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John White comments on liis "Untouched by Human Hands" Researchat Penn State Greenhouse Florists Conference.
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A FLOWER GROWERS
BULLETIN 141 OCTOBER 1962
sSr NEW PUBLICATIONS
Research Circular 109 on "The Effect of Day-length and Temperature on the Production of TubularFlorets (Quills) by Indianapolis Chrysanthemums" byR. O. Miller and D. C. Kiplinger is available from theOhio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.The summary from this publication is reprinted here:
In a study to determine what environmental factors affect the production of flattened, "quilled"flowersof Indianapolis chrysanthemum cultivars, the following conclusions were reached:
1. "After lighting," the procedure of subjectingthe plants to short intervals of artificial light nightlyafter short days begin, was not effective in improvingform or reducing "quilling."
2. Eleven-hour daylengths as opposed to naturaldaylengths prevalent during mid-winter are not effective in improving form or reducing "quilling."
3. Interrupted short day treatment was not consistent in improving form or reducing "quilling" eventhough 15 to 32 percent more florets were formed perflower under such treatment. Use of interrupted lighting on Indianapolis cultivators for winter flowering isnot recommended.
4. Air temperatures of 67° F resulted in moredesirable flowers and nearly eliminated "quilling" ascompared to growing temperatures of 62° F.
5. Length of exposure to temperatures of 67° Faffected both flower form and "quilling." The criticalperiod was between three weeks after short days werestarted and flowering. Further research is necessaryto more exactly determine this critical period.
6. Selection of improved cultivars is an important consideration in producing flowers of good formfree of "quills."
CUT FLOWER SURVEY
The cut flower survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Crop Reporting Board hasbeen published and copies of the study are now available to the floral industry. The survey provides figures on production and sales for 1959 and 1961, plusintentions for 1962 in 6 selected states.
According to the survey, the sale of carnations,chrysanthemums, gladioli and roses grown in 6 selected states (California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois,Iowa, and New York) had a wholesale value of $56.2million in 1961 — nearly the same as the 1959 total.
Roses showed a pronounced decrease from 1959in dollar value, and the value of carnations was downslightly. Increases in value from 1959 were moderatefor chrysanthemums and gladioli. Carnation production continues to expand in California and Colorado,
but is declining in Illinois and New York. Chrysanthemum production is increasing in California and Florida.
California led in 1961 value of sales for the fourcut flowers, with a "gross wholesale" of $19.4 million,followed by Florida, with $15.0 million. The otherstates, in order of sales value, were New York, Colorado, Illinois, and Iowa. California, Colorado andFlorida reported higher wholesale value of sales in1961 than 1959 while Illinois, Iowa and New Yorkwere lower.
Copies of the survey may be obtained (free ofcharge) by requesting Report #SpCr 6-1 (62) CutFlowers — from the Secretary, Crop Reporting Board,Statistical Reporting Service, U. S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington 25, D. C.
MORE NEWS ON WEAVER'S SUCCESSWITH YOUTH EDUCATION PROGRAM
The Home Economics Department of the Millers-ville, Pennsylvania, high school has incorporated thearrangement of a floral centerpiece in its curriculumas a required assignment. Leo Weaver, Weaver'sFlower Shop, has advised the Society of AmericanFlorists that this school action has resulted fromWeaver's participation in the SAF Youth EducationProgram.
As a part of the regular high school home economics course, each girl must set a formal dinner table,complete with a floral centerpiece. The parents areinvited to the school to inspect their daughters' accomplishments. Mr. Weaver reports that this newaction is a great stride in their local education program. Weaver's has been demonstrating basic designtechniques of flower arranging to home economicsteachers representing 3,000 high school students andhas been using SAF's youth education booklets.
PENNSYLVANIA FLOWER GROWERS
Bulletin 141 October, 1962Published monthly at 907 Glenn Circle South, State College,Pennsylvania, by the Pennsylvania Flower Growers, 50 NorthMain Street, Chalfont, Pennsylvania. Entered as second classmatter, postage paid at State College, Pennsylvania. Subscriptionrates: active members - $5.00 per year; all other subscriptions -$10.00 per year. Send all communications to the PublicationsOffice or to the Executive Secretary, 50 North Main Street, Chalfont, Pennsylvania.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT HERMAN HELLBERGPeter Hellberg Co., Chalfont, Pa.
