebrate material is viewed as indirect and unutilized primary material deposition, not a result of midden deposition. Nevertheless, marine shell frequencies encountered within two excavation units, 7N49W and 30N21W, suggest that there was a period of time in which a high density and diversity of
96
0
1 3 2
gastropods occurred at both of these locales. Sublevel II/c of unit 7N49W, Feature 3 exhibits this trend, as does Sublevel Il/a of unit 30N21W, Structure 1.
Echinoderm A total weight of 26.38g of echinoderm spine, carapace, and mouth parts were recovered from the excavations at the John Young Homestead. Though ca. 79% of the echinoderm remains are of unidentified shell and mouthparts, at least three species of echinodermata are represented (see Table 16). Colobocentrotus atratus the Surf urchin or ha'uke'uke, Heterocentrotus mammilatus the Slate Pencil urchin or hd'ue'ue, and Echinometra spp. are minimally represented. Those families or species of echinodermata identified live in shallow inshore waters exposed to wave action though not submerged at high tide. Long-spined Echinoderms, known as wana, were a food source in both prehistoric and historical times in Hawai'i, the spines used as raw material for tools (Titcomb 1979, Buck 1957).
One echinoderm spine fragment from the collection exhibited evidence of cultural modification or artifact alteration. The echinoderm spine exhibited abrasion across the length of one of its facet. The echinoderm spine was removed from the midden after identification and is discussed in the Structure 3 Traditional Artifact section in Chapter 6 of this report.
Bone The 1999 excavations at the John Young Homestead produced 2,986 bone and bone fragments. Of the 2,986 specimens, 2,904 (97.25%) were identifiable as to Class. Dr. Peter Mills and two students from the University of Hawaii at Hilo conducted preliminary analyses of the bone assemblage from the site. Dr. Alan Ziegler, Zoological Consultant, conducted the final analyses of the assemblage as described below. The bone material was identified to the lowest taxonomic level though, in many cases, taxon identification was impeded by the fragmentary nature of the specimen. A minimum of 19 taxon is represented to include nine fish, four birds, one reptile, and five mammals. Dry and unobstructed site conditions have aided in the relatively good preservation of the faunal remains at the site. Table 19 presents a list of the vertebrate taxa recovered and their distribution between excavation units. General identification categories and their definitions utilized by Dr. Ziegler for the faunal bone material analyses follows:
Vertebrate • Small vertebrate: comprises highly fragmented bone material representing member of
indeterminate class, order, and family, but with an estimated head-and-body length less than ca. 0.3 m.
• Small and/or medium vertebrate: comprises highly fragmented bone material representing member of indeterminate class, order, and family, but with an estimated head-and-body length from ca. 0.3 m to, roughly, 2.0 m.
• Medium vertebrate: comprises highly fragmented bone material representing member of indeterminate class, order, and family, but with an estimated head-and-body length of more than ca. 2.0 m.
Reptilia • Small lizard: lizard with a head-and-body length of less than ca. 10 or 15 cm.
Aves • Small bird: member of indeterminate order and family up through the general size of storm
petrel, quail, plover, sparrow, myna and thrush. • Medium bird: member of indeterminate order and family in the general size range of
shearwater and petrel, tropicbird, night-heron, duck, hawk, junglefowl, moorhen and coot, curlew, gull, owl, crow.
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• Large bird: member of indeterminate order or family in the general size range of albatross, booby, frigatebird, goose, eagle, turkey, raven.
• Small Passeriform: member of 1 or more families of this order ("Perching Birds" or "Song birds") up to the general size of cardinals or smaller thrushes.
Mammalia • Small-to-medium mammal: member of indeterminate order and family up through the general
size range of wallaby, rabbit, dog, and cat. • Medium Mammal: member of indeterminate order and family up through the general size
range of human, porpoise, seal, pig, deer, and goat/sheep. • Large mammal: member of indeterminate order and family up through the general size of
range of medium and large whales, horse, mule, donkey, and cattle. • Medium artiodactyl: member of indeterminate family other than Suidae (pig), possibilities
limited to Cervidae (various deer) and smaller Bovidae (Capra hircus (domestic goat)).
According to Ziegler, bone analysis determined that almost all of the identified families of bony fish from the John Young Homestead excavation are from common reef groups, either from the shore or shallow water (see Table 19). Gray Mullets (Mugilid) are "relatively fairly well represented" compared to midden from other sites in Hawai'i (Ziegler 2000). There are few small Carangid (Jacks) represented and very few Scombrid (Tuna and Mackerel) and Scarid (Parrotfish) remains identified. In total, a minimum of 12 individual bony fish was identified in the assemblage. The Osteichthye remains may represent a small sample of the fish brought to or consumed at the Homestead.
The minimum number of individuals represented (see Table 20) may be the result of the recovery of a small sample from the site. This too may also be the result of the facility of identification as 2,340 fish bone and bone fragments, which could not be ascribed to any specific family.
Ziegler noted the scarcity of bird bone within the assemblage. An adult songbird ("Small Passeriform"), cf. Gallus gallus (probable Chicken), and two small- or medium-sized birds are represented (Ziegler 2000). No procellariids (Shearwaters, Petrels, and Fulmars) are represented. The presence of shearwaters and petrels is more typical of the Polynesian-type food midden of Hawaiian habitation sites (Ziegler 1995, Nakamura 1999).
Of the Class Mammalia, Artiodactyal and rodents (including the Polynesian-introduced Rattus exulans) are minimally represented. Bone and dentition of domestic pig (Sus scrofa) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris), all recovered from unit 7N49W, represent one minimum individual each. At least one individual each of Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus (Norway Rat) or Rattus rattus (Roof Rat), and Mus musculus (House Mouse), is represented. The presence of mouse, rat and other genera may be a natural phenomenon rather than the result of human activity.
Two mammal bone fragments from the collection exhibited evidence of cultural modification. Both bone fragments indicated butchering with a sharp implement. The two bone fragments were removed from the midden after identification and are discussed in Chapter 6, Feature 3 Traditional Artifacts section of this report.
Overall, the scarcity of bone material recovered from units 13N19W and 14N19W, Structure 3 may be in part due to the shallowness of excavations—not penetrating into Level II due to time constraints. Some initial differences regarding the kinds of faunal materials are apparent in the samples found in different locales at the site, but again, further sampling would be useful. Pig (Sus scrofa) and dog (Canis familiaris) bone were recovered from unit 7N49W, Feature 3 but not from any of the other excavations within Structure 1 and Structure 3.
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TABLE 19. SUMMARY OF BONE MATERIAL (NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED SPECIMENS) RECOVERED FROM UNITS 7N49W, 30N21W, 13N19W, AND 14N19W JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
NON-ARTIFACTUAL
BONE REMAINS
VERTEBRATE
Small vertebrate
Small and/or medium vertebrate
Medium vertebrate
TOTAL
OSTEICHTHYES
Acanthurid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Mugilid
Polynemid
Priacanthid
Scarid
Scombrid
TOTAL
FISH (indeterminate class)
TOTAL
REPTILIA
Small lizard
TOTAL
AVES
Gallus gallus
Large bird
Medium bird
Small bird
Small or medium bird
Small Passcriform
TOTAL
MAMMALIA
Camis familiaris
Rallns exuUtns
Rattus norvegictts or Rattus rutins
Rattus sp.
Stts scrofa
Mas mttscuhts
Small-to-medium or medium mammal
Medium mammal
Medium and/or large mammal
Medium Artiodactyl (indeterminate family)
TOTAL
TOTAL (Fragment count)
FEATURE 3
07N49W
0
60
1
61
5
1
2
2
2
1
0
13
0
26
693
693
0
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
8
4
2
1
3
12
1
259
3
103
1
389
1177
STRUCTURE 1
30N21W
4
7
1
12
1
0
72
1
10
0
1
6
4
95
1604
1604
2
2
2
0
4
3
4
1
14
0
4
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
7
1734
STRUCTURE 3
13NI9W
0
8
1
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
42
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
17
0
1
0
19
73
STRUCTURE 3
14N19W
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
PROJECT
TOTAL
4
75
3
82
7
1
74
3
12
1
1
21
4
124
2340
2340
2
2
2
1
9
3
6
2
23
4
7
2
3
12
1
278
3
104
1
415
2986
99
TABLE 20. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED FISH REMAINS (MNI) RECOVERED FROM UNITS 7N49W, 30N21W, 13N19W, AND 14N19W JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD, 1999
Taxa
ACANTHURIDAE
Naso spp.
Acanthurus spp.
APOGONIDAE
CARANGIDAE
LABRIDAE
MUGILIDAE
POLYNEMIDAE
PRIACANTHIDAE
SCARIDAE
SCOMBR1DAE
Hawaiian and Common Names
kala
Unicornfish
Surgeonfish
'upapalu Cardinalfish
papio or uluu Jack
hlnulea Wrasse
'ama 'ama Gray Mullets
moi Threadfish
'aweoweo Bigeyes
uhu Parrotfish
'alii, aku Tuna and Mackerel
Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)
1
1
1
2-3
1
1-2
1
1
3-4
1
Number of
Identified Specimens (NISP)
2
2
1
74
3
12
1
1
21
2
Faunal material recovered does not reflect considerable food processing or consumption at any of the excavated locales except Feature 3. Future excavations at the site may reveal a specific household refuse area that would indicate at least 37 years (1798-1835) of historical occupation or much of it could have been deposited in the gulches surrounding the Homestead.
Animal Hair Identification Three fibrous samples recovered from the John Young Homestead excavation project were submitted to Dr. Bonnie Yates, Senior Forensic Specialist for the National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Lab in Ashland, Oregon for animal hair taxon identification. Multiple strands of animal hair collected from within the confines of Structure 3 were identified as Sus scrofa, pig guard hair. It is likely that the Sus scrofa guard hair is of the historical period yet is difficult to distinguish remains of pre-Contact Polynesian pigs from morphologically similar breeds introduced during the historical period. The specimen of a single strand of hair collected from unit 30N21W, Structure 1 was identified as a medium secondary hair lacking definitive morphological details. However, according to Yates, the length and diameter of the sample is consistent with secondary hair of some domestic dog breeds, Cams familiaris (e.g. Sheltie, Poodle, etc.). Both specimens likely represent species that were introduced to Hawaii after Western contact. The third specimen, a single strand of fibrous material, was identified as not of animal origin.
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Coral Coral material was identified throughout the excavations at the site. A total of 358 grams of coral was recovered. Sixty-two percent or 222 grams of the total coral material were recovered from within the 'ili'ili paving of Level II, unit 30N21W, Structure 1 alone. This suggests that the majority of coral recovered (at least 62% of the total for this project) was brought to the site in conjunction with and utilized as part of the architectural material supply.
Floral Remains
Wood Charcoal Identification A collective weight of 208.6 grams of charcoal was recovered during this project. Two samples from the excavations were submitted to Gail Murakami of the International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (IARII) in Honolulu for taxon identification (see Appendix B).
According to Murakami, the multiple-piece sample collected from unit 30N21W (NPS catalog number 1456) contains charcoal of Chamaesyce ('akoko), Metrosideros polymorpha ('ohi'a lehua), probable introduced species of Acacia, probable fern caudex, and uncharred bark. Rafters and posts hewn for houses were often made from 'ohi'a (Buck 1993:87; Malo 1951:20). 'Akoko was utilized as firewood (Hillebrand 1965:396) and once considered a source for rubber (Rock 1974:261). Ferns have been used in Hawai'i as thatch for roofing material of upper status residences (Kamakau 1976:280; Apple 1971:182). The majority of taxa identified within this specimen reflect traditional Hawaiian architectural materials.
Pollen A bulk soil sample (catalog number 1459) was collected from within Structure 1, excavation unit 30N21W, Level Ill/a, which lies directly below the stratum of 'ili'ili paving thought to be the living floor during John Young's occupancy at the Homestead. Two hundred and ninety six grams of the sample were submitted to Dr. Jerome Ward of Pacific Palynology for analyses and palynomorph identification in order to "detect evidence of landscape change in the environment and to document the presence of plant taxa of ethnobotanical importance" (see Appendix D).
Ideally at least 200 dryland pollen grains should be counted for in order to arrive at a statistically significant sum. In the present case a high pollen count was not possible because the density and preservation were very poor. An entire microscope slide was scanned but only 23 pollen grains and 16 pteridophyte spores were recovered [Ward 2000].
According to Ward, the sample contained a palynomorph assemblage of low diversity that is typical of soil horizons where improved aeration has enhanced microbial activity. The result then is palynomorph decay where more resistant types are favored in a profile.
In the sample, two pollen types are common, Boerhavia (a total of 12 grains representing 52% of the pollen grain assemblage) and Sida (a total of five grains representing 22% of the pollen grain assemblage) pollens (see Table 21). Both pollen types are native to Hawaii.
Species of Boerhavia, such as Boerhavia repens, are lowland perennial weeds (Neal 1965:336-337). All species of Sida in Hawai'i are considered 'Uinta (Pukui and Elbert 1986, Degener 1973, Wagner, et al. 1990). This native woody herb or small shrub typically grows in very arid environments (Degener 1973:209).
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TABLE 21. SUMMARY OF POLLEN TYPES IDENTIFIED SOIL SAMPLE -- LEVEL UFA, UNIT 30N21W, STRUCTURE 1 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
Sunflower family Herb: i.e. alena or nena Goosefoot family Grass Buckwheat family i.e. Sidafallax Cilima)
Minor amounts of Asteraceae (high-spinned) (Sunflower family), Poaceae (Grass), and Polygonum (Buckwheat family) pollen were identified in the sample. These pollen types suggest an arid setting. Cheno-am (Goosefoot family), also found in a minor amount, is typical of a dry-mesic forest.
Pteridophyte spore count was also rather poor (see Table 22). Monolete/psilate represented 50% (eight spore count) of the spores identified in the sample. According to Ward, this spore type includes a number of species which are frequently encountered in tropical deposits that have experienced some sort of natural or human-induced disturbance.
TABLE 22. SUMMARY OF PTERIDOPHYTE SPORE TYPES IDENTIFIED SOIL SAMPLE - LEVEL UFA, UNIT 30N21W, STRUCTURE 1 JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
Single, smooth spores Treefern (i.e. Hapudt or pulu) "nodding clubmoss" Bracken fern Spiny spores
Trilete spores numbered eight in all. Thirty-two percent (five spore count) were of Cibotium (tree ferns, i.e. hdpu'u or pulu). One of the most important wild plants in Hawaii providing food during times of famine was the tree fern, specifically Cibotium sp. whose core can yield "50-70 pounds of almost pure starch" (Handy and Handy 1972:234). The find of a single spore of the fern ally Lycopodium cernuum (also known as "nodding clubmoss" (Degener 1973:20)) is an open landscape and savanna indicator in the tropics (Ward 2000). This type of club moss, called Wdwae'iole, is indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands and is commonly found on the Island of Hawai'i. The sample also includes single spores of Pteris (Bracken fern (Degener 1973:34)) and Trilete/echinate.
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Charcoal particles in the sample were analyzed using a quantitative counting technique. According to Ward:
The charcoal particle estimate at 13.8 mm2 indicates that a significant amount of charcoal had been released into the environment. It is likely that these particles were derived from burning activities near the site [2000].
Burning activities may include wild fires that most likely occurred in the area prior to the period in which John Young occupied the site, as they have been historically documented for this open arid landscape. The most common palynomorphs recovered during analyses also reflect a disturbed environment.
Ward determined that the pollen count in the sample from the Homestead was insufficient to draw statistical data. Yet, the palynomorph assemblage (pollen, pteridophyte spores and other organic-walled microfossils) does suggest the presence of plant species typical of the period prior to the introduction of Western plant species to Hawai'i with no types derived from plant species of Polynesian influence. That is to say the palynomorph assemblage recovered directly below the cultural level (Level II) within Structure 1 suggests that the 'Hi'Hi paving had been lain down prior to introduction of plants of historical influence.
Other Botanicals A substantial sample of an unidentified organic material was recovered in situ from excavation unit 30N21W between 25 and 27 cmbd and from the Sublevel Il/a (21-30 cmbd) excavated and screened material. Approximately 2.6g of the total 31.9g sample (catalog number 1458) was submitted to IARII for preliminary analysis. Though a simple test of burning a small sample of the material gave off an odor very similar to that of pine pitch. Pine pitch or tar, as well as other byproducts of Pinus sp. are included in oils, wood tars, and turpentine known as "naval stores." Pine tars were used in making varnishes, adhesives, and sealing waxes and perhaps, John Young or the 1853 occupant of John Young's house used this material for one or more of the same purposes.
A total of 7.29 grams of kukui (Aleurites moluccana) endocarp was recovered from the site excavations: 1.83g from unit 7N49W and 5.46g from unit 30N21W. Kukui are found in humid area typically at 900 feet or greater in elevation. Kukui have traditionally been used to furnish fire light as the kernel contains a high concentration of oil, and the nuts cooked to furnish a relish called 'inamona (Pukui and Elbert 1986, Abbott 1992). This Polynesian introduction was also used as part of a fish bait mixture, dye, as a base for a salve, as a laxative, and the charcoal from the shell was used to help a sore throat, even though the entire plant can be considered poisonous (Abbott 1992, Ellis 1969).
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Carbon Dating Results
All charcoal samples collected from the Upper Portion of the John Young Homestead in 1999 were assigned NPS catalog numbers. Two samples of wood charcoal collected during the excavation project were sent to Beta Analytic, Inc. for radiocarbon dating (see Appendix E). The two samples submitted for standard radiometric with 13C/12C correction analysis were extracted from unit 7N49W, Feature 3. Beta-Analytic assigned each sample a Beta laboratory number and then analyzed each for age-determination utilizing Stuiver et al., 1998 as the calibration dataset reference. The resulting calibrated ages were determined from probability distribution (Method B) and calculated using the program developed by Stuiver and Reimer, 1993 (version 4.1).
Beta-Analytic conducted a visible inspection of both samples and any rootlets observed were removed. The samples were then given an acid, alkali, and acid series of soakings. The cleaned charcoal provided "plenty of carbon for accurate measurements [Beta-Analytic 2001]." All analyses went normally.
The greatest frequency of artifacts and midden within unit 7N49W occurred within Sublevel II/c. As there is no specific archival information regarding Feature 3, to date, it was hoped that determining a temporal placement by radiocarbon dating would assist in determining a potential function of the feature relevant to the period of permanent occupation at the Homestead.
Sample code #PUHE19CAT1371 (Beta sample #152475) is a sample of charcoal collected from the southeast quadrant of unit 7N49W at a depth between 8-18 cmbd considered Sublevel II/c. #PUHE19CAT1371 consists of multi-piece wood charcoal sample. The highest probability date range for sample PUHE19CAT1371 (from Sublevel II/c) at 2c. is 1801-1940 (see Appendix E).
Sample code #PUHE19CAT1374 (Beta sample #152476) is an aggregate sample of charcoal collected from all excavation quadrants between 0-8 cmbd, Sublevel Il/b, unit 7N49W. This sample contains a consolidation of NPS catalogue # 1363, 1374, 1378, 1381, and 1382 charcoal samples collected from all of Sublevel Il/b. The weight of this sample submitted to Beta-Analytic, Inc. was approximately 6 g. Though there was sufficient carbon, Beta-Analytic deemed the results of the 2q calibration of sample #PUHE19CAT1374 as "outside of the calibration range" (see Appendix E).
The resulting highest probability date range for sample PUHE19CAT1371 at 2q is 1801-1940 AD. The earliest date of 1801 is contemporaneous with the permanent occupation of the Homestead by John Young. It was not one of the structures/features listed in Young's diary as constructed in 1798-1799 and may in fact be of later years during Young's occupation or even later. The same could be said for the results of this sample at lq, which range from 1809-1894 AD.
Soils
Students at University of Hawaii at Hilo under the guidance of Dr. Peter Mills preformed sedimentary analyses. Forty bulk matrix samples and two soil samples were submitted for assessment of gravel, physical description and composition, as well as for chemical response.
PH Of the forty-two samples submitted, 100% were tested for pH reaction. To measure the intensity of the pH parameter, 10 grams of each sample was subjected to a 1:1 (distilled watensoil) suspension and left to sit for one hour. Three measures were recorded for each sample using an Ion Sensitive
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Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) pH Sensor. The three measurements per sample exhibited a high degree of consistency. As the excavation paradigm required bulk samples to be taken from each quadrant within a sublevel, the pH reaction within a sublevel exhibited an extremely low standard deviation of no significant difference (see Table 23). Soils tested from the site proved to be of the high range of slightly alkaline to the moderately alkaline.
TABLE 23. SUMMARY OF BULK MATRIX SAMPLE pH REACTION JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD PROJECT, 1999
Unit
13N19W
14N19W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
07N49W
Level
I
I
I
II
III
II
pH range of multiple samples
7.61-7.99
7.66-8.00
7.61-7.92
7.92-8.81
7.97-8.26
7.19-8.10
Standard Deviaton
0.136
0.011
0.120
0.035
0.120
0.220
Criteria
pH range
6.6 to 7.3
7.4 to 7.8
7.9 to 8.4
8.5 to 9.0
Descriptive
term
Neutral
Slightly Alkaline
Moderately Alkaline
Strongly Alkaline
USDA(1998)
Phosphate Of the forty-two bulk matrix samples submitted, 100% were tested for phosphate reaction. To measure the intensity of the phosphate parameter, 10 grams of each sample was subjected to a 1:1 (distilled water: soil) suspension for one hour. One drop of the solution was added to 1.0 ml of VM phosphate liquid containing active reagents sulfuric acid (16%), Molybdic acid ammonium salt tetrahydrate (1.7%), and Ammonium metavanadate (<0.1%). After sitting for five minutes, three drops of Stannous Chloride Dihydrate (a reducing agent) were added. The sample was then inverted causing the blue indicator color to appear. The LaMotte phosphate test kit Phosphate Comparator matched the sample to the corresponding rate of ppm (part per million) of phosphate.
Rocks and soil possess amounts of natural phosphate (P2O5). Phosphates can be introduced from a variety of activities such as decay of animal matter, excreta, food refuse and to a much lesser degree plant matter. The results of the phosphate reaction were varied across the site as well as within specific units and within unit sublevels. Phosphate reaction ranged from 120 ppm to 640 ppm. In general, the strongest phosphate mean reaction was found in the bulk samples extracted from the lower layers of Level II, unit 7N49W, Feature 3; the weakest mean reaction was found in samples extracted from the upper Levels of unit 13N19W, Structure 3. Substantial quantities of organic materials must be added in single events to actually affect the soil chemistry. Bone contains considerable phosphate, which could enter the soil upon being burnt or through weathering. Therefore, the considerable bone and marine shell recovered from lower levels of unit 7N49W, coupled with the evidence of some burning activities within Feature 3, would explain a strong phosphate reaction. Comparatively, a weak reaction to phosphate as demonstrated in the upper levels of 13N19W, Structure 3 may be the result of origin of the sediment in that it is considered overburden or the lack of organic material, amongst other possibilities.
Mineral - Non-cultural Excavation of unit 30N21W at Structure 1 revealed three crystal fragments of the mineral quartz. Two quartz specimens were recovered from the screened matrix of Component Al and A2. The third piece of quartz was collected from screened matrix of Sublevel Il/a, the layer of 'Hi'Hi paving.
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Jones and Knowlton (1998) conducted trace quartz quantitative analyses on sample JYH_2, one of the two mortar samples from the John Young home (Structure 1). They concluded that the sample contained trace concentrations of quartz and illite (hydrous mica). This finding is consistent with quartz and illite concentrations in areas of light rainfall in Hawai'i as many soil surfaces whose source is tropospheric dust from the Asian continent do contain quartz (Jones and Knowlton 1998).
The presence of quartz samples within Component Al and Sublevel Il/a, of unit 30N21W, Structure 1, suggest deposition of an aeolian matrix whose source is possibly the mortar from the structure itself.
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Chapter 8
SITE DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Site Discussion
There have been few documents produced pertaining to historical surveys of the John Young Homestead, State Site 50-10-05-2296. It is believed that many of the small vignettes reported by seamen, traders, and missionaries in logs and diaries, as well as Boundary Commission testimony, allow us a glimpse at the physical landscape of the site during its period of occupation and subsequent abandonment. The Rosendahl and Carter (1988) and the Schuster (1992) archaeological reports, coupled with the data gleaned from the 1999 field session at the Homestead allows us the opportunity to answer the four research questions posed in the research design for the 1999 project (see Objectives and Research Design, Chapter 1). Of the four questions posed, only two can be addressed in any detail; that which pertains to architectural form and detail of specific structures at the Homestead, and that which applies to overall construction style criteria.
