Date post: | 03-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | asian-development-bank |
View: | 223 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 30
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
1/30
ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 15
Ron Duncan
Steve Pollard
June 2002
Asian Development Bank
A Framework
for Establishing Priorities
in a Country Poverty
Reduction Strategy
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
2/30
19
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
Ron Duncan and Steve Pollard
June 2002
Ron Duncan is Director of the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management and Executive Director,Nat ional Centre for Development St udies , The Austra lian Na t ional U niversity. S teve Pollard is a Senior
Economist for P overty Reduct ion a t t he Str a t egy and Policy D epartment of the Asian Development B ank.
This paper was presented a t the 1st Asia a nd P acif ic Forum on Poverty: P olicy a nd Inst i tut ional Reforms
for P overty Reduct ion held 5-9 February 2001 at ADB Head qua rters .
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
3/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
20
Asian D evelopment B an k
P.O. Box 789
0980 Manila
Philippines
2002 by Asian Development Bank
J une 2002
ISSN 1655-5252
The views expressed in this paper
are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies
of the Asian Development B ank.
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
4/30
21
Foreword
The ERD Working Paper Series is a forum for ongoing and recently
completed resear ch an d policy st udies underta ken in the Asia n D evelopment B a nk
or on its behalf. The Series is a quick-disseminat ing, informal publica tion mean t
to stimula te discussion a nd elicit feedback. P a pers published under th is Series
could subsequ ently be r evised for publica tion a s a rt icles in professiona l journa ls
or chapters in books.
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
5/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
22
Contents
Abst ra ct vii
I . Int roduct ion 1
I I . P overt y Ana lysis before S t ra t egy D esign 1
I I I . Recent Cha nges in Thinking a bout D evelopment 2
IV. Concept ua l Fra mew ork 9
V. Conclusion 13
References 16
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
6/30
23
Abstract
The paper rev i ews t he h i s t o ry and progress o f unders t and i ng o f
development theory over the past 50 years. Development thinking has evolved
from an ear ly paradigm that focused on savings and capi ta l investment to
subsequent a rguments fa voring t he inclusion of huma n capita l, policy, technical
change , and f inal ly to the inclusion o f the ro le o f ins t i tu t ions , and good
governan ce. Secure property rights in th e broadest sense, w hich a re a pplica ble
to all resources and not just land , ar e pa rticularly importa nt t o realize investment
yield. This evolution of development t hought describes a conceptua l fra mework
tha t can guide development pra ct i t ioners in pr ior i t i z ing , sequencing , a nd
characterizing all interventions aimed at reducing poverty.
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
7/30
1
I. INTRODUCTION
The Asian D evelopment B a nks (ADB ) P overty Reduction S tra tegy, a pproved by the B oard
in November 1999, calls for the formulat ion of Country Opera tional S tr a tegies on t he
bas is of priorities emerging from poverty a na lyses a nd high-level forums t o be conducted
under the ADB P overty Reduction S tra tegy. The Country Operat ional S tra tegy w i ll provide the
analysis and establish the areas of focus, including policy reforms and sector emphases. It will
also take into account the comparative advantage of ADB and the programs of other agencies
(ADB 1999).
H ow should ADB select priorities for a ssista nce to its developing member count ries, wh ilegiving priority to the poverty reduction objective? Should ADB finance airports, roads, shipping,
a nd other mea ns of improving mar ket a nd service a ccess for t he poor? Or should ADB invest in
health clinics, schools, and other forms of human capital development? Should ADB fund natural
a nd ru ra l development a ctivities, SME development, a nd microfina nce schemes to ra ise the incomes
of th e poor? Accordin g t o St iglitz (1998, 8), t echnical s olutions (to development ) were evident ly
not enough a nd a n economy needs a n inst i tut ional infrast ructure. Wha t ar e inst i tut ions a nd
w hich ones should ha ve priority?
Cert a inly, th ere is need for improving project selection. After a review of projects th a t a re
funded by internat ional agencies and bi lateral donor agencies, the Development Assistance
Commit tee of the OE CD (DAC 2000, 45) concluded: There is very litt le evidence th a t t he projects
have been particularly helpful, or effective, in reducing poverty. Studies of project experiences
have few successes to report . As few as only one in f ive projects combating poverty can be
chara cterized as h ighly ta rgeted a t t he specific issues which in combina tion define the situa tion
of the poor. F ew project intervent ions a re sust a ina ble when donor funding ceases. S uccessful projects
are hard to replicate. How can ADB projects be better grounded within an overall country program,
policy, and institutional framework that will assist in rapidly reducing poverty?
II. POVERTY ANALYSIS BEFORE STRATEGY DESIGN
G overnments a nd donors ha ve increasingly t urned their a t tent ion and act ivi t ies, and insome cases declared a total commitment, to poverty reduction. Some have published manuals (Aho,
La riviere, a nd Ma rt in 1998); guidelines (DAC 2000); st ra tegies (ADB 2000); a nd ha ndbooks (World
Bank 1993) in support of the provision of assistance to reducing poverty. An outcome of all of
this a ct ivi ty ha s been a focus on wha t is now ca l led poverty a na lysis . Such a na lysis is primari ly
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
8/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
2
concentr a ted on describing the poor within a society: estimat ing how ma ny t here are; a nd defining
them in t erms of loca tion, occupat ion, gender, age, health , a nd a ccess to assets, ma rkets, a nd public
services. There has been much less emphasis on gaining an understanding of whythey are in
this state and why they have poor access to income-earning assets such as land, and to credit ,
educa t ion, heal th, a nd ma rkets.
However, the situat ion is changing a nd much more att ention is being given to asking wh y
the poor are not participating in economic growth. In many cases, development assistance is dealing
w ith m a ss poverty , i .e., insta nces in wh ich a lar ge proportion of people is in a bsolute poverty or
perilously close to it . In such cases it seems that describing poverty in great detail should not
have high priority; rather, the emphasis should be on understanding the constraints to the people
contr ibuting t o economic growt h. If m ost people a re poor, it is clear th a t t he most importa nt resource
of the economy, i .e., i ts people, is being und erutil ized. I t a lso appears irreleva nt in such ca ses
to be debating whether the focus of development should be on promoting economic growth or on
reducing poverty.
Approa ching development in terms of asking w hy the poor a re not being involved in th egrowth process is a clear break from the a pproa ch tha t dominat ed development a ssista nce in t he
second h a lf of the 20t h centu ry. To understa nd how t hinking a bout development ha s chan ged, i t
is helpful to review briefly t he recent changes t ha t h a ve ta ken pla ce in the w a y t ha t development
theorists and practitioners have approached development assistance.
III. RECENT CHANGES IN THINKING ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
During most of the lat ter ha lf of the 20th centur y, t he domina nt view a mong development
theorists a nd development a ssista nce agencies wa s tha t people a nd countr ies were poor beca use
the countries did not ha ve sufficient capita l. Therefore, it w a s a rgued, the pa th to economic grow th
a nd development w a s to tra nsfer ca pital from the richer count ries. It is only recently t ha t th ere
ha s been a wider understanding t ha t countries lack ca pita l and a re poor because th ey are very
unfriendly pla ces for capita l (both phy sica l and huma n capita l). It is interesting, therefore, to tra ce
how t hinking a bout t he development process has changed over the past 50 yea rs, both in terms
of economic theory a nd in t erms of pra ctice with in development a gencies. How ever, th e cha nge
has been a two-way process, with practical experience being reflected in the development of theory,
a nd t heoretical developments r eflected in changes in the forms of development a ssista nce.
Ea rly ma instream Western idea s about w ha t w as important in the economic growth process
were dominated by what has become known as the Solow-Swan neoclassical model of growth (Solow
1956). B riefly, th is model as sumes a single output , produced using la bor a nd capita l in a consta nt-return s-to-scale technology w ith diminishing, an d eventu a lly exha usted, ma rgina l returns t o each
factor. The model predicts that long-run growth rates of per capita income will equal the (assumed)
exogenous rate of technical progress. Changes in savings rates or government policies will affect
the levels of steady-sta te output a nd ca pital st ock but will ha ve no long-run effect on t he growth
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
9/30
3
Section IIIRecent Changes in Thinking about Development
ra te. If a ll countries experience the sa me ra te of exogenous technica l progress, they w ill all converge
to a common growth ra te over t ime. Countries with different sa vings behavior, institut ions, cultura l
norms, government policies, and so on, ma y be expected to ha ve different levels of steady -sta te
income an d different capita lla bor ra tios, but t heir long-run gr owth ra tes w ould a ll be a nchored
to th e common ra te of technica l progress.
Thus, t his model, w hich wa s developed w ith t he industria l countr ies in m ind, placed
emphasis on physical capita l , undifferentiat ed la bor, a nd technica l progress. In ea rly empirical
applications to high-income countries, accumulations of physical capital and labor accounted for
only about 25 percent of historica l growth . The ba lance (residual) wa s a tt ributed t o technical
chan ge. There were ar guments over wh ether th e technical cha nge wa s embodied in th e physica l
capita l or w hether it wa s exogenous, a utonomous, or disembodied.
This theory sa t well with the prevailing a pproach to development a ssistance at a practica l
level, which was that countries were poor because they lacked physical capital to go with their
a bunda nt labor. Therefore, the principa l role of development a ssista nce wa s to tr a nsfer financial
capita l from the richer count ries to the poorer count ries, where it w ould be tra nsformed into physica lcapita l , largely in the form of public infra str ucture. Technical chan ge wa s to a lar ge extent seen
a s being tr a nsferred a s embodied in th e physical capita l . Thus th ere were argument s over the
a ppropriat eness of th e technology t ra nsferred in this w a y. This a pproa ch to development probably
received support from the success of the Ma rsha ll Pla n in t he ra pid recovery of western Eur ope
a fter t he devast a tion of th e Second World Wa r. The Ma rsha ll P lans success wa s essentially seen
as the result of the successful transfer of capital to those countries.
