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US HistoryFort Burrows

US History Top 200ish – 1215 to 1870’s - Definitions, Examples, & Meanings Study Guide for 2012 STAAR.

Prepared by Fort Burrows 1st – 2nd – 3rd periods March 20121st Period Group 1 – c. Skate – Gretta – Hayley

1. Share Cropping

To rent a piece of land and use it to grow crops. In exchange for letting them use the land, the owner collects a share of the crops as rent.

2. Black Codes

laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.

3. Ku Klux Klan KKK

An organization in the United States, which advocate extremist reactionary - such as white supremacy and white nationalism. They went to extreme measures to make sure that blacks had no rights.

4. Homestead Act

one of three United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership at no cost of farmland called a "homestead" – typically 160 acres

5. Morrill Act An act of Congress in 1862 granting each state 30,000 acres of land for each member it had in Congress, 90% of the gross proceeds of which were to be used for the ability and maintenance of colleges and universities teaching agricultural and mechanical arts and other subjects.

6. Dawes Act A federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing.

7. Primary Source

A direct resource. Including a journal, dairy, or spoken word from an actual participant, a person that is involved in what is going on with people or events.

8. Secondary Source

A person that receives information about people or events and is told by someone that is a primary source. Includes – historians, child or grand-children.

9. Point of View

One’s personal view of an object or person. A thought or a personal opinion.

Group 2 –c. Barbie – SamE – Capt. Jack10. 1861-1865 The years of the civil war between the Northerners and Southerners of the U.S. Two

issues – States Rights and Slavery. The bloodiest war in Americas’ history. The separation and rejoining of the (11) Confederates States of America.

11. 1803 Year that the U.S bought the Louisiana Purchase from France, dictator Napoleon Bonaparte, which caused the doubling of size in land of the U.S. and New Orleans to become a leading Port in the U.S.

12. 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, which was the first permanent English settlement on the Eastern Coastline, next to the Atlantic Ocean.

13. 1620 The year the pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts wrote the Mayflower Compact, which established a “civil body politic” or government for the colony

14. 1787 Year that the U.S. constitution was written. This was the document that set out the laws, principles, organization, and process for the government of the nation.

15. 1776 Declaration of Independence

1. Natural Rights - Rights that belong to all people from birth. The declaration states that if the government fails to protect the rights of the citizens then it is the people’s right to throw off the government.2. British Wrongs - Second part of the declaration that listed the wrongs that led the Americans to break apart from Britain.3. Independence - Last part of the declaration that states the colonies are now the U.S.A. They are now a free, independent nation, and all ties with Britain have been cut.

16. Treaty of Paris 1783

This ended the American Revolutionary war between Great Britain and the U.S. The U.S. is now its own country and is no longer under British rule.

1 US History Top 200ish


Group 3 – c. VikAman – RaaZoo – the Bomb17. Article ofConfederation

The first American Constitution which was passed out in 1777, called for more state’s rights, with not much power for the federal government. This was eventually considered too weak to control the nation. Very Limited Power. Created a ‘Loose Alliance’ between the Original 13 States

18. Federalist Citizens who favored the constitution and a strong national government. Example: Alexander Hamilton

19. Anti- Federalist

Citizens who opposed the constitution and a strong national government and they wanted to write down the rights of the citizens. It led to The Bill of Rights.Example: Thomas Jefferson

20. Limited Government

A principle of the constitution stating that a government only has the right the constitution gives it Example: Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances; each branch of the government work in unison to make sure that other branches do not abuse their power

21.Republicanism

A form of government in which leaders are elected for a specific period by the citizensThe true republic: men, their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less. -- Susan B. Anthony

22. Federalism The division of power between the federal government and the states. National and States Government. Ex. Federal power – coin money, declare wars, regulate trade interstate (going across state borders). States power – regulate trade intrastate (within their own borders), state elections, public schools

23. Separation of Powers

The powers of the government are divided among the separate branches. The legislative branch passes the law. The executive branch interprets the law. The judicial branch makes sure the laws are being carried out.

24. Check and Balances

Gave the branch of government the power to check the other branches. Example: Congress can pass a law but the executive branch (the president can veto it).A form of abuse on this one was when Andrew Jackson overridden the Supreme Court’s ruling that what Georgia was doing to the Indians was unconstitutional.

25. Popular Sovereignty

States that people got the right to create, and change the government. Vote for it.Example: Slavery still existed, different territories had different opinions so, they let each territory decide if they wanted slavery or not.Group 4 – c. Sharkey – MariOnnE – Jennifer

26. Individual Rights

In the constitution, Individual Right's protect the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to trial by jury.

27. Bill of Rights

These 10 amendments became the Bill of Rights1. Freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and petition2. Right to bear arms3. Lodging troops in private homes4. Search and seizure5. Right’s to be accused6. Right to speedy trial by jury7. Jury trial in civil cases8. Bail and punishment9. Powers reserved to the people10. Powers reserved to the states


US HistoryFort Burrows28. Amending Constitution

Amending the Constitution is when you are changing or adding something (laws) to our current Constitution. The amending of our Constitution can be by - ratified by three-fourths of the states or 2/3 of the legislatures.

29. Alexander Hamilton

(1755-1804) Hamilton devised a financial system which stabilized the national economy after the American Revolution, and restructured national debt so it functioned as a political asset rather than a liability. Born on Nevis in the British West Indies, Hamilton was intelligent and decisive, characteristics which earned him the support of patrons who sent him to the American colonies for his education. He became involved in the Revolution and enlisted in the New York militia in 1776, becoming Washington's aide-de-camp. He married into one of New York's wealthiest families, practiced law, served as a delegate to four Continental Congresses, and represented New York in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia of 1787. Hamilton was one of the leading federalists; he favored a strong central government and helped write The Federalist papers. As the first secretary of the treasury, he convinced Congress to assume the debts states incurred during the Revolution, supported foreign trade and tariffs to provide revenue to the nation, established a mint, and developed a national bank, the Bank of the United States. Hamilton believed that as the federal government assumed states' debts, financial leaders would turn their allegiance from the states toward the nation. This was part of his plan to strengthen the central government. He also believed creditors to the nation were more apt to support the central government if it owed them money. Thus, the debt generated political support. The Federalist party developed in support of his approach to government. Regarding the bank charter, Hamilton and Jefferson clashed over interpretation of the Constitution and the extent government could exercise powers not expressly permitted. Jefferson argued that the U.S. Constitution did not confer power to the central government to create a national bank. As a result, states reserved the right to charter banks. Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation: that the U.S. Constitution permitted what it did not forbid, and that government was justified in establishing a bank to support trade. The bank was chartered for 20 years, in 1791.

30. Foreign policy of: George Washington

In George Washington's farewell speech, he warned the US to remain out of other nation's business, to remain neutral, making this the last precedents of 6 that GW set for the rest of the presidents

31. Foreign policy of: John Adams

Followed the example set by George Washington, Made peace with Britain,Strengthened the US Navy

32. Foreign policy of: Thomas Jefferson

Not to get involved with other countries. In 1807 congress passed the embargo act, Thomas Jefferson never wanted war but he stopped trading with Britain and France hoping it would hurt their economy but instead it hurt America's economy more than France and Britain economy.

33. Foreign policy of: James Madison

Wanted to stay Neutral concerning affairs of Europe. Pressured by Britain - the War of 1812 and the burning of the White House.

34. Foreign policy of: James Monroe

The best example of James Monroe’s foreign policy was the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine said that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries. Also to warn Europe to stay out of the ‘newly’ Independent Latin and South American countries. He wrote it because he was scared Spain and England would come and take over.



Group 5 – c. Jenna – Star C – Sausage35. Suffrage The right to vote. Suffrage increased with white men during the 1800’s. More white men

were given the right to vote because they no longer had to own land in order to vote. During this time African Americans were losing suffrage.

36. Santa Fe Trail

a major trading place where people could come and trade with other countries and this was the trail that leads Americans to be able to trade with other countries that they had always wanted to trade with like China.

37. Oregon Trail

These trails lead Americans into the Oregon Territory. The trails were bumpy and along this trail and any other trail many people died because of disease and other things. Missionaries were some of the first people to use these trails to settle the Oregon Territory. The trails were also used by trappers.

38. Mormon Trail

Joseph Smith created the Mormon religion and in the cities he and other Mormons went to, they were always driven out of the city. Eventually they traveled west and came to a valley in present day Utah. This was a place where they were far enough from Catholics, Baptists, and other religions. The Mormons settled the valley and it the city is SaltLake City. The path they made west became the Mormon Trail and other white people used this trail to travel west to get to California, Washington, and Oregon.

39. Mercantilism This was the theory of trade that the country would export more than it imported. In this theory the country would gain gold to make up the difference.

40. Stamp Act Part of the 4 Intolerable Acts. Passed in 1765 by the British parliament. The new tax was put on any piece of printed paper like legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, etc.

41. Boycott A with draw from commercial or social relations as a punishment or protest. When people Unite for a common cause to Protest in hopes of a change.

42. Patriot A person that supports their country and is ready to defend it against enemies. A person who fought in the American Revolution to make it a better country.