V. PRESIDENT . ARNOLD WAGNERBox 180, Bloomsburg, Pa.
TREASURER AND EXECUTIVESECRETARY . HOWARD G. KRUPP
50 North Main Street, Chalfont, Pa.EDITOR JOHN W. MASTALERZ
907 Glenn Circle South, State College, Pa.
Second Class Postage Paid at State College, Pa.
CALYX SPLITTING
OF CARNATIONSW. D. Holley
Colorado State University
Much has been written on the causes of calyxsplitting in carnation. The percentage of split calyxeshas been recorded for almost every cultural experiment published on carnations. A review of the literature on carnations indicates that almost everythinginfluences calyx splitting. Since it is recognized thatthe problem is due to a number of causes, several ofwhich interact at times, there is a need for some clarification on this subject.
Since some varieties split more than others, thegenetic factor was indicated as a contributing causeat an early date. Wagner (7) selected 12 splitting and12 non-splitting plants from the variety Frosted Patrician. From February to May of the following year the"non-splitting" plants produced 11 per cent split calyxes while the "splitting" plants were producing 29per cent. Selection work within the Sim varieties atColorado State University (2) has shown that it ispossible to select away from, or for calyx splitting.Selections made which are free from calyx splittinghave fewer petals and are normally hollow centered.
Early writers on carnations recognized fluctuatingtemperatures as a primary cause of calyx splitting.Szendel (6) caused splitting on the varieties Sopheliaand Spectrum Supreme by lowering the night temperature occassionally 10° F below that normally used.Short temperature periods at wide intervals of timeincreased splitting more than frequent low temperature treatments. The colder the environment, thehigher was the percentage of splits. Szendel alsofound that a prolonged period of extremely low temperatures increased significantly the number of petals.
Wagner (8) was unable to cause calyx splittingby low temperature treatment on the variety FrostedPatrician. He subjected plants to 40° F night temperatures for 1 and 3 nights at all stages between the12th week after pinching to flowering, or 14 weekslater. The control plants which had not been subjected to cold temperature produced as many or moresplits than any cold treatment. This experiment waslater repeated on another set of plants with similarresults.
Wagner observed that calyx splitting was alwaysmore serious in greenhouses than in controlledchambers constructed for this work. He then begantagging individual buds on the day they split andfound waves of calyx splitting occurred on unusuallywarm days. Calyx splitting was most serious in winter
Presented at 1962 Pennsylvania Greenhouse Florists Conference
and spring when calyxes were full of petals. A temperature of 12 to 15° higher than usual caused serioussplitting.
The actual splitting of the calyx occurred fromone to 12 days after calyx opening stage, with theaverage being 4.5 days. A stage of bud 2 to 6 daysafter the calyx opened was the tightest and was foundto be the most sensitive to high temperature. On theaverage for April and May, the calyx split 13 days before the flower was cut, with some calyxes splitting 18days before and a few splitting as late as 9 days beforecutting.
Thus, we find from previous research that bothhigh and low temperature can cause calyx splitting.Carefully controlled temperatures, on the other hand,have almost eliminated splitting in experiments byHanan, and Manring. In accurately controlled compartments at 60, 65, 70 and 75° F day temperature,Hanan (1) produced 2.4, 1.2, 0.8, and 1.0 per centsplit calyxes.
Manring (5) adjusted day temperatures seasonally from 70° in summer to 60° in winter in the samecontrolled temperature houses. He included slabsidedand bullheaded flowers with splits to make up thegroup he called malformed flowers. In this environment Manring produced 3 to 7 per cent malformedflowers in 1-year White Sim or Red Gayety, and only1 to 2 per cent malformed flowers on the same RedGayety plants during their second year. Very few ofthe malformed flowers had split calyxes.
In another experiment Holley and Manring (3)studied the effect of chilling on Sim varieties. Thislow temperature effect caused the production of extragrowth centers inside the calyx, thus the calyx contained too many petals and petaloid structures. Thisleads to a tightness in the calyx inducing at best slab-sides, or bullheads, or finally splits. Malformed flowers were cut 3 to 5 weeks after chilling. Rapid dropsin bud temperature of 10 degrees or more increasedthe number of growth centers in the calyx.
