“A Critical Appraisal of Remote Sensing and GIS approaches...

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)

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Volume 7 Issue 3 October 2016 ISSN: 2319 - 1058

“A Critical Appraisal of Remote Sensing and GIS approaches for Inter basin water transfer for optimal water Management Strategy -A

Godavari basin”

Mr. Mir Sohail Ali1,

* Assistant Professor and Head, Dept.of Civil Engineering,

CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India.

Mr. Akram Salim Pathan2

** Assistant Professor, Dept.of Civil Engineering,

Deogiri Institute of Engg.&Management Studies A‘ Bad (Maharashtra), India.

Mr. G.R. Gandhe3

*** Assistant Professor & Head, Dept.of Civil Engineering,

Deogiri Institute of Engg.&Management Studies A‘ Bad (Maharashtra), India.

Abstract - Last five year some parts of India affected by drought and some by flood. Therefore demand and management of surface water in upper, middle and lower Godavari basin in, India is rapidly increasing with the enormous amount of ongoing development of crop production, water for irrigation, domestic water supply and projects in the region. Nevertheless, the state experiences periodic water stress conditions due to seasonal precipitation patterns and scarcity of surface water resources. Therefore, management of available surface water resources is critical, to fulfill potable water requirements in the area.

The spatial and temporal uniformity in rainfall may possibly meet the water requirements for the various sectors such as Agriculture, Power, Industries, Domestic requirements etc., for the overall development of a region or country, If non uniformity is observed it results in the flooding situations in certain areas and drought conditions in some areas which have adverse impacts on the socio economic growth of a developing country. The government of India is spending enormous amount every year to overcome these natural unforeseen calamities. To protect a region or country from floods and droughts, it is inevitable to have a remedy/solution to transfer the water from surplus basin to deficit basins. The concept of Inter basin & Intra basin water transfer can provide unique solution for the dual problems faced by the Godavari basin.

The Godavari is the second largest basin and accounts for nearly 9.5% of the total geographical area of the country. It occupies Maharashtra (48.7%).As per the studies conducted by NWDA (National Water Development Agency) about all river basis of India, it is remarked that Inter basin Water transfer is quite possible. The present paper throws a light on present rainfall and water potential scenario of Godavari basin pertaining to interlinking of rivers which is on the top agenda of the country.

Keywords- Geographic information system (GIS), India meteorological department (IMD) Remote sensing (RS), National Water Development Agency (NWDA)

I. INTRODUCTION The concept of the Inter basin water transfer is to be explored and implemented to ensure uniform distribution

of available natural water resource and to mitigate the consequences of hydrologic extremes of floods and droughts. The implementation of Inter basin water transfer [1] is the need of the hour for the overall


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development of a country like India in which population is growing at an alarming rate. Also the Inter basin water transfer helps to prevent the formation of deltas along the coast line and migration of people from drought affected regions.

India has 1/6th of the global population and 1/25th of world’s water resources, but the water availability is highly uncertain both in time and space due to its peculiar monsoonal climate. About 70 % of the population directly or indirectly depends on agriculture, in the back drop of economic growth from industrialization. The urban population in the country is increasing at faster rate which requires the establishment of basic infrastructure, amenities and increase in food production. It is essential to convert rain fed crops into irrigation crops. At present the average food production is about 1.4 Ton/Ha which needs to be increased to 3.0 ton/Ha. Out of the net sown area of 140 M Ha, the rain fed area is about 80 M Ha and remaining 60 M Ha is under irrigation. Nearly 78% of water harnessed is being used for irrigation and the balance 22% is used for domestic and Industrial requirements. The basins of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghana and west flowing rivers constitute 27% of the drainage area and receive 72% of total rain fall of India. The important river basins of India are shown in Figure and the detail is presented.

The available storage in all reservoirs and tanks is only 55% of available surface water, considering 1.5 times filling. Hence it is required to utilize remaining 45% of surface water by creating the additional storage. The irrigation commission in 1972 has identified 67 drought prone districts comprising 326 taluks located in 8 states having an area of 49.73 M Ha. Subsequently the national commission on agriculture in 1976 identified few more drought prone areas with slightly different criteria. The state wise drought affected areas are shown in the Table The Criteria adopted to declare drought occurrences in an area are 1. When the annual rainfall is less than 75% of the normal in 20% of the years examined. 2. When less than 30% of the culturable area is irrigated. The revised study made by Central Water Commission (CWC) in 2006 reveals that 51.12 M Ha area is drought affected in 74 districts. Thus in comparison to total geographical area of the country about 1/6th is drought prone area, Table 1. Shows location of drought prone areas of India.