43. King George III

(1738-1820) George III became King of England in 1760, determined to re-assert the constitutional power of the monarchy. He was conservative and moral, and his reign of more than 40 years oversaw considerable political, economic, social, and cultural change. When he was crowned king, Britain was involved in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). England acquired a large amount of territory in North America and India when the peace treaty was signed with France and Spain. The American Revolution concerned George III and his followers because they feared that the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire. To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance. George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign. After his first attack of mental illness in 1788 he became increasingly dependent on parliament. By 1811 he was permanently insane and his son, the Prince of Wales, acted as regent. Upon George III's death in 1820, his eldest son, George IV, assumed the throne.Group 6 – c. Chicky – Bean II – Chuck

44. Four Intolerable Acts

The Acts were passed by Britain to punish the Colonist for their actions at the Boston Tea Party.1. - shut down Boston port as to control the and regulate the colonist trade2. - town meetings allowed only once a year unless governor approves, otherwise to control and reduce the possibility of creating a self-governing body3. - British officials accused of crimes would be tried in England or Canada, away from the victims/colonists4. - colonial citizens would have to house, feed, and furnish drink for any and all British soldiers, with or without their consent


US HistoryFort Burrows45. William Blackstone

(1723-1780) A British judge, he gave the first university lectures on English common law. His classic Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765 – 69) are the best-known description of the doctrines of English law; it became the basis of university legal education in England and North America. Providing a complete overview of English law, the 4-volume work influenced the thought of such Americans as John Jay, John Adams, John Marshall, and even Lincoln. The work continues to be cited in Supreme Court decisions even today.

46. Crispus Attucks

(1723?-1770) Crispus Attucks is remembered as the first American to die in the colonists' fight for freedom from Britain. Attucks was an escaped slave of African and Native American descent, but not much else is known about him. He was part of an angry mob that surrounded eight British soldiers on 5 March 1770 outside the Boston customs house. The soldiers fired on the crowd and Attucks was killed, along with four others. The shootings were quickly dubbed the "Boston Massacre"

47. Samuel Adams

(1722-1803) Born into a Boston family with a heritage of municipal involvement, Samuel Adams naturally became involved in local politics. Cousin of President John Adams. He was opposed to British taxation in the colonies and believed that the colonial government was capable of self-rule without intrusion by the British monarchy. Adams encouraged cooperation among the colonies by generating and circulating correspondence as the clerk of the Massachusetts General Assembly. He published British documents and decrees for the edification of the colonists. Adams played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution including organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty, and the Boston Massacre. He participated in the First Continental Congress and supported the Constitution subject to the addition of the Bill of Rights. He was a Congressman, the Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts.

48. Abigail Adams

(1744-1818) Born in Massachusetts in 1744. Wife of the 2nd President of the United States and mother of John Quincy Adams the 6th President. Abigail Adams is an example of one kind of life lived by women in colonial, Revolutionary and early post-Revolutionary America. While she's perhaps best known simply as an early First Lady (before the term was used), and perhaps known for the stance she took for women's rights in letters to her husband. Her letters have become a valuable primary source for us to learn about life in early and during the American Revolution. In her most famous letter to her husband, she wrote, ‘Remember the Ladies’, pressing for equal status of women to men when he was forming the new government. Abigail Adams should also be known as a competent farm manager and financial manager.

49. John Adams

(1735-1826) The 2nd President of the United States, Adams was born in Massachusetts, 1735, and was educated at Harvard as a lawyer. He defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre. He was a representative to the First and Second Continental Congresses. He led the debate which ratified the Declaration of Independence, served as ambassador to England, and served 8 years as vice president to Washington before his election as president. He managed to make more enemies than friends, promoting legislation which was not favored by political faction, the federalists or the anti-federalists. His support of the Alien and Sedition Acts angered many citizens. He appointed Chief Justice John Marshall to the Supreme Court. He also appointed several Federalists to fill new judgeships, known as the ‘Midnight Appointments’, which led to the Marbury v. Madison case. He was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in 1800 and retired from public life. Both he and Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

50. William Wilberforce

Leading English abolitionist. He headed the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade, leading to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.


US HistoryFort Burrows51. John Peter Muhlenberg

An American clergyman and Continental Army soldier during the Revolutionary War. He was also a political figure in the newly-independent United States – serving in both the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.

52. Roger Sherman

He was an early American lawyer and politician. He served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, and was also a representative and senator in the new republic. He was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the U.S.: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.

53. Charles Carroll

A wealthy Maryland planter and early advocate of independence from Great Britain, he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and later as United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic and the longest-lived (and last surviving) signatory of the Declaration of Independence, dying at the age of 95.

54. Jonathan Trumball, Sr.

One of the few Americans who served as governor in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post-Revolutionary state (Connecticut). During the American Revolution he was the only colonial governor who supported the American side.

55. John B. Magruder

A career military officer who served in the armies of three nations - as a U.S. Army officer in the Mexican-American War, a Confederate general during the Civil War, and a general in the Imperial Mexican Army. He was most noted for his actions in delaying Federal troops during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign through elaborate ruses that gave an impression that Confederates had more forces than in actuality, and for successfully defending Galveston, Texas, against the Union Army and Navy early in 1863.Group 7 – c. IsE – Tori – SoSo

56. Patrick Henry

(1736-1799) Born in Virginia, Patrick Henry taught himself law and developed a promising career. He entered the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765, and quickly influenced the colonial resistance to British taxation without representation. He was a member of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. In March 1775, in an impassioned speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses, he stated: "Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death!" He was active in Virginia politics, serving as the first governor of the new commonwealth. He did not participate in the Constitutional Convention, and he opposed ratification because of the potential limitations to the rights of states.

57. Wentworth Cheswell

(1746 - 1817) First black man to be a property owner in New Hampshire; he was educated and became school master in his hometown; later he was voted in as a public official (another first) 1761; Cheswell was a Patriot for the Revolutionary cause and hewas involved in his community government. In addition to his civic service, Wentworth was also a patriot leader. In fact, the town selected him as the messenger for the Committee of Safety – the central nervous system of the American Revolution that carried intelligence and messages back and forth between strategic operational centers. Serving in that position, Wentworth undertook the same task as Paul Revere, making an all-night ride to warn citizens of imminent British invasion.

58. George Washington

(1732-1799) George Washington became the first President of the United States elected following procedures outlined in the newly ratified Constitution. He served two terms between 1789 and 1797. A resident of Virginia, he was a surveyor, a planter, a soldier in the French and Indian War, a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and the chairman of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. His prestige as a southern planter, his strong character, and his heroic military accomplishments ensured his recognition, and the



Electoral College unanimously supported him for president in 1789. During his two terms he started regular meetings of his cabinet and supported Alexander Hamilton's plans to deal with war debts and create a currency system for the new nation. Washington was a Federalist, believing in a strong central government and the responsibility of the wealthy to ensure the wellbeing of all, but he remained open to the opinions of others, especially fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson. During his second term, an opposition political party solidified as the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. In 1793 he sought to avoid another war with European powers, Britain and France, by issuing the Neutrality Proclamation, a move which incensed pro-French Jeffersonians but heartened Federalists. This stands as one of Washington's greatest accomplishments because it allowed the fledgling United States to build a solid system of government, expand westward, and develop a merchant marine to engage in trade without becoming embroiled in another European war. His plantation home was Mount Vernon. He is known as the "Father of Our Country" and his likeness is one of four presidents carved into the monument at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.Presidents' Day, a federal holiday, occurs on the third Monday in February, near his birthday, February 22.

59. John Paul Jones

(1747-1792) John Paul Jones is considered the founder of the U.S. Navy. Born John Paul in Scotland, he was apprenticed to a merchant trading in the West Indies and American Colonies. He changed his name to Jones following the murder of a crew member on his merchant vessel in 1773. He was daring and volatile, and led raids on British vessels during the American Revolution. In 1779 he commanded the Bonhomme Richard and engaged the British vessel the Serapis in battle. When the Serapis captain asked Jones if he was prepared to surrender, Jones replied, "I have not yet begun to fight." True to his word, Jones and crew defeated the British, an event which marked the high point of his career.

60. Mercy Otis Warren

(1728-1814) Mercy became a Patriot writer and first woman historian of the American Revolution. She wrote plays, poems and lots of other writings that supported independence. She used her writing to display her ideas. Her ideas and writings convinced many people in Massachusetts to become Patriots. Of all the people writing to support the patriotic cause, Mercy Otis Warren was the only woman who published plays, books, and poetry.

61. James Madison

(1751-1836) Born in Virginia, James Madison played a role in most of the significant political events over a 40-year period from 1776, when he began his political career, to 1817, when he completed his second term as the fourth president of the United States. He participated in the Continental Congress, and because of his leadership role in writing and ratifying the U.S. Constitution, is considered the "Father of the Constitution." He was one of three authors of The Federalist papers. He supported a strong central government, a political theory that coalesced as the platform of the Federalist party. This party and its opposition, the Federalists, formed the basis of a bipartisan political system which continues today. He wrote the first 12 amendments to the Constitution, ten of which were ratified as the Bill of Rights. One of the two not ratified, regarding congressional pay raises, was later ratified as the 27th Amendment in May 1992. Elected president in 1808, he presided through the War of 1812 and fled Washington, D.C. in August 1814, when the British invaded and set the public buildings, the Capitol, and the White House afire.

62. James Armistead

(1760-1830) James Armistead [Lafayette] was an African American spy during the American Revolution. After getting consent of his master, William Armistead, he volunteered in 1781 to join the army under General Lafayette. He was stationed as a spy, acting as a slave in Lord Cornwallis' camp. He relayed much information about the British plans for troop deployment and about their arms. His intelligence reports espionage were instrumental in helping to defeat the British at the surrender at Yorktown.