The next ma jor cha nge in t hinking a bout the process of economic grow th can be seen t o
grow out of the work of Becker (1964). Becker argued that all labor was not the same, that i t
wa s differentia ted through educa tion, tra ining, a nd improvements in healt h, an d tha t household
decisions about these investments in labor could be thought of in an economic framework of human
capital. The insights from Beckers household consumption model were soon picked up by the
development a ssista nce agencies in th e form of projects on educa t ion an d hea l th. Only la ter
(Ma nkiw, Romer, an d Weil, 1992) were the idea s capt ured in t he economic growt h li tera tur e by
showing t ha t t he predictions of the neocla ssica l model at tribut e much less importa nce to the residual
if the definition of capital is widened to include human capital .
In the la te 1970s th ere wa s a nother ma jor cha nge in development th inking, which seems
to have grown out of two pieces of empirical research. First, Krueger and Bhagwati s study of
the r a pid growth of the four Ea st Asian Tigers (see Krueger 1978) highlighted t he importa nce
of policy, pa rticularly openness to interna tional t ra de a nd investment . The corolla ry t o their research
w a s tha t t he import su bstitut ion policies tha t ha d been ca rried on by most if not a ll poor count ries
w ere not fa vorable to long-term economic growth .1 There can be ra pid income growt h in t he ear ly
1 The popularit y of import subst itut ion policies ca n be tra ced to the ea rly success of the hea vy indust ry policy
of the former Soviet U nion (an d la ter t he P eoples Republic of Chin a)especially d uring t he 1930s when there
wa s such a sharp contras t between the economic performance of the S oviet Un ion a nd t he Gr eat Depression
experienced in the capitalist countries. It can be traced later to the writings of Prebisch (1950) and Singer
(1950) who saw the need for import subst itut ion s tra tegies to counter wha t t hey sa w as the exploita t ion by
the industrialized countries of the primary-producing poor countries.
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
10/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
4
sta ges of a n import substitution st ra tegy a s th e protected firms expand in capturing the domestic
ma rket. However, being interna tionally uncompetitive, when they sa tura te the domestic market,
income growth slows as the protected firms are unable to export.
The second major jolt to development thinking came from the World Bank where an
evaluation of the Banks completed projects showed that many of them were failures, particularly
in the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The conclusion reachedmost l ikely with the
Kr ueger/B ha gw a ti resear ch in mindwa s tha t t he projects were unsuccessful beca use the policy
environment w a s unfa vorable. Thus developed the concept of the St ructura l Adjustment P rogram
a nd conditionality, w ith t he emphasis on cha nging th e policy regime so tha t countries were more
open to trade and investment, both internally and externally. The focus on getting the prices/
policies right was expanded to include macroeconomic policies (which were the focus of the
In tern a tiona l Moneta ry F und) as w ell as microeconomic policies (more the focus of the World B a nk
a nd t he regiona l banks). Agreement on this a pproa ch to development a ssista nce beca me know n
as the Washington Consensus.
The focus of development a ssista nce on policies wa s reflected in t he economic growth th eoryw ith the d evelopment of th e so-called endogenous grow th models in t he la te 1980s a nd ea rly
1990s. In these models, technical chan ge is endogenous, a n idea tha t a ppea led because it could
help expla in how count ries could keep grow ing a t fa ster ra tes over long periods, rat her th a n moving
towa rd some stat ic growth ra te a s in the neoclassical model. An a lternat ive to expanding t he ca pita l
stock in the neoclassical model is to assume th a t t here are externa lities to ca pital t ha t can spill
over t o the whole economy, a nd increasing retu rns t o sca le such a s thr ough lea rning by d oing
(Romer 1986, Lucas 1988) or research and development (Romer 1990). For example, in the
differentia ted-inputs m odel of Romer (1990) a nd G rossma n a nd H elpma n (1991), growt h is fa ster
the larger the scale of the research and development sector. Another implication of external effects
and increasing-returns models is that these effects justify government intervention, and such
permanent changes in government policy can have permanent effects on the growth rate.
While the focus on the policy environment dominated development assistance efforts in
the 1980s and 1990s, chan ges in th e para digm w ere under w a y, st emming from Norths (1990)
and North and Thomass (1973) early focus on the important institutions of an economy. Norths
w ork ha s been given a more practical fla vor wit h t he w ritings of Olson (1996, 2000) a nd d e Soto
(2000). The key idea of this w ork is th a t of t he overriding import a nce for economic growt h of th e
basic institut ionspublic a nd private; forma l a nd informa l; a nd economic, social , a nd politica l
that determine how an economy funct ions. In this l i terature, inst i tut ions have a part icular
definition, distinct from the common use tha t is indistinguisha ble from orga nizat ions. Ha ggar d
(1999, 30) describes the difference as follows:
Institutions refer to the formal and informal rules and enforcement mechanisms
that influence the behavior of organizations and individuals in society. They include
constitut ions, law s an d regula tions, a nd contr a cts, as w ell as tr ust, informa l rules
a nd socia l norms. Orga nizat ions a re collective socia l a ctors, usua lly chara cterized
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
11/30
5
by hierarchica l pat t erns o f in terna l a uthor ity , tha t pursue common in teres ts .
Orga niza tions operat ing in th e public sphere include government bur eaucra cies,
legislatures, political parties, unions, interest groups, NGOs, and even firms in their
political capacities.
In particular, de Soto (2000, 210-1) has shown that getting the policies right (the focus
of the Structural Adjustment Programs) will be ineffective unless the institutions essential to the
par ticipat ion of a ll of a n economys income-earn ing a ssets (land , labor, capita l, an d na tur a l resources)
are in place. Referring mainly to land and other forms of fixed capital , he says:
... Most people cann ot part icipat e in a n expa nded ma rket beca use they do not ha ve
a ccess to a lega l property r ights system tha t represents their assets in a ma nner
t h a t m a k es t h e m w i d el y t r a n s f er a b l e a n d f u n g ib le , t h a t a l l ow s t h e m t o b e
encumbered a nd permits t heir own ers to be held account a ble. So long a s th e assets
of the majority a re not properly documented a nd t ra cked by a property bureaucracy,they are invisible and sterile in the marketplace.
Inst itutions ar e essentially th e sets of rules tha t govern how a society behaves in part icular
a reas of activity. As North (1990) describes them, t hey ra nge from ta boos, customs, an d tr a ditions
in wh a t a re called tr a ditiona l societies, to forma l, writt en constitut ions a nd la ws governing economic,
political , and social behavior in a more modern society. Institutions may be formalsuch as a
const itut ion or tra ffic law sor t hey ma y be informa l, such as volunta ry codes of conduct of business
or social gr oups. The set of rules ma king up a n inst itut ion defines t he incentives to w hich people
w ill respond. According t o Nort h (1990) a nd H a ya mi a nd R utt a n (1971), institu tions chan ge a s
the t ra nsa ction costs of behaving in certa in wa ys chan ge. Tra nsa ction costs can be seen to change
a s economies develop a nd t echnologies improve, a nd a s political a nd s ocial forces with in a society
chan ge. So, for exa mple, reductions in tra nsport costsof informat ion or goodscan ma ke cert a in
behaviors more or less costly, a nd t herefore lead t o a n ew form of institut ion. Or increased t rust
betw een individua ls a nd gr oups not only ca n improve socia l cohesion but a lso lower th e costs of
transact ing contracts .
North emphasized the cost of information in the development of institutions. The provision
a nd communicat ion of informa tion is required to measur e the a tt ributes of a good or service in
economic excha nge a nd t o define and protect th e rights t ha t a re excha nged. The more costly a re
the excha nge an d its enforcement, the higher a re the tr a nsa ction costs, a nd t he less l ikely is the
institution to exist or to be effective.
North (1990), Olson (1996), a nd de S oto (2000) ha ve st ressed t he overridin g import a nceof property rights and contract enforcement in economic growth. Well-defined and secure property
rights a nd impart ial enforcement of contra cts betw een par ties are th e basis for a ma rket economy.
If individua l rights t o factors (lan d, labor, or ca pita l) a re ill-defined in legisla tion an d a ll contra cts
ma de between par ties to an economic excha nge ar e not impart ially enforced by the judicial syst em
Section IIIRecent Changes in Thinking about Development
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
12/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
6
and therefore both property r ights and contracts are free from discret ionary intervention by
politicians and bureaucratsthen the costs of transactions and the costs of transformation in
production w ill make economic activity infeasible or h ighly sub-optima l. In such circumst a nces,
people w ill be relucta nt to invest in fixed as sets. The only businesses tha t w ill exist w ill be th ose
tha t a re footloose, i .e., easily sh ifted to a nother loca tion. Or priva te economic activity w ill only
be underta ken with s ome kind of government gua ra ntee (such as joint ventur es with government,
w here the government will likely bear the business r isks involved; or w here higher profits to cover
the high tra nsa ction a nd tr a nsformat ion costs a re assur ed, such a s thr ough some form of import
protection). In such circumsta nces t he economic activity ma y be la rgely i l lega l a nd s ma ll-scale,
a nd br ibery of government officials freq uent, a s de S oto (1989) has shown. P eople will also be
unw illing to invest in education, or will only do so if they ha ve prospects of moving to a nother
country where they will be able to earn and retain an income that justifies their investment.
Olson (1996) and de Soto (2000) explain the large and growing gap in incomes between
the rich count ries an d th ose poor countries wh ere incomes ha ve grow n very slowly, i f a t a ll , as
largely due to the absence of these basic institutions, not to the lack of capital , some inherentdeficiency in w ork ethic, or some cultura lly determined beha vior. P rior to its brea k-up th e former
Soviet Union had the highest per capita level of education in the world, as measured in terms
of the level of schooling reached, a nd t he highest per capita level of plant a nd ma chinery. B ut i t
remained a poor country. Wha t i t lacked w as the inst i tut ions t ha t al low entrepreneurship and
innovat ion t o flourish t hrough effective economic tra nsforma tion a nd exchan ge.