Table 1: Drought affected States

Sr.No State Area (Ha) Drought area (Ha) %

1 Karnataka 19177000 15240095 79 2 Andhra Pradesh 27662000 12562382 45 3 Maharastra 30776000 12418056 49 4 Tamil Nadu 13007000 8327617 64 5 Rajasthan 34222000 21408800 63 6 Gujarat 19598000 12091618 62 7 Orissa 15578000 2290000 15

Table 2: Area Liable To Floods

Sr.No.

State

Geographical area (M Ha )

Area liable to flood (M Ha )

%

Area protected

( M Ha )

1 Andhra Pradesh 27.51 1.39 5.05 0.70 2 Assam 7.84 3.15 40.18 1.305 3 Bihar 17.39 4.26 24.50 1.566 4 Gujarat 19.60 1.39 7.09 0.362 5 Haryana 4.42 2.35 53.17 1.095 6 Himachal Pradesh 5.57 0.23 4.13 ----- 7 Jammu and Kashmir 22.22 0.08 0.36 0.012 8 Karnataka 19.18 0.02 0.10 0.001 9 Kerala 3.89 0.87 22.37 0.011 10 Madhya Pradesh 44.34 0.26 0.59 ----- 11 Maharastra 30.77 0.23 0.75 0.110 12 Manipur 2.23 0.08 3.59 0.073 13 Meghalaya 2.24 0.02 0.89 0.075 14 Orissa 15.57 1.40 8.99 0.351 15 Punjab 5.04 3.70 73.41 2.407 16 Rajasthan 34.22 3.26 9.53 0.016 17 Tamil Nadu 13.01 0.45 3.46 0.029 18 Tripura 1.05 0.33 31.43 0.009


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19 Utter Pradesh 29.44 7.34 44.93 0.739 20 West Bengal 8.88 2.65 29.84 1.001 21 Delhi 0.15 0.05 33.33 0.023 22 Pondicherry 0.05 0.01 20.00 ----

Total 33.52 9.776

As per international standards per capita water requirement is 1700 m3 per year. If the availability is less than 1000 m3, it is considered as water scarcity. If it ranges between 1000-1700 m3 it is treated as water stressed. India with present availability of about 1600 m3 is under water stress condition. The North East river systems namely Ganga and Brahmaputra contribute 60% to nation’s water resources where as 3 major southern river systems viz Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery contribute 6%, 4% and 1% respectively. The annual rainfall over the country is ranging from 10cm in Rajasthan to 1100 cm at Chirapunji in Assam.

II. STUDY AREA The Godavari is the second largest basin and accounts for nearly 9.5% of the total geographical area of the country. It extends over states of Maharashtra (48.7%), Andhra Pradesh (23.7%), Chhattisgarh (12.4%) and Odisha (5.7%) in addition to smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh (7.8%), Karnataka (1.4%) and Union territory of Puducherry (0.01%) (Figure 1). The geographical setting of the basin is shown in Map 1. The basin falls under division-All drainage flowing into Bay of Bengal and Region-Rivers draining in Bay of Bengal, delineated primarily based upon drainage of rivers to outlet.

Fig. 1. Figure 1 Location map of the study area.


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Fig. 2. Map 1. Satellite imagery of Godavari Basin

Table 3. Salient features of the basin

SI. No. Feature Description

1

Basin Extent

73°24’ to 83°4’ E 16°19’ to 22°34’ N

2 Area (Sq. km) 312812.00 (CWC Reported) 3

States in the basin

Maharashtra – 48.7% Andhra Pradesh – 23.7% Madhya Pradesh – 7.8% Odisha –

5.7% Karnataka – 1.4% Chhattisgarh – 12.4% Puducherry –

0.01%

4 Districts (Census 2011) 55 5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 55 6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 1093.21 7 Mean Maximum Temperature (o C) 33.04 8 Mean Minimum Temperature (o C) 20.63 9 Total Population (As per Census 2001) 60489310

10 Number of villages (As per Census 2001) 43492 11 Highest Elevation (m) 1664 12 Avg. Annual Water Potential (BCM) 110.540 13 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 76.30 14 Number of Sub Basins 8 15 Number of Watersheds 466

16

Number of water resources structures Dams (921) Barrages (28) Weir (18) Anicuts (1) Lifts (62) Power House

(16)