US HistoryFort Burrows63. Thomas Paine

(1737-1809) Born in England, Thomas Paine contributed to the spirit of revolution in America and France through his influential writings. He moved to the American colonies in 1774 and edited the Pennsylvania Magazine in Philadelphia. In January 1776 he wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet which attacked the monarchical system, supported independence, and outlined a new form of government. He became the leading propagandist of the American Revolution, publishing his Crisis papers. Unable to make a living in the United States following the Revolution, he moved to France. He did not get involved with the French Revolution until he read Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Then Paine wrote The Rights of Man, in two parts (1791-2), in which he urged a radical departure from traditional rule and adoption of a government by the consent of citizens. He was imprisoned in France during the revolution. During that time, he wrote The Age of Reason (1792) which attacked organized Christian religions, refuted biblical passages, and supported deism. His writings at once spoke to and alienated people of all classes in England, France, and America.

64. Thomas Jefferson

(1743-1826) The third president, Thomas Jefferson was a founding father and principal author of the Declaration of Independence which rationalized the break with Britain. He also approved the Louisiana Purchase which nearly doubled the area controlled by the United States. Jefferson was born into the Virginia planter class, attended private schools and entered the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. By 1774 he owned 10,000 acres and more than 200 slaves. That same year he wrote the first of many influential political pamphlets. He became an early and effective leader in the American Revolution. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia and in 1776 he was a member of the committee which wrote the Declaration of Independence. He drafted a plan to organize the territories of the expanding United States, a system based on rectangular surveys. His plan to bar slavery from the territories was incorporated into the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, but Jefferson owned slaves until he died. In 1785 he replaced Benjamin Franklin as minister to France and was in France when the U.S. Constitution was drafted. Jefferson served as secretary of state under President George Washington. By 1793, he and James Madison organized opposition to the Federalist's plan for national economic development and foreign entanglements with England. The Republicans emerged to provide an outlet for citizens to oppose office holders they disagreed with, and to elect replacements which shared their own concerns. Thus the first political system developed. The Republicans favored state's rights in government in opposition to the strong central government favored by Federalists. Jefferson expressed his concerns about this in the Kentucky Resolutions, written in 1798. Jefferson ran for president in 1796, but earned only enough votes to serve as vice-president to Federalist John Adams. In 1800 Jefferson was elected president and served two terms. He maintained peace and encouraged westward expansion during the first term, completing the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 from Napoleon. Foreign affairs clouded his second term as France and England both refused to recognize that the United States was neutral. Jefferson imposed the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807 which paralyzed trade for over one year. It was repealed by Congress days before James Madison assumed the presidency. Jefferson and John Adams both died on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

65. Benjamin Franklin

(1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, the fifteenth child of a candle maker. He became a well-known printer in Philadelphia and an active leader in the city. He published Poor Richard's Almanac between 1732 and 1758 and his Autobiography in 1818. Through these he gained literary distinction. In the Almanac he shared bits of wisdom with readers and pithy sayings which helped shape the American character. He founded the first privately supported circulating library in America, in Philadelphia. Franklin was a member of the committee which wrote the Declaration of Independence but spent most of the period of the



American Revolution in France. He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and remained until 1785. He negotiated the alliance with France and then the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. He also participated in the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787, and earned distinction as the oldest delegate in attendance. Franklin's many talents earned him a reputation as "the first civilized American." In addition to his political activities, he supported education and was considered a gifted scientist without peer in the colonies. He proved that lightning was a form of electricity, a discovery that earned him international fame. He also invented bifocal glasses, lightning rods, and the Franklin stove.

2nd Period Group 8 – c. Julio – Harshita – Chisum66. Bernardo de Galvez

(1746-1786) Before Spain officially declared support for the rebelling colonies of Britain, Gálvez was assisting the revolution. He corresponded directly with Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and Charles Henry Lee and sealed off the port of New Orleans so that British ships could not utilize the Mississippi River. He also welcomed any American patriots at his ports and river. The river, under French and Spanish administration, served as a constant source of money, ammunition and weapons to the American forces under George Washington and George Rogers Clark. By 1777, more than $70,000 had reached American troops.Spanish military leader and the general of Spanish forces in New Spain, he served as governor of Louisiana and Cuba and as viceroy of New Spain. He aided the Thirteen Colonies in their quest for independence and led the Spanish armies against Britain in the Revolutionary War, defeated the British at Pensacola and re-conquered Florida for Spain.1779, led the first cattle drive, 10,000 cattle, from Texas to the Revolutionary Army.

67. Haym Salomon

(1740-1785) Salomon was a Polish Jew who immigrated to New York during the period of the American Revolution and who played an important role in financing the Revolution. When the war began, he joined the Sons of Liberty and became a prime financier of the Continental Army. Salomon was operating as a financial broker in New York City. He seems to have been drawn early to the Patriot side and was arrested by the British as a spy in 1776. He was pardoned and used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops. Salomon, however, continued to help prisoners of the British escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert. After the war, he managed, time-after-time,to raise the money to bail out the debt-ridden government of the newly established nation.

68. George Mason

(1725-1792) Born on the family plantation in Virginia, Mason did not seek glory in public service, but his writings influenced those working to develop a new government. He believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of human rights. His Virginia Declaration of Rights was a model for other bills of rights in the United States and in France where the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in 1789. Mason concentrated his political activities to the state of Virginia until 1787. Then he served as a delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. He delivered 139 important speeches at the convention, making him one of the most influential of the founding fathers. But he became disgusted as other delegates chose to exclude a bill of rights from the document. He refused to sign the Constitution at the end of the convention and he did not support its ratification. The passage of the Bill of Rights and the adoption of the 10th Amendment, which supported the powers of the states, relieved most of his concerns. He led those pressing for the addition of States rights and individual rights to the U.S. Constitution as a balance to the increased federal powers. His efforts succeeded in convincing the Federalists to add the first ten amendments and for that reason he is often referred to as the “Father of the Bill of Rights”.



69. Andrew Jackson

(1767-1845) Andrew Jackson, known as "Old Hickory," contributed to the democratic spirit in America, becoming the symbol of the common man's rise from meager origins to positions of prominence. Born in South Carolina of Irish parents, Jackson was orphaned by age 14. He became a lawyer after apprenticing in a North Carolina firm and traveled to Tennessee in 1788 to earn a living. He rose to national prominence during the War of 1812 as a military leader who challenged the Creek Indians in Alabama, and who fended off the British in the Battle of New Orleans. He ran for the presidency in 1824 but was not elected. By 1828, however, a political revolution had occurred and the electorate more than doubled. In an infectious democratic spirit, Jackson was elected in a landslide. Since the American Revolution, Congress had dominated the federal government, but Jackson favored a powerful presidency. His style of government based in popular support became known as Jacksonian Democracy. He increased the control of the executive branch of government thereby starting a trend toward centralized government. His negotiations of foreign policy generally pleased Europeans, but many in the United States criticized the President for the power he assumed. His Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the relocation of Native Americans from Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi to open these lands for white settlement. More than 100,000 Indians moved over a ten-year period in a process known as the "Trail of Tears." Jackson appointed political allies to positions in his government; a process called the "spoils system," and vetoed more bills in his two terms as president than previous presidents combined.

70. Era of Good Feeling

This marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans. Although this period has often been called the Era Of Good Feelings due to its one-party dominance, in fact, Democratic-Republicans were deeply divided internally and a new political system was about to be created from the old Republican-Federalist competition that had been known as the First Party System.

71. Election 1824

There were four candidates, all in the republican party. John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford. Henry Clay and William Crawford were knocked out of the election. John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson were the remainders. Clay being speaker of the HOR, pushed for Adams. Adams won the election, but Jackson suspected bribery and stated it unfair.

72. Election 1828

As Adams runs for re-election he has a harder campaign. Andrew Jackson was his only competition. The campaign was not focused on issues, but only their personal life. After this bickering Jackson easily won. The common people cheered for finally they would be heard by the government.

73. Fugitive Slave

The right to purse and recapture fugitive slaves using any means necessary. A Fugitive Slave is a run-away. The Fugitive Slave Act was enacted to catch and return slaves that tried to escape enslavement.

74. Trail of Tears

The trail that the Native Americans had to go on. The Native Americans were forced to but a combined army, militia, and volunteer force. Many Native Americans died. The 5 different groups went. Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee (a.k.a. Creek), Chickasaw, and Seminole. Indian to Indian territory (modern day Oklahoma.) Many of the Native Americans called it the Trail of Tears and Death. There were approximately 11 trails, ranged from 200 to 900 miles, walking barefooted. President Jackson ordered this.

75. Indian Removal Act

In 1830, this law stating that all Native Americans would be moved from the East of the Mississippi River across to the West side. Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma). President Andrew Jackson was a very strong supporter of this Act. The whites wanted the fertile soil



for growing cotton.Group 9 – c. Lisa – Brandon – Drew

76. Seminole Wars - 3

1st – 1817-1818 In the first war, US authorities had to recapture runaway slaves that lived with the Seminole Indians. In 1818, General Andrew Jackson was dispatched with a large army of 3,000 people to punish the Seminoles. Jackson invaded the Florida area and fought with the Seminoles and African Americans.