Olson (1996) demonstra tes th e critical importa nce of secure propert y right s a nd impa rt ial
enforcement of contra cts. He point s out th a t i f t he key missing ingredient for development w a s
capita l , then th e mar gina l productivity of ca pital w ould be higher in poor countries tha n in rich
countries, and private capital would be trying to move from rich to poor countries. In fact, the
movement is st rongly in the other direction as w e see from estimat es of ca pita l flight. S imilarly,
Olson argues that inst i tut ions in the rich countries must be the missing ingredient when an
individual can migrate from a poor country to a high-income country and soon thereafter earn
an income tha t is man y t imes higher tha n in their home country an d a s high as or higher tha n
the average income in the host country. The plane fl ight does not change migrants skills and
willingness to work a s much a s it places them in a more friendly environment for their labor a nd
capita l (no doubt w ha t a pplies to labor an d capita l also a pplies to technology).
De Soto (2000) has dramatically highlighted the lack of an effective system of private
entitlement to lan d a nd other income-earn ing a ssets in poor countries and how t his inhibits the
development of economic activity, pa rticularly thr ough inhibiting the creat ion of capita l by t he
poor. He estimates that the total value of land and other assets owned by the poor in developing
count ries is around U S$9.3 tril l ion, man y t imes the va lue of foreign a id or foreign investment.Yet, with out the possibility of efficient tr a nsfer of these assets, or th e abili ty t o use these assets
a s collat era l in order t o raise capita l (securitiza tion), the a ssets ha ve litt le income-genera ting power.
Only w here there is an effective system of property la w can t he value of la nd or other as sets be
properly esta blished; can t hey be easily bought a nd sold; or can they become collat eral so tha t
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
13/30
7
the wealth can be mobilized in investment capital. Without such property rights, and the possibility
of securitization of assets, there can never be an effective capital market.
The single most import a nt source of funds for new businesses in the U nited St a tes
is a mortgage on the entrepreneurs house.
By contras t ,
The poor inhabi tants o f these nat ions [Third World and former communis t
count ries]five-sixths of huma nitydo have t hings, but they lack t he process to
represent their property and create capital. They have houses but not titles; crops
but n ot d eeds; businesses but not st a tut es of incorpora tion. It is t he una vaila bili ty
of these essential representa tions tha t expla ins wh y people wh o have a dopted every
other Western invent ion, from th e paper clip to th e nuclea r rea ctor, hav e not been
able to produce sufficient capital to make their domestic capitalism work (de Soto2000, 6-7).
Aron (2000, 105) sums up the institutional constraints in poor countries as follows:
When inst itutions a re poorly defined or there a re few forma l institut ions, economic
activities are restricted to interpersonal exchanges. In such cases, repeat activities
a nd cultur a l homogeneity fa cilita te self-enforcement. Tra nsa ction costs ma y be low
in such an environment, but transformation costs are high because the economy
operates at a very low level of specialization. Economic exchange also could operate
a t one remove, via social netw orks, but contra cts a re sti l l constra ined by kinship
ties. It is clear, however, tha t firms or agents in a n environment of weak institut ions
cann ot enga ge in complex, long-term, a nd m ultiple-cont ra ct excha nges w ith effective
enforcement as they do in industrial economies. A basic structure of property rights
tha t encoura ges long-term contra cting appears essentia l for the creat ion of capita l
markets and growt h .
While there ar e man y count ries wh ere the poor ow n a ssets but ha ve no excisable property
rights, t here ar e circumsta nces where the poor do not ha ve an y a ccess to potent ial income-ear ning
assets such as land or even education. In these latter circumstances there has to be some form
of asset redistribution or asset creation.
I t i s not easy for a country to make the substant i a l changes in ins t i tu t ions or asse tredistribution necessa ry t o allow the poor t o pa rt icipat e in economic growt h a nd development.
The new institutions and land redistribution that established a basis for rapid income growth
in J a pan ; Republic of Korea ; an d Ta ipei,China w a s imposed by externa l forces. In P eoples Republic
of China a nd Viet Na m, wh ich experienced revolutions in a gricultur a l productivity th rough the
Section IIIRecent Changes in Thinking about Development
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
14/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
8
changeover from collectivization to individual land rights (leasehold) and the liberalization of
a gricul tural ma rkets, the tra nsforma tions in inst i tut ions were introduced internal ly but w ere
exceptiona l in their brea dth a nd speed. As North a nd Olson ha ve argued, changing t he sta tusquo
ma y be very difficult or even impossible without such dra ma tic intervention, because the vested int erests
benefiting from the existing situation usually hold political power and therefore have no interest
in chan ge. The importa nt q uestion therefore is how t o stimula te chan ge in such circumsta nces.
The 1990s ha s seen a lar ge degree of a tt ention given by the d evelopment community to
governa nce. This focus grew out of the concerns of the World Ba nk a nd bila tera l donors w ith
corrupt ion in t he government s of borrowing count ries a nd t he desire by nonpolitica l organiza tions
like th e World Ba nk t o be publicly critical a bout corrupt ion. As interest in governa nce has grown,
the scope of its definition has broadened. Early on, concerns about governance were mainly focused
on the a ccounta bility a nd t ra nspar ency of government a nd t he politica l process, a nd t he effectiveness
of the governments fisca l a nd monetar y policies.
Following Burki and Perry (1998), Haggard (1999) defines governance as the design of
institu tions an d organ izat ions for making a nd implement ing collective decisions. B roadening t hefocus of governa nce from wh a t ma y be thought of a s good government to include the esta blishment
a nd opera tion of the basic institut ions for th e operat ion of an economy m a y be helpful in the sense
tha t it places emphasis on these ba sic inst itut ions. H owever, if the concept of governa nce becomes
so all embra cing it ma y be less helpful. It ma y be more useful to keep good government issues
sepa ra te, w hile recognizing tha t the form of institutions will ha ve an impact on th e effectiveness
of government.
Economic theorists a re incorporat ing t he role of inst itut ions w ithin the economic theory
of growt h a nd t here is burgeoning empirical research on the relat ionship between institu tional
development a nd economic growt h (see Aron 2000 for a review). Development a gencies are beginning
to focus on institutional issues. But there is not yet a full commitment to the conclusions that
a re implicit in de Sotos w ork. In other w ords, i f ba sic institut ions for the creat ion of ca pital a nd
full part icipation of the w hole society in economic a ctivity a re not in pla ce, neither investment s
in infrastructure, education, health; nor economic reforms; nor public sector reforms will be effective,
and will likely only increase income inequalityfavoring those who already have access to factor
ma rkets. B uilding roads a nd bridges or underta king agricultural research w ill not increase incomes
a s much a s th ey could if people do not ha ve secure property rights t o fa rm la nd. E ducat ion a nd
health improvement projects will not promote income growth for the poor unless there is the
generat ion o f capi ta l wi th which the heal th ier and bet ter-educated l abor force can work.
Privatization of public enterprises will be less than fully effective if there are no secure property
rights t o land a nd enforcement of contr acts. L a ying off public officials w ith r edundan cy packages
could ma ke them the new ent repreneurial class but th ey will not if they can not ga in secure accessto la nd a nd ra ise a dditional ca pital th rough securitization of their assets. Tra de and investment
policy reform will see disappointing results in the form of supply responses unless there is security
of property r ights a nd contr a cts and capita l markets a re developed so tha t tr a ders ca n ra ise capita l
and hedge their commodity and currency risks.
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
15/30
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
16/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
10
INSTITUTIONSECONOMY GOAL POLICY TIME
NO GROWTH
GROWTH
Judiciary
Accounting
Standards
Codes of Conduct
Constitutional
Electoral
Media, NGOs,Police, Community
Land
Labor
Capital
Technology
Information
Price
Wage
Education
Health
Gender
Investment
Trade
Competition
Civil and Social Order
Good Governance
Contract
and Institutional
Rules and Regulations
Poverty Reduction
Medium Term /
Long Term
Pro-poor Growth and
Poverty Intervention
Pro-poor Investment
Effective Markets
Short Term
Monetary
Fiscal
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
17/30
11
in which most in society participate, are likely to have constraints at the bottom of the figure.
Working from the bottom of the figure to the top we see that without civil order there
can be no economic development. Where civil and social order has not been established, it is likely
that only intervention in the form of humanitarian aid can be helpful . Efforts to implement
infra str ucture or oth er investment projects in count ries wh ere a st a ble environment of civil order
ha s not been esta blisheda s in severa l sub-Sa ha ra n Africa count ries over recent yea rshas y ielded
a frustrating history of stop-start development assistance, with total failure of the assistance as
the usual outcome. Important institutions that have to be in place for the maintenance of civil
a nd social order a re th e police an d t he judicia ry. As w ell, self-policing by t he commu nity in th e
sense that there needs to be a degree of trust and concern for othersis also important in the
ma intena nce of civil order. A constitut ion a nd a body of common la w or custom w ill also be necessa ry
to codify the rights of members of the society.
The next building block that has to be put into place comprises the institutions that form
the ba sis for a ma rket economy, i .e., property right s a nd impa rtia l enforcement of contra cts, as
w ell as informa l institut ions such a s codes of conduct. F or these institu tions to be effective, th ejudicial sy stem w ill have to be w orking effectively, in part icular wit hout intervention by politicians
or the bureau cracy. Trust w ithin t he society is a lso a n import a nt ingr edient in t he effective w orkings
of property law a nd contr a cts. If there is no substa ntia l degree of trust between part ies involved
in contracts , the load on the judiciary in resolving contract disputes wi l l make the system
unworkable, i .e., the transaction costs will be too high for the institution to function.