It is not known how fast the temperature mustdrop in order to stimulate growth center production.The normal gradual drop from day temperatures of65 or 70° to a night temperature of 50-52° occurs overseveral hours and does not cause these ill effects. Ifthis drop occurs within an hour or less, damage isserious. Interrupting the temperature drop with a
(Continued on page 6)
— 3 —
INSECT CONTROL PROGRAMSJohn A. Naegele
Blauvelt Laboratory — Department of EntomologyCornell University
Presented at 1962 Pennsylvania Greenhouse Florists Conference
The question is not should I use a schedule butrather what kind of a schedule should I use. Everybody uses some kind of a schedule to control insects,generally the three types of programs in effect are:1. A preventative program. 2. A wait and see program. 3. A combination of preventative and wait andsee.
Prevention:
A preventative program is one in which a groweranticipates all of the possible problems that his cropwill encounter in the process of growing and schedulesinsecticide treatments to anticipate and prevent damage from all of these problems. This approach to insect control has the advantage of anticipating all ofthe problems that one might have and of assuringfreedom from pests. This approach however, has somedifficulties because not all problems are predictable,consequently we will often find that there is a certainwaste of time and labor because many of the anticipated problems don't materialize and many problemswhich do materialize were not anticipated. The current state of insect prediction on floricultural crops issuch that many pests cannot be predicted ahead oftime and are likely to just appear on the scene withoutwarning.
Wait and See Program:A wait and see program is a program that most
growers use at the present time. This program depends upon the observation of the bud and an estimation of its damage potential before control measures are incorporated. It has the advantage of economy in terms of materials and labor, however, in mostcases there is too much waiting and not enough seeingto make the program successful. It requires also aconstant supervision to work effectively as well as considerable "know how" in regard to what bugs are important and what bugs are just passing thru.
Combination Program:In my opinion the most successful programs are
those that combine the security of a preventative program and the economy of a wait and see program.Thus combination programs depend upon anticipationof bugs that regularly appear or can be expected toregularly appear and a "wait and see" attitude aboutbugs that may become a problem periodically. Thiscombination program makes maximum use of time,talent and materials and has only one difficulty — itrequires some get up and go power to keep your eyeson the plants to be sure that certain bugs are or are
not appearing. It does not, however, require as muchvigilance as a complete "wait and see" schedule.
In erecting a combination program there are certain bugs that one can expect on certain crops all thetime. For example on roses red spiders are to be expected but thrips may be intermittant. This is truealso on a number of other crops. Perhaps the best wayto illustrate the successful use of combination programs are to discuss a few in detail as taken from1962 Cornell Recommends.
CARNATIONS.
Control Schedule
Red spider mites, aphids, thrips, bacterial blight,rust, Rhizoctonia stem rot, Alternaria blight, Fusariumwilt.
1. Use cuttings from tops of healthy, selectedparent plants; steam propagation beds and soil inbenches to be planted.
2. Do not plant deeply; if plants are in pots orbands, plant so top half-inch or more of soil ball isabove the level of bench soil.
3. Three weeks after benching, drench with 1pint 23 percent DEMETON (SYSTOX) plus 1 poundTERRACLOR per 1000 square feet in a convenientamount of water to insure even distribution; or sprayor aerosol with PARATHION, MALATHION, ARA-MITE, OR KELTHANE three weeks after benchingand drench with 1 pound TERRACLOR per 1000 sq.ft. Then initiate monthly applications of insecticide.
4. Three months after benching apply 1 pint 23percent DEMETON (SYSTOX) per 1000 square feetand repeat this treatment every three months.
5. During warm dry weather, when thrips maybe a problem be prepared to theat with MALATHION, LINDANE OR PARATHION, plus ZINEB atweekly, or semi-weekly intervals till influx of thripsfrom outdoors has ceased.
In Field:
Spray weekly with ZINEB plus PARATHION.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
Control Schedule
Midge, thrips, aphids, red spider mites, leaf nematode, leaf miner, virus, leafspot, Verticillium, Botrytis.
Buy all cuttings or renew stock plants frequentlyfrom commercial houses using indexing program.