Question: Can we identify a longer sequence and earlier occupation of the Homestead than historical documentation and the limited previous archaeological investigations suggest?
Schuster (1992:29) posed such a question for the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion when considering the posthole and the hard packed earthen floor revealed during the 1992 archaeological excavations. Both features were identified within the courtyard, less than 2 meters south of Feature 5 (F5). Schuster poses that a sequence of building events had occurred prior to the 'Hi'Hi paving of the site.
The construction sequence of 'Hi'Hi paving atop a slightly hard packed earthen floor is repeated as noted during the 1999 excavation of unit 30N21W, Structure 1. In addition, the find of a gunflint directly below the 'Hi'Hi paving within unit 30N21W, Structure 1 and the artifact's orientation-the gunflint was laying flat (dorsal side facing down) on the surface of the earthen stratum of Sublevel IH/a and was not introduced to the site post-paving—indicates that the 'Hi'Hi paving within at least that section of the site (within Structure 1) was lain during a period of time after Western contact (post-1778). It may be suggested that the hard packed earthen floor could have been a phase of preparation of the site by John Young to level out the naturally stony landscape.
No physical evidence was gained during the 1999 controlled excavations to substantiate an earlier occupation at the John Young Homestead locale. Due to time constraints, the termination of excavation units prior to encountering bedrock may have precluded such a find.
Question: What can we learn of John Young's family and their connection and the connection of Isaac Davis' children to the Homestead?
No such data addressing specific individuals of either John Young's or Isaac Davis' family was revealed during the 1999 field work. For instance, glass beads and bead fragments recovered during the excavations may be attributed to female wearers, but to whom they belonged specifically is unknown. Young had female guests visit his home (i.e. Laura Fish Judd), subsequently this introduces parties other than family members to whom such accoutrements may have belonged. Archival research did not uncover any new information regarding Young's or Davis' family and their relationship to the Upper Portion of the Homestead.
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Question: What information has been gleaned from controlled archaeological excavations to further our understanding of the architectural form and detail of the structures at the Homestead?
Archaeological excavations were conducted in 1992 to assess the damage to both surface and subsurface cultural resources in the path of an errant bulldozer at the Homestead (Schuster 1992). New information gleaned during this project related to the construction of what has been labeled as Hawaiian-style Feature 1 (Fl), "a stone platform built on a large terrace" (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:13). It was revealed that Fl exhibited a plastered, exterior wall and indications that the interior walls of the feature were also plastered (Schuster 1992:13). In 1992, the three units excavated along the perimeter of Feature 1 did not reveal a mortar incorporated into the ruin walls. The original walls may have been set in mortar but the mortar may have lost any cohesion and since dissipated. Nonetheless, both traditional Hawaiian construction methods as well as Western methods were employed in the construction of Fl. Hence, Fl is of a transitional construction style and method establishing at least four of the eight principle structures at the site of transitional-style or what has been called "Western"-style in previous studies.
During the 1999 project, excavations within Structure 3 confirm that this enclosure is of the transitional construction style, a blend of traditional Hawaiian and Western-style construction method and materials. The wall elevations of Structure 3 are similar to Structures 1 and 2 and as such suggest contemporaneous construction. These three structures and possibly Feature 1 are likely the first four buildings built on site as stated in John Young's diary:
Have begun four buildings. My house the cook house and storage room the house for the children and tahus [kahu (honored attendant, guardian, nurse)] and near the small temple a house for storage.
March 1799: I finish plastering all houses and have whitewashed the fences around the animal pens. It is as in Wales. [Apple 1978:47; Apple 1971:206]
The lime-plastered buildings at the Homestead are likely the first of their kind constructed in Hawaii where thatch and pole were the traditional Hawaiian-style architectural materials used. This new method of construction utilized native materials (stone, earth, and coral) in a different way, to create a new form of structure.
Colby and Barrow (1997) in the assessment and documentation report for preservation and treatment of Structure 1, John Young Homestead review rural architecture in Great Britain, particularly that of Lancashire and Wales. In Great Britain, buildings within the residential cluster were generally linear in distribution or secured in an enclosing compound (Colby and Barrow 1997:23; Brunskill 1970:136-137). House types and material construction methods developed through the centuries in both England and Wales. What dictated regional differences was influenced heavily by available building materials including timber, stone, and soils. Typically, northern counties in England such as Lancashire would employ a timber framing, grass thatch, and plastered walls. Development of a guild of plasterers formed in England as early as the 16th century and by the 18th century exterior plaster had developed into not only a utilitarian application but a decorative one, as well. Lime, sand, cow hair, and cow dung were the traditional constituents of English exterior plaster (Cook in Colby and Barrow 1997:22).
In Wales however, timber was much more rare as the geology of the region was and is very rocky. Rough stone masonry bearing walls were the typical system for construction of rural structures
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whether they functioned as residential or farm buildings (Colby and Barrow 1997:21). Lime mortar was typical; however, whitewashing of the stone masonry was random (Colby and Barrow 1997:21). Grass thatching was common even through the mid-eighteenth century when Wales was established as an important source for roofing slates (Brunskill 1970:82).
Colby and Barrow (1997:23) indicate that "... it appears that the wall masonry, wall finish treatment, and door and window openings [of John Young's house, Structure 1] have a strong relationship to those found in Wales. But more remarkable is what components are common to both Wales and Hawaii: site layout, building form, roof shape and type." The transitional style structures at the Homestead exhibited pitched and thatched roofs, rubble-filled uncoursed stone walls, interior and exterior plaster finish, and a generally rectangular form (Colby and Barrow 1997:24). All these elements may be common to both Hawaiian and European traditions (Colby and Barrow 1997:24).
Today, the ruins at the Homestead demonstrate that at least four of the eight principle structures at the site were built in this transitional-style (stacked stone, earthen mortar, and lime-plaster finish). Practically speaking, a change to this solid, unpenetrable wall type would have served as a measure of security. Solid wall construction would function as a preventative measure against fire or heavy winds that thatch and pole structures could not possibly withstand. In addition, thatched structures are subject to grazing sheep and other ungulates. Furthermore, the protection that a solid wall would afford would be prudent for defending one's family and home in a period of warfare, particularly at a time when Kamehameha I was in pursuit of the unification of the islands. A spear could easily penetrate the thatched wall of a traditional Hawaiian-style structure whether from close range or from some distance away (Hooili 1919:648; Handy and Pukui 1972:10). Solid wall construction could be viewed as a defensive measure, as it is likely that John Young was called upon for defensive as well as offensive strategies during his service to Kamehameha which, might naturally carry over into domestic situations. Conceivably, it wasn't solely an aesthetic or sentimental choice for constructing plastered vertical rock walls but also and perhaps more importantly, a preservation, protection, and security issue.
That being said, Structure 1 and Structure 2 appear to have similar 'Hi'Hi paving underlain with a very thin lens of medium grain sand ca. 1-2 cm thick. Structure 1 and 2 are basalt stone, earthen mortar, and lime-based plaster structures, both structures are large enclosures when compared to traditional Hawaiian house structures. Structure 1 has been interpreted as the house of John Young; Rosendahl and Carter (1988:86-87) suggest that the "storage room" is best represented by Structure 2; leaving "a cook house" and "a house for the children and tahus" to be assigned to two other of the structures at the site. Of the structures within the Upper Portion of the Homestead, Feature 1 and Structure 3 are the most eligible for such an interpretation, but little is know of the Lower Portion of the Homestead.
The 1999 excavations produced additional information relevant to the interpretation of Structure 1. Architectural information revealed suggests that there existed an interior wall dividing the ground floor of John Young's home, Structure 1, into at least two living spaces or rooms. Visitors to Hawaii in the early historic period commented on the interior form of traditional Hawaiian houses. The interiors of typical Hawaiian households during this period were not partitioned, nor divided above or below indicated a single floor dwelling (Ellis 1979:226; Ledyard 1963:128). The presence of an interior structural wall within Structure 1 could physically support an upper level flooring, thereby, giving credence to the supposition that Structure 1 may indeed be the home in which Laura Judd in 1830 (1880:36) briefly stayed. Hence, another new concept of household form and construction was introduced to Hawaii at the Homestead, multiple floored structures.
Excavations at Feature 3 revealed little architectural data. The placement of excavation unit 7N49W within the area of Feature 3 devoid of surface structural material, proved to continue throughout the excavation of the unit revealing no subsurface structural remains. What can be said structurally
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relates to the lack of preparation of the natural topography noted at the base of excavation unit 7N49W, Feature 3. Though only the north half of unit 7N49W, was excavated down to the natural stony substrate, excavations did reveal a single stratum of cultural material (Level II) which extended from the ground surface down to the decomposing bedrock. Hence, the natural substrate was not leveled, nor prepared with a hard packed earthen lens of sediments, nor lain with 'Hi'Hi paving, or otherwise modified as evident with other structural features at the Homestead.
Excavation unit 2A and the courtyard unit located southeast of Feature 5 revealed 'Hi'Hi on a hard packed earthen floor (Schuster 1992:13). As was discovered in 1999, this construction sequence is repeated within Structure 1, the John Young home. Kamakau states the following as regards to the preparation of a hardwood framework for a traditional house structure:
When enough thatching was ready, then the foundation of the house was leveled and the posts arranged by size. Thatching was typically the last of the materials readied for house construction. [1976:97]
Further excavations may reveal that the central portion of the site was prepared with a lens of packed earth to level the site above the uneven stony lava landscape prior to any architectural construction.
Question: What information can be gleaned from the cultural deposits recovered from controlled archaeological excavations as relating to functional interpretation of the structures at the Homestead?
During the 1999 controlled archaeological excavations, artifacts recovered as well as the limited overall site sampling resulting in architectural structure data at the Homestead did not indicate an occupation earlier than the John Young era (circa 1798-1835). Items recovered from the 1999 controlled excavations consist predominantly of historical artifacts typical of architectural construction and household activities. The majority of artifacts do indicate a date range of early 19th
century to mid-19'h century, the known period of occupation of the site by John Young and family. In addition, traditional forms were being created using introduced materials. The few traditional artifacts discovered were recovered from within the same stratum, as were the historical artifacts few even in the upper deposits. It would be expected that artifacts recovered from excavations within buildings constructed and occupied well into the historic period, when western goods became more and more readily available particularly to those individuals of high status, would be strongly represented over traditional items. Traditional items would still be expected in this period in time. Tenancy of the Upper Portion of the Homestead after John Young's era by a district judge (as noted by Bates 1854:389) may have biased the sampling, particularly that of Structure 1, but no conclusive evidence of such has be determined.
In considering those elements of Hawaiian-style household construction that may have been expressed architecturally and functionally at the John Young Homestead, Handy and Pukui's (1972) ethnographic investigations regarding the Polynesian family system in Ka'u is examined. Handy and Pukui offer a model of a traditional Hawaiian household cluster to include the
1) mua, or men's house 2) hale noa, the common sleeping area 3) hale pe'a, the women's menstrual hut 4) hale papa 'a, a storage shed for crops and agricultural implements 5) hale kahuinu, the oven shed providing one for the men and one for the women, and the 6) halau, a canoe shed for households along the coast.
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In addition, a seventh hale is oftentimes included in a household cluster, the hale kua or kuku, where women gather to prepare bark cloth (kapa) and "talk story" (Malo 1951:29-30). The full compliment of housing features was primarily for the residences of high-ranking persons.
Malo (1951:29-30,122) details the traditional residential cluster for high-ranking individuals and those of little social status.
People who were of no account (lapuwale) ...cared only for a little shanty; the fireplace was close to their head, and the poi dish conveniently at hand; and so, with but one house, they made shift to get along.
People who were well off...or belonged to the alii class... had separate houses for themselves and their wives. There was a special house for the man to sleep in with his wife and children (hale noa), also a number of houses specially devoted to different kinds of work, including one for the wife to do her work in (hale kua). There was the halau, or canoe house; the aleo, a kind of garrett or upper story [*] in which to stow things; also the amana, consisting of three houses built about a court.
* Footnote: Hawaiian houses were built with but one story but a sort of garret was sometimes made by flooring a certain space with some sort of lattice-work (hulili ia) in the upper part of the house. This was called an aleo and here it was that a man might keep his treasures, spears, weapons, and family heirlooms.
Kamakau (1976:96) expresses the variations on the traditional Hawaiian residential site:
Houses might be large or small. The ruling chiefs, chiefly land holders, land agents, native sons, and prominent people had large establishments, with sheds, men's houses, sleeping sheds, heiau houses, women's eating houses, houses for the storage of provisions, houses for cooking, and many other houses. The establishments of the people were sometimes large and sometimes small. Each man had several houses-for wife, children, parents, relatives and retainers.
How might the structural arrangement at the Homestead and the functionality of the structures themselves diverge from the traditional Hawaiian household cluster? The cultural setting is transitional in that traditional values of both Hawaiian and European architecture and use are unique at this site. The Homestead exhibits architectural tradition in transition from Hawaiian towards European. Conversely, John Young himself was a European assimilating Hawaiian tradition. Though John Young was introduced into and respectful of Hawaiian culture, his European background and experience would at some level de-emphasize mana (the maintaining of purity by separating the scared from the profane), whether consciously or subconsciously, thereby, bringing the disposition of the Homestead into transition as well. The Homestead may then be viewed as a cross-cultural site.
Menzies (1920:101) observed that Young did reside at Kawaihae in 1793 on property described as a "plantation"—referring to the Lower Portion of the Homestead. As a woman steeped in the kapu and the traditional religion and culture of pre-contact Hawaii, John Young's wife the Hawaiian Chiefess Namoku'elua would expect separation of the sexes as in the noa and other associated activities as distinguished between Po and Ao. She likely upheld traditional Hawaiian culture and religious practices, which may have included usage of the variety of residential structures prescribed for specific traditional functions.
I l l
The Upper Portion of the Homestead was begun in 1798, eight years after John Young came to Hawaii and during his union with first wife Namoku'elua (who died in 1804). The John Young Homestead exhibits an amalgam of traditional Hawaiian style construction and Western-style construction exemplifying a transitional period in Hawaiian architecture. Thus, the structures present at the site may also reflect the traditional household cluster model and usage in flux or transition. We should encounter in part, portions of the traditional Hawaiian household cluster model with variation and new elements.
The hale noa at the John Young Homestead is best represented in Structure 1. Artifacts recovered from within the structure consist of household and kitchen items, items of personal adornment, and architectural hardware. The second Mrs. Young's, Ka'oana'eha, "permanently" occupied the Lower Portion of the John Young Homestead from ca. 1804 (Apple 1978; Iselin n.d.:71) the onset of their marriage. In 1830, Laura Judd (1880:36) visited John Young in the last few years of his life. Judd indicated that he lived apart from his wife in a house that was "...adorned with old rusty muskets, swords, bayonets, and cartridge boxes."
Ninety-seven percent of the total Carangidae fish bone midden from the excavations was recovered from unit 30N21. As ulua was forbidden to women under the kapu, it strengthens the argument that segregated male activities occurred in Structure 1. In addition, 83% of the total Mugilidae fish bone midden was recovered from unit 30N21W whilst the remaining 17% of Mugilidae midden recovered from the site was extracted from unit 7N49W, Feature 3. In Hawaiian theology, Mugilid or the 'ama'ama is considered one of the principal animals in which the gods Kane and Kanaloa are embodied (Beckwith 1940:62-63). Handy and Pukui (1958: 81) equate the 'ama'ama and /or the aholehole (the Hawaiian flagtail) as the marine equivalents of the pig for the sacramental feast for the first-born. As Mugilidae are common in fishponds, it is not surprising to find remains at the Homestead as this genera would be under the control of the chief of the ahupua 'a.
In 1978, the archaeological investigations conducted at the John Young Homestead focused on Structure 2. Structure 2 is defined as:
Poorly preserved remains of a large, rectangular, stone walled enclosure located only a few meters northwest of and parallel to Structure 1. Structure 2 measures approximately 6.5 m (21.3 ft) by 10.5 m (34.4 ft) overall. Although the walls are now fully in ruins, exposed portions of the foundation indicate walls varying from about 60 cm (23.6 in) to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in width, and of similar construction to those of SI. i.e. unmodified stones laid in mud mortar with plastered faces [Rosendahl and Carter 1988:15].
The results of the 1978 field study indicate that Structure 2 functioned as a storage room. Subsequently, Structure 2 can be referred to as the hale papa'a (Rosendahl and Carter 1988). Structure 1 and Structure 2 represent "my house" and a "storage room" or "a house for storage", respectively, as two of the four buildings John Young began in 1798.
Feature 3 possibly functioned as a hale kdhumu. The amount of midden present within the ca. 0.21 m of matrices screened from unit 7N49W is considerable: 159.9 g of charcoal, 491.5 g of marine invertebrate remains, and 1,177 bone and bone fragments. Burning, food consumption, and household refuse deposition activities occurred at Feature 3. The extent of the architectural structure of Feature 3 coupled with the abundance of midden material recovered reflects the potential for a cookhouse at this locale.
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The hale pe'a was likely in close proximity to the living quarters of Mrs. Young and therefore, probably situated in the Lower Portion of the site, now disturbed and thought to be buried under fill of dredged coral. The same could be suggested of the wahlne hale kahumu if either of these traditional hale once existed at the Homestead.
The Lower Portion of the John Young Homestead (L.C.A. 4522 and 4523) (see Figure 6) was bounded to the west by the main beach road, placing it relatively close to the shoreline. John Young retained canoes as a mode of transportation even in his later years, loaning them to several missionaries and other parties (Ellis 1979: 253, 294, 310). In 1823, Ellis observed that "...they [Messrs. Bishop and Goodrich] left Towaihae [Kawaihae] in the evening in a canoe belonging to Mr. Young, and proceeded to Kailrua [Kailua]... [1979:253]." The household hdlau for the Homestead would have been conveniently situated within the Lower Portion, now probably under the coral flats of Kawaihae Harbor. A hale kua or kuku has not been identified if it was present within the "Upper portion" of the John Young Homestead.
By the time John Young was in occupancy of the Upper Portion of the Homestead he was well entrenched in the politics of the kingdom and held various positions of great importance vital to the survival and advancement of the new regime. His chiefly status is thus reflected in this and the extent of his documented landholdings, but what of specific status items?
The archaeological evidence indicates that the occupants of the Homestead were utilizing imported goods (i.e. ceramics) originating in Asia, specifically China, and Europe. The documentary record suggests that John Young had been in possession of such goods, which were available to him through trade, or as gifts. As Hommon has suggested (1976:291) "with the possible exception of nails and small trinkets, most of the Western goods became the property of the governing chiefs, either directly or through expropriation."
John Young, throughout his residency in Hawai'i, was treated with respect and high ranking by the ali'i mil and had in fact been included in the Ali'i Nui Council (Kame'eleihiwa 1992:59). The John Young Homestead can be considered a higher-ranking household suggesting a higher status residential complex. The Upper Portion of the Homestead is spatially isolated as a unit (situated on a knoll) as are heiau and other structures or sites of high significance in traditional Hawaiian culture. If labor is to be considered as an expression of ranking, then the four buildings begun at the Homestead in 1798 reflect high ranking based on size of the structures, architectural materials, and design. The physical remains of the four transitional-style buildings at the Homestead indicate that the vertical wall elevations were constructed out of stone, earthen mortar, and lime-based plaster. Lime-based plaster requires harvesting of coral, establishing a viable compound mixture, and processing enough of the mixture to complete the project. Apple (1978:47) has abstracted from John Young's diary stating "...coral blocks [were] brought by canoe from [the] reef at Puako." The walls of Structure 1 indicate a two-coat system consisting of a base coat and a finish coat (Barrow and Fong 1999, see Appendix C). If all four of the "Western-style" or transitional-style structures were entirely finished in the same manner, two series of coverage were applied to all four structures.
The earthen mortar has been examined by Jones and Knowlton (1998) and is believed to have been collected off-site. The stones used in the wall construction are numerous and generally large cobble to small boulder in size. Barrow and Fong (see Appendix C) suggest that "some effort was made to orient the flattest face of all exposed rocks to form the exterior and interior wall planes." It is clear that considerable effort and care was taken in the construction of these structures.
Status may also be reflected, archaeologically speaking, by the number of structures in the complex, the presence or absence of formal temples, the presence or absence of burial platform and other criteria (Kirch 1985:254).
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Rosendahl and Carter (1988) identified eight formal features at the "Upper portion" of the Homestead. Five "Hawaiian-style" features are present to include a stone platform built on a large terrace (Fl), a large paved terrace (F2), a low stone platform (F3), a stone mound (F4), and a stone platform (F5). "Western-style" features number three: the home of John Young, a large stone wall enclosure (SI); the storage building, a large stone wall enclosure (S2); and, another stone wall enclosure (S3). These are just the features realized at ground surface at the "Upper portion" of the Homestead.
The drawing of LCA 4522 and 4523 depicts three structures present in the "Lower portion" of the Homestead circa 1848 (see Figure 6). Accompanying the claim and drawing, konohiki Puna testified that Ka'oana'eha stated "This is our old lot at Kawaihae and our old houses which were mine and my kane's, John Young, deceased [Native Register, Vol. 8:6]." One of those structures served as the house of Mrs. Young, a "grass house...neat and comfortable [Judd 1880:36]." Sworn testimony for LCA 4522 by Keleikaheaawa (Native Testimony, Vol. 4:6-7) suggests that there were "Five houses and plants" at Pahukanilua and adjacent lots.
Feature 5, Upper Portion is believed to be of the modern era, recently constructed. Therefore, at least ten structures were present during the period in which John Young and his family resided at the Homestead (both Upper and Lower Portions).
Once John Young was given the ahupua'a of Kawaihae 2 by Kamehameha I, Young essentially became the keeper of all of the resources within the land unit including Pu'ukohola and Mailekini heiau. Formal temples were available to the occupants of the homestead during the time of John Young, though Pu'ukohola was restricted to kdne. The John Young Homestead can be viewed as associated with specific religious structures contained in a royal center, the Pu'ukohola heiau complex.
On-site formal temples or heiau may be addressed by reviewing once again the entry in John Young's diary (1798-1799) which states:
Have begun four buildings. My house the cook house and storage room the house for the children and tahus and near the small temple a house for storage.
The phrase "near the small temple" can be interpreted in several ways. Apple (1978:47) suggests that the small temple may refer to Mailekini heiau. Although Mailekini is less massive than Pu'ukohola it is in fact a wider structure. In light of the 1978 archaeological investigations (Rosendahl and Carter 1988) and the identification of a storage house as represented in Structure 2, a "small temple" or heiau may have been constructed on the knoll within the site boundaries of the Homestead. What form might a "small temple" have taken? A small shrine, or other simple structure? Such physical evidence has yet to be revealed within the Homestead.
No textual documentation suggests that any individuals of the Young family passed on during John Young's lifetime other than his first Hawaiian wife Namoku'elua. It has been suggested that Namoku'elua died of cholera and is buried in Waimea (Thrum 1912:100-101; Stokes 1938:16). Yet, during the 1978 excavations (Rosendahl and Carter 1988), a stone burial crypt was discovered within Structure 2 which contained the human remains of two individuals, one juvenile and one infant. The burials were overlaid with pulu, both within a stone crypt, one within a wooden coffin. 'Ili'ili pebbles were observed within the stone crypt. Rosendahl and Carter suggest that the pit for the crypt may have been excavated after the 'Hi 'Hi paving had been laid down—whether that be during or after the
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occupation of this "western-style" structure (1988:36, 86). The identity of the two individuals is unknown, though the wooden coffin present indicates that at least one of the two burials is of the historic period.
As we believe that the Upper Portion of the Homestead was abandoned by John Young's family at his death (and likely occupied only by John Young for years before his demise), the rites of burial and the physical remains of burial platforms deigned to families of royal personage may not have been needed at the site. John Young's last days were spent on O'ahu under the care of his son-in-law, Dr. Thomas C. B. Rooke. His remains were buried with Hawaiian royalty at Pohukaina, in what is now central Honolulu, before re-internment at the Royal Mausoleum in Nu'uanu Valley in 1863. Ultimately, the honor of burial at Pohukaina supercedes the need for an on-site burial platform for John Young, himself. Even so, the rites of burial may have been one of the results of transitional or of Western burial practices involving the individuals at the Homestead. Reverend Hiram Bingham delivered the Christian burial service for John Young (Chamberlain 1825:7).
Feature 5 at the John Young Homestead has been interpreted as a burial feature. This low-lying platform has been dated to post-occupation (Rosendahl and Carter 1988:15) and is not related to John Young. The feature is believed to be of the modern-era.
