AGENDA10.27.09

EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

1. Drill – What conditions should exist in a society to encourage population growth?

2. Powerpoint – Europe in the Middle Ages3. Take notes, make questions4. HOMEWORK – read and OUTLINE on your

own 139 – 141 (the late Middle Ages)

EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

I. Peasants, Trade and CitiesDuring the high Middle Ages, Europe’s

population grew from 38 to 74 million. Why?

The New Agriculture Climate change helps crops Peasants cultivated more land by cutting

trees and draining swamps New technology helps farmers:

Iron makes stronger devices The carruca = new iron plow that could deal

with tough clay soil.

Improved crop rotation by using three fields instead of two.

The Manorial System Landowning nobles needed time to pursue the “art

of war” Manors = the land owned by the nobles (also

known as lords) Peasants worked the land; lives dictated by seasons Peasants that were legally bound to the land were

SERFS Serfs had to pay rent, work the land and live under

the lord’s control By 800, 60% of Western Europe = serfs

The Revival of Trade Italy took the lead with trade Venice – had mercantile fleet (ships for

trade). Was a trade hub by the 900s. As trade countries stop bartering and

want actual $ Money Economy develops – economic

system based on $ Commercial Capitalism (where people make investments in trade and goods to make profits)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venice1400.png

The Growth of Cities Revival of trade revival of cities Cities usually formed when merchants and

artisans settled down near a trade route People in cities = bourgeoisie Cities are walled for protection; also dirty,

crowded and stinky Cities organized into guilds (business

associations)

II. Medieval Christianity and CulturePopes controlled territories in Italy: Papal

States. Made popes more political than spiritual.

The Papal Monarchy In the early middle ages, churches got

tangled up in the feudal system – nobles/landowners would appoint bishops and then the bishops would have to work for the nobles

Pope Gregory VII decided he was personally chosen by God to fix the church – said nobles could no longer appoint church people, only the church could!

Pope Gregory said if any ruler didn’t like the new rule, the pope would remove them.

German King Henry IV disagreed; wanted to appoint bishops to help him out.

1075, Gregory passed an official decree that forbid any church person from getting appointed by a secular (non-church) person.

Pope Innocent III followed Greg, and brought the Catholic Church to its most powerful

Believed that the Pope was the supreme judge of everything in Europe!

Pope Gregory VIII Pope Innocent III

New Religious Orders Late 1000s – early 1100s, religion became

popular Cistercian Order = active Christians; went

out into community Lots of nuns – intellectual women entered

convents Franciscan Order = founded by Francis of

Assisi; preached repentance and aided the poor. Also did missionary work.

Dominican Order = devoted to battling heresy (denial of basic church teachings). Developed the INQUISITION court or Holy Office to investigate possible heresy.

Saint Francis of Assisi

Cistercians doing their thing.

Popular Religion Sacraments = baptism, marriage and

communion Veneration of saints Worshipping of apostles Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome Architecture New church architecture = romanesque

Rectangular Stone arched roofs Massive pillars and walls No windows DARK!

Gothic – reached peak in 1200s Ribbed vaults and pointed arches Flying buttress – heavy, stone, arched supports on

the outside of church walls Walls thinner, lots of windows with stained glass

note the pointed

arches!

Stained glass and ribbed vaults

Flying buttresses

Universities Comes from the Latin word that means

“corporation” or guild Early universities = guilds of education Kings, popes and princes founded new

universities By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe

Taught classes using lecture (which, in Latin, means “to read”)

New literature also written in vernacular – the language of everyday speech