A DVANCED I NTERNATIONAL C OURSE I N L OCAL E NVIRONMENTAL M ANAGEMENT I N U RBAN A REAS 2010 AFRICA...

ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Ingrid Håstad

Senior Consultant in Waste Management

SWECO International

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449 964 km2

Length S – N: 1 572 km

Width E – W: 500 km

About 9 million inhabitants


MSWM - Common Situation Oujda, Marocko

Uganda


But now, situation in Sweden..

Definition of Waste?

"Any substance or object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard" is WASTE according to the Waste Framework Directive (European Directive (WFD) 2006/12/EC)

Amended by the new WFD (Directive 2008/98/EC, coming into force in December 2010)

Main categories: hazardous and non-hazardous

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Recover energy!

Swedish (EU) MSW Management Waste Hierarchy


Swedish MSW ManagementCharacteristics


☻ EU member since Jan 1995 ☻ Well established municipal responsibility for MSW☻ People accept and comply, we do as we are told!☻ Producers’ responsibility since 1994☻ National ban on landfilling of combustible waste from

2002 and organic waste from 2005 ☻ National environmental targets also for waste☻ Landfill tax and municipal waste incineration tax

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–50% reduction of waste to landfill (excl mining) by base year 1994 Achieved! Only 4% of generated MSW is landfilled –Not increase the generated amount of MSW Failed! MSW generation increased +35% from 1994 to 2007

Not yet achieved:–Biological treatment >35% of municipal kitchen/food waste and utilise

all industrial food waste by 2010, (~10% 2006)–Recycling (material, biological treatment) > 50% of municipal waste

generated by 2010 (~47% 2006)–Recirculation >60% of Phosphorus in sewage sludge by 2015

Swedish Objectives MSW National Environmental Waste Targets


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PRODUCER

Packaging

Newsprint/paper

WEEE

Car Tyres

Cars

Car Batteries

Small batteries (treatment)

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

Small batteries (collection)

Remaining household waste

Kitchen/food waste

GENERATOR INDUSTRY

Separation of waste

Hazardous Waste to authorised

treatment

Supervision: Municipality Env DeptCounty AdmEPA

Swedish WM Responsibilities


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PRODUCER

Packaging

Newsprint/paper

WEEE

Car Tyres

Cars

Car Batteries

Small batteries (treatment)

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

Hazardous Waste

Small batteries (collection)

Remaining household waste

Kitchen/food waste

GENERATOR Household

Separation of MSW

Supervision: Municipality Env DeptCounty AdmEPA

Swedish WM Responsibilities


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Ban, Incentives, Control, Awareness!

Economical and physical Producer’s responsibility (1994) for several products Environmental Code - enforcement Stringent regulations on landfills and other waste treatment facilities National Ban on landfilling of combustible waste since 2002 National Ban on landfilling of organic waste since 2005 and…

How to Reach the Objectives?


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Ban, Incentive, Control, Awareness! Cont.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500S

EK

/to

n

Landfill tax

Incineration tax, onlythermalIncineration, co-generation

+VAT 25%!


62 USD/ton


How to Reach the Objectives? Ban, Incentives, Control, Awareness! Cont.

Requirements for internal control for operators Investment Grants for biological treatment –

biogas production Public awareness campaigns – environmental

programs in school curricula

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Public Awareness – separation at source

Västerås stad

Motivation – why?

Information – how?

Incentive – how much?



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•Separated recyclables

•Producers’ responsibility

Remaining MSW

Municipality responsibility

Hazardous waste collection, Public recycling centre

Municipality responsibility

Public participation is crucial!

Collection of Waste from Households


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Collection of Waste from Enterprises


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1. Always store/collect hazardous waste, chemicals, batteries, WEEE separate!

2. Leave your recyclables at public drop-off/recycling centres!

3. Biodegradable, landfill, inert …according to local instructions

4. Remaining waste is incinerated to recover energy for district heating, el.

5. A very small amount is disposed in controlled landfill

Separation at Source – The Corner Stone!