2nd – 1835-1845 The northerners started to move onto Seminole territory. The government asked the Seminoles to move but they refused so they created the Treaty of Moultrie Creek. The treaty required the Seminoles to move South. The Seminoles moved onto a reservation, but it did not satisfy their needs. President Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act. The Seminoles did not want to move, but the chiefs agreed to go check out the new land. When they get there, they were persuaded to sign a treaty saying they would move. When the chiefs got back though, they claimed that they had been tricked. Finally, Osceola led a surprise attack on the Americans, which ended with him dying in prison. The second Seminole War ended with many Seminoles dying off, and the others sent to reservations in the west.

3rd – 1855-1858 This war was also known as the Billy Bowlegs war because the Seminoles main leader was Billy Bowlegs. Once again, the war was over land distribution, and the result ended with the Seminoles losing. By the end of the war, the Seminoles had less than 200 people remaining in Florida. Another treaty was made at the end stating that if the Creeks and Seminoles would move west, but they would be given their own government. The treaty did not put an end to the fight between Seminoles and white men, and the Seminoles did not get their independent government as the treaty promised.

77. Free Enterprise System

The system where businesses and individuals can make their own economic choices. The production and distribution are completely up to the businesses.

78. Industrialization

When overall production changes from farming production to manufacturing production. Industrialization starts the use of machines and makes things easier to make or create.

79. Urbanization The transition from farms and towns to cities. It can also be when there is a quick migration of people from small desolate areas to flourishing cities.

80. Cottage Industry

When things are created and produced within a home industry instead of a business. The products are often unique and not created in large numbers.

81. Steamboat In 1807, Robert Fulton was inspired to created/build a boat that would be propelled by steam. Revolutionary idea, steam powered boat. To operate it, you would need to constantly have wood and water. The wood heated the water in large boilers. The boiling water turned to steam, which moved the pistons up and down. The pistons were attached to as drive shaft which was attached to a paddle wheel. The turning paddle wheel caused the boat to move. This boat made water travel faster and easier. Also, the COST of shipping was greatly reduced, making the final cost of products be lower.

82. Cotton Gin Separates the seeds and seed hulls from the cotton fibers. The cotton gin revolutionized cotton making because it made picking out cotton easier, faster, and cleaner.

83. Interchangeable Parts

All parts on a vehicle or machine that can be used for any other machine of the same type and model. For example, if the barrel of a gun was damaged, instead of taking apart the entire gun and creating a new barrel to fit the gun, they would already have a box full of



barrels that would easily fit on the gun.

Group 10 – c. David – Tasia84. Hudson River School

The Hudson River School was America's first true artistic group. Its name was invented to identify a group of New York City-based landscape painters that developed about 1850 under the influence of the English emigrant Thomas Cole. They painted a landscape of the Hudson River Valley.

85. John James Audubon

(1785-1851) Born in Haiti, John J. Audubon lived in France and in various states in the United States throughout his lifetime. He was a gifted artist who preferred observing and painting birds and other wildlife. He began The Birds of America in 1820 and worked diligently to acquire patrons for the project. Published between 1827 and 1838, it contained life-size color prints of 489 species and remains the most comprehensive presentation of birds in America. Though he relied on his own observations for much of the work, he also used specimens provided by other naturalists. He generally used dead birds as models, wired into positions to suit his composition. Following completion of The Birds of America, he began work on North American Mammals, published between 1846 and 1854. It was completed by his sons following his death. One of Audubon's followers, George Bird Grinnell, founded the first Audubon Society in 1886, dedicated to increasing awareness of and appreciation for nature.

86. Transcendentalism

A 19th century idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity. A small group of New England writers and thinkers believed that the most important truths in life transcended, or went beyond, human reason.

87. Northwest Ordinance

The act of Congress in 1787 providing for the government of the Northwest territory and setting forth the steps by which its subdivisions can become states.

88. Civil Liberties One’s freedom to exercise one’s rights as guaranteed under laws of the country.89. Manifest Destiny

It is a belief in the 1800s that Americans had the right and the duty to spread across the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

90. Florida Purchase 1819

It was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to United Sates and set out a boundary between United States and Mexico. It is also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty.

91. Texas Annex 1845

The annexation or seizure of Republic of Texas of United Sates of America as the twenty – eighth state which lead to the Mexican – American War. It occurred in 1845.

92. Mexican Cession 1848

The Mexican Cession occurred in the time 1848. United Sates signed a treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and acquired California and New Mexico.Group 11 – c. Fish – Davis

93. Gadsden Purchase 1853

America bought a strip of land in lower New Mexico and Arizona for 10 million dollars. We completed Manifest Destiny

94. US/Mexican War

1. Causes - Manifest Destiny2. Events – Battles of Buena Vista and Palo Alto3. Effects - USA gains Mexico’s northern lands for just $15 million dollars.

95. Abolitionist Person against slavery. Many of these people were in the North.96. William Lloyd Garrison

Most outspoken white abolitionist. Launched The Liberator, most influential anti-slavery newspaper.

97. Frederick Douglas

(ca. 1817-1895) Frederick Douglass was a leading African-American abolitionist in the nineteenth century who captivated his audiences with his strong presence. Born a slave in



Tuckahoe, Maryland, Douglass escaped in 1838 to New Bedford, Massachusetts. He subscribed to The Liberator, the publication of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, and began lecturing for Garrison on the abolitionist movement in 1841. Douglass was an accomplished orator and writer, both of which developed from his involvement with abolition. His most famous book is his autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, published in 1845. He purchased his freedom in 1847, and continued to speak to issues of civil rights and human freedom until his death.

98. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Controversial book by Harriet Beecher Stowe. She wrote about the horrors of slave life, and poured oil over the fire of Abolitionist movements across the United States, and is looked back to as a big reason that the civil war started.

99. John Browns’ Raid

John, an Abolitionist, wanted to seize guns at a US armory then free slaves from nearby plantations.He was lynched. His plot failed, but his death angered and inspired abolitionists all across America.Group 12 – c. Stephen – Madison – AP

100. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) Author of the Declaration of the artist of Women, Elizabeth Cady was born in western New York state, educated at a female seminary, and spent her life seeking equal rights for women. She married Henry Stanton in 1840, and they had seven children. She met Lucretia Mott in England in 1840 and eight years later they organized the first convention of the women's movement, the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention. Stanton wrote the Declaration of Rights at this convention and pushed the assembly to adopt a resolution calling for the extension of the right to vote to women. She was the primary thinker in the women's movement while Susan B. Anthony was the organizer.

101. Susan B Anthony

(1820-1906) Susan B. Anthony was a leading force in the women's suffrage movement for 50 years. Born in Massachusetts to a Quaker family, she taught school and became convinced that society needed to be reformed and freed from slavery and alcoholism (temperance movement). She was president of the Canajoharie Daughters of Temperance in the 1840s. She met Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1851 at an antislavery rally. They founded the ‘National American Woman Suffrage Association’ and the ‘American Equal Rights Association’. They organized the Women's State Temperance Society of New York. Not until 1853 did Anthony support the cause of women's suffrage and equal rights, but she remained committed to the cause for the remainder of her life, contributing significantly to the effort to attain equal rights for women. She was arrested, convicted and fined for voting in New York. The 19th Amendment (women’s voting) is referred to as the ‘Susan B Anthony Amendment’ in her honor.

102. Frances Willard

(1839-1898) An American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist, her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution.

103. Temperance the issue of a high consumption level of alcohol in the 1820s. It continued to be problem in our society until 1851 when Maine banned the selling of alcohol. This ban was called the Temperance Movement. It saved many U.S families from splitting up and lowered the amount of child abuse.

104. Educational Reform

the improving schools and educational. The government set up a tax that would go towards education and school districts. Massachusetts extended the school year and paid teachers more. By the 1850s most northern states followed and colleges were set up to teach the teachers.


US HistoryFort Burrows105. Labor Reform

the idea to get rid of hard labor and end slavery. A long day of hard work was not fair for African Americans. Slavery and hard labor was to end because all men are equal.

106. Prison Reform

the fixing of prisons that treated prisoners who were mainly debtors badly. Dorothea Dix visited the prisons and saw many prisoners ill. She made it so debtors were treated more fairly with shorter time in prison and when ill they were treated like patients.

107. Civil War Amendments

13th - This amendment completely abolished slavery. 186514th - This amendment guaranteed citizenship to former slaves in the U.S. 186815th - This amendment declared states cannot deny a citizens vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. {Guaranteed African Americans the right to Vote. 1869.

Group 13 – c. Paris – As As – Brendan108. Freedmen’s Bureau

A government agency formed to help out the newly freed slaves during Reconstruction. This agency provided many things to help this very large population of Americans. It made food available. It also helped train and then helped find jobs for the African Americans, also poor whites. It provided medical care. One of the bureau’s most important set up was for school. They also made colleges for African Americans such as Howard, and Fink.

109. Enforcement Act

Act was from 1870-71 and it protected all the rights of African Americans. It ratified the 14th amendment as part of reconstruction. Also free men could be a full citizen. The Enforcement act protected the black man from violence when voting.

110. Segregation a legal separation of races. 1877 it became a law in the south. It separated blacks and whites in everything. It was one of the Jim Crow laws. African Americans tried to challenge segregation, but they were overruled. Later the Constitution recognized the blacks as citizens.