The next bu ilding block is good governa nce. If th e broader d efinition of governa nce were
a dopted, i.e., to include institut ions a nd organ izat ions a s w ell as good government ma tt ers, there
would be a single governa nce block. As sa id earlier, i t is a good idea t o separ a te institu tions an d
governa nce as a separa tion forces a focus on t he basic institut ions necessa ry for a ma rket economy
to function w ell. To hav e good governa nce, there needs t o be political st a bility. This st a bility w ill
depend on the effectiveness of the electoral system and the constitution, as well as checks and
bala nces tha t opera te through th e media a nd community gr oups, and perha ps supra-government
or supra-par l i amentary bodies that have power to moni tor government behavior (such as
a dministrat ive tribuna ls and a n ombudsman). The ma in policies tha t w ill be affected by t he sta te
of governa nce are fiscal a nd moneta ry policy. These policies in turn w ill determine exchan ge ra te
policy and the inflation rate.
I f they are not already in place, establ ishing civi l and social order, effect ive market
institutions, and good governance will usually take a considerable length of time, and without
these building blocks in place there will be no, or very limited, growth in incomes. Therefore, a
poverty reduction stra tegy w ill ha ve to give prior a tt ention to w ha t ma y be done in the short t o
medium term t ha t may assist in bringing about desirable cha nges. To gain a n understa nding ofa ny shortcomings in t hese area s, i t w ill likely be necessary to underta ke detailed cultura l , socia l ,
a nd pol i t i ca l econom y s t ud i es t o ga i n t he r equ i red i n form a t i on a bou t t he soc ie t y be fo re
recommending a ny a ction. One issue tha t w ill be import a nt in bringing a bout cha nge will be to
find ways to promote widespread ownership of desirable reforms.
Section IVConceptual Framework
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
18/30
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
19/30
13
Moreover, openness to trade and investment wi l l serve as an effect ive means of preventing
monopolist ic behavior by f i rms. However, there may st i l l need to be legislat ion outlawing
a nticompetitive beha vior. C ompetition policy should a lso provide for competitive a ccess to n a tur a l
monopolies in essential services such as power, water, and transport.
V. CONCLUSION
After more than four decades of development assistance and nearly 20 years of concentrated
effort by int erna tional development a gencies an d individua l country donors in encoura ging economic
reforms in developing count ries, the limits t o development a ssista nce hav e become much clearer.
We now h a ve a much better idea of wha t is a bsolutely necessary for success and w ha t is importa nt
but seconda ry; likewise, we ha ve a much better idea of the appropriate prioritiza tion an d sequencing
of economic reforms and forms of assistance in support of poverty reduction.
It is now abundantly clear that the paradigm that dominated development assistancea ctivities for most of the past 40 year stha t t he ma in constr a int t o economic development w a s
a shortage of capitalwas unhelpful. Capital is scarce in developing countries, but i t is scarce
because the environment is not friendly toward capital , whether private or public capital . The
poor investment environment led some to a rgue in fa vor of direct public sector investment . B ut
it ha s also been lea rned at great cost th a t government a ctivity in production is seldom an a dequa te
substitute for private sector activity. In order to mobilize an economys resources and for a flourishing
private sector to developone that can be a sound basis for raising the needed government
revenueth e basic institut ions of secure propert y right s, impar tia l enforcement of contra cts, an d
internationally accepted codes of commercial conduct have to be in place. In turn, these institutions
depend upon a legal a nd judicial syst em tha t is a llow ed to function with out interference, and a
government a nd bureaucra cy opera ting in a t ra nspar ent, accounta ble, and fully a ccessible ma nner.
Secure property right s a nd impar tia l enforcement of contra cts ar e the basis for a ma rket
exchange economy a nd t hus for a ll privat e sector a ctivity, w hich is now recognized as the engine
of growth a nd the ma in means of doing aw a y wit h a bsolute poverty. B ut security of property rights
and impartial enforcement of contracts, in the broadest sense of the state providing security over
th e income from ones labor, capita l, and la nd, ha s even broa der implica tions. It provides equa lity
of opportu nity for a ll and thu s is protective of the rights of a ll individua ls, regard less of gender,
ethnicity, or religion.
Secure property r ights for labor, ensuring freedom from discrimina t ion, a lso ensures
ma ximum flexibili ty in labor ma rkets. On one hand, firms should not be forced t o pay wa ges tha t
are not in line with the productivity of labor. On the other hand, labor should be rewarded forits productivity a nd provided t he necessa ry scope to realize its potentia l thr ough tra ining. This
approach wil l ensure that real wages are based on productivi ty, which in turn wi l l maintain
competitiveness in international markets.
Section VConclusion
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
20/30
ERD Working Paper No. 15
A FRAMEWORKFOR ESTABLISHING PRIORITIESINA COUNTRY POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY
14
While governments ma y be keen to implement t hese kinds of mea sures, i t is clea r t ha t
there w ill often be resista nce from groups or individuals benefiting from the sta tus quo. If t hese
groups or ind ividuals a re in a politica lly pow erful position, reforms ma y w ell be stifled. The ma jor
issue in these instances is how to bring about change from the status quo.
Dema nd for cha nges to inst itutions a nd policies ca n be fostered by a ctions th a t increase
the va lue to the community of new institut ions a nd policies. In part icular , deman d for more secure
and impartially enforced property rights may be fostered by freeing up trade and investment,
a nd by a ppropriate investment in human a nd physica l ca pital . Freeing up tra de and investment
can ra ise th e implicit renta l value of land a nd futur e income strea ms from labor. Investment in
physica l infrast ructure such a s roads, ports, telecommunications, an d essential services will a lso
ra ise the implicit renta l value of la nd a nd fut ure labor incomes. Investment in a better-educa ted
a nd h ealth ier populat ion w ill do likew ise. Social m obiliza tion thr ough politica l par ties, labor unions,
a nd consumer gr oups can a lso help to bring about cha nge thr ough counterva iling power. While
change will usually be very difficult to achieve, it may be possible to take measures that will ease
the constr a ints in th e short r un. For exa mple, in the short run it ma y be possible to have regula tionsrepea led t ha t l imit informal sector activity a nd t herefore restrict income generat ion by the poor.
Ch a nge in the distribut ion of rights to lan d use ma y be even more difficult to a chieve tha n
change in institut ions. B ut a ccess to la nd ma y ha ve become less importa nt t o improving the sta nda rd
of l iving of people tha n previously. In a n increas ingly knowledge-driven w orld, educa tion ma y
be a more important income-earning asset and increasing access to education may be easier to
achieve than access to land.
These measur es should be seen a s mut ua lly reinforcing. Tra de or investment r eform w ithout
secure propert y right s a nd cont ra cts w ill see litt le response in t he form of outw a rd-orient ed, growt h
enhan cing investment . Similarly, publ ic expenditure on educat ion a nd heal th or on physical
infra structur e will give litt le retur n w ithout t he presence of the inst itutions ba sic to privat e sector
development. On the other hand, public sector reform in the form of public service cutbacks or
privat izat ion of sta te-owned enterprises w ill not promote deman d for better economic instit utions
but w ill only be effective if they a lready exist. Security of contra cts requires a n impar tia l judiciary ,
i.e., free from politica l an d burea ucrat ic intervention. However, security of contra cts a lso requires
w idesprea d tru st t o minimize cont ra ct disputes and t he need for th e courts to intermediat e. Trust
is a n importa nt outcome of the social ca pita l of a count ry. Where the degree of tr ust is poor, contra ct
disputes can be expected to be widespread and the transaction costs of contracts high.
Development a ssista nce agencies ca n help countries move towa rd commitment to these
measures through technical assistance that demonstrates the benefits of better institutions and
policies and pa rticipatory discussion of the pros a nd cons of various measur es and a lterna tives.
Experience has a lso show n t ha t high-level tr a ining of local people is very effective in lea ding t oownership of these grow th enha ncing measur es. For t hose countries wh ere there is no or very
little interest in undertaking th ese measures, such technica l assista nce a nd tra ining may be the
only worthwhile development assistance to provide until there is a change in atti tude of those
in power or of th e larger community. La ck of ownership of reforms will only lead to their fa ilure
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
21/30
15
a nd often lea ds to unnecessary social ha rdship an d tension, a nd th ereby provides argum ents for
not making similar a t tempts in the future.
If the restrictions preventing the poor from participating fully in economic growth are
removed, moneta ry a nd fiscal policies, an d other policies such a s t ra de a nd investm ent policies,
should be much less discriminat ory in t heir impacts. This removal of restrictions d oes not m ean
that all people will do equally well out of economic growth, as people will have different levels
of access t o asset s. Moreover, th ere will still be a need for t he government thr ough its fiscal policy
to try to ensure equa l a ccess to a ba sic level of essential services a nd t o have in pla ce redistribution
policies tha t pr ovide a sa fety n et for people. The government s capa city t o provide socia l securit y
wil l ul t imately depend on i ts taxat ion base. However, the government does have a degree of
discretion in where it locates public investment. Therefore, it is able to discriminate in favor of
a reas tha t a re disadva nta ged in terms of tra nsport or other infrastructure, education, and hea lth.
How ever, th e extent of discretion is l imited by t he tra de-offs tha t w ill ha ve to be ma de between
promoting ma ximum use of the countrys compara tive adva nta ge and assista nce to disadva nta ged
areas .T h e A D B s a p p r o a c h t o d e s i g n i n g p o v e r t y r e d u c t i o n s t r a t e g i e s s h o u l d b e
derived from t he fullest understa nding of the development process a nd t he a ppropriat e role for
development a ssista nce, realizing tha t u ndersta nding of the process is continua lly improving. It
is desira ble to strive for a greement a mong the government, other multilat eral a gencies, a nd bilat era l
donors on t he best st ra tegy for a chieving inclusive economic grow th. Moreover, in order for a ny
stra tegy t o be effective, there will need to be broa d ownership of the st ra tegy w ithin th e country.
However, i t has to be recognized that i t is unlikely that there will ever be full agreement with
a ny stra tegy, as th ere wi l l alwa ys be room for heal thy debat e.