In addition to these three criteria, there were other indicators of status at the John Young Homestead. Though it has been described as fairly small, nonetheless, John Young maintained a fishpond at coastal Kawaihae Hikina. The sluice gate, Kuhu'ai, and the loko wai type fishpond was contiguous south of the Lower Portion of the John Young Homestead as described in the Land Award documentation of 1850 in which the fishpond is reported as situated between LCA 4522, Pahukanilua and LCA 4103, Kahaleuku to the south (see Figure 5). Makeahua Gulch emptied into the fishpond supplying intermittent fresh water but it was a predominantly salt-water pond (Apple 1978:12, 13, 34). The catch was divided between Young and the fisherman, and sometimes to Prime Minister Kalaimoku, who was given the ahupua'a Kawaihae 1 by Kamehameha I (Kaneahiku, Kamoehua, and Parker IN BCB Book B:1876, pp.390-392). Archival records provides the evidence that this fishpond existed, as whatever remained of the fishpond was destroyed during the construction of the Kawaihae port harbor in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The archaeological evidence suggests that subsistence adaptation at the Homestead appears to be predominantly traditional with the majority of faunal remains consisting of traditional marine vertebrate and marine invertebrate components though few post-contact species are represented. Archaeological and archival records indicate that fishing subsistence included fishpond management. John Young's Log Book makes repeated entries (1801-1809: 6a, 13a, 14, 15, 15a) as to indicate that he received fish on an irregular basis even to the point of lamenting "Nothing but povrty [poverty]. No fish and very little grub [1801-1809:15]." Other marine subsistence strategies suggested by the archaeological evidence include shoreline, fringing reef, and pelagic activities. Most of the fish remains identified were nearshore fish species (e.g. Carangidae, Scaridae, and Acanthuridae) which would traditionally be netted from offshore watercraft (Ziegler 2000). John Young's Log Book makes several references to days of a good haul and includes this entry: "2 Tuesday [April] modret [moderate] and cloudy this day I got twenty flying fish from my nets at Toyhay [Kawaihae]...[1801-1809:15]." Pelagic fish species (i.e. Scombridae) would traditionally be collected by trolling or hand-line fishing (Ziegler 2000).
Prior to 1819 the year in which Kamehameha II denounced the kapu, the eating kapu ('aikapu) specific to women included a variety of species of plant and animal foodstuffs. The Mooolelo Hawaii of 1838 is the earliest listing of forbidden species to women which includes almost all varieties of banana, yellow coconut (niu-lelo), turtle (honu or 'ea), shark (mano), and goatfish (kumu or Parupeneus porphyreus and moano or Parupeneus multifasciatus). Other references include pig
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(pua'a), whale (kohola), dolphin (nai'a), porpoise {nu'ao), Ostracion (which includes trunkfish, boxfish and cowfish), stingrays (Daysatidae), Manta ray {Manta alfredi), and Ulua (jackfish or crevalle of the Carangidae family) (Malo 1951:28, 240; Kepelino 1932:64-66; Kamakau 1964:63-64; Fornander 1969; Handy and Pukui 1958:177).
Even a European, if he has been raised to the dignity of an ali'i was allowed to make use of nothing but what had been consecrated at the marae [heiau, temple] [Menzies 1920:78].
... the position of inferior men approaches that of women, in that the most sacred species (pork, coconuts, etc.) are only rarely consumed by them, being eaten most often by high-ranking men in temples to which male commoners are not admitted any more than women.. .It can be said in any case that what is daily food for the ali'i is, at best, holiday food for men of inferior rank [Valeri 1985:127].
That Kamehameha I would deem to use John Young's cook house and eat at Young's table (Young 1798-1799), particularly that ali'i food consumption was one of the rudimentary tenants of kapu, elevates the site to the highest of ali 'i status at least for that period in which Kamehameha was in attendance.
Conclusion
The focus of this project was to provide data for interpretation and preservation of the John Young Homestead and for developing a site history from the archaeological record. The 1999 controlled archaeological excavations revealed that there are intact deposits at the Homestead, which in more intensive studies could address the research questions more fully. Further archeological excavations are needed to collect sufficient information, which will aid in the identification of feature function at the site and give insight into the activities of its occupants and the processes of the homestead over time.
Findings of the 1999 controlled excavations at the John Young Homestead have built upon the 1978 field work (Rosendahl and Carter 1988) and the limited archaeological work conducted in 1992 (Schuster) to allow a broader view and understanding of the site. The most substantive information gleaned from the 1999 field season pertains to architectural data regarding Structure 1 and Structure 3, and general patterns in artifact and midden dispersal. To date, there is no archaeological evidence to indicate that the site had been permanently occupied prior to the establishment of the John Young Homestead.
Future archaeological investigations at the John Young Homestead will enable a better understanding of how the Homestead can be modeled via the cultural transition of Hawaiian tradition when juxtaposed with one of the first contacts of permanent Western tradition in Hawai'i. Or can we in fact produce a "model" based on cultural transition, when the expressions of cultural tradition were affected by hitherto unknown cultural influences? Nonetheless, we can analyze site specifics and document transitional elements. What features might reflect Western functionality previously not found at Hawaiian sites? One might expect to encounter a privy on a permanent site occupied by a Westerner, particularly one of high status. Additional archaeological investigations at the John Young Homestead would assist in this regard.
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The Establishing Act for the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Park mandates the preservation and interpretation for the public of the John Young Homestead, as well as the magnificent heiau Pu'ukohola and other significant structures at the park. Information gleaned from the archival and the archaeological record regarding John Young and his homestead at Kawaihae is particularly well suited to public interpretation. Interpretation of the John Young site coupled with education regarding site protection and preservation practices would help prevent future activities of disturbance and unauthorized collection as well as promote interest and concern over one of the most important historical sites in Hawaii.
John Young's legacy, the tangible signs of Olohana's presence in Hawai'i as well as the intangible influences, gives rise to the admiration one must afford a man who lived out the last five decades of his life in willing service to the Hawaiian kingdom and the Kamehameha dynasty. This 47-year-old British boatswain, by all accounts not a formally educated man though well seasoned on the open seas, was waylaid in Hawai'i whilst on a long voyage across the Pacific, and because of one fateful day, his destiny was set upon a course intertwined with the fate and face of a kingdom. By acknowledging the significance of the archaeological and interpretive potential of the Homestead, we are obliged to pursue preservation, understanding, and interpretation of the Homestead of John Young, as well as celebration of this historic figure.
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Historical Research of the Life of John Young, Advisor to Kamehameha I by Mara Durst
Introduction John Young, a common name for an uncommon life. In the year 1790 AD, the French Revolution was well under way, George Washington was serving as the first President of the United States, the age of exploration and the expansion of world commerce were in full swing and a 47-year-old English seaman, circumstantially came to be in the Sandwich Islands. These islands were, only twelve years previous, visited for the first time by European vessels and documented contact was made between the Hawaiian people and Western explorers. John Young (c. 1744-1835) was a British boatswain aboard the American brig Eleanora when his ship sailed into Hawaiian waters. Young was detained by the paramount chief Kamehameha when ashore on the Island of Hawai'i. The events before and after this turn of fortune paint a picture of adventure and drama often found in literature, yet are played out in real life by an ordinary fellow in extraordinary circumstances.
A Long and Incredible Life The early years of John Young are not well documented and for a period of time his nationality and ancestry was under debate (Carter 1924, Restarick 1914, Stokes 1939). At least three families lay claim to John Young of Hawai'i as their ancestor: one family from Connecticut, one from Massachusetts, and the lineage from Great Britain. It is believed that at least three gentlemen named "John Young" were either residents of or in Hawai'i in the 1790s. Though Dr. Thomas C. B. Rooke, son-in-law of John Young, was in possession of most of the papers Young left after his death, all were later destroyed by a flood (Carter 1924:52). In a thorough examination of data pertaining to John Young, Stokes (1939) presents convincing evidence of the British nationality of John Young, the advisor to Kamehameha I.
John Young was born in Great Crosby near Liverpool, England in March of 1744 (Carter 1924, Stokes 1939, Lamb 1984, Cahill 1999). It is supposed that John Young, as quite a young fellow, signed up to work as a cabin hand on a trading vessel out of Liverpool (Cahill 1999). During the mid-17th century, Liverpool was considered the main port linking England and Ireland. In addition, during the 17th and 18th centuries, Liverpool was considered a major international port having developed an important colonial trade with North America and serving as the center of slave trade with Africa and North America. It is believed that Young went to America before the American Revolution, and served as a seaman on merchant ships sailing out of New York and Philadelphia (Lamb 1984, Carter 1924, Bishop 1825).
John Young joined the crew of the Eleanora in c. 1789. It was this fateful decision which would soon involve Young in an adventure that would result in bringing about monumental changes to John Young's situation. The story of John Young's later life is tied to the fate of the schooner the Fair American and the brig the Eleanora, vessels voyaging throughout the Pacific trading in goods between North America and Asia. Reverend Artemas Bishop (Journal entry dated December 14, 1825) briefly retells how John Young came to be in Hawai'i:
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At 2pm got underway and arrived at Tawaihae [Kawaihae] at sunset, a distance of 40 miles from Kairua [Kailua]. Spent the evening and night with Mr. Young. This gentleman is nearly 80 years of age and has resided on this island about 40 years. He is an English-man by birth, but followed the seas for several years out of Philadelphia, was in the confidence of his employers, and expected to be raised soon to the command of a vessel. His last voyage was in a ship trading to the N.W. Coast of America and from thence to Canton. On her return from the N.W. orders had been given to meet her tender a small schooner at this island where they were to touch for refreshments. The tender arrived first, and was immediately seized by the natives and the crew all massacred except Isaac Davis. Upon the arrival of the ship the schooner was concealed to avoid detection. After trading with the natives awhile, Mr. Young obtained liberty to go ashore and spend the day in viewing the country....
The above particulars I have just received from his mouth.
The details of this adventure indeed create a fascinating tale and as often times discovered with historical research, various sources contradict one another in the details. Therefore, it is the general tone of the voyage, which is retold here. The information provided will give a sense of the chain of events that brought John Young to Hawai'i.
The February 18, 1787 edition of The New York Daily Advertiser celebrates the sailing of the Eleanora out of New York Harbor. Fur trade and tea imports were the means by which Simon Metcalfe, captain of the Eleanora, hoped to add to his fortunes. The Eleanora was bound on a trading voyage to the northwest coast of North America and Macao (Canton, China). The voyage was eventful even in its early stages. Captain Simon Metcalfe was known as a cruel and impatient man, even to his own crew. Two officers as well as other crewmembers quit the Eleanora in Macao. Eventually, it is believed that there were up to 55 crewmembers of which only ten were American and the majority of the crew being of Philippine and Chinese descent (Vancouver 1967:v2:135; Richards 1991:97).
It was in Macao that Simon Metcalfe purchased and refitted another ship, a schooner named the Fair American. She was outfitted with sufficient cannons, muskets, and powder to make the trip eastward. The two ships the Fair American and the Eleanora sailed on to Larks Bay in the Philippines where they laid over for several months in preparation of the journey and to train young Thomas Metcalfe (Simon's eighteen-year-old son) to command the Fair American (Richards 1991:96-97). The two ships set sail from Larks Bay to rendezvous at Nootka (present-day Vancouver Island, British Columbia) but lost track of one another in a storm at sea. The schooner Fair American sailed with eighteen-year-old Thomas Metcalfe at the helm, Isaac Davis and only four other crewmen aboard (Dibble 1909 [1843]:30; Vancouver 1967:v2:136).
The Fair American put in to port at Nootka Sound with her rigging in tatters and needing to resupply. When Martinez, the commander of the Spanish forces at Nootka Sound, inspected the schooner Thomas Metcalfe could not provide a passport or papers proving American registry (Richards 1991:98-99). Martinez confiscated the Fair American, replaced the crew with a Spanish crew and sailed the schooner down to San Bias, Mexico to have the investigation handled by the Governor of San Bias. The crew of the Fair American was escorted down to San Bias aboard a Spanish ship. The Governor of San Bias reviewed the situation and decided to take no further action against the crew, as they had perpetrated no offense. The schooner was returned to Thomas Metcalfe and crew, and the Fair American made its way to the Sandwich Islands to rendezvous with the Eleanora as planned, though long delayed.
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Meanwhile, the Eleanora was ahead of the Fair American on its voyage to the Sandwich Islands and put in at several locales in the Islands, including Maui in February of 1790. While anchored off Olowalu, Maui, a boat was stolen from the Eleanora. Captain Simon Metcalfe unsuccessfully demanded of the Hawaiians that they return the stolen boat and the crewman aboard. Events followed which culminated in Simon Metcalfe planning and then ordering the crew of the Eleanora to massacre over 100 Hawaiians (Vancouver 1967:v2:136; Kamakau 1992:145-146; Richards 1991:109-120; Fornander 1969:231-234; Bingham 1981:39) in response to the theft. Aboard the Eleanora, John Young was witness to this tragedy and is believed to have said; "Great numbers were destroyed [Dibble 1909[1843]:30]." This battle was called Kalolopahu, meaning "spilled brains" (Kamakau 1992:146), as head wounds from gunshots and cannon fire were the cause of death for many.
In addition to this grievous trespass, on a separate occasion, Simon Metcalfe flogged the Hawaiian chief Kame'eiamoku when the chief attempted to climb aboard the Eleanora. This causes the chief great public humiliation (Vancouver 1967:v3:35-36; Dibble 1909[1843]:47; Kamakau 1992:147; Bingham 1981:39-40). Alexander (1891:127) stated that:
Kameeiamoku, high chief of Kona, was insulted and beaten with a rope by [Simon] Metcalfe for some trifling offense, on which he had vowed to revenge himself on the next vessel that should come into his power.
Kame'eiamoku was ready to exact his revenge when spotting the Fair American finally arriving off shore of Ka'upulehu on route from Kawaihae to Kealakekua. The schooner was boarded, by most accounts, what seemed to Thomas Metcalfe a few friendly Hawaiians who wished to greet and trade (Vancouver 1967:v2:136, 138; Bingham 1981:40; Dibble 1909[1843]:47). All was not as it seemed for suddenly, the Fair American was seized and the captain and four crewmembers killed save for Isaac Davis who only just survived a severe beating. Accounts of this event were far reaching. Several periodicals of the day carried the story in the American Colonies and Europe (IN Kuykendill 1938:24 The Gentleman's Magazine, London, April 1791; Columbian Centinel, Boston, November 30, 1791). The Fair American was secretly harbored to avoid detection particularly from the crew of the Eleanora and was raided of provisions, weapons, metal tools and equipment on board which now belonged to the victors (Vancouver 1967:v2:139). The schooner was then brought to Kealakekua Bay where, three years later in 1793, Captain Vancouver noted "...we saw the captured schooner laid up.. .was now of little value, having nearly fallen to pieces for want of necessary repairs [1967:v2:164-165]."
The Eleanora was at this time anchored of Kealakekua Bay, the taking of the Fair American unbeknownst to the crew. Various accounts describe the ensuing events and fate of John Young after the demise of the crew of the Fair American. The following account may be the best documented and perhaps the most dramatic of accounts as it is told in the first person by an American sea captain Charles H. Barnard. Barnard became a castaway on the Falkland Islands during the War of 1812. After being rescued, Barnard joined Samuel Bailey, Captain of the Millwood on a voyage around the world. In 1816, the Millwood had anchored in the Sandwich Islands hoping to secure sandalwood for trade on the China route. Inquiring after such a cargo with Kamehameha, Captains Bailey and Barnard were directed to make the acquaintance of John Young who dealt with such matters. It is by Barnard's account as told to him by John Young himself, that we learn of the events of Young's arrival on the Island of Hawai'i on March 17, 1790.
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Twenty-five years ago I entered as Boatswain on board the American ship [Eleanora], Captain Medcalf [Simon Metcalfe], who was bound on a trading voyage to the North-West Coast. On our passage, we touched at this Island [Hawai'i] for refreshments, where we were kindly received by the natives, and obtained sufficient supply of refreshments, such as the Island afforded. We departed, having maintained an uninterrupted good understanding with the Islanders, and shaped, our course for the North-west, where we succeeded in opening a good trade.
Having made up a cargo, we sailed for Canton, taking the Island in our route; renewed the intercourse with the natives, to the satisfaction of all engaged, and again parted in friendship; pursued our course to Canton, disposed of our cargo to advantage, and proposed to return to the North-West for another.
Captain Medcalf, thinking it would facilitate and lessen the time in obtaining cargo, could he procure a tender, to trade at the same time with the ship, bought a small schooner [Fair American], for that purpose, put six men on board from the ship and placed her under the command of his son, being a young man [Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe].
Everything being ready, both vessels sailed, having appointed Curacooa [Kealakekua] Bay as a rendezvous, in case of our separating at sea, at which, whoever first arrived, was to wait for the others.
When about half way over, we separated in a dark squally night, and the ship arrived off Kirowah [Kailua] after short passage.
The natives expressed much satisfaction at our return, and were so pleased to see us, that they were particularly desirous the ship should remain at anchor there.
The Captain proceeded to the appointed place to await the arrival of the schooner, and remained a number of days, hourly expecting her. There was no alteration in the conduct of the Indians; the ship was surrounded with canoes, and the deck covered with the natives from morning until sun-down, bringing with them the productions of the Island for trade. Part of the crew of the ship went on shore by turns to amuse and recreate themselves in any way they chose, provided they did not interfere with or give offense to the natives; but I did not feel any particular desire to go on shore, as neither the Indians nor their manners were pleasing to me, although I entertained no particular dislike to them.
Tired of being constantly on board the ship. I one day [March 17, 1790] took a musket and went on shore, intending to take a ramble through the woods in pursuit of birds.
In the middle of the afternoon, I returned to the shore, for the purpose of going on board, but there was no boat and all the canoes were hauled higher up on the beach as usual; the huts were all closed and not a native visible. I felt a strange kind of fear creeping over me at this unusual state of things. All was still and gloomy as death; I traversed the lonely beach back and forth with hurried steps, with my eyes directed to the ship, with the hope of seeing a boat put off from her, to come to my relief. Night set in and everything was wrapped in uncertainty.
I then ventured to approach one of the huts and knock. A sudden fear inspired me, that my intrusion might be construed into a design to rob or murder, and who knows, thought I, but these savages may sacrifice me to their suspicions. I almost trembled to repeat the noise; but commencing myself to Providence, determined to resume my attempts. I could not do more than perish, which I might possibly, by being exposed to nightly adventures.
4
After knocking again, I was invited by signs to enter by a doubtful-looking creature, and refreshments were immediately offered me. I could discern, by the countenances of the inmates of the hut, that something dreadful had happened, but of what nature it was, or who were the victims of it, I could not, from my ignorance of their language ascertain.
During this long and anxious night sleep never closed my eyes. I lay restless and melancholy, continually tossing from side to side; at one time passing through some rapid and fearful dreams; at another, listening to every noise which I fancied to hear in my apartment; my clothes, which were hung up in the room, assumed the aspect of some deadly assassin venturing to steal upon my defenseless position, and send me into the world of spirits, without a witness to declare the author.
The morning seemed reluctantly to dawn upon me, and I immediately stole from my retreat, like a person flying from pursuit. I found myself on the beach, intently gazing after the ship, but neither boat nor canoe appeared on the surface of the water; all the canoes remained high and dry on the shore, and there was nothing to raise my dejected hopes. I began to grow sick and faint, and anticipated something dreadful would ensue.
I returned to the house; some of the natives entreated me to eat, but fear and anxiety had nearly deprived me of appetite.
Deep concern was still imprinted on the countenance of every one. This confirmed my apprehensions, that some serious occurrence had taken place, but of what nature I could not even conjecture. My agonizing state of mind almost deranged me. The day closed without anything taking place in my favor, and was followed by a wretched and sleepless night of mental suffering, similar, if not worse, than last night.
Exhausted and spiritless, my attention, as soon as it was light enough to distinguish objects, was immediately fixed on the ship. It did not appear that any serious accident had happened on board, as I could see her crew, apparently engaged in performing their customary duties; but to my surprise and consternation, no boat came from her. At length, she got under weigh, and continued standing in and out of the bay all morning; but who can describe or even conceive my feelings, when I first saw the ship wear off, and rig out her steering-sail booms. This sight overpowered me; I fell deprived of emotion, and almost out of sense, imagining that the hour of death had arrived.
(Entitled: John Young. As Told to Captain Charles H. Barnard in 1816. By John Young-Himself IN Paradise of the Pacific 1937.)
The English seaman John Young, was left with only the clothes on his back and the few personal items he had in his possession to fend for himself in a land not his own. His absence was not overlooked by his Captain. Simon Metcalfe ordered the firing of the cannons onboard the Eleanora signaling to anyone ashore that the vessel was preparing to take sail. The cannon fire went unanswered. Clearly, other crewmembers had jumped ship on this voyage and so it was most likely with a grave concern, trust, need and the understanding that Young was being held without his consent which prompted Metcalfe to compose the following letter in hopes of the return of the ship's
5
boatswain. The original hand written document still exists and is the oldest letter reposited at the Hawai'i State Archives in Honolulu. The letter reads:
Eleanora OffOzvhyhe 22 March 1790
Sirs
As my Boatswain landed by your invitation, if he is not returned to the Vessel, consequences of an unpleasant nature may follow (to distress a Vessel in these Seas is an affair of no small magnitude), if your Word be the Law of Owhyhee as you have repeatedly told me there can be no difficidty in doing me justice in this Business, otherwise I am posessed [possessed] of sufficient powers to take ample revenge which it is your duty to make the head Chief acquainted with.
I am Gentlemen Yours etc. etc. Simon Metcalfe
To Mess. S.I. Thomas I. Ridler fas Mackey John Young
This and any other attempt were obviously unsuccessful in gaining back the Eleanora's boatswain, John Young. For two days, the Eleanora fired her guns for John Young to return to the ship (Dibble 1909 [1843]: 135). The lack of response foretold of the sailing of the Eleanora bereft of its boatswain and the Eleanora set sail under the assumption that perhaps John Young was no longer of this earth.
So began a chapter in the life of Seaman John Young that was to span another forty-five years in the Sandwich Islands. Apparently, John Young made only one unsuccessful attempt to leave Hawai'i, which involved Isaac Davis as well, and James Colnett, captain of the Argonaut. A letter from Young requesting assistance was sent to Colnett but was intercepted and brought to the attention of Kamehameha I, foiling the escape plan of Young and Davis (Vancouver 1967:v2:141-142). Not long after, both Young and Davis settled into positions of status and property. Though holding other property on the Island of Hawai'i in the districts of Puna and Hilo, John Young choose to reside at the Lower Portion of the Homestead (Land Commission Award (LCA) 4522) in Kawaihae by 1793 (Apple 1978). Young was called "Olohana" by his Hawaiian brethren (Kamakau 1992:146) and was given the tribute befitting a Hawaiian chief (Young 1801-1809).
Married to his first wife Namoku'elua, Young had two sons James and Robert. Young's diary (1798-1799) indicates that the family homestead relocated to the Upper Portion of the property in 1798 to avoid the flooding waters that washed down the gulches from Waimea and across the Lower Portion of the Homestead. James grew up and went on to serve in Kamehameha IPs court. Robert joined the U.S. Navy in 1812, was captured and imprisoned by the British, then never heard of again.
6
Namoku'elua died in 1804 during an epidemic and in that same year John Young married Ka'oana'eha, niece of Kamehameha I. That union produced four more children: Fanny, Grace, Gini, and John Jr. (a.k.a. Keoni Ana). The guardianship of Isaac Davis' children was transferred to Young when in 1810, Davis reached an untimely death. To care for these three children, they too came to live at the Upper Portion of the Homestead.
John Young served as keeper of the royal arsenal, business and royal agent, governor of the Island of Hawai'i (from 1802 to 1812) and friend and advisor to Kamehameha I and Kamehameha II. It was Young who was befriended by Captain Vancouver, receiving livestock (cattle and goats) from him, introducing these species to Hawai'i. Horses too were delivered to Kawaihae in 1803. Most sea captains who anchored in Hawaiian waters mention Young in their ship's journals. Young operated the Kingdom's warehouse at Kawaihae where meat and hides were housed. As head of the native navy, procuring salted beef for some of the military forces was Young's responsibility as well. Young was the overseer of the sandalwood trade; a big boon to Hawaii's early burgeoning economy. Another important influence that John Young was responsible for was his support in the introduction of Christianity to Hawai'i and the establishment of missionary stations. Most journals of visitors and sea captains to the Island of Hawai'i in the early 19th century mention John Young indicating his involvement in seemingly all matters.