In Greenhouse:
1. Sterilize bench soil annually or after any diseased crop.
— 4 —
2. Ventilate and keep humidity down.3. Apply DEMETON (SYSTOX) soil drench 7
to 10 days after benching at 1 pint 23 percent DEMETON (SYSTOX) per 100 square feet.
4. Two months after DEMETON (SYSTOX)application (3) —
a. apply DEMETON (SYSTOX) again (atthe same rate as 3),
b. use PARATHION, MALATHION, ORARAMITE AND LINDANE every twoweeks until disbudding is finished,
OR
c. if crop will be in the bench longer than 4months, apply DEMETON (SYSTOX) (atthe rate used in 3). Two months later PARATHION, MALATHION, or ARAMITE-LINDANE, can be used every two weeksuntil disbudding is finished.
5. Be prepared to put on weekly applications ofMALATHION, LINDANE or PARATHION for thripsof they become a problem; continue until influx fromoutdoors ceases.
6. Keep weeds around greenhouses, clothhouseor field planting chemically controlled or cultivated.
POINSETTIAS
Control Schedule
Mealy bugs, soft brown scale, root rot, white fly.1. Clean up stock plants with three applications
of SULFOTEPP or MALATHION at 7 to 10 day intervals before taking cuttings.
2. Sterilize rooting medium, soil and all old pots.3. Place the pots where they cannot contact in
fective material from previous crops. For example,place directly on CUPRINOL-treated board, orthoroughly steam the empty benches. You may alsodrench benches with CAPTAN-TERRACLOR- FER-BAM mixture, or cover the old gravel with plastic filmor roofing paper.
4. Right after potting, and again after panning,drench pots or pans with CAPTAN-TERRACLOR-FERBAM mixture. Use 1 to V/> pounds each per 100gallons water.
5. Use a loose soil, high in peat moss and sand,with ample drainage material in bottom of pans.
6 After panning, treat every 3 weeks with MALATHION or SULFOTEPP until November 13.
ROSES.
Control Schedule
Black spot, powdery mildew, red spider mites.1. Use well-drained soil and set plants with bud
or graft well above soil line.2. Avoid Syringing if possible; if syringing is
necessary do it in the morning of a bright day and getplants dried off as rapidly as possible.
3. Start artificial heat at least an hour beforesunset and provide adequate ventilation.
4. Use SULPHUR on the pipes regularly, 2 or 3times each week. You may also use SULPHUR VAPORIZERS nightly or continuously.
5. Use regular monthly or bi-monthly applications of an effective acaricide even if you don't seespiders. Because every red spider population is different, there is no guarantee that any one scheme oracaracide will work equally well in every range oreven in every house in the same range. The acraacidecombinations, and schedules listed under Red SpiderMites have enjoyed varying degrees of effectiveness.Because of the extremely complex nature of resistence,suggestions for control are on a "what have you tried"basis. With the limited information concerning whatacaracides will control what kinds of resistant strains,the following list is suggested. When you find controlwith a certain acaracide impossible, try the next oneon the list.
1. Parathion
Malathion
TEPP
Sulfotepp (Dithio)Aramite
Aramite followed in several days by severalSulfotepp applications.Chlorobenzilate followed in several days byseveral Sulfotepp applications.Chlorobenzilate plus CMPA
(Continued on page 9)
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
FOR THE
DISCRIMINATING GROWER
Complete Catalogs on Request
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10' x 100' - Also available in black .... 10.9512' x 100' - Also available in black .... 13.1414'x 100' 15.3316'xl00' 17.5220'x 100' 21.9024'x 100' 26.2828'xl00' 30.6632'x 100' 35.0440'xl00' 43.80
RAYMOND A. FLECK, INC.1139 Street Road Southampton, Pa.
Phones: ELmwood 7-0132 - 0179 - Area Code 215
— 5 —
CARNATION SPLITTING-
(Continued from page 3)
period of heat at the half way point may eliminate thedamage. This normally happens when the day thermostat takes over the job of heating from the sun.Tests are under way at this time to determine howmuch of a heating period is required to break a 10 degree drop in temperature in order to prevent growthcenter production in the calyxes. In other words, willa 10 degree drop from 70° to 60° interrupted by 15minutes or more of heat at 65° prevent the productionof bullheaded flowers? Or must the period of heatingbe longer? This is a problem arising out of automation in which temperatures are correlated with light.