At some point, how ever, ADB w ill ha ve to decide on t he count ry st ra tegy t ha t i t believes
should be followed and the role tha t i t should play in the stra tegy, an d w ork with t he government
on implementing its a ctivities. Effective implementa tion is often m uch more difficult t ha n t he
design of programs and policies. In large part, effective implementation will depend upon the
effectiveness of the countrys governance and its capacity to undertake and sustain programs.
Ca reful ass essment w ill therefore ha ve to be ma de of the likelihood of success of the program.
In some cases the a ssessment ma y be tha t t he likelihood of success is low a nd t herefore ADB should
restrict i ts a ctivities in the countr y t o technical a ssista nce a nd informat ion dissemination a imed
at improving the environment for future action.
Section VConclusion
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
22/30
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
23/30
17
P rebisch, R., 1950. Th e Economi c Development of L ati n Ameri ca and it s Prin cipal Problems. United
Nations, New York.
Romer, P.M., 1986. Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth. Journ al of Pol i t i ca l Economy
94(5):1002-37.
, 1990. E ndogenous Technical Ch a nge. J our nal of Pol i t i ca l Economy98(5):S71-S101.
Singer, H ., 1950. The Distr ibution of G a ins betw een In vesting a nd B orrowing Countr ies.American
Econom i c Review40:473-85.
Solow, R. M., 1956. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quart er l y Jour nal of
Economics70:65-94.
St iglitz, J . E., 1998. Towa rds a New P a ra digm for Development: St ra tegies, P olicies, a nd P rocesses.
Paper presented as the 1998 Prebisch Lecture 19 October 1998, UNCTAD, Geneva.
The World Bank, 1993. Pover ty Redu ction H and book. The World B a nk, Wa shington, D .C.
References
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
24/30
18
PUBLICATIONS FROM THE
ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES (WPS)
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)
N o. 1 C a pit a liz in g on G lob a liz a tion
Bar ry E ichengreen, J anuar y 2002
N o. 2 P o li cy -b a s ed Le n di n g a n d P ov er t y Re du ct i on :An Overview of Processes, Assessment
and Options
Richard Bolt and Manabu Fuj im ura
Janu ary 2002
N o. 3 Th e Au t om ot i ve S up pl y C ha i n : G lob a l Tr e nd s
and Asian Perspect ives
Fr ancisco Veloso and R aji v Kum ar
Janu ary 2002
N o. 4 In t e rn a t i on a l C om p et i t iv en e ss of As ia n F ir m s :
An Analyt ical Framework
Rajiv Kum ar and Doren Chadee
February 2002
N o. 5 Th e In t e rn a t i on a l C om p et i t iv en e ss of As ia n
Economies in the Apparel Commodity Chain
Gar y Gereffi
February 2002
N o. 6 M on et a r y a n d F in a n ci a l C oop er a t ion in E a s tAsiaThe Chiang Mai Ini t iat ive and Beyond
Pradumn a B. Rana
February 2002
N o. 7 P r o bi ng B e ne a t h C r os s -n a t i on a l Av er a g e s: P o v er t y ,
Inequal i ty, and Growth in the Phi l ippines
Arseni o M. Bal isacan and Er nesto M. Pern ia
M arch 2002
N o. 8 P o ve rt y , G r ow t h , a n d I ne qu a li ty in Th a il a nd
Anil B. Deolal i kar
Apr i l 2002
ERD TECHNICAL NOTE SERIES (TNS)
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)
N o. 1 C on t in g en cy C a l cu la t i on s f or E n v ir on m en t a lImpacts wi th Unknown Monetary Values
David Dole
Febru ary 2002
N o. 9 M icr of in a n ce in N or t h ea s t Th a i la n d : Wh o B e n ef it s
and How Much?
Br ett E . ColemanApr i l 2002
No. 10 Pover tyReduct ion and the Role o f Ins t i tu t ions in
Developing Asia
Anil B. Deolal i kar , Al ex B. Br i l l iantes, Jr . ,
Raghav Gaih a, Ernesto M. Pern ia, M ary Raceli s
wi th the assistance of M ari ta Concepcion Castro-
Guevara, Liza L. Lim , Pi l ip inas F. Quising
M ay 2002
No. 11 The European Soc ia l Model: Lessons for
Developing Countries
Assar Li nd beck
M ay 2002
N o. 12 C o st s a n d B e n ef it s of a C o mm on C u r r en cy f or
ASEAN
Srini vasa Madh ur
M ay 2002
N o. 1 3 M on e t a r y C oop er a t i on i n E a s t A si a : A S u r ve yRaul Fabell a
M ay 2002
No. 14 Toward A Po l it i ca l Economy Approach
to Prolicy-based Lending
George Abony i
M ay 2002
N o. 1 5 A Fr a m e w or k f or E s t a b l is h in g P r i or it i es i n a
Country Poverty Reduct ion Strategy
Ron Du ncan and Steve Pollar d
Ju ne 2002
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
25/30
19
N o. 1 AS E AN a n d t h e As ia n D ev el op me nt B a n k
Seij i Naya, Apr i l 1982
N o. 2 D e ve lop me nt I s s ue s for t h e D ev el op in g E a s t
and Southeast Asian Countries
and Internat ional Cooperat ionSeij i Naya and Gr aham Abbott , Apr i l 1982
N o. 3 Aid , S a vi ng s, a n d G r ow t h i n th e As ia n R eg ion
J. M alcolm D owling and Ul r i ch H iemenz,
Apr i l 1982
N o. 4 D e ve lop m en t -or i en t e d F or e ig n In v es t m en t
and the Role of ADB
Kiyoshi K oj ima, Apr i l 1982
N o. 5 Th e M ul ti la t e ra l De ve lop me nt B a n ks
and the Internat ional Economys Missing
P ublic Sector
John L ewi s, J une 1982
N o. 6 N ot es on E xt er na l D eb t of DM Cs
Evelyn Go, Ju ly 1982
No. 7 G r a nt Elem en t in B an k L oa n s
Dal H yun K im, Ju ly 1982
N o. 8 S h a dow E xch a ng e R a tes a n d S t a nd a rd
Conversion Factors in Project Evaluat ionPeter War r, September 1982
N o. 9 S m a ll a n d Me di um -S ca l e M a n uf a ct u rin g
Establ ishments in ASEAN Countries:
Perspect ives and Pol icy Issues
M athias Bruch and Ulr i ch H iemenz,
Janu ary 1983
No. 10 A Note on the Thi rd Mini s ter i a l Meet ing o f GATT
Ju ngsoo Lee, J anuar y 1983
No. 11 Macroeconomic Forecas t s fo r the Republi c
of China, Hong Kong, and Republic of Korea
J.M . Dowl ing, January 1983
N o. 1 2 AS E AN : E con om i c S i t ua t i on a n d P r o sp ect s
Seij i Naya, Mar ch 1983
N o. 1 3 Th e F u t u re P r o sp ect s f or t h e D e v el op in g
Countries of Asia
Seij i Naya, Mar ch 1983
N o. 14 E n e r gy a n d S t ru ct u r a l C h a n g e i n t h e As ia -Paci f ic Region, Summary of the Thirteenth
Pacific Trade and Development Conference
Seij i Naya, Mar ch 1983
N o. 15 A S u r ve y of E m pi r ica l S t u d ie s on D e m a n d
for Electric i ty wi th Special Emphasis on Price
Elast ic i ty of Demand
Wisarn Pupphavesa, Ju ne 1983
N o. 16 D e t er m in a n t s of P a d d y P r o du ct i on i n In don e si a :
1972-1981A Simultaneous Equation Model
Approach
T.K. Jayaraman , June 1983
No. 17 The Phi l ippine Economy: Economic
Forecasts for 1983 and 1984
J.M . Dowling, E. Go, and C.N . Cast i l lo,
Ju ne 1983
N o. 18 E c on om ic F or e ca s t f or In d on e si a
J.M . Dowling, H .Y. Kim , Y.K. Wang,and C.N . Casti l l o, Ju ne 1983
N o. 19 R el a t iv e E x t er n a l D eb t S it u a t i on of As ia n
Developing Countries: An Application
of Ranking Method
J un gsoo Lee, Ju ne 1983
No. 20 New Ev idence on Yields , Fer t i l izer Appl ic a t ion ,
an d P rices in Asian Rice P roduct ion
Wil l iam James and Teresita Rami rez, Jul y 1983
N o. 2 1 In f la t i on a r y E f fe ct s of E xch a n g e R a t e
Changes in Nine Asian LDCs
Pradumn a B. Rana and J. M alcolm D owling,
J r., D ecember 1983
N o. 22 E f f ect s of E xt e r na l S h ock s on t h e B a l a n ce
of Payments, Pol icy Responses, and Debt
Problems of Asian Developing Countries
Seij i N aya, December 1983N o. 23 C h a n g i ng Tr a d e P a t t e r n s a n d P o li cy I s su es :
The Prospects for East and Southeast Asian
Developing Countries
Seij i Naya and Ul r ich H iemenz, February 1984
N o. 2 4 S m a l l-S ca l e In d us t r ie s in As ia n E c on om i c
Development : Problems and Prospects
Seij i N aya, Februar y 1984