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HW is ALWAYS separated at source

to prevent uncontrolled release of hazardous components into the environment during treatment and disposal

to enable recycling, incineration and biological treatment

Hazardous Waste - Golden Rule


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Manned HW Collection – Petrol Stations


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HW Mobile Collection Vehicle


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HD-Plastic Corrugated cardboard/carton Newsprint Metal Uncoulored glass Coulored glass

Producers’ Collection of Recyclables


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Public Recycling Centres


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Mainly bins 190-240 l

Remaining MSW is Collected 2-4 times/month


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Vacuum waste collection/Envac

Remaining MSW in Large Containers

Underground big bag/Molok

Underground Compactor/Ecosir


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City of Stockholm (800 000 inhabitants - example: Contracts 80-85 MSW collection vehicles, whereof 30 are CBG fuelled

Collects 228 000 tonnes MSW/year

≈ 10 t/vehicle and day, five days per week, one shift

Vehicle expected life time=8-10 years

MSW Collection


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Separately collected recyclables (from mun. sector) at

Recycling centres, packaging collection points 180 kg/cap

Total 1,7 Million tonnes

Sweden MSW Collection Results 2008


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Total 4,7 million tonnes (510 kg/cap)

Hazardous Waste-households

Recycling incl WEEE

Biological Treatment

Incineration

Landfill

Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste 2008


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0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

1997 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000Recycling

Biological tr

Incineration

Landfill

Total

Treated, tonnes/year

Recycling including Producers’ responsibility

Total generated, MSW tonnes/year

Sweden Treatment of MSW 1997-2006


Share of MSW in European Countries

28ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA

MSW Treatment in Europe

29ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL COURSE IN LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS 2010 AFRICA

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Newsprint

Corr cardboard

Plastic, film

Plastic, hard

Carton, Tetra-Pak etc

Glass pack

Metal pack

Food scraps

Garden waste

Diapers

Combustible

Other glass

Metal

WEEE

Textile

Wood

Other

Haz. Waste (batteries etc)

Producers´

Producers’

Incinerated Household MSW Composition

2,5-2,7 kWh/kg


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• Household waste, recyclables and the hazardous waste generated in households – (4,7 million tonnes = 510 kg/inhabitant)

1. Household waste is waste from households and comparable waste from other activities

2. Responsible for collection and transportation (monopoly)

3. Helps out with battery and WEEE collection

4. Supervision of hazardous waste from industry

5. Cooperation with Producers

Local Municipal Councils - Responsibility


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Fee for MSW collection and treatment etc is set by the local council Based on prime cost principle Must cover a wide range of activities: Collection,

transport, recycling centres, hazardous household waste, white goods, batteries, information and

advice, planning, statistics and administration etc. Single-family home (2008) 2000 SEK/year incl.

taxes (280 USD) for 11.3 kg waste/week (collection 26 times/year)

Municipality MSW Economy


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Division of household MSW fee

Base fee

Collection

Treatment

Taxes

Municipality MSW Economy


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Currently for Packaging waste (carton, paper, corrugated cardboard, plastic,

glass, wood, metal) Waste paper Tyres Cars WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) Deposit on Al-beverage cans, glass and PET bottles Recovery = recycling (material/biol.treat) + energy recovery

EU Recycling of Packaging Directive 94/62/EC 55-80% recycled: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_management/l21207_en.htm

Producer’s Responsibility


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The producer must arrange, inform and finance collection and recycling systems

Recycling targets must be attained

Objective to Prevent Waste?

Industry or households?

Swedish Producer’s Recycling Responsibilities


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Packaging material

Recycled 2008

Target

Newspaper, print 89% 75%

Office paper (voluntary commitm.)