111. Colonialism 1. Gold (economics) – migrated to learn how to manage limited resources to satisfy their needs, constantly looked for treasures (gold) for their country and themselves2. GOD (religion) – migrated to practice their religion freely, to spread the Catholic religion to all others3. Glory (political or social reasons) – to establish more freedoms and more equality in their Government, to start a new life, adventure, to obtain land

112. Religious Reform

term for religious movement from one church to another. Most commonly in this time from catholic to protestant, depending on the region, and the time period.

113. Religious Persecutions

when someone is discriminated against because of religious beliefs and customs. for instance the Mormons and protestants were discriminated against.

114. London Company (Virginia Company)

English joint stock company chartered by king James 1, responsible for the landings at both Jamestown, and Plymouth

Group 14 – c. Cory – Noah – Manny115. Indentured Servant

Person who agreed to work for a fixed period of time in exchange for a passage to the colonies.

116. Religious Reasons to Immigrate to US

1. Puritans - Came to America to reform the church of England2. Pilgrims - Did not want to believe in the same things as the king and queen of England, wanted to get away from religious pressure to support the ‘state’ church3. Quakers - Came in search of land and religious freedom4. Catholics – Came for religious freedom and a new government

117. New England Colonies

Northern part of the 13 colonies. Based off of manufacturing and ship building. Could not farm because of poor soil.


US HistoryFort Burrows118. Middle Colonies

In the middle of the 13 colonies. Mainly farming and manufacturing. Less manufacturing, more farming because of rich soil. Skilled Artisans and Craftsmen

119. Southern Colonies

Southern in the 13 colonies. Based off of farming. Mainly cotton and indigo. Slaves were in the southern colonies and mastered by plantation owners.

120. Enlightenment

Movement in Europe in the 1600s and 1700s that emphasized the people to use reason and logic.Group 15 – c. Vuch – Poncho – Allysa

121. Charles de Montesquieu

(1689-1755) A French political and social philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu defined the principle of separation of powers, calling for a system of checks and balances in government, in The Spirit of Laws (1734). His ideas influenced the founding fathers, notably Thomas Jefferson who developed them further in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1784).

122. John Locke

(1632-1704) John Locke's writings on the nature of government influenced the founding fathers of the United States. He was an English philosopher whose political theories were best summarized in his doctrine of natural rights which outlined the fundamental rights all humans should enjoy: life, liberty, and property. Locke's most significant work was his Second Treatise of Government (1690) in which he rejected the divine right of kings to rule, and argued for constitutional government to limit the power of the monarch thus preserving the natural rights of citizens. Locke invoked Hobbes' social contract theory that humans, being "by nature, free, equal, and independent," choose to live with others and create governments to protect their rights. The social contracts citizens form with the government binds them to act in support of the common good of society, and for government to do the same. Thus government develops at the consent of the governed and can be dissolved if the citizens believe that their government fails to act in their best interests. The committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence, led by Thomas Jefferson, adapted Locke's concept of natural rights and social contract as the philosophical rationale for breaking with England.

123. Magna Carta

It was a document created in 1215 by the English people as a law. King John (the king of United Kingdom) was the main author of the law. The Law was written to create for the purpose of limiting the powers of the monarch and preserving the basic legal rights of all free men in England.

124. English Bill of Rights

1689. Was a law that mainly had to do with getting rid of the taxes that the British were giving to America. The Americans were very frustrated and they wanted to rebel since it was their land. They came up with a new bill that would stop this idea that the British had.

125. Mayflower Compact

1620. Was the first governing document in Plymouth Colony by the colonists, who are later on known in history as the Pilgrims. Almost half of the colonists were part of a group seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the Angelic Church Faith. The Pilgrims sailed on the sea on a ship called “Mayflower”.

126. House of Burgess

The House of Burgesses was the first representative group to form in the American colonies. They first met in Jamestown, Virginia; July 30, 1619. They could make laws, which could be vetoed by the governor or the directors of the Virginia Company

127. FOC Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1639. It is considered the first written constitution (plan of government) in British North America. When Connecticut representatives met up to decide how the rights to livestock would remain and be withheld written on Jan 14, 1636 by Thomas Hooker

128. William Penn

(1644-1718) William Penn established a colony in Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and a place where they could create a government based on their own standards. Born in London



into a merchant family, Penn joined the Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, in 1666. The Friends believed in direct guidance from the Holy Spirit, did not recognize the authority of an ordained ministry, believed in simple dress, and opposed war. Penn became a leading Quaker in England, preaching at meetings, publishing religious tracts, and supporting toleration of those who dissented from the teachings of the Church of England. He secured a land grant from the King of England in 1681, and the King called the area "Pennsylvania" or Penn's Woodland. Penn aggressively advertised his land grant and attempted to treat Native Americans and squatters from other colonies residing in the grant fairly. He rarely visited the colony and lived there only a few years which caused residents of the colony to under appreciate his role in the colony's development. He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in the militia.

129. War of 1812

Consisted of the two warring sides. The United States and the British. There were many reasons why the Americans went to war with the British, but the most significant ones were the reason of the trading restrictions between them, the British supplying the Native Indians with weapons and horses, and the American merchants being drafted into the Royal Navy.Group 16 – c. Preston – Veena – Anderson

130. Scott v. Sandford

(1857) Also known as the Dred Scott Decision. The Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford was issued on March 6, 1857. Delivered by Chief Justice Roger Taney, this opinion declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in Federal courts. In addition, this decision declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. The Dred Scott decision was overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution.

131. Worcester v. Georgia

(1832) Definition: States wanted to prevent Native American tribes from forming their independent governments within states. Georgia declared all Indians must obey states’ laws. Mississippi and Alabama followed suit. The Cherokees instead went to court for this and the case reached the Supreme Court. Named Worcester v. Georgia it said it was unconstitutional and Native Americans were protected under constitution.

132. McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) Definition: Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion for this landmark case defining the powers of a state over the federal government. Summary: The United States, at this time had a federal bank, the Bank of the United States. The State of Maryland voted to tax all bank business not done with state banks. This was meant to be a tax on people who lived in Maryland but who did business with banks in other states. However, the State of Maryland also sought to tax the federal bank. Andrew McCulloch, who worked in the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States, refused to pay the tax. The State of Maryland sued, and the Supreme Court accepted the case. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the federal government did indeed have the right and power to set up a federal bank. Further, he wrote, a state did not have the power to tax the federal government. "The right to tax is the right to destroy," he wrote, and states should not have that power over the federal government.

133. Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) Definition: One of the most important decisions of the early Supreme Court. Led by Chief Justice John Marshall, the Court said that the federal commerce clause, in effect, outranked a state law that had granted a monopoly to one group of people. Summary: The New York Legislature had passed a law giving a monopoly on steamship travel in New York state to a group of investors, including Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamship Clermont.


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Among the people who had permission to do business under this monopoly was Aaron Ogden. Thomas Gibbons, another steamship trader, wanted to use the New York waterways for his business, too. He had been given federal permission to do so. He was denied access to these waterways by the State of New York, which cited its law as enforcement. Gibbons sued Ogden, and the Supreme Court agreed to decide the case. The majority opinion, written by Marshall, said that the U.S. Constitution had a commerce clause that allowed the federal government to regulate commerce, in this case trade, wherever it might be, including within the borders of a state. Previously, it was thought that the federal government had power over only interstate commerce. But Marshall's opinion said that the commerce clause applied here, too. Thus, the Supreme Court extended the definition of interstate commerce and cemented the power of the federal government over the states when laws conflicted.

134. Marbury v. Madison

(1803) Definition: First decision by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional (1803). Summary: At the very end of his term, President John Adams had made many federal appointments, including William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Thomas Jefferson, the new president, refused to recognize the appointment of Marbury. The normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment. This was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of State at the time was James Madison. At the direction of Jefferson, Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued Madison, and the Supreme Court took the case. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which spelled out the practice of delivering such commissions for judges and justices of the peace, was unconstitutional because it then gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied it by Article III of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal and not to be followed. This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law because it was unconstitutional. It was the beginning of the practice of "judicial review."

135. Daniel Webster

(1782-1852) Daniel Webster was a representative and senator from New Hampshire and then Massachusetts in the U.S. Congress. He served twice as secretary of state and negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842 which resolved a border dispute with Canada. He was noted for his speaking ability and his commitment to preserving the union of states.

136. John C Calhoun

(1782-1850) John C. Calhoun raised issues which highlighted sectional conflicts and presaged the coming of the Civil War. Born in South Carolina, Calhoun served as secretary of war, secretary of state, and as vice-president to two presidents, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. He supported a system of national improvements to support growth and increase commerce and communication, but by the late 1820s he switched his opinion to favor states' rights. He was an eloquent spokesman for increasing the authority of states, and led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828. During 1832, delegates to a state convention in South Carolina declared the tariff null and void in the state and threatened to secede from the union if federal representatives used force to collect duties. Jackson responded to the Nullification Crisis by sending reinforcements and speaking out against the right of any state to ignore a federal law. The crisis ended without incident and Calhoun preserved his status in state politics. He continued to represent South Carolina in the U.S. Senate until his death. In 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the union.

137. Henry Clay (1771-1852) Henry Clay was known as the "Great Compromiser" for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation. First a senator and then a representative to



the U.S. Congress from Kentucky, Clay served as speaker of the house for the majority of his 13 years of service. He favored internal improvements and westward expansion. He sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the United States for the moment. He also proposed measures which stilled the Nullification Crisis in 1832. He returned to the senate in 1831 as a Whig and served 11 more years. He died in office during his final term (1849-52).