N o. 25 A S t u d y on t h e E x t er n a l D eb t In di ca t o rs
Applying Logit Analysis
Ju ngsoo L ee and Cl ari ta Bar retto,
Febru ary 1984
N o. 26 Al t er n a t i ve s t o In s t it u t ion a l C r ed it P r o g ra m s
in the Agricultural Sector of Low-Income
Countries
Jenni fer Sour, Mar ch 1984
No. 27 Economic Scene in Asi a and I t s Spec ia l Fea tures
Kedar N . Kohli , November 1984No. 28 The Ef fect o f Terms of Trade Changes on the
Bal ance o f Payments and Real Nat iona l
Income of Asian Developing Countries
Ju ngsoo L ee and L utgar da L abios, J anuar y 1985
N o. 29 C a u s e a n d E f f ect i n t he Wor l d S u g a r M a r ke t :
Some Empirical Findings 1951-1982
Yoshi hi ro Iwasaki , Febru ary 1985
N o. 30 S ou r ce s of B a l a n ce of P a y m e n ts P r ob le m
in the 1970s: The Asian Experience
Pradumn a Rana, Februar y 1985
N o. 3 1 In d ia s M a n u f a ct u r ed E x p or t s : An An a l y si s
of Supply Sectors
I fzal Al i , Februar y 1985
N o. 32 M ee t in g B a s i c H u m a n N ee ds in As ia n
Developing Countries
Ju ngsoo Lee and Em ma Ban ari a, Mar ch 1985
N o. 33 Th e Im pa c t of F or e ig n C a p it a l In f low on Investment and Economic Growth
in Developing Asia
Evelyn Go, May 1985
No. 34 The Cl imate for Energy Development
in the Paci f ic and Asian Region:
Priori t ies and Perspect ives
V.V. Desai, Apr il 1986
No. 35 Impac t of Appreci a t i on of the Yen on
Developing Member Countries of the Bank
Jun gsoo Lee, Pradumn a Rana, and Ifzal Al i ,
M ay 1986
No. 36 Smuggl ing and Domest ic Economic Po l ic ies
in Developing Countries
A.H .M.N . Chowdhur y, October 1986
N o. 37 P u b l ic In ve st m e nt C r i t er i a : E con om i c In t e r na l
Rate of Return and Equal izing Discount Rate
If zal Ali , November 1986No. 38 Review o f the Theory o f Neoc lass i ca l Po l it i ca l
Economy: An Application to Trade Policies
M .G. Quibr ia, D ecember 1986
No. 39 Fac tors In f luencing the Choice of Loca t ion :
Local and Foreign Firms in the Phi l ippines
E.M. Perni a and A.N . Herr in, F ebruary 1987
No. 40 A Demographic Perspec t ive on Developing
Asia and Its Relevance to the Bank
E.M . Pern ia, M ay 1987
N o. 41 E m e r gi n g I s s ue s in As ia a n d S oci a l C os t
Benefi t Analysis
MONOGRAPH SERIES
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of charge)
EDRC REPORT SERIES (ER)
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
26/30
20
I. A li , September 1988
N o. 42 S h i ft i n g R ev ea l ed C om p a r a t i ve Ad v a n t a g e:
Experiences of Asian and Pacific Developing
Countries
P.B. Rana , November 1988
N o. 4 3 Ag r icu lt u r a l P r i ce P o li cy i n As ia :
Issues and Areas of Reforms
I. Al i, N ovember 1988
No. 44 Serv ice Trade and Asi an Developing Economies
M .G. Quibri a, October 1989
No. 45 A Review o f the Economic Analys i s of Power
P rojects in Asia an d I dent i f icat ion of Areasof Improvement
I. Al i, N ovember 1989
N o. 46 G r o w t h P e r sp ect i ve a n d C h a l le n ge s for As ia :
Areas for Pol icy Review and Research
I. Al i, N ovember 1989
N o. 47 An Ap pr oa c h t o E s t i ma t i n g t h e P o v er t y
Alleviation Impact of an Agricultural Project
I . Al i , January 1990
N o. 48 E c on om ic G r ow t h P e r for m a n ce of In d on e si a ,
the Phi l ippines, and Thai land:
The Human Resource Dimension
E.M. Perni a, Januar y 1990
N o. 49 F or e ig n E x ch a n g e a n d F is ca l Im p a ct o f a P r o je ct :
A Methodological Fra mework for E st imat ion
I . Al i , Februar y 1990
N o. 5 0 P u b l ic In v es t m en t C r it e r ia : F in a n c ia l
and Economic Internal Rates of ReturnI. Al i , Apr i l 1990
N o. 51 E v a l ua t i on o f Wa t e r S u pp ly P r o je ct s :
An Economic Framework
Arl ene M. Tadl e, Jun e 1990
N o. 5 2 In t e r re la t i on s h ip B e t w e en S h a d o w P r i ce s, P r o je ct
Investment , and Pol icy Reforms:
An Analyt ical Framework
I. Al i, N ovember 1990
N o. 5 3 I s s ue s in As s es s in g t h e Im p a ct o f P r oje ct
and Sector Adjustment Lending
I. Ali , December 1990
N o. 54 S om e As pe ct s of U r ba n i z a t ion
and the Environment in Southeast Asia
Er nesto M. Pern ia, Jan uar y 1991
N o. 5 5 F i na n c ia l S ect or a n d E c on om i c
Development: A Survey
J un gsoo L ee, September 1991
N o. 56 A Fr a m e w or k f or J u s t if y in g B a n k -As s is t ed
Ed ucat ion Pr ojects in Asia: A Review
of the Socioeconomic Analysis
an d I dent i f icat ion of Areas of Improvement
Eti enne Van De Wall e, Februar y 1992
N o. 57 M ed iu m -t e r m G r o w t h -S t a b i li za t i on
Relationship in Asian Developing Countries
and Some Pol icy Considerat ions
Yun-Hw an Ki m, February 1993
N o. 58 U r b a n i za t i on , P op ul a t ion D is t r ib u t ion ,and Economic Development in Asia
Er nesto M. Pernia, F ebru ary 1993
No. 59 The Need fo r F i sca l Consol ida t ion in Nepal :
The Results of a Simulation
Fil ippo di Maur o and Ronald Antonio But i ong,
Jul y 1993
N o. 6 0 A C om p ut a b l e G e n er a l E q u il ib r iu m M od el
of Nepal
Tim othy Buehrer and Fi l i ppo di M auro,
October 1993
No. 61 The Role o f Government in Expor t Expansion
in the Republic of Korea: A Revisit
Yun-Hw an Ki m, February 1994
N o. 62 R ur a l R ef or m s, S t r uct u ra l C h a n ge ,
and Agricul tural Growth in
the P eoples Republic of China
Bo Lin , August 1994No. 63 Incent ives and Regula t ion for Po llu t ion Abatement
with an Application to Waste Water Treatment
Sudipto Mun dle, U. Shankar,
and Shekhar M ehta, October 1995
N o. 64 S a v i ng Tr a n s it i on s in S o ut h e a s t As ia
Frank H arr i gan, February 1996
N o. 6 5 Tot a l F a c t or P r o du ct i vi t y G r ow t h i n E a s t As ia :
A Critical Survey
Jesus Feli pe, September 1997
N o. 6 6 F or e ig n D ir e ct In ve st m e nt in P a k i st a n :
Pol icy Issues and Operat ional Implicat ions
Ashfaque H. Kh an and Yun-H wan Ki m,
Jul y 1999
N o. 6 7 F i sca l P o li cy , In com e D is t r ib u t ion a n d G r o w t h
Sail esh K. Jh a, N ovember 1999
N o. 1 I n ter na t ion a l R es er ves :
Factors Determining Needs and Adequacy
Evelyn Go, May 1981
N o. 2 D o me st i c S a v i n gs in S el ect e d D e ve lop in g
Asian Countries
Basi l M oore, assisted by
A.H.M. N uru ddin Chowdhury, September 1981
N o. 3 C h a n g es i n C o ns u mp t ion , Im p or t s a n d E x por t s
of Oil Since 1973: A Preliminary Survey of
the Developing Member C ountries
of the Asian Development Bank
Dal H yun K im and Graham Abbot t ,
September 19 81
N o. 4 B y -P a s s e d Ar e a s , R e gi on a l In e q ua l it i es ,and Development Policies in Selected
Southeast Asian Countries
Wil li am J ames, October 1981
No. 5 Asi an Agr i cul ture and Economic Development
Wil l iam J ames, Mar ch 1982
N o. 6 In f la t i on in D ev el op in g M em b er C ou n t r ie s:
An Analysis of Recent Trends
A.H.M. Nurudd in Chowdhury an d
J. Malcolm Dowli ng, Mar ch 1982
N o. 7 I n du st r ia l G r ow t h a n d E m pl oy m en t in
Developing Asian Countries: Issues and
ECONOMIC STAFF PAPERS (ES)
Perspect ives for the Coming Decade
Ul r i ch Hi emenz, Mar ch 1982
No. 8 Pet rodol lar Recyc ling 1973-1980.
Part 1: Regional Adjustments and
the World Economy
Burn ham Campbel l , Apr i l 1982
N o. 9 D e ve lop in g As ia : Th e Im p or t a n ce
of Domestic Policies
Economi cs Offi ce Staff u nder t he dir ection
of Seij i N aya, May 1982
N o. 10 F i na n c ia l D e ve lop me n t a n d H ou s eh ol d
Sa vings: Issues in Domest ic Resource
Mobilization in Asian Developing Countries
Wan-Soon Kim , Jul y 1982No. 11 Indust r i a l Development : Role o f Speci a l ized
Financial Inst i tut ions
Kedar N. Kohli , August 1982
No. 12 Pet rodol lar Recyc ling 1973-1980.