68% 50%

Tyres 97% 80%

Vehicles 91% 85%

WEEE(collected/cap, year)

16,5 kg/cap

EU 2006/07: 4 kg

Swedish Producer’s Recycling Targets

Source: Swedish EPA Report 6328


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Source: Swedish EPA Report 6328

Producer’s Recycling Targets

Target

85%

70%

65%

70%

90% (deposit)


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Beverage packaging with deposit PET recyclable 84% (90%) deposit 0,3 USD Al-can recyclable 91% (90%) deposit 0,07 USD

No target in legislation PET refillable (0,5 Euro) 99% reused Glass bottles (0,05 Euro) 99% reused

Swedish Producer’s Recycling Targets


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Producers levies, 2010 e.g. : Plastic 1,37 SEK/kgMetal, al 2,10 SEK/kgCarton 0,75 SEK/kgCorr. Cardboard 0,52-1,22 SEK/kg

The producer pays the fee to REPA The consumer pays the fee as a part of the purchased product: 300-500 SEK/year (42 – 70 USD) for an average family of 3-4 persons

Swedish Financing of Producer Responsibility


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EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste

Stringent standards from 2009

Sweden has reduced no of landfills for MSW from 300 to 80 in ten years.

Larger, well controlled landfill sites remain (10 main landfills receive > 40% of landfilled household waste)

Swedish Landfills


Swedish Landfills Cont.

Not just a landfill, also a separation and pre-treatmentfacility!

Landfill gas 310 GWh/year whereof 24 GWh electricity (decreasing)

…but still 65 GWh of landfill gas was flared 3 million tonnes of residues/soil etc used for final cover,

construction on sites

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EC directive 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:011:0027:0049:EN:PDF Criteria and waste characterization for the acceptance at landfills.

European Waste Catalogue – EWC – for waste statistics in EU Main categories: hazardous and non-hazardous

EU Landfills


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Oujda modern landfill!SWECO design First load of waste

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31 facilities in Sweden (2009) Incinerate 2,3 Mill. t/y of MSW + 2,3 Mill. t/y of

industrial combustible waste Recovery of 12,2 TWh heat and 1,5 TWh

electricity (of a total heating demand 150 TWh)

Covers >20% of district heating demand About 15-20% (w) as residues (slag and ashes) Dioxin emission 2008: 0,8 g total

Swedish Incineration of WasteEnergy facilities!


Waste Incinerator

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SWEDISH Incineration of Waste


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13% of MSW to composting plants (31) or anaerobic digestion facilities with production of biogas (18) 272 700 tonnes of “biofertilizer” 181 000 MWh of raw biogas, whereof 80 000 MWh were upgraded to vehicle fuel (CBG) About 110 municipalities offer separate collection and handling of organic waste to bio- treatment High quality requirements in order to use the digestate in agriculture – certification!

SWEDISH Biological Treatment


Biological Treatment

Wind row composing in Lahore, Pakistan

Biogas facility in Helsingborg

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SWEDISH Biological Treatment


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Treatment fee /ton incl VAT, tax

Landfill 700–1200 SEK 100-170 USD

Incineration 550-1100 SEK 78-157 USD

Composting, anaerobic digestion

400-800 SEK 57-114 USD

Sweden average MSW Treatment Fees 2008

Only for the treatment, not including collection, planning, recycling etc


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Waste Type Prices in SEK/ton

Waste oil, water content 10 % 140

(20 USD)

Waste oil, water content 90 % 1000

(140 USD)

Waste oil – PCB-contaminated (51-500 ppm)

3 300

(470 USD)

Hg-cont. chemicals 120 000

(17 000 USD)

Assorted chemicals (e.g. HW collection points)

120 000

(17 000 USD)

Hazardous Waste Treatment Fees/SAKAB


How to Develop a New SWM System?

• Separation at source! HW first!• Go slow, allow time for introducing new systems• Most important is to raise the awareness • Simple solutions in the beginning (e.g. separate cell for

healthcare waste, compost green waste, etc)• Be critical of donors’ concepts

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A DVANCED I NTERNATIONAL C OURSE I N L OCAL E NVIRONMENTAL M ANAGEMENT I N U RBAN A REAS 2010 AFRICA...

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