138. French & Indian War

A war fought between Great Britain and New France, with both sides supported by military troops from Europe and Native American Indians and Colonist. They were fighting for power in Europe and North America. In 1754 there was more fighting and settlers called it the French and Indian War because it was them against France and its Native American Allies. France lost the war and as a result, lost its power forever, in America.

3rd Period Group 17 – c. Lalith – Miss Kitty – Kendra139. Sectionalism: North

Human Characteristics - Daniel Webster was the leader of the North. He was a very skilled public speaker from New Hampshire. The people in the North opposed the War of 1812 and did not want slavery.Geographic Characteristics - The North was becoming much more industrialized.Economic Characteristics - : The main industries in the North were textile mills and factories.

140. Sectionalism: South

Human Characteristics - The leader in the South was John C. Calhoun, who was a handsome and energetic man from South Carolina. The South supported slavery as well as the War of 1812; they did not want a strong central government.Geographic Characteristics - The south had a warm climate, forests, and good farmland.Economic Characteristics - Agriculture (Farming) was the main industry in the south, because there were very few factories.

141. Sectionalism: West

Human Characteristics - The leader of the West was Henry Clay. Clay was a man from Kentucky who was the leader of the War Hawks, although he charmed all the people around him. The West supported the War of 1812 and wanted to have an active role in the government.Geographic Characteristics - The West was mostly unsettled territory.Economic Characteristics - Supported international improvements like better transportation for the United States.Group 18 – c. Pooh – Ballard – UniKorn

142. Protective Tariffs

passed by Congress on May 19, 1828, created to protect the industry in the northern part of the US, hurt the southern part of the US because they had to pay more for the good from Europe, which was not produced in America

143. Tariff of Abominations

When the government of the United Statesput a large tariff to protect the factories (manufacturing) but hurtthe farmers in the Southern states

144. Missouri Compromise 1820

Compromise between the slave and anti-slave states, prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory except for Missouri

145. Compromise of 1850

intricate packet of five bills, passed in September, four year confederation between the slave states and the free states of the north that arose from expectation of territorialexpansion of the US with Texas's annexation

146. Wilmot Proviso

an unsuccessful congressional amendment in 1846 that sought to ban slavery newly acquired from Mexico


US HistoryFort Burrows147. Kansas Nebraska Act

In 1854, a law was created to allow the potential ‘new’ states to have a popular vote to choose to have slavery or not in within their boundaries. The Act was to try to eliminate possible disputes between the Northern states which were anti-slavery and the Southern states which were pro-slavery.

148. Nullification Crisis

when the states thought they had enough power to veto bills prospered by the national government

149. Secede When a territory, state, or country separates from central power to create its own political power.

150. Cession Late 1800's and early 1900's, states separated from the federal government. Between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains, they wanted to create a peaceful union among the former British Colonies

Group 19 – c. M&M – Caleb – Young151. State’s Rights Political powers reserved to states inside of a country such as the U.S.152. Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order issued by Lincoln January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War ordering that all slaves in the Confederate States were FREE and slavery would be illegal in those states. This did not affect the neutral-border states.

153. Assassination of Lincoln

His assassination took place on Good Friday, at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., and he was killed by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and a Southern sympathizer. In response to Lincoln’s stand on making slavery Illegal in ALL of America.

154. Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address

Lincoln’s first inaugural address focused on support of the north without further alienating the south.

155. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

Delivered on November 19, 1863, in it he highlighted the liberty and equality were the core components for the emancipation of America. He urged common men and politicians to pay tribute to unsung heroes.

156. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

Delivered in March 4, 1865, he defined the meaning of civil war and approached reconstruction.

157. Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Abraham Lincoln served as president of the United States during the Civil War. He managed to preserve the unity of the United States and took steps to abolish slavery, but was assassinated before he could implement post-war plans. He began his political career by serving four terms in the Illinois state legislature beginning in 1834. He served one term as representative from Illinois to the U.S. House of Representatives. He was elected the sixteenth President in 1860, re-elected in 1864, and assassinated in 1865. He helped build the Republican Party, which replaced the Whig Party in the 1850s, from obscurity to the party of choice by 1860. His Gettysburg Address, delivered in November 1863 at the dedication of the national cemetery at the Civil War battlefield, called for national unity despite obstacles. He began the process of freeing slaves in the Confederate states when he issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. His most lasting influence remains the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in December 1865, months after his death. It banned slavery throughout the United States. His likeness is one of four presidents carved into the monument at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota. Presidents' Day, a federal holiday, occurs on the third Monday in February, near his birthday, February 12.

158. Jefferson Davis

(1808-1889) President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis was educated at West Point and served on the frontier during the 1830s. He also volunteered in the Mexican War. He represented Mississippi in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate and was secretary of war from 1853 to 1857. He was appointed provisional president and then was elected president of the confederacy. He



was demanding, did not tolerate disagreement, interfered in military matters, and did not select effective subordinates. Regardless, he managed to hold the confederacy together despite the lack of consensus among southerners. He supported the confederate cause after the war, writing a two-volume history, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government.

159. Stonewall Jackson

(1824-1863) Born in what is now the state of West Virginia, in the town of Clarksburg; Thomas Jonathan Jackson possessed a strong military background at the outbreak of the Civil War. His training in the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, recognition as a hero in the Mexican War, and his experience as an instructor at the Virginia Military Institute justified Jackson's rank of brigadier general at the first major battle of the Civil War near Manassas, Virginia. Upon that field, General Bernard E. Bee proclaimed, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall," and a legend as well as a nickname was born.

160. Julia Ward Howe

She was an American abolitionist, social activist, and a poet. She wrote a popular song called “John Browns Body”. It was then used as a battle hymn, for the Union troops during the Civil War.

Group 20 – c. Tommy – Jenny – Deek Deek161. Ulysses S Grant

(1822-1885) The eighteenth president, Ulysses S. Grant gained notoriety as commander of the Union army during the Civil War. He graduated from West Point, served in the Mexican War, and then resigned from the military after serving in posts on the west coast. He was commissioned as a colonel at the start of the Civil War. By September 1861 he was promoted to general. After a series of victories, including the capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of the Union army. He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman's march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate army in Virginia. Grant accepted Lee's surrender in 1865, ending the war. His popularity after the war and the voters' disillusionment with professional politicians following the Andrew Johnson administration led Republicans to nominate Grant for the presidency in 1868. He wanted peace, not continued military reconstruction in the South, but he was unprepared to serve as president. He managed to maintain his personal integrity despite the scandals which racked his administration.

162. William Carney

(1842-1908) Sgt. William H. Carney was the first African American to be awarded the Medal of Honor. Sgt. Carney served with the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and took part in the July 18, 1863 assault on Fort Wagner in Charleston, South Carolina. He received his medal for saving the American flag and planting it on the parapet and holding it while the troops charged. He was wounded four times, but returned the flag to the lines, saying, "Boys, the old flag never touched the ground!"

163. Phillip Bazaar

(?-Unknown-?) Seaman Philip Bazaar, born in Chile, South America, was a Navy seaman who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat - the Medal of Honor (1865)- for having distinguished himself during the battle for Fort Fisher of the American Civil War.

164. Robert E Lee

(1807-1870) Lee gained recognition for his military leadership during the Civil War. A soldier who graduated second in his class at West Point, Lee served in the Mexican War and worked as an engineer with the Army Corps of Engineers. When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces but Lee refused, resigned from the U.S. Army, and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces. In 1862 Lee was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia. His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia. He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865. Following the war he urged southerners to pledge allegiance to the north and rebuild the nation. He became



president of William and Lee University in Virginia and died there.165. Fort Sumter A union fort at which the Confederates started shooting at and started the Civil War166. Antietam Historic site in northwestern Maryland, scene of a major Civil War battle in 1862167. Gettysburg A historic borough in south central Pennsylvania, scene of a critical Civil War battle in

July 1863; pop. 7,025168. Appomattox Court House

Historical place where General Robert E. Lee signed the surrender officially ending the Civil War, all on Palm Sunday

169. Lexington Known as, “The Shot Heard Around The World”Colonist were hiding ammunition/weapons, the British marched there to confiscate the weapons. About 70 minutemen poised to protect their town. An unknown person fired the first shot. Many were killed. Site of the first skirmish/battle of the American Revolutionary War.

Group 21 – c. Miss Taylor – Kimmy – Christian170. Saratoga The Battle of Saratoga was a major turning point in the American Revolution. This battle was

in 1777. Saratoga ended the British threat to New England. This boasted the spirits of the Americans because it was a time of great defeat. Most importantly, this helped France be convinced to be our ally. This battle can never be forgotten because if we never had this battle then we would still probably be a part of England.

171. Valley Forge

Valley Forge was a makeshift camp during the winter of 1777-1778. The conditions were terrible. Many of the soldiers suffered from frostbite and disease because there wasn’t enough blankets and clothing. Once people heard about this, they sent food, medicine, clothes, and ammunition. This was the bleakest hour of the war. Once they were done with Valley Forge, the patriots were more hopeful

172. Yorktown

The battle of Yorktown was the last battle of the American Revolution. Washington tricked Cornwallis in this battle. Cornwallis decided to rest in Yorktown but Washington came with his men to attack them. The British surrendered because they were running low on supplies. We ended up winning the Battle of Yorktown and the American Revolution. This battle is important because it was the last battle and victory in the American Revolution.