Par t I I : Debt Problems and an Eva lua t ion
of Suggested Remedies
Bur nham Campbell, September 1982
N o. 13 C r e di t Ra t i on i ng , Ru r a l S a v i n gs , a n d F in a n ci a l
Policy in Developing Countries
Wil li am J ames, September 1982
N o. 14 S m a l l a n d M ed iu m -S ca l e M a n u fa c t u ri n g
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
27/30
21
Establ ishments in ASEAN Countries:
Perspect ives and Pol icy Issues
M athias Bruch and U lr ich Hi emenz, March 1983
N o. 15 In com e D i s t ri bu t ion a n d E con om i c
Growth in Developing Asian Countries
J. M alcolm Dowli ng and David Soo, Mar ch 1983
N o. 1 6 Lon g -R u n D e bt -S e r vi ci n g C a p a ci t y of
Asian Developing Countries: An Application
of Cri t ical Interest Rate Approach
J un gsoo Lee, Ju ne 1983
N o. 17 E x t er n a l S hock s , E n e r gy P ol icy ,
a nd Ma croeconomic P erforma nce of AsianDeveloping Countries: A Policy Analysis
Wil l iam J ames, Ju ly 1983
N o. 18 Th e Im p a ct of t h e C u r r en t E x ch a n g e R a t e
System on Trade and Inflat ion of Selected
Developing Member Countries
Pradu mna Rana, September 1983
No. 19 Asian Agr i cul ture in Transi t i on : Key Po li cy Issues
Wil li am J ames, September 1983
N o. 2 0 Th e Tr a n s it i on t o a n In d u s tr i a l E con om y
in Monsoon Asia
H arr y T. Oshi ma, October 1983
No. 21 The S igni fi cance o f Of f-Farm Employment
and Incomes in Post-War East Asian Growth
H arry T. Oshima, January 1984
N o. 22 In com e D is t r ib u t ion a n d P ov er t y i n S e le ct e d
Asian Countries
John M alcolm Dowlin g, Jr . , November 1984No. 23 ASEAN Economies and ASEAN Economic
Cooperat ion
N arongchai Akr asanee, N ovember 1984
N o. 2 4 E c on om i c An a l y si s of P o w er P r oje ct s
Ni t in D esai, Januar y 1985
N o. 2 5 E x por t s a n d E c on om i c G r o w t h i n t h e As ia n R e g ion
Pradumn a Rana, Februar y 1985
N o. 2 6 P a t t e r n s of E x t er n a l F i na n c in g of D M C s
E. Go, May 1985
N o. 2 7 In d u st r i a l Te ch n ol og y D e v el op me n t
the Republic of Korea
S.Y. Lo, J ul y 1985
N o. 28 R is k An a l y s is a n d P r o je ct S e l ect i on :
A Review of Practical Issues
J.K . Johnson, August 1985
N o. 29 R ice in In d on e si a : P r i ce P o li cy a n d C o m pa r a t i v e
AdvantageI . Al i , January 1986
N o. 30 E f f ect s of F or e ig n C a p it a l In fl ow s
on Developing Countries of Asia
Ju ngsoo Lee, Pradumna B . Rana,
and Yoshihi ro Iwasaki, Apr i l 1986
N o. 3 1 E c on om i c An a l y si s of t h e E n v ir on m en t a l
Impa cts of Development Pr ojects
John A. Di xon et al. , EAPI,
East-West Center, Au gust 1986
No. 32 Sc ience and Technology fo r Development :
Role of the Bank
Kedar N. Kohl i and I fzal Al i , November 1986
N o. 33 S a t e ll it e R em ot e S en s in g in t h e As ia n
and Paci f ic Region
M ohan Sund ara Ra jan, D ecember 1986
N o. 34 C h a n g es in t h e E x por t P a t t e r n s of As ia n a n d
Pacific Developing Countries: An EmpiricalOverview
Pradumn a B. Rana, January 1987
N o. 35 Ag r icu lt u r a l P r ice P o li cy i n N ep a l
Geral d C. N elson, Mar ch 1987
N o. 36 Im p li ca t i on s of F a l li n g P r im a r y C o mm od it y
Prices for Agricul tural Strategy in the Phi l ippines
If zal Al i, September 1987
N o. 37 D e t er m in i n g I r r ig a t i on C h a r g e s: A F r a m e w or k
Prabhak ar B. Ghat e, October 1987
No. 38 The Role of Fer t i li zer Subsid ies in Agr i cul tura l
P roduction: A Review of Select Is sues
M .G. Quibri a, October 1987
N o. 39 D o me st i c Ad ju s t m en t t o E x t er n a l S h ock s
in Developing Asia
J un gsoo L ee, October 1987
No. 40 Improv ing Domest i c Resource Mobi li za t i on
through Financial Development : Indonesia
Phil ip Er quia ga, November 1987
No. 41 Recent Trends and Issues on Foreign Direct
Investment in Asian and Paci f ic Developing
Countries
P.B. Rana, Mar ch 1988
N o. 4 2 M a n u fa c t ur e d E xp or t s f r om t h e P h i li pp in e s:
A Sector Profile and an Agenda for ReformI. A li , September 1988
N o. 43 A F r a m e w or k for E v a l u a t in g t h e E con om ic
Benefi ts of Power Projects
I . Al i , August 1989
N o. 44 P r o m ot i on of M a n u fa c t u re d E x por t s in P a k i s t a n
Ju ngsoo Lee and Yoshihi ro Iw asaki,
September 19 89
N o. 45 E d u ca t i on a n d La b or M a r ke t s i n In d on e si a :
A Sector Survey
Ernesto M. Perni a and D avid N . Wilson,
September 19 89
N o. 4 6 In d u st r i a l Te ch n ol og y C a p a b i li t ie s
and Policies in Selected ADCs
Hi roshi Kakazu, June 1990
N o. 4 7 D e s ig n in g S t r a t eg ie s a n d P o li ci es
for Managing Structural Change in Asia
I fzal Al i , J une 1990No. 48 The Complet ion o f the S ingle European Commu-
nity Market in 1992: A Tentative Assessment of
i ts Impact on Asian Developing Countries
J.P. Verbi est and M in Tan g, June 1991
N o. 4 9 E c on om ic An a l y si s of In v es t m en t i n P o w e r
Systems
I fzal Al i , J une 1991
N o. 50 E x t er n a l F in a n ce a n d t h e R ol e of M ul t il a t er a l
Financial Inst i tut ions in South Asia:
Changing P a t t erns , Prospect s , a nd Cha l lenges
J un gsoo Lee, November 1991
N o. 51 Th e G en d er a n d P o ve r t y N ex us : I ss u es a n d
P olicies
M .G. Qui bri a, November 1993
No. 52 The Role o f the S t a te in Economic Development :
Theory, the East Asian Experience,
and the Malays i an CaseJason B rown , D ecember 1993
No. 53 The Economic Benef it s o f Po t ab le Water Supply
P rojects to Households in Developing Countries
Dale Whit t in gton and Venkateswar lu Sw arna,
Janu ary 1994
N o. 54 G r o w t h Tr i a n gl es : C on ce pt u a l I s su es
and Operat ional Problems
M in T ang and Myo Thant, February 1994
N o. 5 5 Th e E m er g in g G l ob a l Tr a d i ng E n v i ron m en t
and Developing Asia
Arvin d Panagar i ya, M .G. Quibr i a,
and Nar har i Rao, July 1996
N o. 56 As pe ct s of U r b a n Wa t e r a n d S a n it a t i on i n
the Context of Rapid Urbanizat ion in
Developing Asia
Er nesto M. Pern ia and Stell a LF . Alabastro,
September 19 97N o. 5 7 C h a l le n ge s f or As ia s Tr a d e a n d E n v i ron m en t
Douglas H . Brooks, Jan uar y 1998
No. 58 Economic Analys i s o f Heal th Sector Pro jec t s-
A Review of Issues, Methods, and Approaches
Ramesh Adh ik ari , Paul Gertl er, and
Annel i Lagman, M arch 1999
No. 59 The Asi an Cr i si s : An Al terna te View
Raji v Kum ar and B ibek Debroy, Ju ly 1999
No. 60 Soci a l Consequences of the F inanc ia l Cr i s is in
Asia
Jam es C. Knowl es, Ernesto M . Pern ia, an d
M ary R aceli s, November 1999
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
28/30
22
N o. 1 P o ve r t y i n t h e P e op le s R ep ub li c of C h in a :
Recent Developments a nd Scope
for Bank Assistance
K.H. M oinuddin , November 1992
N o. 2 Th e E a s t e r n I s la n d s of Ind on e si a : An O ve r vi ew
of Development Needs and Potent ial
Bri en K . Parkinson, Janu ary 1993
N o. 3 R ur a l I n st it u t ion a l F in a n ce i n B a n g la d es h
and Nepal : Review and Agenda for Reforms
A.H.M.N . Chowdhu ry and M arcel ia C. Garcia,N ovember 1993
N o. 4 F i sca l D ef ici t s a n d C u r re n t Accou n t Imb a l a n ce s
of the South Paci f ic Countries:
A Case Study of Vanuatu
T.K. J ayaram an, December 1993
N o. 5 R e for m s in t h e Tr a n s it i on a l E c on om ie s of As ia
Pradu mna B. Rana, D ecember 1993
N o. 6 E n v ir on m en t a l C h a l le n ge s i n t h e P e op le s R ep ub li c
of China and Scope for Bank Assistance
Eli sabetta Capannel l i and Om kar L . Shrestha,
December 1993
N o. 7 S u st a i na b le D e ve lop me nt E n vir on m en t
and Poverty Nexus
K.F. Jal al , December 1993
N o. 8 I n t er m ed ia t e S e rv ice s a n d E con om ic
Development : The Malaysian Example
Sutanu Behur i a and Rahul Khul lar , M ay 1994N o. 9 I n t er es t R a t e D e re gu la t i on : A B r ie f S u r ve y
of the Pol icy Issues and the Asian Experience
Carl os J. Glower, Jul y 1994
N o. 1 0 S om e As pe ct s o f La n d Ad m in i st r a t i on
in Indonesia: Implicat ions for Bank Operat ions
Sutanu Behur ia, Jul y 1994
No. 11 Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinant s
of Contracept ive Use among Urban Women in
the Melanesian Countries in the South Paci f ic :
A Case Study of Port Vi la Town in Vanuatu
T.K. J ayaraman, Februar y 1995
N o. 12 M a n a g in g D ev el op me nt t h r ou g h
Inst i tut ion Bui lding
H il ton L. Root, October 1995
N o. 13 G r ow t h , S tr u ct u ra l C h a n ge , a n d O pt im a l
Poverty Intervent ions
Shil adi tya Chat terj ee, November 1995
N o. 14 P r i v a t e In v es t m en t a n d Ma c r oe con om ic
Environment in the South Paci f ic Island
Countries: A Cross-Country Analysis
T.K. J ayaram an, October 1996N o. 1 5 Th e R ur a l -U r b a n Tr a n s it i on i n Vi et N a m :
Some Selected Issues
Sudipto Mun dle and Br ian Van Ar kadie,
October 1997
N o. 16 A N ew Ap pr oa c h t o S e t t in g t h e Fu t u r e
Transport Agenda
Roger All port, Geoff K ey, and Char les Melhui sh
Ju ne 1998
N o. 1 7 Ad ju st m en t a n d D i st r ib ut ion :
The Indian Experience
Sudipto M undle and V.B. Tul asidhar , Jun e 1998
No. 18 Tax Reforms in Viet Nam: A Select i ve Analys i s
Sudi pto M und le, December 1998
N o. 19 S u r g es a n d Vol a t il it y o f P r i v a t e C a p it a l F l ow s t o
Asian Developing Countries: Implications
for Mult i lateral Development Banks
Pradu mn a B. Ran a, December 1998No. 20 The Mil lennium Round and the Asi an Economies :
An Introduction
Di li p K. Das, October 1999
N o. 21 O ccu p a t ion a l S eg r eg a t i on a n d t h e G e n d er
E a r n i n g s G a p
Joseph E. Z vegli ch, Jr. an d Yana van der M eul en
Rodgers, December 1999
No. 22 Informat ion Technology : Next Locomot ive of
G r o w t h ?