Young was present at the death of Kamehameha I, and lived to see the passing of Kamehameha II. In fact, John Young and two of his sons, each were physically present at the passing of Kamehameha I, II, and III. It was at his son-in-law Dr. Rooke's house at Union Street in Honolulu where John Young's long and incredible life ended at the age of 91. It would seem that John Young lived two lifetimes: 47 years most of which was spent on the open seas, and almost 45 years as resident of the Kingdom of Hawai'i. John Young's remains were buried on amongst high chiefs at Pohukaina, Honolulu upon his death in 1835. Today, John Young shares his final resting place with royal personages at the Royal Mausoleum site in Nu'uanu Valley.
7
REFERENCES CITED
Alexander, W.D. 1891 A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. American Book Company, New York.
Apple, Russell A. 1978 Pahukanilua: Homestead of John Young Kawaihae, Kohala, Island of Hawaii. National
Park Service, Honolulu.
Barnard, Captain Charles H. 1937 "John Young, As Told to Captain Charles H. Barnard in 1816 by John Young - Himself."
IN Paradise of the Pacific, vol. 49, July 1937-August 1937.
Bingham, Hiram 1981 A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands; or The Civil, Religious, and
Political History of Those Islands. 3d ed. rev. 1849 Reprint. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan.
Bishop, Artemas, the Rev. 1825 Journal fragments, 1823-1827. Copied by Sereno E. Bishop. Manuscript journal, pp. 27-31.
On file at the Hawaii Mission Children's Society, Honolulu.
Cahill, Emmett 1999 The Life and Times of John Young, Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great.
Island Heritage Publishing, Aiea, Hawai'i.
Carter, G.R. (read by) 1924 "A New Document of John Young." The Thirty-second Annual Report of the Hawaiian
Historical Society for the Year 1923. Paradise of the Pacific, Honolulu, pp.51-53.
Dibble, Rev. Sheldon 1909 A History of the Sandwich Islands. 1843 Reprint, Thos. G. Thrum Publisher, Honolulu T.H.
Fomander, Abraham 1969 An Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origin and Migrations. Charles E. Tuttle Company,
Inc. Rutland Vermont, and Tokyo, Japan.
Kamakau, Samuel M. 1992 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. (Revised Edition). The Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu.
Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854. Reprint 1978. The University of Hawaii Press,
Honolulu.
Lamb, W. Kaye (Editor) 1984 George Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the
World, 1791-1795. Volume III. The Hakluyt Society, London.
Restarick, Bishop Henry B. 1914 "John Young of Hawaii, an American." Twenty-second Annual Report of the Hawaiian
Historical Society for the Year 1913. Paradise of the Pacific Press, Honolulu, pp.25-43.
8
Richards, Rhys 1991 Captain Simon Metcalfe: Pioneer Fur Trader in the Pacific Northwest, Hawaii and China,
1787-1794. The Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario: Fairbanks, Alaska.
Stokes, J.F 1939 "Nationality of John Young, a Chief of Hawaii." The Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the
Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1938. Honolulu, pp. 13-38.
Vancouver, George 1967 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World. 1798 Reprint, vol.
2 and 3. N. Israel and Da Capo Press, New York.
Young,John 1798-1799 Diary, as transcribed by Robert E. Van Dyke and public inspection restricted.
Excerpts IN Apple 1978.
9
APPENDIX B
Charcoal Taxa Identifications in Samples from the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i
Gail M. Murakami September 11, 1999
INTRODUCTION
Three samples were submitted for taxa identification. The freshly fractured transverse and tangential facets of each specimen were viewed under magnification of a dissecting microscope. Taxa identifications were made by comparing the anatomical characteristics seen during the examination against those of known woods in the Pacific Islands Wood Collection at the Department of Botany, University of Hawaii and published descriptions.
RESULTS
Four taxa were identified in the samples which include one multiple piece charcoal sample, one multiple piece sample of uncharred material and one possible nut kernel sample. Sample 1 (Lab No. 521) contains uncharrred botanical material resembling bark and may be the outer "corky" layer of a monocotyledonous plant, such as a palm. Sample 2 (Lab No. 743) contains charcoal of Chamaesyce {'akoko), Metrosideros polymorpha {'ohi'a lehua), probable introduced species of Acacia, probable fern caudex and uncharred bark. Sample 2 also contains some iron fragments.
The sample of material resembling kukui nutmeat (Bag 11/Lab # 567) lacks the anatomical characteristics of kukui kernel and resembles plant sap or resin. It also remotely resembles sugar cane slag which results from the burning of cane. The outer lighter colored portion of the material which may be the result of hydration or weathering fits well with either identification. However, since no chemical tests were conducted to determine if the substance is organic, it is also possible that the material is mineral in origin.
Table 1. Summary of charcoal taxa identifications in samples from the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i.
Lab No.
521 743
567
Unit
30N21W 30N21W
30N21W
Level
lb 3d
2a
Taxa
Not identified cf. Acacia sp. Chamaesyce sp. Metrosideros polymorpha cf. Pteridophyta (Fern) Not identified TOTAL Not identified
Part
cf. Bark Wood Wood Wood Caudex Bark
Sap?
Count
2 2 1 8 3
16
Weight, g
0.12 0.06 0.05 0.71 0.05 0.99
% Weight
100.0 12.1 6.1 5.1
71.7 5.1
100.1 100.0
REVIEW OF TAXA
Euphorbiaceae
Chamaecyse spp. ('Akoko) The distribution of the 15 endemic shrubs and small trees in this genus range from coastal
environments to upper forest zones (Wagner et al. 1990:602-617; Rock 1913:243-262) and was valued for firewood by the Hawaiians (Hillebrand 1888:396). The milky sap was once considered a possible source for rubber (Rock 1913:261). Two pieces of charcoal resembling 'akoko were identified in Lab No. 743.
Fabaceae
Acacia sp. There are three nautralized and two native species of Acacia found on the island of Hawai'i
(Wagner et al. 1990:641-643). The native species are Acacia koa (koa) and A. koaia {koaia). The naturalized species include A. confusa (Formosa koa) which was introduced in 1915, A. farnesiana (klu) which was probably introduced before the 1860s, and A. mearnsii (black wattle) whose earliest collection indicate its introduction to Lana'i in 1911. The charcoal from Lab No. 743 does not resemble the native koa or koaia.
Myrtaceae
Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. ('ohi 'a lehua) This endemic species ranges in habit from prostrate shrubs to tall trees and in distribution
from sea level to 2200 m elevation in many ecological situations (Wagner et al. 1990:967). The hard wood was used for making spears and mallets, idols, posts and rafters for houses, and enclosures around temples (Buck 1964:87; Malo 1951:20; Neal 1965:638). A single piece of charcoal, weighing 0.05 g and resembling 'ohi 'a lehua was identified in Sample #2 (Lab No. 743).
Pteridophyta
There are a number of ferns that have large stems (caudices) which may be identified in midden material. These include tree ferns, such as Cibotium {hapu 'u) and Sadleria {ama 'u), but there are other smaller ferns whose stems may also be found. Charred fern stems is the major component ofSample2(LabNo. 743).
LITERATURE CITED
Hillebrand, William 1888 Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: A Description of their Phanerograms and Vascular
Oyptogams. Hafner Publication Company. (Reprint 1965). New York.
Malo, David 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. Bishop Museum Special Publication no. 2. Bishop Museum Press,
Honolulu.
Neal, Marie 1965 In gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Special Publication no. 40. Bishop Museum
Press, Honolulu.
Rock, Joseph F. 1913 The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Published privately, Honolulu. (Reprint.
Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1974.)
Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer 1990 Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum
Presses. Honolulu.
APPENDIX C
THE JOHN YOUNG HOMESTEAD 1999 FIELD CONSERVATION PROJECT
BY
JAKE BARROW, NPS SENIOR EXHIBITS SPECIALIST
AND KECIA FONG, M.S.
ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION PROJECTS PROGRAM INTERMOUNTAIN REGION, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO NOVEMBER 30,1999
Preface
The 1999 field conservation project at the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site had several objectives. Foremost was to pilot test field conservation methods for evaluation, and subsequently offer potential long-term preservation approaches for exposed and buried architectural fabrics at the John Young Homestead. Data collected from the Phase 1 summer field season (archaeological and conservation) will help define the conservation and historical significance issues in the design of an appropriate conservation plan. Phase 1 (this report) presents a number of material conservation proposals outlined in a series of actions based on material priorities and long term objectives. It is recognized that seismic activity on the site is the one overriding threat to stability of architectural remains. Seismic impacts will have to be analytically addressed by engineers when proposals for presentation of the site are further developed. In the meantime, all planning and pilot work is done with the seismic threat clearly in mind. The 1999 work did not directly attempt to present solutions mitigating seismic influences. The current recognition of inherent weaknesses of the Structure 1 (SI) to withstand ground motion has promoted several approaches and dictated the direction of the pilot work. Largely as a result of the engineering difficulties presented by the freestanding walls of S1, Structure 2 (S2) was selected as the pilot treatment location due to the low aspect of physical remains. In addition, since the archaeology at S2 was completed in previous campaigns, in one sense the structure may be considered ready for preservation.
The other major component of the 1999 season was the collaboration of conservation and archaeology. By having the two teams work simultaneously, awareness was enhanced and cross-fertilization of disciplines became possible, largely as a byproduct of the dynamic of personnel. The two disciplines had very different objectives for fieldwork; but since both ultimately were concerned about preservation and knowledge of the site, the dialogue was useful.
The field project presented many difficulties of logistics and availability of supplies due to the location of the site. These were aggressively dealt with but in some cases, over-planning necessarily resulted. The effect was that the team learned a great deal about how to manage treatment options on site, what is readily available and what is not. Without any doubt, the evaluations of pilots will serve to direct future implementations. The information of the report not only documents conditions in 1999 but sets the stage for specific conservation treatment options. Coupled with the archaeological report, this report provides the companion piece, which will help the park get that much closer to a complete and full understanding of the site in context of its history, use, and material fabric.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all members of the summer team and those who provided logistical support including: Project Manager Laura Carter Schuster, Superintendent Daniel Kawaiaea, Archaeologist Mara Durst, University of Hawaii Archaeologist Dr. Peter Mills, conservation interns from Thailand Pichya Boonpinion and Oat Wajvisoot, all the park staff providing assistance, and the summer archaeological team assembled from Dr. Mill's class at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.
5.0 PHASING AND IMPLEMENTATION 26 5.1 Priority Actions 26 5.2 Cyclic Maintenance 28 5.3 Recommendations for Further Research and Investigation 28
6.0 CONCLUSIONS 29
LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Landscape overview from the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion 3 Plate 2. View of Stmcture 1 with shelter, 1997 4 Plate 3. Structure 1, interior of the east wall with shelter temporarily removed 4 Plate 4. Exterior of the south wall of Structure 1 as noted in 1997 5 Plate 5. Stmcture 2 during the 1978 excavations 6 Plate 6. Stmcture 2 during the 1999 excavations 6 Plate 7. Stmcture 1, interior east wall before shelter construction in 1974 7 Plate 8. Stmcture 1, interior east wall. Two coat plaster system base and finish with visible
application striations 8 Plate 9. Stmcture 2, north wall with vegetation growth along the walls of the stmcture 12 Plate 10. Stmcture 2, interior of the northeast comer 20 Plate 11. Stmcture 2, southwest comer during the 1978 excavation project 22 Plate 12. Stmcture 2, southwest comer as seen during the 1999 project 23 Plate 13. Stmcture 2, interior west wall at the southwest comer covered with a protective
damp geotextile to prevent rapid drying during the 1999 reconstmction 24 Plate 14. Stmcture 2, west wall, southwest comer after reconstmction 25
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of the summer 1999 conservation field program for the "Upper Portion" of the John Young Homestead (JYH) of Pu'ukohola National Historic Site (PUHE), Kawaihae, Hawaii were to
• gain a contextual understanding of the site through its • landscape • architecture and, • historical significance,
• conduct a condition assessment and subsequent prioritization of the ruins of Structure 1 with respect to conservation,
• conduct a detailed plaster condition survey of Structure 1 • perform limited emergency stabilization • design and implement pilot model conservation treatment options and, • begin to investigate full-scale conservation options for the site towards visitor presentation
and interpretation.
1.2 Methodology The condition assessment and pilot model treatments for select areas of the wall ruins of John Young Homestead were conducted according to the following methodology. While certain aspects were designed to respond to the specific conditions of the site, the methodology itself is widely applicable for similar future work.
Jake Barrow and Catherine Colby of NPS Cultural Resources Program, Intermountain Region-Santa Fe made an initial site visit to John Young Homestead in the summer of 1997. During that time, Barrow and Colby conducted documentary research, planning with park staff, photographic documentation, performed on site visual evaluations and extracted soil, mortar, plaster and rock samples for laboratory material analysis. This initial visit produced a report, Preservation of The John Young House, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae, Island of Hawaii, Assessment and Documentation, 1997. The report compiled documentation pertinent to John Young Homestead, assessed past resource management plans, conservation efforts, and recommendations, outlined the conservation issues, reviewed archaeological work to date, and proposed a program of conservation divided into two phases. The summer of 1999 represents the first of these two phases.
All sound conservation treatment programs are based on a strong methodology of research, material analysis, condition assessment, material testing, documentation, pilot field tests, assessment and recommendations. Barrow and Colby conducted historic documentary research, planning, and interviews during the initial visit. Documentary research included review of journals, reports, histories, photographic prints and slides, drawings and maps. These references revealed significance of function and use of the site, as well as physical change over time. This current report relies on that previous research for historic references.
Kecia Fong also performed initial material analysis of the building materials in 1997 on the samples extracted from the site by Barrow. This initial analysis provided basic information on the physical and mineralogical composition and condition of the sampled building and site materials. All together, the 1997 investigation and report provided base line information on the site context, potential historic significance, site condition and limited material characterization for the design of the 1999 summer conservation field program.
1
Documentation and Condition Assessment A detailed condition survey was conducted of the extant plasters of Structure 1 (SI). This documentation produced a first time detailed record of a portion of the John Young Homestead plasters. The survey provides
• a quantitative overall assessment of the plaster and context by mapping extant plasters and, • a qualitative document of the plasters through the description and identification of condition
and severity of loss graded according to extent and depth.
Plaster conditions were categorized by description and effect. Combined with historical references the current survey reveals change over time and the inherent relationships between material, function, design, use, and context in the formulation of a pathogeny of the current state of the plaster. In this way, the survey functions as an important descriptive record and diagnostic tool in the design and development of a conservation program. It enables an informed prioritization of conservation actions based on material stability and/or level of architectural integrity. Architectural integrity is directly related to value as defined by the architecture's material and contextual ability to convey useful information (interpretation of the site). It is only through a thorough understanding of the interrelated cause and effect conditions that any treatment proposals can be offered.
A standard of criteria was developed for the condition survey. Construction and condition terminology was defined according to historic usage and established conservation standards. Field surveys utilized written and graphic formats such as a standard written survey form, photographs, and detailed drawings.
On Site Material Testing The fundamental properties of all conservation treatment interventions are appropriate technology, material compatibility, durability, and the retention of original fabric and overall integrity. In the design and development of a pilot conservation treatment proposal, site soils and locally available materials were field tested (away from the ruins) with the specific goal of developing an appropriate earthen mortar. Soils and mortars were tested for plasticity, salt content, absorptiveness, durability in wet dry cycling, and evaluated for color and adhesive and cohesive strength.
Conservation Proposals The conservation guidelines are rooted in nationally and internationally accepted standards and protocol and designed to fulfill the overall project goals. All recommendations aim to promote the maximum retention of integrity with minimum intervention. Integrity is addressed at both the material and contextual levels. Guidelines are intended to direct the decision making process regarding the in situ conservation, presentation, and interpretation of the ruins. Conservation actions correspond to current and historically documented conditions and causes. Policies for maintenance are also offered in this section.
1.3 Description
Physical Environment John Young Homestead is situated on a ridge above Kawaihae Bay on the dry leeward side of Hawai'i Island. The site rises in elevation from about 11.75 m (35.5 ft) at the seaward end to about 16.75 m (55 ft) at the inland extreme. The climate in this area is arid with fewer than 250 mm (10 in) of rain annually.
Mean annual temperature is ca. 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), with seasonal maximum variations in the low and high mean from 15.5 degrees Celsius (60 degrees Fahrenheit) to 32 degrees Celsius (90 degrees Fahrenheit). The northeast trade winds predominate most of the year, with the direction shifting somewhat to the east as winds
2
predominate most of the year, with the direction shifting somewhat to the east as winds sweep down from the Waimea Plain between Mauna Kea and Kohala Mountain. Wind patterns are often marked by a strong diurnal shift, from daytime on-shore winds to nighttime offshore winds. The winter season is marked by strong southwesterly winds (kona winds) which generate much of the winter rainfall.
The terrain consists of gentle, widely dissected slopes with dry, intermittently flowing channels and gulches.1
Surface Structural Remains While an overall condition assessment of the site is offered, attention was focused on Structure 1 (SI) due to its high level of integrity and prominence within the site.
Overall John Young Homestead (Upper Portion) consists of the remains of eight major structural features situated atop a low ridge. The complex includes five Hawaiian-style features and three Western-style features. The Hawaiian-style features include those that are constructed using traditional Hawaiian construction techniques. They consist of terraces, platforms, pavements and a stone mound constructed using the traditional dry-laid masonry technique. The Western-style features include walls constructed with stones set in a mud mortar and covered with coral lime plaster.
The approximate overall dimensions of the site are 35 m (115 ft) by 40 m (131 ft) with the longer axis extending along the ridge, roughly northeast - southwest.
1 Paul H. Rosendahl and Laura A. Carter. Excavations at John Young's Homestead, Kawaihae, Hawaii, (Western Archaeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology No. 47) 1988. p. 10.
2 Rosendahl and Carter. 1988 p.l 1.
3
Plate 1. Landscape overview from the John Young Homestead, Upper Portion. View is to the east.
Plate 2. View of Structure 1 with shelter (foreground) and Kawaihae Bay (background), 1997.
Structure 1 Structure 1 (SI) is immediately identifiable as the most prominent architectural feature of the site. It has the highest architectural integrity and retains a significant amount of lime plaster. SI is located in the central portion of the site. It is a rectilinear, Western-style masonry structure. Overall dimensions are approximately 6.5 m (21.3 ft) by 15 m (49.2 ft). The exterior and interior dimensions of the main portion of the structure are approximately 6.5 m (21.3 ft) by 9.5 m (31.2 ft) and 5 m (16.4 ft) by 8 m (26.2 ft), respectively.3 Wall heights range from ca. 1 m (3.3 ft) to 1.6 m (5.3 ft) and vary in width from 50 cm (19.7 in) to 60 cm (23.6 in) (as measured from top exposed edge).
Plate 3. Structure 1, interior of the east wall with shelter temporarily removed. The wall segment shows a high integrity of plaster.
The walls of SI are of rubble construction comprised of unmodified lava rock laid in an earthen mortar. The masonry units are not structurally laid and rely almost solely upon the mortar for their structural support. Some effort was made to orient the flattest face of all exposed rocks to form the
Rosendahl and Carter, p. 13.
4
exterior and interior wall planes. Walls were finished with a two-coat system of white lime plasters consisting of a base and a finish coat. In addition to its standard function as a protective and decorative architectural finish, here the base coat plaster also functioned as a quasi-mortar. Due to the highly uneven surface of the wall planes, the base plaster was pushed back into the wall where it conformed to and filled the large uneven crevices between the rocks and mortar. In this way, the plaster served as a secondary mortar to the outermost masonry units. The base coat plaster is therefore not a true layer of relatively even thickness but rather ranges widely from ca. 2.5 - 11 cm (0.98 - 4.3 in.). A finish lime plaster was applied over the base coat. The finish plaster is 1 - 3 mm (0.04 - 0.12 in.) in thickness. Striation application marks are visible on the plaster surface however, no clear tooling was found.
Plate 4. Exterior of the south wall of Structure 1 as noted in 1997. The shelter constructed in 1974 still in place.
A shelter was first erected over SI in 1974 by archaeologist Ed Ladd. This original shelter was repaired in kind in 1998-99 by the current park maintenance staff. The shelter is of simple construction, plywood panels, corrugated metal roofing, two by four wood bracing, metal guy wires, and fiberglass insulation between panels and plasters. The shelter was originally erected as a temporary preservation measure. While rudimentary it has done much to preserve and protect the existing fabric; however, it is no longer sufficient as a conservation solution and is a visual imposition to the site. The current design obscures and confuses interpretation of the site.
Structure 2 Structure 2 retains low-lying wall remnants indicating a rectilinear Western-style masonry structure similar in construction to Structure 1. It is located a few meters northwest of and parallel to Structure 1. Structure 2 measures approximately 6.5 m (21.3 ft.) by 10.5 m (34.4 ft.) overall. Wall thickness ranges from ca. 60 cm (23.6 in.) to 1.2 m (3.9 ft.).4
4 Rosendahl and Carter, p. 15.
5
Plate 5. Structure 2 during the 1978 excavations, prior to backfilling and stabilization. Backpiled stone mounds from the excavation are noted in the background. View is to the northeast.
Plate 6. Structure 2 as seen during the 1999 project. View is to the southwest.
6
2.0 CONDITION ASSESSMENT
2.1 Wall Condition - Overall Assessment The architecture and the construction technology of the John Young Homestead reflect the intersecting of two distinct cultures. John Young utilized conventional native Hawaiian materials -lava rock, soil and coral - in untraditional and untried methods. At the time of Young's arrival to the Islands, the Hawaiians had a highly refined tradition of dry laid masonry construction. Young chose to replicate his own native building tradition with the locally available materials. He built his homestead of unshaped lava rocks, randomly laid in earthen mortar, and finished in lime plaster derived from the abundant coral. Laboratory analysis of both the earthen mortar and the top layer of site soil revealed an apparent negligible clay content and a high silt fraction. It is the availability of the mineralogical clay content, which provides plasticity in soil. The absence of clay and the high silt fraction yield a weak mortar, one highly vulnerable to the primary factors of weathering - wind, water and wet dry cycling. The clays in this zone possess a binding feature, which restricts their usefulness in performance. Because Young relied almost entirely upon the mortar for structural support of the masonry, once the mortar began to deteriorate, the structural capacity of walls was compromised. Hawaii is a highly active seismic zone; a reality that poses additional threats to the unstable walls. Much of the mortar of the low-lying ruin walls is missing. Mortar remaining throughout the site, SI included, is weak, loose, and is easily eroded by blowing or gentle dry brushing. Weathering, time, neglect, seismic activity, the absence of lateral support (floors and ceilings) post abandonment, infiltration of root systems, and the loss of mortar have all contributed to the deterioration and shifting of the walls. This has resulted in planar displacement of the walls, cracking of the plasters and eventual collapse and loss.
The architectural structures of the John Young Homestead exist as ruins. The site is littered with rubble and plaster fragments. Structure 1 is the only structure that still retains walls higher than 0.5 m (1.6 ft).
Plate 7. Structure 1, interior east wall before shelter construction in 1974. View is to the northeast.
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The combined potential historical significance of the site and the relative integrity of SI in conjunction with the highly exposed condition of the unstabilized walls incited Ladd in 1974 to construct a protective shelter around the walls of SI. Until that time, a near century of abandonment followed by decades of neglect resulted in what is now visible as low-lying remnant walls, scattered rubble and plaster, and rubble berms. Uncontrolled vegetation throughout the site has greatly contributed to this present state. Plant overgrowth proved to be one of the most active and destructive causes of deterioration after the natural forces of weathering. Since their introduction in the middle of the 19th century, kiawe trees have all but supplanted the native species of the region. Without maintenance to control their growth, they have invaded the site and taken root within the walls themselves. The large and small tenacious root networks break apart the existing construction bonds, exacerbating an already weakened condition.
Plate 8. Structure 1, interior east wall. Two-coat plaster system base and finish with visible application striations.
The base and finish plasters are white lime plasters. The surfaces are now often stained a light reddish brown most likely caused by on site soils. Application marks, visible as raised striations on the surface, are frequent, particularly on the finish coat.
2.2 Detailed Plaster Condition Survey The Detailed Plaster Condition Survey provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the plaster by documenting its physical condition. The survey identifies levels of loss according to severity and describes effects of current deterioration mechanisms as well as general appearance. The graphic mapping of these conditions reveals patterns of deterioration and the relationship between associated conditions. Material conditions are symptomatic; they are a result of a variety of factors, environmental exposure, site, orientation, construction, architectural function and location, juxtaposition of materials, and composition of original fabric. The documentation and assessment of the plaster condition contributes to an etiological understanding of the structure's current state.