Kohl (4) shed further light on this problem andpinned down the bud stage most susceptible to chilling. Carnations were grown at 60° F until the budswere % to % inch in diameter then transferred to 50°.These buds produced maximum flower weight anddiameter when compared to buds grown at constanttemperatures of 60°, or at 50°. Abnormally large,"bullheaded" flowers resulted when the buds weremoved to the cooler temperature. The increase inweight of flowers was found to be the result of abnormal growth. The flowers transferred from 60° to50° at the % hich bud size contained 3.5 auxiliarygrowth centers while those grown at 50° containedonly 0.7 extra growth centers per flower. This workpretty well pins down the bud stage most susceptibleto chilling injury at near % inch diameter: just priorto the disbudding stage. The number of growth centers was not increased significantly in buds transferredfrom 60° to 50° at the stage when buds were beginning to open.
Summarizing calyx splitting caused by temperature fluctuations we have the following:
Fast temperature drops of 10° F or more causeextra whorls of petals in the calyx crowding the petals,causing uneven opening, or splitting of the calyx. Thetemperature inducing this effect occurs 3 to 5 weeksbefore the flower is cut, or at about % inch buddiameter. If the calyx splits, it may split at any timefrom calyx opening to flowering, depending upon thenumber and stage of development reached by thegrowth centers. Regular and sudden temperaturedrops cause the continuous production of malformedflowers.
An unusually high day temperature of 10 to 15°Fabove previous day temperatures splits the buds during the time the temperature occurs. The bud stagemost susceptible to heat is that from 2 to 6 days aftercalyx opening. The average time between calyx splitting from heat and cutting of the flowers is two weeks.
A combination of chilling and heat may split almost all the calyxes when both causes are working atthe same time.
The addition of the genetic factor to the heat andcold treatments gives us a more complete picture ofcalyx splitting. Some varieties, or mutants from varieties, have the ability to produce innumerable growthcenters when the right environment (cold temperature) is supplied. Miller's Yellow is one of the bestexamples. The many sports of William Sim vary intheir susceptibility to this production of extra growthcenters within the calyx. These varieties also vary inpetalage from many (Pink Sim and Tangerine) to amedium number (S. Arthur). Selections can be madewithin each variety for fewer petals and less calyxsplitting, but these selections are usually less desirable because they are relatively hollow centered mostof the year.
Selections or varieties having full flowers andmany petals are most susceptible to calyx splittingcaused by high temperature. The selector is treadinga narrow path. If he selects for high quality and aheavy, full flower, the growing temperatures for theseselections must be accurately controlled.
Temperature ControlAutomatic ventilation either by fans or gravity
has helped bring about better temperature control.Automatic heating when used properly gives us control of the temperature at night and on cold days. Calyx splitting may be a serious problem even when agrower has the best control equipment — unless it isused properly.
Delay of heating in the fall until night temperatures go into the 40's or even 30's supplies the causefor bullheads and splits 3 to 6 weeks later. Heatingonly to the night temperature and depending upon thesun (if present) to raise the day temperature is inviting trouble. Several cold days in a row followed bya sunny day can give a day temperature spread of 15degrees or more and cause serious calyx splitting. Different day and night temperature settings are a mustin modern carnation growing.
Fan ventilation during the winter months is a stepforward in accurate temperature control; however, weare just now learning how to use fans for this purpose.The wide differential in temperature from intake tofan outlet can cause severe chilling of the buds nearthe intake leading to the continual production of malformed and split flowers in this area. Rringing thecold air in through a plenum, such as a perforatedpolyethylene tube or wind sock, evenly distributes thisair and allows an even temperature from one end ofthe house to the other. Where these wind socks havebeen used, the splitting of calyxes due to bud chillinghas been almost completely eliminated.
Another serious mistake in temperature control isan attempt to control air conditioning manually, especially in spring and fall when the amount of coolingneeded may be much less than the capacity of theequipment. Houses become too hot when the systemis not turned on soon enough. Fans and pumps are
^,
turned on, cooling is rapid, and undercooling is common if fans or pumps are neglected even for a fewminutes. This is one sure way to split all calyxes.