17 Highest Dam Bandardhara Dam -82.35 m

18

Longest Dam Sriramsagar(SRSP)/Pochampad dam-

15.6 km

19 Highest Barrage Kolar barrage-15.5 m 20 Longest Barrage Kolar barrage-1.195 km

21

Number of Irrigation projects Major-70

Medium-216 ERM-6

22 Number of HE projects 14 23 Number of Ground water observation wells 1875 24 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 88 25 Number of Flood Forecasting Sites 18 26 Number of Watersheds 466

Fig. 3. State-wise basin area


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III. REASEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. 3.1Topography The Godavari basin falls in Deccan plateau. The basin is bounded on the north by the Mahadeo Hills, the

Satmala Hills comprising a series of table lands varying from 600-1200 m in elevation. The western edge of the basin is bounded by an almost unbroken line of the North Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats, from 600-2100 m height. Maharashtra Plateau gently slopes from Sahyadri eastward though apparently one is resolved into broad extensive interfluves and the valleys. The Ajanta hills, the Godavari valley, the Ahmadnagar-Balaghat plateau and part of Mahadeo Upland falls under Maharshtra plateau part in the basin.

Fig. 4. Map 2. Elevation zones


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B. 3.2 Climate The basin being fairly large, climatic contrasts particularly the variations in the amount of rainfall are obvious.

With a limited latitudinal extent and not so very pronounced vertical range of altitude, the temperature conditions do not change significantly. Climate has assumed an important role in landscape evolution. The Godavari basin has a tropical climate and the evaporation losses vary from 1800 to 2440 mm over different parts of the basin (Source: Reassessment of Water Resources Potential of India, CWC 1999). The weather in the basin is cold from mid-October to mid-February and the western and the north-eastern part being colder than the rest of the basin. The weather is comparatively hotter in the westernmost parts of the basin in comparison to the Central, northern and eastern region.

C. 3.3 Rainfall Based on daily rainfall data (0.5 X 0.5) of the last 34 years (1971-2005) collected from IMD the average

annual variations in the basin is shown in Map 3. Annual rainfall of the basin varies from 755 mm to 1531 mm. The average annual rainfall in the basin is 1096.92 mm. It is found that the rainfall varies temporally and spatially across the basin. In Godavari the high rainfall zone in the Western Ghats the annual rainfall varies from 1000 to 3000 mm in this reach. There is a belt some distance east of the Western Ghats experiencing less than 600 mm annual rainfall. After this area the rainfall again gradually increases to about 900 mm towards the East coast. January and February are the driest months in the basin with the annual rainfall ranging from less than 0.5 mm to 55 mm. During the next three months, upto end of May, it varies from less than 1 mm to 50 mm. The maximum rainfall recorded was 1531 mm in 1990 and minimum was 755 mm in 1952.

Fig. 5. Map 3.Annual average rainfall

D. 3.4 Temperature

Daily temperature (maximum, minimum and mean) gridded data (1 x 1) for 36 years (1969-2004) collected from IMD has been analyzed .Mean temperature is calculated as the average of maximum and minimum temperature. Annual maximum temperature varies from 31 C to 33.5 C (1969-2004). Maximum and Minimum temperatures in the basin gradually increase as we move from west to east.

E. 3.5 Major rivers and there lengths

Sr.No. Principal Tributary name Length of river (km) 1 Godavari 1419 2. Purna 382.16 3. Penganga 634.36


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4. Wardha 538 5. Wainganga 635.40 6. Pranhita 111.0 9. Indravati 558.96 10. Sabari 179.99 11. Kolab 240.05 12. Pravara 198.79 13. Manjra 724.51

3.6 Land use/land cover Land use pattern is a fairly useful indicator in understanding the environmental set up, socio- economic status, infrastructural facilities and climatic conditions of an area. The basin holds a variety of land cover and land use classes. The distribution of land use/land cover in Godavari basin during 2005-06 is given in Map 4. It is found that nearly 22 land use/land cover classes exist in the basin. Major part (59.57%) of the basin is covered with agricultural land. Forest area is about 29.78% and water bodies occupy 2.06% of the total basin area.

Table 4. Land use/cover statistics (2005-06)

S. No. Category Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area

1 Built Up Land 5187.26 1.66 2 Agricultural 186347.17 59.57

3 Forest 93142.06 29.78

4 Grassland 85.84 0.03

5 Wasteland 16785.91 5.36

6 Waterbodies 11263.75 3.60

Fig. 6. Map.4 Land use/land cover

3.7 Sois

Soil is composed of minerals, mixed with some organic matter, which differ from its parent materials in terms of its texture, structure, consistency, color, chemical, biological and other characteristics. Information on the soil profile is also required for simulating the hydrological character of the basin. Map 5 to Map 8 shows the main soil classification based on soil texture, soil erosion, soil slope and soil productivity in the basin, respectively (National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning). About 68.10 % falls under moderately shallow to deep (>50 cm) followed by 16.65% Very Shallow (10-25 cm) based on the depth of the soil groups.