This survey was conducted on all plaster fragments of Structure 1 where plywood was removed and plasters made accessible. A few areas were inaccessible due to shelter construction and/or rubble accumulation. Eleven material conditions were identified including two such conditions which
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indicate severity of loss {See Plaster Conditions and Graphic Key). Two hierarchies were created for the final assessment; (a) state of activity - is the condition active or inactive, and b) severity of loss -this includes consideration of the presence of the finish coat. The first issue of activity signals areas requiring immediate attention due to active deterioration. Root causes must be addressed directly and the effects treated. Severity of loss indicates areas of past and possibly current fragility. When active conditions overlap with areas of loss (partial or total) and when change over time can be determined based on comparisons with historic photos (indicating presence and loss of original fabric), a priority is established. This system of documentation and characterization aids in the identification and prioritization of those areas in need of immediate attention.
Total Loss Total loss is complete loss of the plaster to the masonry and mortar substrate.
Partial Loss Partial loss is any loss of the base coat plaster noted by the loss of its surface finish. The surface finish is typically floated smooth or striated with application marks. Partial loss does not include the loss of the finish coat.
Finish Coat The finish coat is typically a 1 -3 mm fine lime slurry applied over the base coat. The presence of this finish coat is noted as opposed to its absence.
Cracking Cracking is identified as fissures or fractures of variable length, depth, or orientation greater or equal to 1 mm in width and with or without associated planar displacement of the plaster body. The causes of cracking are structural instability, due to mortar loss, loss of original construction support system (lateral bracing), seismic activity, and mechanical impact. Cracking may or may not be an active condition. Cracking in the plaster indicates movement within the wall, a structural issue. On the surface, cracking is frequently accompanied by plaster detachment.
Detachment Detachment is defined as separation between the substrate and base coat plaster. Detachment may be visible from exposed edges or blind voids detected by a hollow sound produced when tapping on the surface. Detachment frequently occurs in association with cracking. Detachment indicates a loss of adhesion between the base coat and the masonry or mortar substrate. Detachment may be caused by deterioration or loss of the substrate or base coat, structural movement and subsequent cracking, or physical intervention between the plaster and substrate such as that created by invasive root networks. Because the causes of detachment range from the active to the isolated incident, the condition itself may or may not be active, it does however, present areas of vulnerability and future loss.
Delamination Delamination is separation within the plaster body and typically occurs between the base and finish coats. Delamination is often manifested by blistering and cracking, and can be detected by sounding, or by deformation under gentle finger pressure. Delamination indicates a loss of adhesion between plaster layers. Delamination poses areas of vulnerability and future loss.
Disaggregation Disaggregation is loss of intragrannular cohesion within the plaster resulting in a condition sometimes described as powdering, sugaring, or highly friable. It is frequently found in conjunction with salts and rising damp. Disaggregation is an active condition, signaling areas of accelerated decay.
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Efflorescence Efflorescence is visible as white crystalline deposits in the plaster, masonry, or mortar and is associated with moisture. It may also be related to repeated applications of herbicides. Efflorescence indicates the presence of soluble salts. These crystalline deposits are highly deteriorative. As the crystals expand, they break apart the intragranular bonds of the matrix and cause disaggregation. Efflorescence almost invariably signals the presence of moisture. In addition to destroying the inherent cohesive strength of the plaster, salt infestation increases absorptiveness thereby accelerating the process of deterioration. As long as the circumstances exist for their formation (moisture), efflorescence will be an active condition.
Microflora Microflora are the lower plant forms including fungi, algae, lichens, and mosses. They, like efflorescence, are reliable indicators of the presence of moisture. Microflora typically appear as black, dark green and green surface deposits. Microflora may increase the surface absorbency of the plaster. As long as the circumstances exist for their formation (moisture), microflora will be an active condition.
Vegetation Vegetation is defined as the presence of higher plant forms, those with visible root systems. Vegetation within the walls is highly destructive and poses an aggressive and active agent of deterioration.
The Detailed Plaster Condition Survey while extremely valuable as a complete document of recorded conditions ultimately becomes an effective practical tool when interpreted with the appropriate methodology. This methodology, as outlined above, reveals a hierarchy of conditions, which translates at the intervention stage to a prioritization of conservation actions.
2.2.1 Structure 1 The remaining walls of Structure 1 are of varying heights. Insulation and plywood panels have been placed over all plastered surfaces. These are primarily located on the exterior east and south facades and the interior east facade with a small highly deteriorated fragment on the interior north wall, west half. The eastern and southern walls are the highest and in the best condition. The majority of loose architectural rubble has been cleared from the exterior east, south and interior east walls.5 Substantial berms of rubble, (those at a thirty degree angle of repose with the width extending out greater than the height) are found against the exterior northern and western facades, and the northern, western, and southern walls of the interior. The central interior area of S1 is littered with rubble and overgrown with dry buffelgrass. The berms of loose rock form a natural stabilization system for the now unstable walls. The gentle slope and flexibility of the rock berms logically provide a flexible support system and act as a buffer against the weather. However, the direct and uneven pressure of the individual rocks against the unprotected plasters causes abrasion and loss.
Interior - north (INI)* The plaster fragment is highly deteriorated and fragile. It is typically detached around all edges and cracks. The lower portion of the fragment is disaggregating. No finish coat is visible.
5 It is unclear when this rubble was cleared and to where it was relocated, if in fact there had been much loose rubble in this location. It is likely that if any rubble was moved it was done during the construction of the shelter.
* Parenthetical numbers refer to survey form and fragment identification numbers.
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Interior - northeast corner (IE1) The comer is curved. Rubble and dirt are in direct contact with the plaster surface and limit access to the fragment. The plaster is disaggregating along the previous grade line.6 In general the adhesion between base coat and masonry substrate (individual units) is good.
Interior - east (IE2-3) Plaster covers approximately 90% of the eastern wall. The plaster is generally strong and in good condition. Of this 90%, approximately 65% of the finish coat remains. Dark black and green biological growth is visible along the upper edge of the plaster. This edge coincides with the upper edge of the plywood and insulation panels. Quite possibly, as the deteriorated mortar collects along the upper edge of the insulation it creates an absorptive layer between the plaster and wood surfaces. Moisture collects and is retained against the plaster surface thereby creating an environment conducive to microflora growth.
Interior - east (IE4) A portion of the interior southeast comer is not visible due to rubble and dirt accumulation and obstruction caused by the shelter. The lower half of the fragment is extremely fragile and disaggregating. Efflourescence is visible on the plaster and surrounding stones. This is most likely caused by rising damp resulting from direct contact between the accumulated dirt and the plaster surface.
Interior - south No visible plaster.
Interior - west No visible plaster.
Exterior - north (EN1) Located near what would have been the northwest corner. Very little plaster is visible on the northern facade. What remains is cracked, detaching and delaminating. Planar displacement is visible in conjunction with a few of the cracks. Displacement may be caused by shifting of the wall and its masonry units possibly by compressive stress exerted by large, heavy rocks along the wall top.
Exterior - east (EE1-4) In general, the plasters of the exterior eastern facade are in the most fragile condition of all facades. Most critically, the plasters suffer from widespread detachment and delamination, as well as the presence of a significant amount of microflora and staining. The staining may be attributable to both the microflora and the insulation, either of which can contribute to an increase in the moisture of the immediate microclimate. Possible insulation staining appears as a yellow to yellow-black color. This was noticed on section EE2. Characteristic of the entire site, the mortar is in exceptionally poor condition when present.
Exterior - south (ES1-8) The exterior south facade is similar in condition to the exterior east facade however less extreme. It exhibits detachment, associative poor mortar and cracking, discoloration due to microflora, possible insulation staining, and some disaggregation. In general, where present, the plaster retains good to fair cohesive strength.
6 Some rubble and dirt were removed for survey purposes.
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Plate 9. Structure 2, north wall with vegetation growth along the walls of the structure. View is to the east.
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2.3 Summary The preliminary material characterization, historical data, and on site condition assessment and survey together offer the following valuable information.
• Generally, extant plaster is strong, hard, and retains sound cohesive strength.
• The most imposing threat to the extant plasters is detachment from the substrate.
• The earthen mortar of the John Young Homestead site is extremely weak and no longer provides reliable structural support.
• Mortar loss is certain (where it still exists).
• Mortar loss accelerates instability resulting in • Plaster detachment • Masonry unit shifting • Cracking of plasters • In cases of semi-protected interior facade collapse - possible accumulation of rubble
and dirt against plastered wall surfaces thereby creating conditions for harmful moisture retaining microclimates leading to subsequent rising damp and disaggregation
• Eventual collapse and total loss.
• Moisture retentive microclimates foster conducive conditions for • Highly destructive salts resulting in active disaggregation and increased
absorptiveness • Microflora growth and subsequent discoloration and increased absorptiveness.
• The prevailing weather travels mauka to makai (from the mountains towards the ocean). The effects of this weather pattern are reflected in the severity of deterioration documented on the exterior east facade plasters.
• Through surface cracks in the plaster are certain indicators of more serious structural instability. Cracks in the plaster (not through the plaster) are indicators of plaster instability.
• Vegetation within the walls of the ruins is aggressive and highly destructive to the overall stability and integrity of the ruins. The invasive root networks destroy the remaining cohesive and adhesive bonds of the building construction and materials.
• When active conditions (as denoted on the survey) overlap with areas of loss a hierarchy of priority areas is established.
• Original use of materials and construction techniques in the current climate no longer provide the necessary structural stability and durability.
From this assessment, two material conservation interventions were identified for design and evaluation in field testing (pre-implementation). These are
• an amended earthen mortar application for replacement of lost or failing original mortar, and
• lime grout application for easily accessible and localized plaster detachment.
3.0 FIELD TESTS The Overall Assessment and Detailed Plaster Documentation and Condition Assessment surveys clearly identified the material and structural conservation issues as
• structural instability due primarily to mortar deterioration and loss, and • plaster detachment.
In response, the desirable material conservation interventions were identified as, • an amended earthen mortar application, and • a lime grout application for plaster reattachment.
An amended earthen mortar was deemed the most appropriate replacement for the current mortar for issues of material compatibility and appropriate technology. As well, a lime grout would be the most compatible material intervention for lime plaster reattachment to masonry substrate.
The ideal mortar and grout interventions would possess the following characteristics Material compatibility Appropriate strength No adverse effects upon the original fabric Water vapor permeability Durability Reversibility Safe for applicator and site Ease of fabrication and application Cost effectiveness
3.1 Materials The following materials were selected for field testing in the design of pilot conservation treatment interventions.
3.1.1 Amended earthen mortar Soil An earthen mortar would be both the most materially compatible and technologically appropriate intervention to the John Young Homestead site based on original construction and materials. Amended mortars have been used throughout the American southwest on both historic and prehistoric earthen structures for over one hundred years. Specifically, both acrylic emulsions and polyvinyl acetate amendments have been routinely used to modify soils for earthen architecture since the early 1980's at the conclusion of a ten year scientific testing program conducted by the Western Archeological and Conservation Center.
Aqueous adhesive emulsions Adhesive emulsion imparts binding strength, a measure of water repellency (depending upon concentration) and durability to earthen materials. An aqueous based system would work well with the natural rhealogical properties of earth and is non-toxic. Based on history of use and current technology, two types of adhesive emulsions were selected for field-testing,
• Acrylic emulsion - El Rey Superior 200 • Polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVA) - Concrete and Plaster Adhesive
Sand Sand increases the particle size range of the mortar mixture and imparts strength and water vapor permeability. A standard small-medium sized, salt free coral sand was obtained from a local building supply company.
3.1.2 Lime grout Lime Lime grout is ultimately compatible with lime plaster being composed of the same primary ingredients. A Type S hydrated lime was mixed with water until the mixture could hold its form along a vertical surface.
Sand Sand increases the particle size range of the lime grout and imparts strength. A standard small-medium sized salt free coral sand was obtained from a local building supply company.
3.2 Mortar Four different soils from various locations within the park were initially tested for their plasticity and salt content. The four soils tested were,
• (Soil 1) Original John Young Homestead earthen mortar • (Soil 2) John Young Homestead site soil sampled from soil mound located near exterior
northeast corner of S1 • (Soil 3) Visitor parking lot soil east of maintenance area gravel bed, south of
maintenance trailer and north of paved visitors' lot. • (Soil 4) Soil mound southeast of Pu'ukohola Heiau, north of park buildings.
Two different particle size ranges were tested of each soil sample. • (Group A) Soils passing through two layers of 1 mm sized screen7 ca. #15 sieve • (Group B) Soils passing through two layers of 1 mm sized screen and retained from a
standard #60 sieve8
7 Standard window screen.
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All four soils had a very high silt fraction. Group A represented very fine to small particle size range soils (medium to large sizes removed). Group B represented small particle size range soils (medium to large and very fine sizes removed). Group A soils had a broader range of particle sizes. Group B soils had a narrower range of particle sizes (mid-range).
These were combined with various ratios of salt free sand, and a select concentration range of acrylic and polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emulsions.
The standard test matrix for all four soils of both Group A and Group B is reflected in Table 3.2.
SOIL:SAND
1:0 1:9 3:7 5:5
Concrete and Plaster Adhesive 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:2
1:3 1:3 1:3 1:3 1:3
El Rey Superior 200 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1:3 1:3 1:3 1:3 1:3
Table 3.2
All test ratios were measured volume .-volume and express xpart toy part.
Two emulsion concentrations were tested, • 1:2 emulsion:water • 1:3 emulsiomwater.
The selection of these concentrations was based on history of use and site climate conditions.
Four 0:1, soihsand tests were preformed of the two concentrations of each emulsion as control references.
SOIL:SAND
0:1
Concrete and Plaster Adhesive 1:2 1:2
1:3 1:3
El Rey Sut
1:2 1:2
perior 200 1:3 1:3
Table 3.3
Liquid (emulsion) to dry ratios varied depending upon • type of emulsion, • polymer concentration and • dry mixture contents.
PVA is generally more viscous than acrylic and therefore requires a higher wet to dry ratio. A lower polymer concentration (1:3, emulsiomwater) lowered the wet to dry ratio. Higher sand fractions also lowered the wet to dry ratio.
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8 Of a standard sieve stack.
Mortars were tested for absorptiveness, durability in wet dry cycling, and evaluated for color and adhesive and cohesive strength.
3.2.1 Sample Fabrication Dry contents were mixed together. Liquid was added to the soil mixture. Only enough liquid was added to each mixture in order to achieve a workable consistency. This was defined as a mixture, which retained its shape when molded (squeezed) in the palm of one's hand. Mixtures were pressed into a disk mold created out of a section of PVC pipe, extruded by gentle hand pressure, and set on a wooden board to dry in the sun. Disk molds were turned over during drying period for equal exposure of both surfaces to the weather. Sample disks measured approximately 7-cm diameter by 2.5 cm thick.
3.2.2 Tests Dry disks were placed in a tray of water. The water level was set approximately 1.5 cm below the top surface of the disks. Disks were observed at the 30 second, 60 second, 90 second, 2 minute, 5 minute, 10 minute, 15 minute, 20 minute, 30 minute, 45 minute and 1 hour intervals (intervals are total time from point of immersion). Disks were then removed and returned to the board to dry.
Disks were turned over during the drying process. Observations were taken regarding, • rate of absorption • durability through wet dry cycling, and • cohesive strength (as measured by hand pressure)
Each soil disk was subjected to three cycles (wet-dry) of immersion tests. During the third cycle, samples were left to soak overnight and removed from the water the next morning. Soils 1 through 3 were eliminated from further testing after the third wet dry cycle due to Efflourescence bloom upon the surface of the 1:0, soihsand disks. No Efflourescence appeared on the 0:1, soiksand disks, therefore it was evident that the source of Efflourescence was attributable to the soil fraction.
Soil 4 was selected for further testing. Two additional ratios of soiksand were tested, • 4:6 • 7:3
All four of the original soil samples were subjected to another overnight wet dry cycle. After the fourth round of immersion, soil sample 1:0 exhibited light Efflourescence on its surface. Due to constraints of time and available resources, a decision was made to wash the available soil in an attempt to remove some of the soluble salts as opposed to searching for and testing new soils. In the presence of liquid water, soluble salts will dissolve into solution. In a contained body of water, the solid particles of the soil will settle to the bottom and the liquid can be drained. In this way, soluble salts may be removed from a loose particle solid. Two small pools were temporarily constructed. The pools were filled with water, the soil was poured into the water and thoroughly stirred into suspension for approximately 10 minutes. The soil was allowed to settle (approximately 3.5 hours) and the water drained. This process was repeated once more. Group A and Group B soils were washed separately. After two rinses, soils were laid out to dry and resifted through standard 1-mm window screen.
3.2.3 Results Particle Size Ranges, Group A and Group B Group A soil offered good workability. It was easy to manipulate and shape when wet. Group B soil was difficult to manipulate and shape however once dry (after shaping) it exhibited greater strength. Both characteristics of workability and strength are desirable in a mortar. A mixture of 1:1 A:B was selected for the trial mortar.
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Soil:Sand Ratios Higher soil ratios increased the mortar density thereby lowering overall porosity. When wet, these samples were less vulnerable to abrasion due to their small particle size; however, they could be soft, easy to break, and were slow to dry (5:5, 7:3, 1:0). The density and subsequent reduction in porosity increased moisture retention. Aesthetically, these samples were more compatible in color to the original mortar.
Higher sand fractions increased strength, porosity and water vapor permeability. These samples were more easily abraded but their overall strength was greater than those mixtures with a higher soil fraction. Aesthetically, these samples were less compatible in color to the original soil mortar.
The high soil fraction mixtures (5:5, 7:3, 1:0) were eliminated for their low strength when wet and their apparent retention of moisture. The 1:9 mixture was eliminated for poor color. The 3:7 mixture provided sufficient strength, water vapor permeability, and acceptable color.
Emulsion Concentrations Strength is in direct proportion to the presence of polymer percent solids (emulsion concentration). However, maximum strength is not the objective in the design of the replacement mortar. Increased concentrations of polymer solids will impart more plastic properties to the materials creating greater differentiation between original fabric and current interventions and unnecessarily compromise authenticity. This adversely affects the goal of material compatibility and frequently poses greater problems over time, such as differential weathering, UV sensitivity, and imbalances in strength compatibility as well as incompatible rates of water vapor permeability, and susceptibility to biological growth. In addition, the mortar intervention is intended to be a secondary support system and therefore need only provide appropriate strength.
The 1:3 emulsion concentration provided sufficient abrasion resistance (comparable to that of the 1:2), and improved water vapor transmission. The lower concentration reduces the amount of foreign material introduced into the site and lowers material cost.
Emulsion Selection Cohesive strength between the PVA emulsion and the acrylic emulsion was comparable. Adhesive strength was tested next. Two mortars of 3:7 soiksand were mixed, one with 1:3 PVA, the other 1:3 acrylic. Five to six fist sized rocks were briefly immersed in water and mortared together with each mortar producing two samples. These two samples were covered with a dark damp cloth and allowed to slowly dry over night. Adhesive strength was gauged by a mortar's bonding strength, mortar to stone. Adhesive strength between the two mortar samples was comparable. There appear to be minimal differences between the PVA and acrylic emulsions. Acrylic emulsion was selected over the PVA based on predominance of use by NPS Southwest Conservators specializing in earthen architecture and ruins.
3.3 Lime Grout Lime grout is a compatible material for lime plaster reattachment. In easily accessible areas of significant gaps, lime grout was viewed as an appropriate conservation intervention. Two mixtures were tested for adhesion and workability. Water was added to each mixture as needed.
Lime:Sand • 1:2 • 1:3
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3.3.1 Tests Adhesion tests were identical to mortar adhesion tests. A collection of five to six stones were briefly immersed in water to minimize suction and rapid absorption by the hot dry rocks of the lime putty water fraction. Suction and rapid absorption would result in shrinkage of the mortar, cracking, and ultimate adhesive failure. The stones and a piece of lime plaster were mortared together with the lime grouts, placed under a damp cloth and set aside to dry slowly overnight. Adhesive strength was gauged by the lime grout's bonding strength, grout to stone and grout to plaster.
3.3.2 Results The 1:3 mixture was selected for its greater strength.
3.4 Summary Two material conservation options were identified for field test design and evaluation and pre-pilot test implementation. These were an amended earthen mortar and a lime grout. Both treatment options were investigated for reasons of material compatibility, appropriate technology and site requirements. Both the mortar and the grout were designed to fulfill the stated site conservation objectives,
• reinstatement of limited structural stability, • plaster reattachment,
as well as present minimal material and interpretive intrusion to the existing ruins.
The field-testing program revealed that the available park soils are characteristically high in silt and low in clay and consequently lack plasticity. The available park soils contain soluble salts. The soluble salt content of Soil 4 was noticeably lower because the soil originates off site, in the mountains.9
The field-testing program produced the following options for implementation of the pilot model conservation treatments,
• amended earthen mortar Salt free soil, 1:1 of the following particle size ranges,
- twice sieved through (passing) a 1 mm or no. 15 sieve - twice passing a no. 15 sieve and retained from a no. 60 sieve
Salt free builders' sand 3:7 soil to sand 1:3 acrylic emulsiomwater Liquid:dry as needed All ratios volume:volume
• lime grout Type S hydrated lime mixed with water to achieve a consistency thick enough to hold a
1.5-cm thick layer on a vertical surface Salt free builders' sand 1:3 lime putty:sand Additional water as needed
9 William Akima, PUHE maintenance, explained that the soil mound behind Pu'ukohola Heiau was brought to the site in the early 1990's. The soil originates from the mountains near Waimea and had been brought to the site for use in the Park's cultural festival. It has been sitting there since that time. This explains both the noticeably lower salt content compared to the other sampled soils, and the presence of salt, a probable result of extended exposure.
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4.0 INTERVENTIONS Conservation of the John Young Homestead site presents a number of material, theoretical and practical issues. The material issues include compatibility, durability, and retention of original fabric as well as structural concerns regarding the reinstatement of stability. These raise the questions,
• How do we conserve an inherently unstable structural system? • At what point does the conservation intervention compromise authenticity and integrity?
The theoretical issues involve context, integrity and interpretation. Conservation of the site necessarily includes the landscape. This is the place in which the architecture is located. The landscape is the physical context of the site. The ruins of the John Young Homestead site are particularly interesting for the synthesis they represent: 1) two distinct building traditions and cultures; 2) and the far more profound evidence of the changes that would transpire and shape the evolution of Hawaiian history. This raises the fundamental conservation questions of,
• How do we conserve a site for interpretation and preserve its inherent integrity? • How much of a site must be presented in order to be legible to the visitor?
Practical issues involve available resources such as materials, budget, staff, and time. • What are the available resources for the conservation and maintenance of the site?
All these questions must be considered when developing a conservation plan with multiple options offered.
4.1 Philosophy of Intervention All methodology and proposals in this report are rooted in nationally and internationally recognized and accepted standards of conservation, namely the Secretary of the Interior Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, NPS Directors Guideline 28 (Guidelines for Cultural Resource Management), American Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) Code of Ethics, Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments (1931), International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (1964) (commonly known as the Venice Charter), and the Australia/ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance: Burra Charter (1981). Collectively these guidelines and charters provide standards which state the necessity for thorough and accurate documentation, regular maintenance programs, advocate backfilling as an appropriate method of preservation, promote interdisciplinary collaboration towards the conservation of our shared cultural heritage, emphasize the indisputable importance of context and appropriate technology (modern or otherwise) where appropriate and useful, and articulate the inherent value of cultural significance and the meaning of place in the development and implementation of conservation actions and policies.
4.2 Pilot Conservation Treatments The pilot conservation treatments were divided into two approaches. They offer practical and flexible long and short-term goals. These are,
• emergency stabilization and backfill, and • pilot model conservation treatments towards presentation and interpretation of the site -
ruins stabilization.
Two corners of Structure 2 were selected to receive pilot conservation treatments. The northeast corner was identified for emergency stabilization and backfilling, the southwest corner for limited reconstruction and plaster stabilization. Structure 2 was chosen as the trial site for the following reasons,
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• it is representative of typical ruin conditions on the John Young Homestead site • the level of architectural and material integrity • archaeological research and documentation has been completed • interpretive potential
Emergency Stabilization and Backfilling Backfilling or site burial usually refers to a partial covering of site features for preservation. It is advocated in situations of limited resources where a regular program of conservation and maintenance cannot be implemented and/or where there is ample surface evidence to interpret a site. Backfilling protects original fabric by returning it to a stable environment. Exposed to the weather ruins are incessantly subjected to wind, temperature fluctuations, wet dry cycles, abrasion, rising damp and its associated problems, vegetation overgrowth, and mechanical damage. Depending upon the condition of the structure or ruins, some degree of emergency stabilization may be necessary before backfilling.