Miscellaneous causes of calyx splittingUnder this category are included any combination
of environments that cause a small calyx to be produced followed by large petals. The calyx is produced first. If it is small due to high temperature, nitrogen hunger, or any other cause, it will be easilysplit should the cause be corrected as petals are developing. Two common cases come to mind.
1. Soil nitrogen becomes deficient and plantgrowth is extremely hard. Most of the calyxes willsplit following the application of nitrogen. The flowers affected are usually those cut from 2 to 4 weeksafter feeding.
2. Air conditioning is started after several weeksof hot weather. In this instance all of the flowers cutduring the first month may be split.
Literature cited
Hanan, Joe J. 1959. Influence of day temperature on growthand flowering of carnation. Proc. Am. Soc. for Hort.Sci. 74:692-703.
Holley, W. D. 1960. Reselection of carnation varieties. Colo.Flw. Gro. Assoc. Bui. 123.
and Jim D. Manring. 1959. Malformation ofcarnation flowers. Colo. Flw. Gro. Assoc. Bui. 117.
Kohl, Harry C, Jr. 1961. Period during bud development of aCarnation shoot when temperature has greatest effect onflower size. Proc. Am. Soc. for Hort. Sci. 77: 540-543.
Manring, Jim D. 1960. Effect of solar energy on the optimum day temperature for carnation growth. Master'sThesis. Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.
Szendel, A. J. 1939. Nutritional and temperature studies insplitting of the calyxes of carnation flowers. Doctor'sThesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
Wagner, David L. 1953. Calyx splitting of carnations is inherited. Colo. Flw. Gro. Assoc. Bui. 49.
1953. Some effects of temperature on carnationcalyx splitting. Master's Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.
NOTICE
CHANGES IN YOUR
MAILING ADDRESS
When you change your address and neglect to inform the office — 50 N. Main St., Chalfont, Pa. —you pose an undue expense on the organization. Ifyou are desirous of receiving each issue of the P.F.G.Bulletin it is imperative that you notify the secretary— HOWARD G. KRUPP, immediately when youchange your address. New postal regulations, nowbeing strictly enforced, will cause your copy to be returned at a penalty cost of 10 cents for each copy returned for lack of correct address. Our only recourseis to remove your address plate thus eliminating youfrom receiving any future issues. You can help bynotifying the secretary immediately when you changeyour address.
Nichols Assigned to Cover
Major Flower Producing AreasTo meet a request for more detailed coverage of
greenhouse flower disease problems in areas of concentrated production, the following changes have beenapproved and will be in effect after September 15,1962.
Les Nichols will continue to work with all cropsincluding flowers in a reduced number of counties inthe Southwest (Cambria, Somerset, Indiana, Westmoreland, Fayette, Allegheny, Washington andGreene). In addition, he will work with commercialgreenhouse flower growers along the North Branch ofSusquehanna (Muncy to Moscow) and in the Southeastern Counties (Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester,Montgomery, Bucks, Northampton, Lehigh, Berks,Lebanon and Lancaster).
To schedule a visit from Nichols —
Southwest — Contact your County AgentNorth Branch Susquehanna — Contact your
County AgentSoutheast — Contact your County Agent or Jim
Rathmell
It is our hope that one trip a month should servethe essential calls in the Southeast and likewise onetrip a month should be sufficient for the North Brancharea.
The work alignment of the other Specialists inPlant Pathology Extension is:
Allen Bauer — Northwest — no change incounties.
O. D. Burke — Southeast — no change in counties.
Herbert Cole — Northeast plus Juniata, Mifflinand Huntingdon.
C. F. Taylor — Southcentral plus Fulton.Blair and Bedford Counties — Cole or Taylor,
whichever is free at the time.
GERMAN'S SEEDS GERMINATEWrite For Our 1962 "Florists" Catalog
"The House of Personal Service"
Others claim their seeds are good,
But ours do what you think they should.
WE GUARANTEE TO SHIP ALL SEED ORDERS
BY RETURN MAIL
H. G. GERMAN, SEEDS
103 Bank St. Phone 436 Smethport, Pa.
— 7 —
GREENHOUSE CHRYSANTHEMUMSPot Mums
A Guide to Programmed Disease Control
JAMES TAMMEN and L. P. NICHOLSDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Plant Pathology Extension,The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penna.