173. Minutemen

Minutemen are volunteers trained regularly. Minuteman got their names because they kept their muskets at hand. They were prepared to fight at a minute's notice. In Boston, minuteman collected weapons and gunpowder. In 1775, minuteman had a large sore of arms in Concord (a village about 18 miles from Boston).

174. Trans- continental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad is a railroad that crosses a continental land mass in 1869. It is now possible for settlers to travel by train all the way from the Atlantic Cost to the Pacific's. The more settlers move westward, the more disastrous for the Native American. They lost lands, their farms, and buffalo herds. Soldiers and hunters wiped out huge buffalo herds for their own wasteful uses unlike the Natives.

175. Property Rights

Property Rights are laws created by governments to give people the right to own property such as land and furniture. This was created so that we can own certain items without having someone else say that it is theirs when it rightfully yours. This right protects you from having other parties be unjust or unlawful to your property. Property Rights is the right to keep people off your land if you do not want them on it. It was created between 1787 and 1791. It is good we have property rights so we can keep what is ours under our own care and not have someone take it for theirs the next day.

176. 1st Amendment

This amendment was had said that there to have respect for an establishment of a religion, also it gave free exercise and freedom of speech. This amendment gave a lot of new privileges to us. This also states that we have freedom to have a peaceful assembly and not a rowdy riot. This is a great amendment so we don’t get out of hand. This is a very important amendment



that has been very useful in our society. Now there are many different religions in the U.S. It Ratified on December 15, 1791.

177. 2nd Amendment

This amendment was the right to keep and bear arms. If we did not have this amendment we wouldn’t be allowed to keep guns. This is important because this is also a way for protection and hunting. People wanted to be able to protect and stay safe back when Britain was a threat so we needed this to allow are self’s to be safe. This can help so they can have more security in the Free State. This was ratified on December 15, 1791.

178. 5th Amendment

This amendment states that whoever does bad gets a fair trial. This says nobody that the person being trialed doesn’t have anything wrong until he gets a fair case at trail or court. This amendment is so they you can’t be just thrown in jail or sentenced to death without a fair trial in court. This amendment makes it possible for us to have a trial by jury. So that we can’t just be thrown in jail and have done nothing. This amendment was ratified on December 25, 1791.Group 22 – c. Aisha – Mr. Taylor – Bryece

179. Water Powered Factories

Water power was the main mover of the Industrial Revolution. Waterwheels used the power of water running downstream in a river to turn machinery. Mills mechanized a number of very deadly tasks. Waterwheels powered grist mills for grinding grain into flour, saw mills for carving lumber out of logs, fuelling mills for finishing cloth, and twisting mills for winding silk thread. Neither animals nor people could match power of water. The reliance upon water power to run the machinery of the new factories meant that factories had to be built upon a river. Since land near the rivers was limited, the land was very valuable and sometimes very expensive. The ability to capture more power from downhill rivers allowed mills to thrive and further encourage the development of water-powered technologies.

180. John Marshall

(1755-1835) As a justice in the U. S. Supreme Court, Marshall established the authority of the court in defining the limits of the U.S. Constitution and the authority of the executive branch. He served in the Virginia legislature and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Federalist. He was appointed chief justice by President John Adams and served from 1801-1835. During his tenure he shaped federal law and government. Most important was the Marbury v. Madison decision (1803) in which he ruled that the federal courts had the power to determine whether or not congressional legislation was constitutional.

181. Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) Thoreau was a leading American essayist, poet, practical philosopher, and transcendentalist. Transcendentalism, one of the most significant literary movements of nineteenth-century America, was based in idealism, the goodness of humankind and the harmony of creation. Thoreau was inspired by leading transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson. The cabin Thoreau built on Walden Pond, and lived in for two years, was on property Emerson owned. He supported abolitionism, lecturing and writing against slavery. Henry David Thoreau was born in 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. He went to Harvard and graduated in 1837. At first Thoreau became a schoolteacher and tutor. Then he decided to fulfill his dream as a poet of nature. In 1846, when Thoreau went into town to have a pair of shoes repaired, he was arrested for refusing to pay a poll tax meant to support America's war in Mexico. He spent a night in jail. His most famous essay, Civil Disobedience, is based on that. The journal he kept during his first stages as a writer became his most famous book, Walden, Or Life in the Woods, in which he wrote his ideas on how an individual should live to nature. By the 1850s he had become greatly concerned over slavery, and he wrote passionately about it. Thoreau died of tuberculosis in 1862, at the age of 44. Although he never earned a lot from his writings, now his works fills 20 volumes

182. Founding Fathers

The Founding Fathers of the United States of America were political leaders who participated in the American Revolution by creating the United States Declaration of


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution


Independence. They established the United States Constitution. Within the large group known as the "Founding Fathers", there are two key groups: the ones that signed the “Declaration of Independence" in 1776 and the Framers of the Constitution who proposed the Constitution of the United States. Another group is also the one that signed the Articles of ConfederationThe most well-known out of them all were Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, John Jay, and Patrick Henry

183. Self- Government

Self-government is when a group of people govern themselves by electing the people who will be their representative and create legislature. The HOB was the beginning of a representative government in the colonies. The colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode island were examples of self-government.

184. Thomas Hooker

(1586-1647) “Founder of the State of Connecticut, Father of American Democracy." Thomas Hooker led about one hundred people away to begin a new settlement, which is now called Hartford, Connecticut. Later three settlements merged to form the Connecticut Colony. This colony put Hooker's principles into practice when it adopted the Fundamental Orders sometimes called the first written constitution.

185. Naturalized Citizenship

A naturalized citizenship is given to a person who has been born in another country or otherwise raised as a foreigner, but has been granted U.S. citizenship and the rights and privileges of being a citizen. The process by a person attains citizenship is called naturalization

186. Transportation

Transportation is the action of transporting someone or something or the process of being transported. Over history transportation has changed immensely. From steamboats, canals, trains, wagons, and eventually to the modern time automobiles.

187. Transatlantic Slave Trade

In the early 16th century after many of the Indians were dying cause of diseases, they tried to bring over Africans who had been exposed to the same diseases as Europeans and wouldn’t die from them. The condition for the slaves was horrible because they had to work hard, and obey their masters. It consisted mostly of the West Indies, Britain, and United States. Britain was the main trader in the 18th century and eventually in 1806 they outlawed the trade, and the United States ended it eventually as well. The slave trade ended hundred percent in the 1850’s after the American Civil war.

Group 23 – c. Van – Kaila – Kaushik188. Unalienable Rights

We are Americans and we don't want someone to just take away or rights without a big process. Rights that cannot be taken away without a warning of due process are known as Unalienable Rights. The Unalienable Rights were included were noted in a preamble in the Natural Rights Section in the Declaration of Independence. It said that all men are created equal and our Creator gave us these Unalienable Rights. The rights protected us from things like the Police checking our homes without asking us.

189. Judicial Review

Judicial review is a Doctrine that increased the powers of the Supreme Court. It is also a vocabulary word that we 8th graders learned. Some cases that led to this review are the McCulloch vs. Maryland case and the Gibbons vs. Ogden. Both of these cases increased the Supreme Court's power over the States Rights. The review also stated that the Supreme Court has the power to decide whether a law passes by congress is unconstitutional.

190. Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 essays that were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. They wrote these essays to defend the position of the constitution, but they also helped us to think about what is better for the United States of America. All of these authors are federalists who want the constitution to be a part of America. They explained briefly about what the constitution is and how it will benefit America.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence

US HistoryFort Burrows191. Common Sense

A pamphlet that was written by Thomas Paine in 1776. In this time period, we American's are in the process of thinking whether we need independence or not from Great Britain. Thomas Paine made the process really quick by letting us know in this article what the British is doing to us. He told us to wake up and see what's going on. He encouraged Americans against Great Britain and said that the King is treating us different from the people in England.

192. Great Awakening

The Great Awakening is an emotional religious moment that took place between the 1730-1740's. There lived a young preacher who started this moment named Jonathon Edwards. The impact of this religious moment swept through the colonies quicker than clock. We, the people who supported this moment, broke away from our old churches and formed new ones. Our opponents are strongly against the Great Awakening thinking that the moment was very fervent and more colonists would join it. With the Great Awakening on move, people started to think abnormally about political rights.

193. Geographic Features of:

1. Thirteen Colonies - The Thirteen Colonies is on the east coast of North America founded by the people of Britain that wanted freedom of religion. The Queens and Kings of Britain were very sensitive about the Catholic religion that was going on in their country. If you didn’t believe that being a Catholic was your way of life then you go to the Americas. Some examples were Massachusetts, the colony that was founded by Quakers which were Protestants that thought all people were created equal in God’s eyes. This started to create many revolts of the people and of other countries as well.

2. Appalachian Mountains - This was a mountain range was north of Georgia, south if the great lakes, east of thirteen colonies, and west of the Louisiana Purchase. It was a part of the Proclamation line of 1763 that stated the colonist could not go further of this mountain range. The colonist started revolting because the taxes that they were paying were going to the soldiers to keeping them inside the boundary lines. The colonists also stated getting furious because they thought that the king didn’t trust them to go that far, because of the revolting. This was one of the reasons the American Revolution started.