The northeast corner of Structure 2 was selected for trial backfill and emergency stabilization treatments.
Plate 10. Structure 2, interior of the northeast corner as observed during the 1999 field project.
4.2.1 Emergency Stabilization
F're-treatment Cleaning All loose rubble was removed from the wall top and interior of the northeast corner. Rubble from the interior corner was removed down to the black plastic layer at floor level.10 Plaster surfaces were mechanically cleaned with gentle dry brushing and compressed air. Where possible, vegetation was removed from the wall interior and plaster surfaces. In some instances, the removal of roots from the plastered walls would have induced further loss. In these cases, roots were left in place. Detachment gaps were mechanically cleaned of loose debris with tweezers, dental picks, and compressed air.
Presumably, the black plastic was laid down at floor level during the last archaeological excavation. The plaster covering in the corner indicates that this was floor level.
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The plaster in this area was extremely fragmented. Cracks, holes, and mortar loss all contributed to its highly detached condition. This wall area was ridden with roots, both large and small, that had clearly caused a majority of the cracking, detachment, and large holes.
Facings Facing is a temporary conservation treatment. It is reversible and not intended as a permanent measure. Facings are typically used as a surface stabilization technique. A strip of crepeline (finely woven textile) is placed across the detached fragment. The two ends of the crepeline strip are 'anchored' to the flanking stable surfaces of the detached fragment. The strip or 'facing' is fully adhered to the surface, brush applied with a 10% v/v solution of Acryloid B-72 in acetone. Due to the prevalence of holes, large open cracks, and the subsequent backfill procedure, the facing technique was also used here as screening. Strips of crepeline were used to cover or "screen" the openings in the plaster surface to prevent the backfill material (sand) and other debris from filling these detachment gaps. Loose debris in the gaps would exert pressure against the back of the detached plaster surface, pushing it outwards thereby accelerating decay and loss.
Lime Grout Fragment Reattachment In many instances, particularly along the more vulnerable top edge of the plastered wall, the highly fragmented and detached surface was held in place by the lateral force exerted by the accumulated rubble. The removal of the rubble alleviated the supporting lateral force and resulted in the collapse of a few fragments. For cases where the fragment could be relocated with absolute certainty, various mixtures of lime grout were used for fragment reattachment.
Selection of the lime grout mixture and aggregate ratios depended upon the gap size between the substrate and plaster back. A selection of lime grout mixtures used were,
• straight lime putty (with type S hydrated lime and water), see section 3.1.4 Materials, Lime for preparation.
• lime putty and tilers' sand • lime putty, tilers' sand and coral building sand.
Substrate and plaster fragments were mechanically cleaned of all loose debris and soil. Fragment and substrate were prewet with a 1:1 solution of water:isopropyl alcohol. Lime grout was applied with fingers and/or microspatula. Once applied, the reattached area was periodically hydrated with water mist to prevent rapid drying and shrinkage cracks.
Edging All detached plaster fragment edges were sealed with a lime edging mixture. Edging was typically necessary along the wall top edge. Edging mixture varied slightly depending upon the gap of detachment, however the typical mixture was
• 1 part lime putty to 2.5 parts aggregate v:v The aggregate component was
• 1 part tilers' sand to 1 part coral building sand v:v Areas to be edged were thoroughly prewet with a 1:1 solution of watenalcohol v:v. Edges were filled with mixture and periodically hydrated with water mist to avoid rapid drying, shrinkage cracking and adhesion failure. Edges were built at an approximate 30° angle to aid in shedding water and loose debris away from the wall surface. Once partially set, and still damp, edging was lightly 'stained' using "aqua sporca" technique. A paintbrush was dipped in water then dipped into the surrounding fine site soil. The edging surface was repeatedly tamped gently with the brush. This method enhances aesthetic compatibility of texture and color between the original surrounding fabric and the lime edging material.
21
Post-treatment Cleaning Lime traces were cleaned from the plaster and masonry surfaces with a 1:9 acetic acid:water solution and then thoroughly rinsed with water.
4.2.2 Backfilling A distance of approximately 10-15 cm was established as a buffer zone from the surface of the plaster. One end of a swath of geotextile approximately 20 cm wider than the exposed plaster area and approximately 2.5 m in length was set on the structure floor at the 15-cm distance. Upon this edge, to serve as both an anchor to the geotextile and supporting wall to the fill, the original rubble was stacked. The rubble was stacked at an approximate constant distance of 10-15 cm from the plaster surface and built approximately 15 cm higher than the top plaster edge. The channel between the geotextile and plaster was filled with clean, dry, salt free, coral sand and lightly tamped. The sand covered and exceeded the top plaster edge by approximately 10-15 cm. The geotextile was draped over the sand channel and extended over the wall top. Rubble was scattered over the geotextile to conceal it from visibility and direct exposure to the sun.
4.2.3 Ruins Stabilization The southwest corner was identified for pilot model conservation treatments towards presentation and interpretation. The corner was selected for its strong interpretive capacity as an architectural/spatial and material reference point and for its surviving level of material integrity. It is clear in comparisons with 1976 slides, that the ruins have suffered loss of both the plasters and masonry. Existing historic documentation will provide a useful point of reference and comparison of change over time between stabilized and non-stabilized ruins.
Plate 11. Structure 2, southwest corner during the 1978 excavation project, prior to backfilling and stabilization.
Ruins stabilization was divided into three essential treatment actions, • limited reconstruction • injection grouting, and • edging.
22
Cleaning - preparation All loose rubble was removed from the wall top and the interior corner. It was not necessary to remove rubble to original floor level. The plaster in this area was in fairly good condition. It displayed good cohesive strength and few cracks. It did suffer from detachment due to lack of interior structural integrity, (lack of mortar and subsequent shifting of rocks). However, because the plaster surface was relatively free of cracks the larger expanses of the surface plane imparted a measure of structural integrity to the plaster body itself. All vegetation was removed from the wall interior and surrounds.
All loose interior wall rubble was removed from the east-west facing wall section of the southwest corner, an area measuring approximately 0.22 m (2 ft."). No mortar remained in this area. Stones supporting the plastered surfaces were left in place.
Plate 12. Structure 2, the exterior southwest corner as seen during the 1999 project. View is to the northeast.
Limited Reconstruction Limited reconstruction of the wall interior was necessary in order to reestablish structural stability of the low-lying ruin wall. Masonry units were selectively replaced to form a stable dry laid wall interior. Once a number of rocks had been laid, they were pressed upon from various angles to insure their stable fit. If any rock fell loose, that area was rebuilt until stable. The constructed section was carefully dismantled; each rock was immersed in water and returned to its position. Interstices were filled with the amended mortar as a secondary support. Reconstructed wall sections were periodically hydrated to avoid rapid drying, shrinkage cracks, and adhesion failure. A layer of damp geotextile was draped over the wall if left for 15 minutes or longer.
This building process was repeated until structural stability and approximate original wall height (as found June 1999) was reestablished. Final mortar joints were left recessed from reck faces in order to visually recede from the viewers' gaze.
23
Injection Grouting A lightweight, thixotropic, hydraulic lime grout was used to fill detachment voids and reestablish an adhesive bond between the plaster and the masonry/mortar substrate. Injection grouting was used for blind (not visible) and otherwise difficult to access voids.
The grout was comprised of 4 parts sieved hydrated hydraulic lime (Riverton) 1 part fine silica sand (tiler's sand) 3.8 parts Z-Light ceramic microspheres (Zeelan G-3500, 3M) 1:9 aqueous acrylic emulsiomwater, v:v (El Rey Superior 200) solution
The solid ingredients were thoroughly dry mixed and combined with the liquid 2:1 (drydiquid) in a high-speed mixer for three minutes.
All areas to receive grout were pre-wet with a 1:4, aqueous acrylic emulsiomwater, v:v solution (El Rey Superior 200) to increase adhesion between the grout, plaster, and substrate.
Plate 13. Structure 2, interior west wall at the southwest corner covered with a protective damp geotextile to prevent rapid drying during the 1999 reconstruction.
24
Plate 14. Structure 2, west wall, southwest corner after reconstruction in 1999. View is to the southeast.
The grout was injected through surface holes and along detached edges using disposable syringes and 14 gauge needles. The grout was recessed 1 cm from the plaster edge to allow for adequate keying of the edging mortar. During injection, cotton batting was used to temporarily dam and contain the grout along the open side and bottom edges of the plaster fragment. Cotton was removed before grout had completely set.
Edging All grouted areas were finished with lime edging to protect the grout and prevent further ingress of liquid water and loose debris. Edging mixture varied slightly depending upon the detachment gap size, however the typical mixture was
• 1 part lime putty to 2.5 parts aggregate v:v. The aggregate component was
• 1 part tilers' sand to 1 part coral building sand v:v.
Areas to be edged were thoroughly prewet with a 1:1 solution of watenalcohol v:v. Edging mixture was applied with small hand tools and periodically hydrated with water mist to avoid rapid drying, shrinkage cracking, and adhesion failure. Once partially set, and still damp, edging was lightly "stained" using "aqua sporca" technique. A paintbrush was dipped in water then dipped into the surrounding fine site soil. The edging surface was gently and repeatedly tamped with the brush. This method enhanced aesthetic compatibility of texture and color between the original surrounding fabric and the lime edging material.
Cleaning Amended mortar traces were cleaned from stone surfaces with water and a nylon scrub brush. Lime traces were cleaned from the plaster and masonry surfaces with a 1:9 acetic acid: water solution and then thoroughly rinsed with water.
25
5.0 PHASING AND IMPLEMENTATION The summer 1999 conservation field season (phase 1) was the preliminary phase focused on the development of a conservation and interpretation program for the John Young Homestead site. Two primary goals were achieved during this short season,
- Condition Assessment and Plaster Condition Survey of Structure 1 Pilot Model Conservation Treatments
- Emergency Stabilization and Backfill of Structure 2
The Overall Assessment and Detailed Plaster Condition Surveys reveal that the walls and plasters are in urgent need of stabilization and protection. This section of the report outlines the critical immediate and long-term policy guidelines and practical conservation actions in the development of a conservation program. It is organized in a series of steps based on priority (ascertained as a result of phase 1) and long-term objectives. It offers proposals for a phase 2 and recommendations for further research and investigation
5.1 Priority Actions Comprehensive documentation is the foundation of all sound conservation. It provides a valuable record of condition and essential reference points for measuring change over time. Combined with sound conservation methodology the document becomes a powerful and dynamic diagnostic tool for understanding the pathology and etiology of a site. This in turn forms the design and development of an appropriate conservation program. Just as important, all subsequent interventions must be documented. Accurate records of all interventions (reason, rationale, date, precise location, methods, materials, and persons involved) must be provided for current and future reference. The long-term effects of an intervention are often not immediately visible. Success and failure of any intervention can only be measured against the original stated objectives, available knowledge, resources, and performance over time. It is for these reasons that accurate and precise documentation of interventions is critical.
Conditions are symptoms of a cause. While the following actions outline immediate material responses to current conditions, it is the source, particularly of active conditions, that must first be addressed. All areas to receive conservation treatments must be thoroughly cleaned before and after treatments. All soils and sands used in conservation treatments must be clean and salt free. Salts must not be introduced into the original fabric.
Priority actions are presented in order of urgency and programmatic sequence.
Assessment of Pilot Model Treatments The pilot model conservation treatments of the summer 1999 field season (phase 1) must be revisited by a conservator within 18 months of initial implementation. At that time, an assessment should be made of the relative success of the treatments and the appropriate necessary adjustments, if any made. This could be included in or precedent to the implementation of phase 2.
Plaster Stabilization The most immediate threat to the plasters of the John Young Homestead site is their detachment condition. The most extreme case of this condition is found on the exterior eastern facade of Structure 1. The most active condition of deterioration is disaggregation. As documented this condition is often accompanied by the presence of salts. Areas of disaggregating, salt infested, plaster will require desalination and consolidation. Phase 2 must address and implement the stabilization, reattachment, desalination and consolidation of Structure 1 plasters beginning with the exterior
26
facades and progressing to the interior. All exposed edges, grouted areas, and detachment gaps should be finished with lime edging, soil stained, and cleaned.
Wall Stabilization - Structure 1 Currently there are few options for the stabilization of the walls of Structure 1. The absence of inherent structural integrity presents complexity in their conservation. Further investigation should be made into internal (integral) and external conservation interventions. However, until a completed and tested design is proposed, a non-invasive external support system should be erected. Design development and pilot model implementation of stabilization systems could be incorporated into phase 2 or phase 3. One wall stabilization scheme being considered is a system of loose, dry-laid masonry berms against the walls. The berms should provide; the necessary measure of flexibility in the event of seismic activity, structural support, and be non-invasive, materially compatible, cost effective, and easily maintainable. Loose, large, heavy rocks should be removed from wall tops to alleviate compressive stress. Removal of heavy stone units should be done as soon as possible.
Wall Stabilization - Low-lying Ruin Walls Wall sections identified for presentation and interpretation should be stabilized through limited reconstruction. Wall interior rubble should be relayed dry to create a stable structural system. Stones should be carefully removed, immersed in water, dried, and reconstructed with amended earthen mortar infill. Mortar should be secondary to the inherent structural integrity of the masonry construction and should therefore be used only to fill the interstices. Phase 1 pilot model treatments of Structure 2 must be evaluated before further reconstruction actions are taken. Once structural integrity has been reestablished, plasters should be stabilized with lime putty and injection grouting as needed, finished with lime edging, soil stained, and thoroughly cleaned.
Emergency Stabilization and Backfilling Those areas deemed unnecessary for purposes of interpretation should be emergency stabilized as needed and backfilled using appropriate methodology as an appropriate means of conservation. This is an internationally advocated, non-invasive, reversible method of conservation.
Shelter The 1974 shelter has effectively performed its function of protecting the walls from direct exposure and subsequent accelerated deterioration. However, it was designed as a temporary measure and is inappropriate as a long-term solution. The current shelter is a jarring visual imposition on the site and a source of confusion to visitors. It obscures interpretation and impedes necessary access to the walls for periodic conservation and maintenance actions. The present system of braces and panels abrades the walls during the mantling and dismantling process. Over time, dirt and debris collect within the insulation layer resulting in a harmful absorbent layer against the plaster surface. If final conservation solutions are incorporated into long range planning that may take ten or more years to realize, then there is a clear need for new shelter design. The new design
should provide protection from the elements could offer secondary structural support to the walls should pose a minimal intrusion to the interpretation of the site should provide access to the walls for periodic conservation and maintenance should be durable and maintainable should not introduce harmful microclimates, or material or structural incompatibilities with the existing site and structure.
27
5.2 Cyclic Maintenance Cyclic maintenance are those actions necessary for the routine care and conservation of the site. Any solutions will necessitate variations in the amount of maintenance required, thus, input from this section is mandatory.
Vegetation Control Vegetation must be kept out of the ruin walls and interior spaces. A vegetation clear buffer zone of approximately 1-meter wide should be maintained around all structures. Direct spraying of herbicides onto the structures, particularly the plasters and mortars, should be avoided. Vegetation within the walls should be carefully removed by hand so as not to dislodge or damage the existing building fabric.
Animal and Insect Control Animals and insects should be prevented from inhabiting the structures. Rodent and insect nests inside the walls are destructive. These nests induce instability and accelerate loss.
Debris Collection A plan must be devised with archaeological methods and recordation in mind to deal with the rubble scatter around the exterior and interior of the existing structures. The rubble scatter could be used to strengthen existing rubble berm supports (such as those currently found around Structure 1), or could be neatly stacked away from the ruins so as not to confuse interpretation. Collection of the loose scatter will enhance interpretation and legibility of the site.
5.3 Recommendations for Further Research and Investigation Further laboratory research could be done for soil mineralogical identification. This could aid in an understanding of its performance, possible provenience, and in the design of an appropriate mortar. The current mortar recommendations are based on field test performance and desired function and not on original mineralogical composition.
A complete survey of the extant plastered surfaces of the John Young Homestead site would be a valuable document for current and future reference of condition and extent. Conservation manages change; it does not prevent it. The walls should be documented further for future knowledge.
Laboratory research on possible plaster organic binder identification is recommended. Organic binders are a common addition in plasters. Their identification can reveal information on cultivation and use of plants.
28
6.0 CONCLUSIONS The John Young Homestead site presents valuable evidence of a pivotal point in Hawaii's history. The material condition of the site must be addressed. The John Young Homestead site is in need of immediate conservation. Some walls lack structural stability and are in danger of collapse.
Data collected from the Phase 1 summer field season (archaeological and conservation) will help define the conservation and historical significance issues in the design of an appropriate conservation plan. Phase 1 (this report) presents a number of material conservation proposals outlined in a series of actions based on material priorities and long term objectives. Phase 2 will entail implementation of phase 1 proposals and further refine the conservation program.
A conservation and presentation plan of the John Young Homestead site will address issues of: • Material conservation
A series of conservation actions has already been outlined in chapter 5.0 Phasing and Implementation.
• Presentation and prioritization of ruins Exposure of the ruins to the elements is one of the primary sources of deterioration. Complete exposure of the site is not necessary for coherent interpretation and site legibility. Further archaeological work could help identify the critical defining elements of the site based on history of use. Less significant or highly unstable areas could be backfilled and returned to a stable environment.
• Further archaeology Further archaeological work could provide useful information on the history of the site both during and after John Young's occupation and provide useful information for the conservation program.
• Improved visitor access and park coherence At present, Highway 270 poses a dangerous and prohibitive obstacle both in terms of visitor access and a coherent understanding of the park as a unified site. A more direct and safer path between PUHE and the John Young Homestead site could improve this now fragmented condition. Alternative access is currently being discussed.
• Signage Concise and accurate signage offering an overall site map (contextual relationships) and perhaps a plan of the interpreted structure would provide much needed orientation at the site.
• Landscape restoration Cultural landscape integrity must be addressed to restore the appropriate contextual relationships between the structures and their immediate setting (site) and the viewsheds between John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau, Mailekini Heiau, and the Pacific Ocean.
The methods and techniques of conservation are specialized and should be administered by trained conservation professionals. However, regular maintenance is an integral component of the conservation program and should be administered by the park staff. This includes the methods discussed in chapter 5.2 Cyclic Maintenance. All treatments should be revisited and assessed every three years as part of the periodic conservation maintenance cycle.
29
APPENDIX D
Pollen analysis of soil sample from John Young Homestead
Dr. Jerome Ward Pacific Palynology
June 2000
A bulk soil sample was collected from the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae, Hawai'i from 32-40 cm below datum. The goal of the study was to detect evidence of landscape change in the environment and to document the presence of plant taxa of ethnobotanical importance.
The sample was initially treated with HCL to dissolve carbonates, followed by KOH to solubilize organics, and HF to dissolve the silica fraction (Moore et al., 1991). Acetolysis solution, advocated by Herngreen (n.d.), was used to break down the abundant cellulose, and dilute HN03 was used to oxidize the remaining microscopic plant debris, including lignin. After final rinsing the pollen residue was mounted in glycerine jelly following Erdtman's (1960) technique.
Palynomorphs, which include pollen, pteridophyte spores, and other organic-walled microfossils are usually less than the 200 pm size fraction (Tschudy and Scott 1969). These were identified using published pollen floras that include Pacific types, chiefly Selling (1946, 1947) for Hawaii and Cranwell (1953) for New Zealand. A personal reference collection of pollen and spores from the Pacific was also used and includes about 500 specimens.
Ideally at least 200 dryland pollen grains should be counted for in order to arrive at a statistically significant sum. Higher counts are often made especially in archaeological palynology to detect rare pollen grains which may be derived from plants of ethnobotanical interest. In the present case a high pollen count was not possible because the density and preservation were very poor. An entire microscope slide was scanned but only 23 pollen grains and 16 pteridophyte spores were recovered. At this rate it would take at least nine pollen slides to obtain this basic sum whereas normally a count can be obtained on one or two slides at most.
Charcoal particles in the sample were analyzed using a quantitative counting technique. The charcoal particles were counted using an eyepiece graticle, with a 10 x 10 grid square pattern (Patterson et al, 1987), and exotic marker Lycopodium spores counted along with them provided the necessary control for calculating the concentration. Charcoal was counted in grid square size classes and the total area in mm2 was determined. The charcoal values were converted into concentration values using the formula from Birks and Bergen (1992):
Charcoal concentration = initial Lycopodium concentration (#/cc) x total charcoal area (mm2/cc) / Lycopodium spores counted (#)
A low diversity palynomorph assemblage was recovered from this sample with poor preservation. A reduced diversity is typical of soil horizons where improved aeration enhances microbial activity thus resulting in palynomorph decay. This process results in more resistant types being favored in a
1
profile. In the John Young sample two types are common, Boerhavia and Sida; these would be favored in open, arid landscapes. The pteridophyte spore types also suggest an open and disturbed landscape. Monolete/psilate spores are seen in disturbed horizons in tropical areas and this type is more abundant here. The single find of a spore of Lycopodium cernuum is also a savanna and open landscape indicator in the tropics.
No types were recovered that might be indicative of Polynesian influence - pollen types derived from plant species introduced to Hawai'i. No types were found that might indicate an historic influence either such as plant taxa introduced to Hawai'i during historic times (Wagner et al., 1990). However, based on the scarcity of pollen and spores in this sample it would not be safe to estimate a prehistoric or Polynesian time interval.
The charcoal particle estimate at 13.8 mm2 indicates that a significant amount of charcoal had been released into the environment. It is likely that these particles were derived from burning activities near the site.
Charcoal particle estimate: Markers 179 Starting volume (ml) 8 Markers/cc 3136 Charcoal particles 966 Number grid squares 1963 Total area (mm) 0.7852 Estimated concentration 13.8mm2/cc
2
References:
Birks, H. J. and Bergen, H. H. 1992. Quaternary paleoecology. Edward Arnold, London, 289 pp.
Cranwell, Lucy M. 1953. New Zealand pollen studies: the monocotyledons. A comparative account. Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. No. 3: 91 pp.
Erdtman, G. 1960. The acetolysis method, a revised description. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 54(4): 561-564.
Hemgreen, G. F. W. n.d. Palynological preparation techniques. Unpublished typescript sent with letter, 1991, 21 pp.
Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A., and Collinson, M. E. 1991. Pollen analysis. Blackwell, London, 216 pp.
Patterson, W. A., Edwards, K. J. and Maguire, D. J. 1987. Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire. Quat. Sci. Rev. 6:3-23.
Selling, O. 1946. Studies in Hawaiian pollen statistics. Part I, The spores of the Hawaiian pteridophytes. B. P. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 37: 87 pp.
Selling, O. 1947. Studies in Hawaiian pollen statistics. Part II, The pollens of the Hawaiian phanerogams. B. P. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 38: 430 pp.
Tschudy, R. H. and Scott, R. A. 1969. Aspects of palynology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 510 pp.
Wagner, W. C., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of HawaiT, Vols. 1 and 2. B. P. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 83. Univ. Hawaii Press and Bishop Mus. Press, Honolulu.
3
APPENDIX E
BETA ANALYTIC INC. OR. M.A. TAMERS and MR. D.G. HOOD
UNIVERSITY BRANCH 4985 S.W. 74 COURT MIAMI. FLORIDA, USA 33155 PH: 305/667-5167 FAX: 305/663-0964 E-MAIL: [email protected]
REPORT OF RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSES Ms. Mara Durst Report Date: 3/12/01
L'SDI. National Park Service Material Received: 2/1/01
Sample Data Measured Raduxarlxin Age
13C/12C Ratio
Conventional Radiocarbon Agef)
Beta- 152475 IM+A 50W» SAMPLE: PUIIEI9CA 11771 ANALYSIS : Racliomelric-Slantlard delivery MATLRtAL.'PRETRFATMLNT : (cliaitfil material); acid'alkali'acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal AD 1660 to i960 (Cal BP 290 to 0)
-25.S o/oo II0+/-S0BP
Beta - i 52476 50 • / - 60 BP
S A M P L E ; P U I l t i l P C A T L W
A N A L Y S I S : Rftdiomelric-Slnnclard deliver)' MATERIADPRETREATMENT : (chaired material): acid'alkali'acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : /result it outside of the calibration ranee)
-24.5 o.'oo 60 +/- 6(1 BP
Dates am reported as RCYfiP (radiocarbon years before present. "present" = 1950A.D.). By International convention, the modem reference star.u'aid was S5% of the Cla content of the National Bureau of Standards' Oxalic Acid 5 calculated using the Libby C M half life (555S years). Quoted errors represent 1 standard deviation statistics {65-Vi probability! & are based on combined measurements of the sample, background, and modem reference standards.