Di li p K. Das, June 2000
N o. 1 E s t im a t es of t he Tot a l E xt er n a l D eb t of
the Developing Member C ountries of ADB :
1981-1983
I .P. Davi d, September 1984
N o. 2 M ult iv a ria t e S ta t is tica l a n d G ra p hica l
Cla ssification Techniques Applied
to the Problem of Grouping Countries
I .P. David and D.S. Mal i gal ig, Mar ch 1985
N o. 3 G r os s Na t i on a l P r od uct (G N P ) M ea s u re me nt
Issues in South Paci f ic Developing Member
Countries of ADB
S.G. Tiw ari , September 1985
N o. 4 E s t im a t es of C om pa r a b le S a vi ng s in S el ect e d
D M C s
H anant o Sigit, D ecember 1985
N o. 5 K eepin g S a m ple Su rv ey D es ig n
and Analysis Simple
I .P. Davi d, December 1985
N o. 6 E xt er na l D eb t Sit ua t ion in As ia n
Developing Countries
I.P. Davi d an d J ungsoo Lee, M arch 1986
N o. 7 S t ud y of G NP M ea s ur em en t I ss ues in t h e
South Pa cif ic Developing Member Countries.
Part I : Exist ing Nat ional Accounts
of SP DMCsAnalysis of Meth odology
and Application of SNA Concepts
P. Hodgk in son, October 1986
N o. 8 S t u dy of G NP M ea s u re me nt I ss ue s i n t h e S ou t h
Pacific Developing Member Countries.
Part II : Factors Affect ing Intercountry
Compara bi li t y o f Per Ca pit a GNP
P. Hodgk in son, October 1986
N o. 9 S u rv ey of t h e E x te rn a l D e bt S it u a t ion
in Asian Developing Countries, 1985
Ju ngsoo Lee and I .P. David , Apri l 1987
N o. 10 A S u r v ey of t h e E x t er n a l D eb t S it u a t i on
in Asian Developing Countries, 1986
Ju ngsoo Lee and I .P. David , Apri l 1988
N o. 11 C h a n g in g P a t t e r n of F in a n c ia l F low s t o As ia n
and Paci f ic Developing Countries
Ju ngsoo Lee and I.P. Davi d, M arch 1989
N o. 1 2 Th e S t a t e of Ag r icu lt u r a l S t a t i st i cs i n
Southeast Asia
I.P. David , Mar ch 1989
N o. 13 A S u r v ey of t h e E x t er n a l D eb t S it u a t i on
in Asian and Pa cif ic Developing C ountries:
1987-1988
Ju ngsoo Lee and I.P. Davi d, J ul y 1989
N o. 14 A S u r ve y of t h e E x t er n a l D eb t S it u a t i on i n
Asian a nd P acific Developing Coun tries: 1988-1989
J un gsoo Lee, Ma y 1990
N o. 15 A S u r v ey of t h e E x t er n a l D eb t S it u a t i on
in Asian and Paci f ic Developing Countrie
s: 1989-1992
M in T ang, June 1991
N o. 1 6 R e ce n t Tr e nd s a n d P r o s pe ct s o f E xt e r na l D e b t
Si tuat ion and Financial Flows to Asian
and Paci f ic Developing Countries
Mi n Tang and Alu dia Pardo, June 1992
N o. 17 P u r c ha s i n g P o w e r P a r i t y i n As ia n D e v el op in g
Countries: A Co-Integration Test
Mi n Tang and Ronald Q. But iong, Apr i l 1994
N o. 1 8 C a p it a l F l ow s t o As ia n a n d P a ci fi c D e ve lop in g
Countries: Recent Trends and Future Prospects
M in T ang and J ames Vil lafu ert e, October 1995
STATISTICAL REPORT SERIES (SR)
OCCASIONAL PAPERS (OP)
7/28/2019 A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
29/30
23
Edi ted by S.Ghon Rhee & Yutak a Shi momoto, 1999$35.00 (paperba ck)
9 . C or p or a t e G ov er n a n ce a n d F i na n c e i n E a s t As ia :
A Study of Indonesia, Republ ic of Korea, Malaysia,
Phi l ippines and Thai land
J. Zh uang, David Edwar ds, D. Webb,
& Ma. V i rg in i ta Capu long
Vol. 1, 2000 $10.00 (paperba ck)
Vol. 2, 2001 $15.00 (paperback)
10. F inanci a l Management and Governance Issues
Asian Development B ank, 2000
Cambodia $10.00 (paperback)
Peoples Republic of China $10.00 (paperback)
Mongolia $10.00 (paperback)
P a k i s t a n $10.00 (paperback)
Pa pua New Guinea $10.00 (paperback)
Uzbekistan $10.00 (paperback)
Viet Na m $10.00 (paperback)Selected Developing Member C ountries $10.00 (paperback)
11. Guidel ines for the Economic Ana lysis of Projects
Asian D evelopment Ban k, 1997
$10.00 (paperback)
12. Ha ndbook for the Economic Ana lys i s of Wat er Supply
Projects
Asian D evelopment B ank , 1999
$15.00 (hard bound)
1 3. H a n d b o ok f o r t h e E c o n om i c An a l y s i s o f H e a l t h S e c t or
Projects
Asian D evelopment B ank , 2000
$10.00 (paperback)
1 . R u r a l P o ve r t y i n D e ve lop in g As iaEdit ed by M.G. Quibr ia
Vol . 1: Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka, 1994
$35.00 (paperba ck)
Vol. 2: Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Philippines,
and Thai land, 1996
$35.00 (paperba ck)
2 . E x t er n a l S h ock s a n d P o li cy Ad ju s t m en t s :
Lessons from the Gul f Crisis
Edit ed by Naved H amid and Shahid N. Zahi d, 1995
$15.00 (paperba ck)
3 . G e n d er In d ica t o r s of D e ve lop in g As ia n
and Paci f ic Countries
Asian D evelopment Ban k, 1993
$25.00 (paperba ck)
4 . U r b a n P o v er t y i n As ia : A S u r ve y of C r it i ca l I s s u es
Edi ted by Er nesto Perni a, 1994
$20.00 (paperba ck)5 . In d on e si a -M a l a y s ia -Th a i la n d G r o w t h Tr i a n g le :
Theory to Practice
Edit ed by Myo Thant and M in T ang, 1996
$15.00 (paperba ck)
6 . E m er g in g As ia : C h a n ge s a n d C ha l le ng es
Asian Development Bank, 1997
$30.00 (paperba ck)
7. Asia n E xpor ts
Edit ed by Di l i p Das, 1999
$35.00 (paperba ck)
$55.00 (hardbound )
8 . M or t g a g e-B a c k ed S e cu r it i es M a r k et s i n As ia
SPECIAL STUDIES, ADB (SS, ADB)
(Published in-house; Available commercially through ADB Office of External Relations)
1. Improv ing Domest ic Resource Mobi li za t i on Through
Finan cial Development : Overview September 1985
2. Improv ing Domest ic Resource Mobi li za t i on Through
Financial Development : Bangladesh Jul y 1986
3. Improv ing Domest ic Resource Mobi li za t i on Through
Financial Development : Sri Lanka Apr i l 1987
4. Improv ing Domest ic Resource Mobi li za t i on Through
Financial Development : India December 19875 . F i na n c in g P u b li c S ect o r D e ve lop m en t E x pe n di t ur e
in Selected Countries: Overview Januar y 1988
6 . S t u d y of S e le ct e d In d us t r ie s: A B r i ef R e por t
Apr i l 1988
7 . F i na n c in g P u b li c S ect o r D e ve lop m en t E x pe n di t ur e
in Selected Countries: Bangladesh Ju ne 1988
8 . F i na n c in g P u b li c S ect o r D e ve lop m en t E x pe n di t ur e
in Selected Countries: India Ju ne 1988
9 . F i na n c in g P u b li c S ect o r D e ve lop m en t E x pe n di t ur e
in Selected Countries: Indonesia Ju ne 1988
10. F inanc ing P ubli c Sec tor Development Expendi ture
in Selected Countries: Nepal Ju ne 1988
11. F inanc ing P ubli c Sec tor Development Expendi ture
in Selected Countries: Pakistan Ju ne 1988
12. F inanc ing P ubli c Sec tor Development Expendi ture
in Selected Countries: Philippines Ju ne 1988
13. F inanc ing P ubli c Sec tor Development Expendi turein Selected Countries: Thailand Ju ne 1988
14. Towards Regiona l Coopera t ion in South Asi a :
ADB/EWC Sy mposium on Regiona l Cooperat ion
in South Asia Febru ary 1988