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Fig. 7. Map 5. Soil texture

Fig. 8. Map 6. Soil erosion


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Fig. 9. Map 7. Soil slope

Fig. 10.

Map 8. Soil productivity


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F. 3.8 Watersheds

S. No. Sub Basin Area (Sq. km)

Size Range of Watershed (Sq. km)

No. of Watersheds

1 Wardha 46242.09 361 - 946 69

2 Weinganga 49695.40 305 - 972 80

3 Godavari Lower 44492.93 304 - 990 67

4 Godavari Middle 36290.47 325 - 955 56

5 Godavari Upper 21443.23 331 - 988 33

6 Indravati 38306.10 343 - 993 60

7 Manjra 29472.88 421 - 981 44

8 Pranhita and others

36119.60 326 - 982 57

Fig. 11. Map 9. Godavari upper sub-basin and watersheds


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Fig. 12. Map10. Godavari middle sub-basin and watersheds

Fig. 13. Map 11. Godavari Lower Sub-basin and watersheds

IV. WATER CRISIS SCENARIO IN INDIA

The estimated drought prone area is 51.12 M Ha and flood prone area is 33.52 M Ha. By 2025 the estimated per capita availability of water may go down to 1340 m3/year, thus nearly 60% of Indian population will be living in water stress conditions. India produces about 200 Million Tons of food grains to feed the population of about 110 crores. In next 50 years the population is expected to grow to 160 crores, necessitating food production of 450 Million Tons. The country is to gear up to achieve it with proper perspective and vision. The culturable command area in the country is about 184 M Ha and the net sown area is about 140 M Ha.

V. NECESSITY OF THE STUDY

As long as spatial and temporal uniformity in occurrence of rainfall is present, the water deficit and excess conditions do not arise. If not, the available water must be utilized properly by storage and transfer so as to satisfy the various needs uniformly over the entire country. In India the monsoons are highly orographic causing


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floods in North and North Eastern region and drought in other areas. The solution for storage and transfer lies in much talked about interlinking of rivers or inter basin water transfer.[11,12] As the Govt. of India is spending huge amount of money every year towards the relief of floods and drought, it is worthwhile to spend on inter basin and intra basin water transfer schemes keeping long term benefits in view. Moreover the inter basin water transfer is the only solution to maintain regional balance in all sectors like Agricultural, Industrial, Power generation, Domestic, Navigation etc.

VI. EXISTING INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER PROJECTS IN INDIA.

The concept of Inter basin water transfer is not new. In fact it was practiced in India and other countries long back and most of the projects of water transfer are still functioning well. Consequently many projects of large scale water transfer have been planned and some of them are implemented. Examples of Inter basin water transfer in India

Periyar - Vaigai project (Kerala state 1985)

Kurnool – - Cuddapah Canal ( Andhra Pradesh 1863-1870)

Parambikulam - Aliyar project (1962-82)

Telugu – - Ganga project

Beas – - Sutlej Link (1983)

Indira Gandhi Nahar project ( Rajasthan canal, 1958)

Sarada - Sahayak Project (1960 )

Ramganga – - Ganga Link (1978)

Tungabhadra – - Pennar project

Mahi project

Tehri Multipurpose project

VII. CONCLUSIONS

The hydrological extremes of floods and droughts will have adverse effects on social and economical development of a country or region. The unique and long term solution for dual problem is inter basin water transfer. The study proves to be an authentic reference and resource for the planners, field engineers, administrators, researchers and the general public dealing with water resource exploitation, utilization and transfer. The following conclusions are drawn out of this work. The next 50 years in India would witness a very large growth of urban centers. Many large urban centers would grow into metropolitan centers and meeting their water requirements would pose new challenges. The food production has to grow proportionally necessitating more allocation of water for irrigation. The inter basin water transfer proves to be the best option for the policy planners, administrators, professionals, media, NGO’s and public to meet the challenges of the future. The entire surface water resource of the country is to be treated as national property so as to make its development and utilization uniform for the overall development of the country. Remote sensing and GIS tools can be utilized to carry out the hydrological, drainage, seepage and socio-economic analysis and the environmental impact assessment of the proposed water transfer projects. The basins of the water transfer scheme can be studied by developing digital elevation models (DEM) which help to generate the stream networks map, slope and aspect ratios of the basins.

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Hydraulic Engineering , 2006, Vol 12(2), P 1-6


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