Measured C l3 fC i2 ratios were calculated relative to the FOB-1 interiiatlonal standard and the RCYBP ages were normalized to -25 per mil, If th« ratio and age are accompanied by an O . then the C13VC12 value was estimated, based on values typical of the material type. The quoted results are NOT calibrated to calendar years Calibration to calendar years should be calculated using the Conventional C M age.
Sample code #PUHE19CAT1371 (Beta sample #152475) is a sample of charcoal collected from the southeast quadrant of unit 7N49W at a depth between 8-18 cmbd considered Sublevel II/c. #PUHE19CAT1371 consists of multi-piece wood charcoal sample. The results from carbon dating were calculated using the program developed by Stuiver and Reimer, 1993 (version 4.1).
95.4% (2c,) Area Enclosed
Conventional
Radioncarbon age
PUHE19CAT1371 110+/-50BP
95.4% (2sigma) cal age
ranges
cal BP 275-174
cal BP 149-10
cal BP 4-0
95.4% (2sigma) cal date
ranges
1675-1776
1801-1940
1946-1955
relative area under
distribution
0.370
0.602
0.028
68.3% (lc) Area Enclosed
PUHE19CAT1371
Conventional
Radioncarbon age
110+/-50 BP
68.3% (lsigma) cal age
ranges
cal BP 265-219
cal BP 141-56
cal BP 44-25
cal BP 2-0
68.3% (lsigma) cal date
ranges
1685-1731
1809-1894
1906-1925
1948-1950
relative area under
distribution
0.297
0.559
0.126
0.018
Sample code #PUHE19CAT1374 (Beta sample #152476) is an aggregate sample of charcoal collected from all excavation quadrants between 0-8 cmbd, Sublevel Il/b, unit 7N49W. This sample contains a consolidation of NPS catalogue # 1363, 1374, 1378, 1381, and 1382 charcoal samples collected from all of Sublevel Il/b. The weight of this sample submitted to Beta-Analytic, Inc. was approximately 6 g.
Beta-Analytic deemed the results of the 2c, calibration of sample #PUHE19CAT1374 as "outside of the calibration range."
ARTIFACT CATALOG
The John Young Homestead (Upper Portion) Excavations -1999 Site: 50-10-05-2296; Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae 2, Hawaii
APPENDIX F
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
" N P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1059
1485
1484
1483
1482 1060
1061
1481
1062
1063
1063
1064
1064
1620
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1479
1071
1072
1073
1478
1074
1075
1075
1480
1477
1076
1077
1078
1476
1475
1079
1460
1080
1081
1082
1468
1474
1083
1473
1472
1084
1085
1086
1470
LAB
BAG NO.
6
13
15
18
19
23
26
28
29
30
30
31
31
38
39
40
43
46
48
54
58
60
61
62
63
65
73
73
76
82
84
86
86
90
95
97
97
100
101
102
103
107
110
113
115
118
118
118
121
FEATURE
F3
S3
S3
S3
SI
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
14N19W
14NI9W
14N19W
30N2IW
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
14N19W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14N19W
I4N19W
14NI9W
I4N19W
14NI9W
QUAD
NE
SW
NE
NW
SE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
SW-BI
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
11/a
S
s s s
11/b
11/b
ll/b
11/b
Il/b
11/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
Il/b
lift
lift
lift
lift
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
Ift
Ift
Ift
Ift
Ift
Ift
Ift
Ift
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmbd)
4above-0
0-8
0
0-8
7
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
4
5
6
0-8
0-8
0
0-8
4.5
6.5
8.3
6.5
0-8
0-8
0-8
13-25
20.2
13-25
13-25
13-25
25
13-25
13-25
13-25
23
13-25
13-25
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
MATERIAL
CLASS
GLASS
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
GLASS
CERAMIC
PLASTER
GLASS
METAL
METAL
GLASS
GLASS
CERAMIC
GLASS
CERAMIC
METAL
GLASS
GLASS
GLASS
PLASTER
GLASS
GLASS
GLASS
PLASTER
LITHIC
GLASS
GLASS
PLASTER
PLASTER
CERAMIC
LITHIC
LITHIC
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
GLASS
CERAMIC
SHELL
PLASTER
PLASTER
LITHIC
PLASTER
PLASTER
LITHIC
LITHIC
LITHIC
PLASTER
• • •TYPE
VG
BG
PCW
BG
NL
UND
BG
BG
PRE
VG
POR
LS
BG
BG
BG
MS
BG
BG
HAM
BG
MS
CPR
FLK
FLK
BG
PCW
EC
FLKF
FLK
FLK
FLK
NUMBER of
OBJECTS
1
7
1
4
1
5 1
2
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
90+
1
1
1
19
13
1
56
1
1
1
29
47
1
66
140+
1
1
1
4
NOTES
Olive colored fragment
Pale green "blown-in-mold" seam and lip margin fragments. 4 miscellaneous fragments
Rim sherd: panerned blue band
Olive colored fragment
Iron nail shank-rectangular cut
Iron frag-possible metal tool or hardware
Pale olive fragment
Olive colored fragment
Rim sherd: molded border w/fluting and underglaze blue decoration
METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL
PLASTER
PLASTER
• • •TYPE
FG
NL
BG
VG
BG
VG
VG
FG
VG
VG
VG
BG
FG
FG
VG
BG
EAR
FLK
BG
BG
NLF
NL
NL
NL
UND
NLF
NLF
UND
FF
UND NL
UND NLF UND UND
NL UND UND
NL UND NLF
HOOK MNL UND UND UND UND
NUMBER of
OBJECTS
1
1
3
1
15
1
3
5
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
35
1
1
1
32 +
1
230+
1
1
1
1
526+
1
6
209
68
3
1 1
111
19 14 1 3 1 1 1
1
97+
1 69 25
142
1 25
70
NOTES
Palined frnpnient
Iron nail-hiphly corroded
Pale aqua applied lip frap and 2 small frapnienis
Colorless frapmenl
Olive -neck and oilier frapnienis
Pale preen frapmenl
Colorless frapnienis
Colorless frapnienis
Palined frapmenl
Palined frapnienis
Patined frapmenl- boltle or tumbler
Palined-lip frapmenl
Palined frapmenl
Palined frapmenl
Olive colored frapmenl
Brown lip frapmenl
Undecoraled while rim sherd
Volcanic plass shatter
Pale preen frapmenl
Olive body frapmenl. mold blown
Iron nail shank-square cul
Iron handwrouphl. Rose-head nail, shank frap-square cut
Iron nail head and machine cut shank
Iron T-head handwrouphl nail, shank-reclanpular cul
Iron frapnienis
iron machine-cut nail 3 fraps from one reclanpular nail shank
Iron nail head (partial) and shank- recLanpular cut Iron frapnienis
Tliin iron fraps Iron frapnienis Iron handwrouphl nail- round head off-cenler Iron metal tool or hardware fraps Iron nail, remnant head and shank Iron round shank of metal nail/tool/liardware
Iron frapnients Smooth remnant surface, wall corner piece
Iron handwrouphl exfoliatinp head and parlial shank of nail or lack Tliin, iron flat fraps-not nieial container Iron frapnienis
Iron machine-cut shank and handwroupht head Iron frapnienis Iron nail shank-reclanpular cul shank Lead hook/lirace with iron nail/screw Modified T-head. rectanpular-cut iron nail, possible fishhook Tliin cylinder shape iron: possible tool, hardware, wire Tliin cylinder shape iron; possible tool, hardware, wire Tliin cylinder shape iron: possible tool, hardware, wire Iron frapnienis Smooth exlerior wall frapmenl
l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b IA [A IA IA IA IA
IA
II/.1
ll/a
Il/a II/.1
I I/a
I I/a
Il/a Il/a Il/a Il/a
IA
IA IA
COMPONENT
A
ELEVATION
(cmbd)
0-20
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
18-28 18-28 18-28
17
46-56
55
46-55
46-56
46-55
46-55 46-55
46-55
46-55 46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55 46-55
46-56
46-56
20-21
20-21
20-21
20
20-22
20-22 20-22 20-22 20-22
17
19 19
18.5 21
20.4 18.5 18.5 20
19 20-22
20-22
56-66
56-66
56-66 56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66 56-66 56-66 56-66
20-22
20-22 17
MATERIAL
CLASS
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
GLASS GLASS GLASS GLASS
PLASTER
L1TH1C
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
LITHIC LITHIC
PLASTER
LITHIC LITHIC
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER CERAMIC
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
METAL
PLASTER
METAL
PLASTER
METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL
PLASTER
PLASTER
PLASTER
GLASS GLASS
PLASTER
PLASTER
METAL METAL METAL GLASS
PLASTER
METAL METAL
• • •TYPE
VG VG BG BG
ADZF
FLK FLK
FLK FLKF
CPR
UND
UND
NL NLF NLF UND UND UND UND NL
UND UND UND BNLF NLF UND UND
BG BEAD
UND NLF UND BG
UND NLF
NUMBER of
OBJECTS
290+
10
40
245+
17
295+
23
10
88
1 2 2 1
265+
1
350+
91
405
1 1
940+
1 1
29
120
1 1
54
700+
181
1
620+
I
140+
1 1
1 12 1
20 11 1 4 3 1
1 67 57
800+
7
300+
1 1
355+
172+
1 1 8 1
4
17 1
NOTES
Palincd fragment Pale aqua fragments Olive colored fragments, mold-blown Olive colored fragment, mold-blown body fragment
Basalt adz fragment
Volcanic glass flake Volcanic glass flake
Basalt flake Basalt flake fragment
Wall fragment, multiple parallel slriations Jnderglazed blue on white sherd
ron fragments
ron fragments
ron nail head and shank ron nail shank tip fragment Yobable rectangular iron nail shaft ron fragments ron fragments -lat. thin iron frags-not metal container ron fragments ron L-head nail and shank-rectagular cut. square head ron fragments -lat thin iron frags-not metal container ron fragments Brass nail shank-square cut. hand wrought ron nail shank and small remnant of head
All frags from one obfect-2 frags indicate iron tool/hardware ron fragments
Olive colored, mold-blown body fragment Taceted Polychrome: opaque black core, black exterior white wound stripe cut glass bead.
ron fragments ron nail head and shank frag-highly corroded ron fragments
SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SE SE SE SE SE SE SE
SE
SE
SE
SE SE SE SE SE SE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
NE
NW
NW NW NW NW NW NW NW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
l/b l/b
I/b I/b I/b
I/b
l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b l/b
I/b
l/b l/b I/b
I/b
I/b
Il/a II/.1 ll/a ll/a I I/a
I I/a
Il/a ll/a I I/a Il/a Il/a ll/a ll/a Il/a Il/a ll/a Il/a ll/a Il/a Il/a Il/a I I/a Il/b
ll/a Il/a
I I/a I I/a I I/a I I/a I I/a Il/a Il/a Il/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a
ll/a
ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a ll/a Il/a Ilea
COMPONENT
A A A
ELEVATION
(cmbd)
20-22 21.5
20-21 20-21 20-21
20-21
16 17
20-21 21 21 21
20-24
28.5 30
23-32
23-32
20-24
20 21-30 21-30 21-30 21.5
21-30
21 21-30
24 23.5 25
26.5 21-30 21-30 21-30 21-30 22.5
21-30 24 28 28 28 28
21-30
21-30
21-30
21-30 21-30 21-30 21-30 21-30 21-30
19 26
21-30 21-30
26 21-30 21-30 21-30
21-30
21-30
20 25.5 23
23.5 23 27 24
MATERIAL
CLASS
PLASTER LITHIC
PLASTER METAL METAL
PLASTER METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL METAL
PLASTER
METAL METAL METAL
PLASTER
PLASTER METAL METAL METAL METAL GLASS
PLASTER
METAL BONE
METAL GLASS METAL GLASS CORAL METAL METAL LITHIC METAL METAL METAL
CERAMIC CERAMIC CERAMIC
LITHIC
PLASTER
METAL
PLASTER
LITHIC LITHIC
CERAMIC CERAMIC CERAMIC
GLASS METAL METAL METAL METAL GLASS METAL METAL METAL
PLASTER
PLASTER
METAL METAL GLASS METAL GLASS METAL METAL
•• •TYPE
COREF
NLF UND
NL NL
UND NL
UND NL
UND NL
UND
NLF FF
NLF UND BG
NLF
TK BG LS
BEAD UND NLF UND FLKF NLF UND NL
CPR CPR FOR GNF
UND
FLK TOOLF
POR POR POR
BEAD NL
NLF NLF UND BEAD NLF TK
UND
NLF NLF BG
BNL BG
NLF UND
NUMBER of
OBJECTS
52 1
42 1
19
113 3 1
11 1 3 1
79
1 1
16
195 +
220+ 4 4 1 9 1
395+
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
49 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1
485 + 89
35
7
92
495+
250+
3
NOTES
Volcanic plass core frapntent
Iron nail head and sliank frap Iron frapmenls
Iron handwroupht nail and 2 fraps- rectanpnlar cul Rose-head: shank bcnl lo "S"-shape Iron handwroupht nail, head and shank-rectanpular cut head and shank Iron frapmenls Rose-head iron nail, head(partial) and shank-rectanpular cut Iron frapmenls Iron handwroupht nail. Rose-head and shank-rectanpular cut
Iron cylinder shape-possible metal tool/wire/hardware Flat square-head, machine cut shank short iron nail Iron frapmenls
Iron rose-head nail and 3 fraps-rectanpul.or cut shank Thin flat iron fraps-possible metal container or barrel strap Iron L-head finish nail, shank-rectanpular cut Iron frapmenls Olive colored frapntent. recL+npular body w/ chamfered corners, mold-blown
Brass nail Mammal bone frapntent. Partially sectioned with undetermined implement. Brass back Olive colored frapntent. mold-blown Lead shot Two frapmenls front one red-on-white undecorated seed bead Cornaline d'Aleppo style Abraded coral Iron nail shank-rectanpular cul shank Iron frapmenls Volcanic plass flake frapmenl Iron rose-head nail, shank-rectanpular cut Iron frapmenls Iron nail head and shank-square cul Underplazed blue on white sherd Underplazed blue on while rim sherd Underplazed blue on white sherd Gun flint
Iron frapments
Volcanic plass flake Possible writinp slate frapntent White w/weathered floral overplaze print and faint pray band sherd White w/ handpaintcd floral desipn (pink/preen) overplaze sherd White w/oranpe and pray band, rim sherd Monochrome, undecorated. short drawn opaque white bead Iron rose-head nail, sliank recbanpular cut Iron handwroupht nail sliank Corroded iron nail head and shaft frap Iron frapments Monochrome, undecorated translucent rose-colored wound bead. Iron nail shank and flat thin head remnant frap Iron tack head remnant and shank-recbanpular cut Iron frapments
Iron nail shank and head frap Iron nail shank-recbanpular cut Olive colored frapntent. mold-blown Brass nail shank, machine-cut recbanpular shaft, oval head frap. Lipid amber body frapntent. mold-blown Iron nail head (Partial-probable Rose-head) and rectanpular-cut shaft frap. Iron frapments
Brass bullon-crown and cone sliank: see catalog # 1240 Fracnient of wall width-exterior and interior flat surfaces
Iron fragments Listht amber fragments, mold-blown
Iron fragments Iron nail remnant head and sliank frag Iron nail remnant head and shank frag Iron fragments Brass button frags: see catalog #1232 Lead strip Undecorated white sherd Pale green lip fragment Light amber fragment Iron nail shank frag
Iron nail shank frag-rectangular cut Iron fragments Iron frag oral in cross-scctiomposs.tool/ltardware White w/liandpainted green and brown decoration sherd
Iron fragments Iron fragments
Brass tack
Iron L-head nail frags-rectangular cut shank and flat head Iron nail frag and associated fragments Iron machine-cut nail, shank-rectangular cut Olive colored bottle body fragment, mold-blown
Thick iron nail-rectangular cut, flat head Iron machine-cut iron nail and associated nail frags Iron fragments
Iron nail shank frag Iron nail head and shank remnant-rectangular cut Iron Lack- rectangular cut iron fragments
Iron fragments Iron fragments
Iron fragment
Cvpraca sp. shell bead fragment Volcanic glass flake fragment Volcanic glass flake fragment Volcanic glass flake Volcanic glass flake fragment Colorless rim fragment
Iron nail head and shank remnant. Iron nail shank frags. Iron fragments Undecorated creamware sherd Undecorated creamware sherd Amber-colored fragments
Page 6 of 7
Jotin Young Honwstead 1999 Artifact Catatog
Apperi+dix F
'STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296 2296 2296 2296 2296 2296 2296
" N P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1621
LAB
BAG NO.
788 793 79-1 795 796 797 798
FEATURE
S3 S3 F3 SI SI F3 F3
GRID UNIT
13N19W 14N19W 07N49W 30N21W 30N21W 07N49W 07N49W
QUAD
NE SE
NVV SW NE
NE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
1/c I/a II/C
Ufa l i f t Il/d
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cm 1x1)
•16-55 13-25 8-16 21-30 21-30 16-28 8-25
MATERIAL
CLASS
LITHIC SHELL BONE
BONE FAUNAE LITHIC
CERAMIC
" • T Y P E
FLK TOOLF
FLKF POR
NUMBER of
OBJECTS
1 1 2
1 1 1 1
NOTES
Volcanic class flake Abraded ectiinodcrniata spine fragment Undetermined mamma] bone fragments both possibly sectioned with an undetermined implement
Sectioned/cut bone fragment Animal skin product-parchment Basalt flake fragment Undergalzed blue on white sherd
*A11 slate site numbers have the prefix "50-10-05-"
**A11 catalog numbers have the prefix "PUHE"
***TYPE: ANW= Annular Ware; B G - Bottle glass; BUT=Button; BUTF=Button fragment; COREF=Lithic core fragment; CPR=Chinese Porcelain; EAR^Earthenware; FF^Flat metal fragment; FG=Flat glass; FLK=Flake; FLKF=Flake
NON-ARTIFACTIJAL REMAINS CATALOG The John Young Homestead (Upper Portion) Excavations - 1999 Site: 50-10-05-2296; Pu'ukohoia Hciau National Historic Site, Kawaihae 2. Hawaii
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1441
1600
1600
1601
1597
1597
1597
1597
1597
1442
1442
1383
1392
1594
1594
1594
1593
1593
1543
1598
1598
1598
1598
1598
1598
1598
1598
1598
1374
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1443
1533
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
LAB
BAG*
1
2
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
8
11
14
14
14
17
17
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
27
32
32 .
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49VV
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
QUAD
NE
SE
SE
SW
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SW
SW
SW
NW
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
S
S
S
S
1 l/a
ll/a
[l/a
ll/a
Il/a
I l/a
I l/a
I l/a
I l/a
S
S
S
S
S
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
H/b
ll/b
ll/b
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cnibd)
0
4above-0
4abovc-0
4above-0
4abovc-0
4above-0
4above-0
4above-0
4above-0
4above-0
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
MATERIAL
CLASS
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
CHARCOAL
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
"••MATERIAL
MVB
CP
UND
NP
CN
NS
CW
EC
UND
SMML
SMVB
SMVB
NS
CP
LS
NP
UND
CW
EC
ECCA
CP
NS
NP
UND
LS
NO
Wood
Scarid
FISH
FISH
Rattus sp.
Mils nutsciiliis
cf. Sus scrofa
SMML
SMML
MML
SMVB
CW
CP
NP
NS
EC
CN
TL
IS
UND
NOTES
Medium vertebrae
Small-medium or medium mammal - limb bone
Small or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Undetermined bone
4lh Epibranchial
Scales
Undetermined bone
Vertebra
Dentary
Post-canine tooth
cf. Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - cf. limb bone
cf. Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
cf. Medium mammal - cf. limb bone
Small and/or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Page 1 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Norvartifact Catalog
ApperxJixG
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
' •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1600
1600
1381
1617
1444
144-1
1444
1444
1444
1444
1444
1528
1446
1446
1446
1446
1601
1601
1601
1601
1601
1601
1601
1382
1596
1529
1596
1596
1596
1596
1596
1596
1596
1378
1618
1450
1450
1450
1596
1596
1449
1596
1596
1596
1596
1445
1445
1445
1445
1622
1363
1596
1596
1596
1596
1596
LAB
BAG#
32
32
33
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
41
41
41
41
•12
42
42
42
42
42
42
44
47
50
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
53
55
56
56
56
57
64
66
67
68
69
70
71
71
71
71
72
74
77
77
77
77
77
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
7N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
7N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
7N49W
07N49W
07N49VV
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
QUAD
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
112b
Il/b
lift)
ll/b
ll/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
Il/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
ll/b
Il/b
ll/b
Il/b
Il/b
ll/b
Il/b
Il/b
ll/b
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cinbd)
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
5
6
4.5
4
5
3
5
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
FAUNAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BULK SOIL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
FAUNAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
FAUNAL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
• • •MATERIAL
UND
LS
Wood
Coprolile
Raltus cxulans
Rattus sp.
SMML
SMML
MLML
MLML
SMVB
SMML
MLML
MLML
SMVB
CP
EC
NP
NS
PT
UND
LS
Wood/bone
CP
NP
NS
CP
EC
TL
UND
LS
Wood
Coprolile
SMML
SMML
SMVB
NP
NP
MLML
DS
CN
NP
UND
FISH
Rattus sp.
SMML
MLML
Coprolile
Wood
NS
NP
IS
UND
LS
NOTES
Denlary
Vertebra
Small-lo-niediiini and/or medium mammal - cf. limb bone
Smatl-lo-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammal - limb bone
Small and/or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammnlal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammmal - limb bone
Small or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - cranium
cf. Small or medium vertebrae - cf. undetermined bone
Medium or large mammal - undetermined bone
Undetermined bone
TibiotTbula
Small-to-mediunt and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammal - undetermined bone
Page 2 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
" N P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1596
1391
1596
1594
1594
1594
1594
1591
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1345
1540
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1388
1532
1594
1594
1594
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1387
1542
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1386
1539
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
1590
LAB
BAG#
78
79
80
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
85
87
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
92
93
94
94
94
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
98
99
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
104
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
I4NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4NI9W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
14N19W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
I4NI9W
I4NI9W
I4N19W
I4NI9W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
14N19W
14NI9W
14N19W
I4NI9W
14N19W
I4NI9W
I4N19W
I4NI9W
I4N19W
14N19W
I4NI9W
I4NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
QUAD
NW
NW
NW
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw sw NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SW
SW
sw NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
Il/b
ll/b Il/b
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
1/6
1/b
l/b
1/b
l/b
1/b
I/b
1/b
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmbd)
6
4.8
5
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
25
25
25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
" " M A T E R I A L
CP
ML ML
CP
CP
NP
NS
CW
IS
UND
MS
LS
EC
ECHM
NG
NS
IS
CP
AR
UND
MS
LS
IS
CP
UND
CP
MS
NP
NS
TH
UND
IS
LS
CP
NS
EC
ECHM
TH
IS
UND
LS
NS
CP
EC
ECHM
IS
UNDP
UND
LS
NOTES
Medium and/or large mammal - undclermined bone
Page 3 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
229<5
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1538
1385
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1594
1384
1377
1535
1593
1593
1376
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1349
1591
1541
1380
1591
1591
1591
1591
1591
1591
1591
1591
1591
1537
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1593
1379
1534
1544
1592
1592
1592
LAB
BAG#
108
109
112
112
112
112
112
112
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
116
117
119
120
120
122
123
123
123
123
123
123
125
127
129
130
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
133
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
138
139
140
142
142
142
FEATURE
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
14NI9W
I4N19W
14NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14NI9W
14NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
I4N19W
14N19W
14NI9W
I4NI9W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4N19W
14N19W
14N19W
I4NI9W
I4NI9W
14N19W
14NI9W
14N19W
I3N19W
13NI9W
13NI9VV
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
QUAD
SE
SE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NE
N 6
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
LEVEL and
SUB-LEVEL
IA
1/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
1/1)
1/b
I/b
I/b
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
[A
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
[A
!/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
COMPONENT
A
ELEVATION
(cnibd)
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
25-36
26-34
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
MATERIAL
CLASS
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
•••MATERIAL
CP
NP
NS
EC
ECHM
UND
MF
CN
NP
NS
EC
CP
IS
UND
IS
NS
NS
CP
CW
IS
UND
TH
CPM
CP
NP
EC
ECCA
IS
MS
AR
UND
NS
NP
NS
IS
EC
CP
UND
LS
ST
NP
NS
CP
NOTES
Page 4 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
AppenoiixG
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
•*NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1592
1375
1623
1555
1518
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1448
1370
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1599
1531
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
LAB
BAG*
142
142
142
142
142
142
145
147
150
151
156
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
158
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
161
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
FEATURE
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
GRID UNIT
I3N19W
13N19VV
I3NI9W
13N19W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
QUAD
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
l/a
11/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
ll/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cnibd)
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
11-36
8-14
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8 1 8
8-18
8-18
8-18
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
FAUNAL
BULK SOIL
BOTANICAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
•••MATERIAL
DM
DS
IS
UND
LS
TH
NP
Coprolite
Kukui
Mugilid
Scarid
Scarid
Acanlhurid
FISH
FISH
FISH
FISH
Cants fnmiliaris
Med.Aniodactyl
SMML
SMML
MLML
MLML
SMVB
SMVB
UND
CP
CPC
EC
ECCA
ECES
NS
NP
NP
TN
TN
CWE
CW
CN
MS
TL
IS
EC
NO
PT
Carangid
Labrid
Scarid
Scarid
Acanlhurid
Acanlhurid
FISH
NOTES
Maxillary
Upper pharyngeal plate
Maxillary
Interneural
Maxillary
Vertebra
Undetermined bone
Scales
Phalanx - at least several months old.