3. Louisiana Purchase - This is the land that ran diagonally from Montana to Louisiana and the furthest parts were the western border of Illinois and the middle of Colorado. This land was founded by the French but by the 1800’s was the United States. It started when French people started to revolt and did it very violently by chopping off the king’s and queen’s heads. When Jefferson sent three men to France to negotiate a deal to see if they could navigate through the state Louisiana, but surprisingly Napoleon offered them the Louisiana Purchase, so the he could have money for the expenses of the army. Now that Jefferson has the land he sends 2 men to explore it. That started the Lewis and Clarke expedition.

4. Rocky Mountains - This is a mountain range the starts in the northern part of Alaska and ends in the northern part of New Mexico. As you can see It was very long so there was no way to get by it if you wanted to complete Manifest Destiny. This mountain range was a big obstacle, because at that elevation it can be cold and have bad weather conditions like blizzards. When the settlers wanted to get to California for the gold rush life or death was one of the things you had to riskGroup 24 – c. Mason – Colton – Lauren

194. Battle of Vicksburg

Battle of the Civil War where he Union (led by Ulysses S. Grant) fought in 1863 against the Confederacy (led by John C. Pemberton). The union won. This was the final major military action in Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil war.

195. James (1758-1831) Involved in politics most of his life, James Monroe established one of the


US HistoryFort Burrows Monroe basic principles of American foreign policy with his Monroe Doctrine. Born in Virginia to

a family of Scottish origin, Monroe fought and was wounded in the American Revolution. His political career began when he was elected to the Virginia legislature in 1782, and continued for more than 40 years. He participated in the Congress of the Articles of Confederation in 1783. As a member of the Virginia convention of 1788, he opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution fearing that it made the federal government too strong and that this would negatively affect state's rights. He served as Minister to France from 1794-6 and assisted with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. He was elected president and served two relatively peaceful terms balancing sectional tensions between 1817-25. During his administration he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 and issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. In the doctrine, Monroe declared that the European powers should not colonize or interfere in the affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere.

196. Monroe Doctrine

Was a doctrine signed by president James Monroe to help defend Latin America’s independence from Spain. This doctrine told the Europeans to back off from Latin America.

197. Washington’s Farewell Address

The speech president George Washington made when he left office. In this speech, he set a precedent for the US to avoid foreign affairs.

198. Marquis de Lafayette

(1757-1834) Marquis de Lafayette was a French aristocrat who played a leading role in two revolutions in France and in the American Revolution. He respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and constitutional government. Between 1776 and 1779 he fought in the American Revolution, commanding forces as a major-general in the colonial army. He returned to France in 1785 convinced of the value of governmental reform. In 1789, as a member of the Second Estate, the nobility in France, he drafted a version of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, which served as the preamble to the French Constitution of 1791. In it, he declared that all men were created equal but that some were meant to govern, and they had a responsibility to protect the common good. His proposed government was divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In 1789 at the start of a revolution, King Louis XVI appointed Lafayette to command the National Guard of Paris. In effect, Lafayette ruled Paris. He worked with the National Assembly of France to complete the Constitution of 1791. Lafayette opposed Napoleon's government and rejoined French politics following the Battle of Waterloo and the exile of the emperor. He toured the United States with his son Georges Washington de Lafayette for a year, 1824-5. He returned to lead the French National Guard in the Revolution of 1830 after which he retired from public life, "a hero of two worlds."

199. Three-Fifths Compromise

An issue resolved between the Northern and Southern states at the constitutional convention. Southerners wanted to include slaves in the state’s population (because they had so many and would have more representatives in the HOR) but NOT in tax assessments. The Northerners did NOT want slaves to be counted for the population (the southerners would have less representatives in the HOR) but DID want them to be counted for tax assessments. The delegates compromised that 3/5 of the slaves in any state would count for BOTH tax assessments AND population.

200. Great Compromise

An issue settled at the constitutional convention between James Monroe and William Patterson (The New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan). The Virginia Plan favored the larger states, while the New Jersey Plan favored the smaller states. Since both plans called



for 3 branches of legislature, the compromise included that. The Great Compromise said that there should be a House Of Representatives (determined by population) AND a senate (2 per state). This made sure the government favored both the larger AND the smaller states.

201. Constitutional Convention

Meeting held to revise the Articles of confederation in which 55 delegates attended. Each state sent representatives except Rhode Island. This was where the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise were settled.

202. Jacksonian Era

Time during Andrew Jackson’s presidency. During this time, the phrases “spoils system” and “kitchen cabinet” were created and used. Also during Jackson’s presidency, the Bank of the United States was closed.

203. John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) He served as the 6th President of the United States and interestingly, was the eldest son of the 2nd President, John Adams. A Harvard man. Spoke several languages. Minister to the Netherlands and to Russia. His political career was marked by two words, which summed up his passion: Independence and Union. He helped negotiate the Admas-Onis Treaty of 1819. He served as member of Congress, as a US Senator, the US Secretary of State, and he helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. He favored a strong nationalism against states' rights and spoke out against the pro-slavery messages of John C. Calhoun. Adams considered himself "bonded" by the Constitution to work for emancipation. He is the only President to be elected a Congressman after serving as US President. He argued before the Supreme Court on behalf of slaves from the ship Amistad, which mutinied during the journey from Africa. His election in 1824 against Jackson was tainted by the alleged “Corrupt Bargain” and he was easily defeated in his re-election run of 1828 against Jackson.

Group 25 – c. JuliannE – Nathan P – Brit204. Jefferson DavisInaugural Address

In early 1861 representatives of the states seceding from the United States elected Jefferson Davis as president of their provisional government, and his selection as president of the Confederate States of America required that he deliver an inaugural address. Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address, delivered on February 18, 1861, pointed toward a tentative plan for the seceding states’ future. Contemporary observers had anticipated that South Carolina would lead the way to secession and drag along other Deep South states. They were correct. South Carolina's secession on December 20, 1860, created a chain reaction, as one Deep South state after another passed ordinances of secession. When Davis delivered his Inaugural Address, the six additional Deep South states (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) had followed the lead of South Carolina and withdrawn from the Union.

205. Hiram Rhodes Revel

(1822-1901) American clergyman and educator who became the first black citizen to be elected to the U.S. Senate (1870–71), during Reconstruction, representing Mississippi. Revels was a Republican and he was anxious not to encourage race friction with white Southerners; he therefore supported legislation that would have restored the power to vote and to hold office to disenfranchised members of the former Confederacy. In January 1870 he was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the unexpired term of the former Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. He performed competently in office, advocating desegregation in the schools and on the railroads. Though serving only one term, he was consistently praised in the papers for his oratorical skills, quoted often about the need for moderation and compromise. While Radical Republicans called for continued



punishment of ex-Confederates, he argued for amnesty and a restoration of full citizenship.

206. Concord April 18, 1775, British troops left Boston for Concord. The Sons of Liberty watched this happen and placed two lanterns in the church tower to signal Paul Revere to tell everyone that the British were coming. In the end, the British did not find any fire arms. So they went back to Boston but not without any fighting. The British had to retreat

207. Banking System

There are two banks at the time, The Bank of the United States and State Banks. The Bank of the United States was created by the government and been disputed for a long time. It was powerful because it controlled the loans made by state banks. Whenever they thought the State Banks were making too many loans they would limit it. This changes merchants and farmers because they got their loans from the State Banks. The Bank of the United States was run by private banks. The Bank of the United States has to send in a charter for the president to approve it and continue funding it. The Bank of the United States closed in 1836, so instead of putting money in the bank they gave it to state banks. The band became known as pet banks because Toney and his friends control many of them.

208. John Jay John went with Benjamin Franklin then Adams, Henry Laurens to Paris for talks about treaty’s since we beat Britain in the war. Since Britain was eager to end the war we mostly got what we wanted. This was called the Treaty of Paris. He also helped write the federalists papers. It was a series for essays. Then he became the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Then when America was struggling to stay neutral John had to go to Britain for treaty talks. He made Britain pay for damages for the seized American ships, but Americans have to pay their old debts to British merchants. So British had to give up its forts in the west. This was called Jay’s Treaty approved in 1795.

209. Executive Branch

The Executive Branch of the Government has the President, Vice President, and all the cabinet members. The President is allowed to pass or veto a bill that the legislature sends him. The Executive branch is the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws. The Executive Branch contains 15 Departments, such as the Departments of Labor, Homeland Security and Education. These Departments help the President protect the public or enforce federal laws. Those 15 Departments, along with the Vice President, make-up the President's Cabinet.

210. Legislative Branch

The Legislative Branch writes the laws. This branch is made up of the House of Representatives, which has 435 members elected proportionally from each state, and the Senate, which has two members from each state, 100 members all together. Their purpose is to make laws. Each chamber needs to approve of the law before it is sent off to the President for approved. However, it's a long process. An example of the Legislative Branch would be congress.

211. Judicial Branch

The Judiciary explains and applies the laws. This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases. The Judicial Branch is in charge of the court system. There are three different kinds of courts found in the federal court system. The lowest level is the district courts. The 2nd level is the court of appeals. The top level is the Supreme Court.

212. XYZ Affair French attempt in 1797 to bribe the US by demanding payment before talks could begin on the issue of French seizure of neutral American ships. Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building frigates to convince France to stop attacking American ships.

213. Temperance Movement

campaign against alcohol consumption, 1820s, women took the lead role against alcohol;Women believed the ‘Demon Rum’ led to wife-beating, child abuse, and family breakups


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