PRODUCTION PRACTICE DISEASE CONTROLLED
Casual Organism
II.
IH.
IV.
V.
VI.
Preparation for Planting:A. Hang hose so that nozzle does not touch green
house floor.B. Prepare soil mix for planting. Allow for good
aeration.C. Fill pots with soil; put pots in place on the
greenhouse bench. Cover bench, filled pots andtools with steam clover and steam treat at 180°F. for 30 minutes at coolest point.
ORFumigate (see your County Agent for instructions ).
Planting:Purchase pathogen-free rooted cuttings from a specialist propagator. Plant direcUy from shipping container. Always wash hands thoroughly before plantingor pinching young plants.
Young Plants:Drench, as required with soil fungicides.1A. DEXON-TERRACLOR 35SS-35%WP: Mix 4-6
ounces per 100 gollons of water. Apply one pintper 6 inch pot. One application only.
B. TERRACLOR 75%WP: Mix one lb. per 100 gallons of water. Apply one pint per 6 inch pot.One application only.
C. DEXON 35%WP: Mix 4-6 ounces per 100 gallons of water. Apply one pint per 6 inch pot.One application only.
D. NOTE: DEXON-TERRACLOR (5S-535 GRANULAR) may be mixed with the soil after steaming to prevent root and basal stem rot. Mix atthe rate of one ounce per bushel of soil.
Growing Plants:Spray growing plants on a 7-14 day schedule, covering both leaf surfaces with FERBAM 76%WP at V/>lbs. per 100 gallons of water. Avoid overhead watering.For powdery mildew, add 4 ounces of KARATHANE22.5%WP per 100 gallons of water to the spray tank.
Flowering:When flower buds begin to show color:A. Reduce relative humidity by venting and heating
at sundown.B. Mist spray on a 3-7 day schedule with ZINEB
75%WP or CAPTAN 50%WP at % lb. per 100gallons of water.
Flower Storage:Control measures for flower rot in storage or shipmentmust be applied in the greenhouse. Mist spray beforestorage with Y> lb. of ZINEB 75% WP or CAPTAN50iWP per 100 gallons of water.
Disease
I.Verticillium WiltFusarium WiltBacterial BlightPythium Root and
Basal Stem RotRhizoctonia Basal
Stem RotSclerotinia RotNematodes
H.Verticillium WiltFusarium WiltBacterial BlightRoot and Foliar
NematodesPythium Root and
Basal Stem RotRhizoctonia Basal
Stem RotSclerotinia RotAscochyta Ray BlightSeptoria Leaf SpotVirus Diseases
III.A. Pythium Root and
Basal Stem RotRhizoctonia Basal
Stem RotB. Rhizoctonia Basal
Stem RotSclerotinia Rot
C. Pythium Root andBasal Stem Rot
IVAV.
Septoria Leaf SpotAscochyta Ray BlightStemphylium Ray SpeckPowdery Mildew
Botrytis Petal BlightAscochyta Ray BlightStemphylium Ray Speck
VI.Botrytis Petal BlightAscochyta Ray BlightStemphylium Ray Speck
(Verticillum albo-atrum)(Fusarium oxysporum)(Erwinia chrysanthemi)
(Pythium spp.,)
(Rhizoctonia solani)(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
(Verticillum albo-atrum)(Fusarium oxysporum)(Erwinia chrysanthemi)
(Pythium spp.,)
(Rhizoctonia solani)(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)(Ascochyta chrysanthemi)(Septoria obesa)
(Pythium spp.,)
(Rhizoctonia solani)
(Rhizoctonia solani)(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
(Pythium spp.)
(Septoria obesa)(Ascochyta chrysanthemi)(Stemphylium or Alternaria spp.)(Erysiphe cichoracearum)
(Botrytis cinerea)(Ascochyta chrysanthemi)(Stemphylium or Alternaria spp.)
(Botrytis cinerea)(Ascochyta ohrysanthemi)(Stemphylium or Alternaria spp.)
» Fungicide drenches should not be required except as spot treatments where chance contamination occurs; then only the contaminated pots plus 2-3adjacent pots should be drenched. If experience s'.iows that widespread contamination often occurs, then treat all pots before root and stem rotdiseases appear.
— 8 —