Postcanine tooth - probably at least a few monttis old.
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal- undetermined bone
Small-to-ntedium and/or medium mammal- cf. tooth (mended)
Medium and/or large mammal- limb bone
Medium and/or large mammal -undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrae - cf. limb bone
Posterior lateral-line scute
Articular
Upper pharyngeal plate
Lower pharyngeal plate
Interneural-die caudal-peduncle spine is genus A. or a similar other than genus Naso
Caudal-peduncle spine-is genus A. or a similar other than genus Naso
Vertebra
Page 5 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1447
1371
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
1624
1624
1527
1601
1536
1364
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
LAB
BAG#
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
168
169
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
175
175
176
178
180
181
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
183
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
7N49W
7N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49VV
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
QUAD
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
NW
SW
SW
NW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
Il/c
ll/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/c
II/c
II/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/b
Il/b
ll/c
II/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/C
ll/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/c
II/C
ll/c
II/C
II/c
II/C
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmbd)
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
0-8
0-8
8-18
11.5
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
MATERIAL
CLASS
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BOTANICAL
BOTANICAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
•••MATERIAL
FISH
FISH
Rectus cf. cxulans
Canis faiuiliaris
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
SMML
SMML
SMML
MML
MLML
MLML
SMVB
Wood
EC
ECCA
ECES
NP
NP
NS
TN
NO
CP
CW
MF
MS
DS
TH
CN
LS
IS
UND
UNDP
Kukui
Wood frags
CP
UND
NP
NP
NS
NO
TC
TX
CW
EC
CP
IS
CN
TL
TH
UND
LS
NOTES
Undetermined bone
Scales
Vertebra
Phalanx - at least a very few months old.
Milk incisor - at least a few months old
Postcanine tooth - at least a few months old.
Phalanx - at least a few months old.
cf. Scapula
Limb bone
Undetermined bone
Medium mammal - rib
Medium and/or large mammal - limb bone
Medium and/or large mammal - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrae - undetermined bone
Page 6 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artilact Cbitalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1595
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1452
1601
1625
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
LAB
BAG*
183
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
210
211
212
213
214
215
217
218
219
220
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49VV
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
7N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
QUAD
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
ll/c
Il/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
ll/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmbd)
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
8-18
3.5
5.5
8.5
6.5
8
8
6.5
6
6.5
6.5
5
7.5
7
5
8.5
9
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
FAUNAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
•••MATERIAL
PT
Polynemid
Apogonid
Carangid
Labrid
Scarid
Scarid
Scarid
Scarid
Acanthi] rid
Acanthurid
FISH
FISH
FISH
SMB
cf. SMB
cfMB
cfMB
cfLB
Sur scrofa
SMML
SMML
SMML
SMML
MML
ML ML
ML ML
SMVB
SMVB
IC
Coprolite
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NS
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NOTES
Quadrate
Maxillary
Imerneural
Lower pharyngeal plate
Premaxillary
Upper pharyngeal plate
Lower pharyngeal plate
itii epibranchial
Imerneural- at least the caudal-peduncle spine is genus Naso
Caudal-peduncle spine is genus Naso
Vertebra
Undetermined bone
Scales
Small and/or medium bird - limb bone
cf. Small or medium bird - egg shell
cf. Medium bird - rib
cf. Medium bird - limb bone
cf. Large bird - femur
Postcanine tooth
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - postcanine toodr
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - tooth
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - limb bone
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
cf. Sternebra
Medium and/or large mammal - limb bone
Medium and/or large mammal - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - limb bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
P a g e 7 o f 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
• S T A T E S I T E
N U M B E R
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
2 2 9 6
• • N P S C A T A L O G
N U M B E R
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1595
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
L A B
B A G #
221
222
223
22-1
225
226
227
228
229
2 3 0
231
232
233
23-1
235
236
2 3 7
238
239
2 4 0
241
242
243
2 4 4
245
246
248
249
2 5 0
251
252
253
2 5 4
255
256
2 5 7
258
259
2 6 0
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
2 7 0
2 7 1
272
273
2 7 4
275
276
2 7 7
F E A T U R E
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
G R I D U N I T
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
0 7 N 4 9 W
Q U A D
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
N W
L E V E L and
S U B L E V E L
11/c
I I / c
I I /c
I I /c
11/c
I I /c
I I /c
I I / c
11/c
11/c
I I / c
I I /c
I I /c
II/C
I I /c
I I /c
I I /c
I I /c
II/C
II/C
II/C
11/c
I I / c
I I / c
I I / c
II/C
II/C
I l / c
I I / c
I I / c
I I / c
I l / c
11/c
I l / c
11/c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I I / c
I I /c
I I /c
I I /c
I I /c
II/C
II/C
11/c
11/c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
I l / c
C O M P O N E N T E L E V A T I O N
( c m l x l )
8.5
10
8
7.5
8
8.5
8
9
9
9
8.5
9.5
9.5
9
9
9.5
10
10
10.5
9.5
10.5
10
I0 . .5
10
10
101
7.5
10.5
9
9
9
10.5
7
10
10.5
10.5
10.5
10
I I
12
11
11
11
11.5
12
10
10.5
10.5
11.2
11
11
11
12
11.5
12
12
M A T E R I A L
C L A S S
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
S H E L L
• • • M A T E R I A L
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N S
N P
N P
N P
N S
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
N P
C W E
N P
M G
N P
N P
N O T E S
Page 8 of 19
John Young Horrwstead 1999 Non-arlifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
" N P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1526
1569
1569
1574
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1569
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1451
1359
1519
1585
1356
1530
1515
1585
1520
1357
LAB
BAG#
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
291
292
294
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
295
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
296
300
301
308
310
313
315
316
317
321
FEATURE
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
GRID UNIT
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N2IW
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
QUAD
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
ll/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
ll/c
II/c
II/c
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/C
II/c
II/C
ll/c
ll/c
11/c
II/C
II/c
II/C
ll/c
II/C
ll/c
I/a I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
1/a
COMPONENT
A
ELEVATION
(cmbd)
12.5
13
12
13
12.5
12.5
12
13
13
13.5
13
15-16
14
15
15
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
8-16
0-20
0-20
0-20
19
15
0-20
0-20
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
CHARCOAL
BOTANICAL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
BOTANICAL
SHELL
BOTANICAL
CHARCOAL
•"•MATERIAL
NP
NP
NP
TC
TC
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
TC
NP
NP
NO
TX
TN
NS
EC
ECCA
ECHM
CP
PT
IS
1C
CN
CW
CWE
UND
DS
Mugilid
Scarid
FISH
FISH
FISH
MB
Cants farnilians
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
SMML
SMML
MLML
MLML
MLML
SMVB
Kukui
LS
Woody frags
IS
Seeds
NOTES
Vertebra
Denlary
Vertebra
Undetermined bone
Scales
Medium bird - limb bone
t'halanx-probably at least 6 months old.
Aost canine tooth - probably only 1-2 months old.
Cranium - probably only 1-2 months old
Small-to-medium and /or medium mammal - limb bone
Small-to-medium and /or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Medium and/or large mammal - tooth
Medium and/or large mammal - limb bone
Medium and/or large mammal - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
Page 9 of 19
John Young Horriestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
AooendixG
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
229(5
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• • N P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1585
1585
1585
1585
1358
1578
1578
1578
1578
1521
1547
1578
1578
1360
1465
1582
1582
1582
1368
1369
1513
1427
1619
1464
1571
1522
1352
1571
1353
1455
1575
1575
1575
1354
1579
1579
1579
1579
1575
1575
1575
1575
1575
1575
1562
1429
1579
1579
1579
1579
1579
1579
1372
1557
1346
1559
LAB
BAG*
322
322
322
322
327
328
328
328
328
329
330
331
331
332
335
336
339
339
341
343
345
348
355
359
362
365
369
371
372
373
374
374
374
376
377
377
377
377
378
378
378
378
378
378
380
381
383
383
383
383
383
383
384
385
387
388
FEATURE
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N2IW
30N21W
30N2IW
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N2IW
13N19W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
QUAD
SE
SE
SE
SE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SW
sw SW
sw sw sw sw sw sw NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
I/a
1/a
1/a
I/a
I/a
1/a
1/a
1/a
1/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
1/a
I/a
1/a
1/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/a
I/b
I/I)
1/6
1/6
l/b
l/b
I/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmlxi)
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
18
15.2
0-20
17
17
0-20
0-20
0-20
38.5
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
MATERIAL
CLASS
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BOTANICAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
BOTANICAL
BONE
FAUNAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
BOTANICAL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
FAUNAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
FAUNAL
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
FAUNAL
•••MATERIAL
IS
EC
UND
LS
IS
EC
ECHM
LS
Seeds
TH
LS
CP
CP
IS
Woody frags
MVB
IS
Woody frags
LS
Sus scrofa
NP
CP
UND
IS
CP
MS
UND
NP
IS
TH
UND
LS
EC
Sus scrofa
cf. FISH
NP
NS
CP
EC
IS
UND
Sus scrofa
NOTES
Medium vertebrate -undelerrnined bone
Animal hair
Animal hair
Animal hair
Undetermined bone
Animal hair
Page 10 of 19
John Young Hornestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Afj encJixG
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
• •NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1563
1588
1588
1588
1588
1588
1588
1588
1588
1588
1362
1588
1588
1566
1584
1361
1361
1361
1361
1361
1545
1390
1355
1583
1583
1583
1583
1583
1583
1462
1551
1570
1570
1570
1570
1570
1570
1570
1570
1367
1428
1428
1428
1428
1587
1587
1430
1463
1366
1584
1584
1584
1584
1584
1584
1584
LAB
BAG#
390
392
392
392
392
392
392
392
392
392
393
396
396
397
400
401
401
401
401
402
404
406
408
409
409
409
409
409
409
410
411
412
413
414
416
416
416
416
416
417
418
418
418
418
420
421
422
425
426
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
FEATURE
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
I3NI9W
13N19W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
07N49W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
QUAD
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
sw sw sw sw sw sw NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
SE
SE
SE
SW
SW
sw sw sw sw sw sw sw
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
l/b I/b
I/b
I/b
l/b
I/b
I/b
l/b
l/b
l/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
Il/d
11/d
Il/d
11/d
Il/d
11/d
Il/d
11/d
Il/d
Il/d
11/d
11/d
Il/d
Il/d
Il/d
Il/d
11/d
Il/d
Il/d
Il/d
11/d
11/d
Il/d
Il/d
Il/d
Il/d
11/d
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
1/c
1/c
1/c
1/c
I/c
COMPONENT
B
ELEVATION
(cmbd)
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
43
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
36-46
18-23
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-31
18-28
17
20
18
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
18-28
19.5
19.6
18.3
46-50
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
MATERIAL
CLASS
FAUNAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
FAUNAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
BONE
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
•••MATERIAL
Sus scrofa
NP
NS
IS
CP
EC
MS
TH
LS
UND
CP
NS
NS
Sus scrofa
NS
UND
IS
LS
FISH
UND
NP
TN
NO
EC
CP
CP
NP
NP
NS
NO
EC
CW
UND
FISH
FISH
cf. SMML
SMVB
CP
CP
MLML
CP
NP
NS
EC
IS
UND
LS
NOTES
Animal hair
Animal hair
Scale
Undetermined bone
Scales
cf. Small-to-medium or medium mammal -Undetermined bone
Small or medium vertebrate-undetermined bone
Medium or large mammal - undetermined bone
Page 11 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
•*NPS CATALOG
NUMBER
1431
1431
1431
1431
1626
1627
1461
1365
1432
1432
1432
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1576
1348
1580
1580
1580
1580
1580
1580
1580
1580
1347
1549
1589
1460
1351
1589
1589
1589
1589
1589
1589
1589
1589
1433
1433
1433
1433
1433
1628
1629
1350
1310
1373
1286
1507
1453
LAB
BAG#
428
428
428
428
431
432
434
435
438
438
438
439
439
439
439
439
439
439
439
439
439
443
444
444
444
444
444
444
444
448
449
451
452
453
456
457
457
457
457
457
457
457
457
458
458
458
458
458
459
460
462
463
466
478
480
484
FEATURE
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
GRID UNIT
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
I3N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13NI9W
I3NI9W
I3NI9W
13N19W
I3N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
30N2IW
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
QUAD
SW
SW
SW
SW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NE
N 6
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NE
NE
NE
SE
SE
SE
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
l/c
I/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
l/c
I/c
I/c
I/c
l/c
I/c
l/b
I/b
I/b
I/b
l/b
I/b
COMPONENT
A
B
ELEVATION
(cnibd)
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
55
55
46-55
46-56
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-55
46-56
46-55
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
46-56
20-21
20-21
20-21
20-22
19
20-22
MATERIAL
CLASS
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SOIL SAMPLE
SOIL SAMPLE
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BULK SOIL
SHELL
BULK SOIL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SOIL SAMPLE
SOIL SAMPLE
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
CHARCOAL
BOTANICAL
FAUNAL
•••MATERIAL
FISH
SMML
SMML
MVB
FISH
FISH
SMVB
NP
NS
CP
EC
ECCA
IS
CW
MS
UND
LS
CP
EC
NS
TN
IS
UND
LS
MT
CP
CP
NP
NS
EC
IS
TH
UND
LS
Scarid
Acanthurid
FISH
FISH
MLML
Woody frags
'. Canis fam&iari
NOTES
Scales
Snia]l-lo-medium and/or medium mammal- limb bone
Sniall-lo-medium and/or medium mammal- undetermined bone
Medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
cf. Vertebra
Undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
Lower pharyngeal plate
Interneural
Undetermined bone
Scale
Medium or large mammal - undetermined bone
Domestic dog breed strand of hair
Page 12 of 19
John Young Homestead 1999 Non-artifact Catalog
Appendix G
•STATE SITE
NUMBER
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
2296
" M P S CATALOG
NUMBER
1293
1586
1586
1560
1586
1586
1586
1586
1586
1586
1586
1290
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
143-1
1434
1292
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1294
1389
1299
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1581
1435
1435
1435
1435
1435
1435
1577
1577
1438
1438
1438
1438
1577
1577
1577
1577
1577
LAB
BAG#
486
488
488
489
490
490
492
492
492
492
492
493
495
495
495
495
495
495
495
495
495
496
496
498
499
499
499
499
499
50O
501
503
504
504
504
504
504
504
504
505
505
505
505
505
505
507
507
508
508
508
508
510
510
510
510
510
FEATURE
SI
SI
SI
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
GRID UNIT
30N21W
30N21W
30N21W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
I3NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
I3NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13NI9W
13N19W
I3N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
I3NI9W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19NV
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
13N19W
QUAD
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
LEVEL and
SUBLEVEL
I/b
l/l)
I/b
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
11/a
11/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
I I/a
Il/a
Il/a
11/a
Il/a
11/a
11/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
11/a
11/a
Il/a
Il/a
11/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
11/a
I I/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
Il/a
COMPONENT ELEVATION
(cmbd)
20-22
20-22
20-22
56
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
56-66
MATERIAL
CLASS
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
FAUNAL
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
CHARCOAL
BONE
CHARCOAL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
BONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
SHELL
•••MATERIAL
CP
EC
Sus scrofa
FISH
Mas iiiusculus
CP
EC
NS
UNDP
UNDG
CP
NP
NS
NO
IS
EC
CW
UND
LS
SMML
SMVB
IS
CP
EC
NS
UND
FISH
NS
CP
IS
EC
ECCA
LS
UND
Scarid
FISH
FISH
FISH
SMML
SMVB
EC
UND
FISH
FISH
FISH
SMVB
NS
IS
CW
EC
UND
NOTES
Animal hair
Scale
Denlary
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
Scales
Lower pharyngeal plate
Vertebra
Undetermined bone
Scales
Small-to-medium and/or medium mammal - undetermined bone
Small and/or medium vertebrate - undetermined bone
'a 'a - type of lava flow that has a very rough, spiny, or rubbly surface, sometimes called "clinker" lava.
ahu - heap, mound. Generally a mound of stones. ahupua 'a- a. traditional land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea. 'oi kapu - to observe eating taboos. 'dina - land, earth. 'dina ho'oilina - inherited lands. akua - god, divine; to deify. ali'i - chief, chiefess, ruler; royal, kingly. ao - light, daylight, dawn. 'aumakua - deified ancestors, family or personal gods. awawa (awaawa) - valley, gulch, ravine.
hala - Pandanus tree (Pandanus odoratissimus), native to Hawai'i. The leaves (lau hala) of the tree were used for weaving and plating. Mats, fans, baskets, and pillows were made from lau hala. Pandanus keys were used as brushes.
hale - house. heiau - temple, shrine, high place of worship. hikina - east. hdlua - a sled or sledding course.
'Hi - a land section; subdivision of land within an ahupua'a. 'ili'ili - small, well-rounded pebbles. imu - underground oven.
kahua hale - house foundation or site. kaukau ali 'i - class of chiefs of lesser rank than the high chief. kama'dina - native-born. kdne - male. kdndwai - law, code, rule. kapu - taboo or prohibition. Kapu items are sacred, holy, or forbidden. konohiki - headman of an ahupua'a land division under the chief. kukui - Candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana) with many traditional uses. The nuts supplied oil for
lamps. kuleana - small piece of property as within the ahupua'a. Commoner land awards in the Mahele land
distribution of the 1840s-1850s. ku'ula - any stone god, carved or natural, used to attract fish.
la'ila'i - physical calm, peacefulness, joy and lightheartedness. lei - necklace; wreath. loko wai - inland freshwater fishpond. lua wai - pool, pond, well.
mahele - portion or division. The Mahele - the land distribution of 1848. makai - towards the ocean. makua - parent, any relative of the parents' generation. makuahine hanai- adoptive mother. mauka - inland. md'i - king, sovereign.
1
moku - district, section. mumuku - name of a strong wind at Kawaihae, Hawaii.
noa - freed of taboo; released from restrictions. nui - big, large, important.
'ohana - Hawaiian extended family; kin group or relation. olohana - Rare var. of "olohani which means to strike, quit work; mutiny, riot (said to be from Eng.
pdhoehoe - type of lava flow that is characterized by smooth, billowy, or ropy surfaces. pili - a type of grass (Heteropogon contortus), native to Hawaii primarily used for thatching
Hawaiian houses. po - night, darkness; pertaining to or of the gods, chaos, or hell. pohaku - stone or rock. puna wai - a spring with potable water. pu'u - hill, mound, heap.
tapa - textile made from wauke (paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera) or mdmaki (Pipturus spp.) bark; formerly clothes of any kind or bedclothes; quilt.
wahine - woman, female.
2
REFERENCES CITED
Abbott, Isabella 1992 La'au Hawai'i, traditional Hawaiian uses of plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Alexander, W.D. 1891 A Brief History of the Hawaiian People. American Book Company, New York.
Apple, Russell A. 1971 The Hawaiian Thatched House, Use-Construction-Adaptation. U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service, Office of History and Historic Architecture, San Francisco, California.
1978 Pahukanilua: Homestead of John Young Kawaihae, Kohala, Island of Hawai'i. National Park Service, Honolulu.
1979 Bouncing boundaries of Kawaihae. Script for an oral presentation delivered at the Fourth Annual Land Surveying Seminar, Hawaii Section, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Honolulu, Hawaii.
BCB (Boundary Commission Books) 1870s-1880s. Boundary Commission Books. Five volumes on microfilm, on file at the Archives of
the State of Hawaii, Honolulu.
Barnard, Captain Charles H. 1937 "John Young, As Told to Captain Charles H. Barnard in 1816 by John Young - Himself."
IN Paradise of the Pacific, vol. 49, July 1937-August 1937.
Barrera, William Jr. and Marion Kelly 1974 Archaeological and Historical Surveys of the Waimea to Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of
Hawaii. Historic Preservation Report 74-1. Department of Anthropology, Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Barrere, Dorothy B. 1994 The King's Mahele: The Awardees and Their Lands. Compiled by Dorothy B. Barrere. On
file at the Hawai'i State Archives, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Bates, George Washington 1854 Sandwich Island Notes by a Hdole. Harper and Brothers, New York.
Beaglehole, J.C. (Editor) 1967 The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery, 1776-1780. Volume 3, Appendix. Cambridge
University Press.
Beckwith, Martha 1940 Hawaiian Mythology. Reprint 1970, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Bingham, Hiram 1849 A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands; or The Civil, Religious, and
Political History of Those Islands. 3d ed. rev. 1981 Reprint. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan.
1
Bishop, Artemas, the Rev. 1825 Journal fragments, 1823-1827. Copied by Sereno E. Bishop. Manuscript journal, pp. 27-31.
On file at the Hawaii Mission Children's Society, Honolulu.
Bonk, William J. 1968 An Archaeological Survey of a Coastal Tract in North and South Kohala, Hawaii. In The
Archaeology of North & South Kohala, from the ahupua'a of Kawaihae to the ahupua'a of Upolu. Coastal Archaeological Surface Survey. State Archaeological Journal 68-3. Prepared for the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks. Manuscript on file at the University of Hawaii, Hilo Library.
Brunskill, R. W. 1970 Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture. Universe Books, New York.
Buck, Peter H. 1957 Arts and Crafts of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 45. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.
Cahill, Emmett 1999 The Life and Times of John Young, Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great.
Island Heritage Publishing, Aiea, Hawai'i.
Carter, G.R. (read by) 1917 "More of John Young." The Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society
for the Year 1916. Paradise of the Pacific Press, Honolulu, pp.46-49. 1924 "A New Document of John Young." The Thirty-second Annual Report of the Hawaiian
Historical Society for the Year 1923. Paradise of the Pacific, Honolulu, pp.51-53.
Carter, Laura 1990 Protohistoric Material Correlates in Hawaiian Archeology A.D. 1778-1820. M.A. Thesis
submitted to University of Hawai'i, Department of Anthropology.
Chamberlain, Levy 1825 Journal, 1822-1849, Vol. 20. Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library, Honolulu.
Chambers, George J. 1985 Memorandum - Inspection Report on the John Young Homestead dated August 23, 1985.
NPS, WACC, Tucson, Arizona.
Chinen, Jon J. 1958 The Great Mahele. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
Ching, Francis 1971 The archaeology of South Kohala and North Konafrom the ahupua'a of Lalamilo to the
ahupua'a of Hamanamana; suface swvey Kailua-Kawaihae road corridor (Section III). Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites, Honolulu.
Clark, Jeffrey T., and Patrick V. Kirch (Editors) 1983 Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of
Hawai'i, An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect. Department of Anthropology Report 83-1, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai'i.
2
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11
United States Department of the Interior
In Reply Refer lo:
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park P. O. Box 52
Hawai'i National Park, HI 96718-0052 808/985-6000
808/967-8186 (FAX)
File Code: H26
Report Certification
I certify that A Cooperative Archaeological Excavation Project at the John Young Homestead, Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae 2, South Kohala, Island of Hawai'i has been reviewed against criteria contained in 43 CFR 7.18(a)(1) and upon the recommendation of Laura Schuster, Branch Chief, Cultural Resources Management, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park has been classified as available.
Superintendent
Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Kawaihae, Island of Hawai'i
Date
Classification key words:
"Available" -Making the report available to the public meets the criteria of 43 CFR 7.18(a)(1).
"Available (deletions)" - Making the report available with selected information on site locations and/or site characteristics deleted meets the criteria of 43 CFR 7.18(a)(1). A list of chapters, pages, maps, paragraphs, etc., that must be deleted for each report in this category is attached.
"Not Available" - Making the report available does not meet the criteria of 43 CFR 7.18(a)(1).
