A Gender Analysis on Food Security Statistics

fromNational Household Income and

Expenditures Surveys (NHIES)by

Seeva RAMASAWMY (FAO Statistics Division)

FOOD SECURITY

A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Food Availability ; Food Access and Food Utilization at the household level.

PURPOSE

Provides analysis of gender dynamics relating to food insecurity based on food security statistics derived from the NHIES

Inputs for planning geared toward promoting gender equality, equity and female empowerment within a framework of national development

Important to understand gender dynamics of food security in developing countries (given trends of increasing female headship—and management—of rural agricultural households)

Allow for effective monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes

1. Indicators of Food Insecurity

2. Food Security Statistics Module Software

3. Selected Food Insecurity Indicators from Philippines FIES 2003

4. Conclusion

OUTLINE

MDG Hunger Indicator 1.9:

Reduce the proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (MDER) by half by 2015.

World Food Summit Target:

Reduce the number of undernourished people by half by 2015.

INDICATORS OF FOOD INSECURITY

Food Deprivation (MDG & WFS hunger indicators)Minimum food needsCritical food povertyIntensity of food inadequacy/Depth of hungerFood consumption (Quantity, Monetary & Nutrient

values)Food accessDiet composition, quality and diversityMicronutrient analysis (Protein quality and Amino

acids)

ASSESSING FOOD INSECURITY SITUATION USING A SET OF FOOD SECURITY INDICATORS

Who are the food insecure population groups?Where are these food insecure population

groups located?Where do households acquire their food?How do households acquire their food?How food is distributed in the population?What type of diet do households consume? What are the incomes, where do

individuals/households get their incomes and how income is distributed among the households?

ASSESSING FOOD INSECURITY BY ANSWERING KEY QUESTIONS

Responsible for the Global Monitoring of MDG Hunger Indicator (1.9)

State of Food Insecurity in the World – SOFI 2008

Technical Assistance at Country level – 80 countries

Use of Food Security Statistics Module - (FSSM)

Process - Analyse – Report

Micronutrient Analysis - Protein Quality and Amino Acids – Quality of Diet

FOA STATISTICS METHODOLOGICAL ANALYTICAL TOOL

Derive Food Security Indicators at National and Sub National levels from the food data available from HBS.

Dissemination – Country Food Insecurity Report-Country NSO Website-FAO Food Security Website

FOA STATISTICS METHODOLOGICAL ANALYTICAL TOOL

Sub National levels (Functional Groups) - Geographical – Urban/Rural, Regions, Provinces

- Demographic – GENDER, Household Size, Age of head of HH,

- Socio-Economic – Education, Marital/Activity

Status, Economic Activity, Occupation, Income, etc.

FOA STATISTICS METHODOLOGICAL ANALYTICAL TOOL

Dietary energy consumption by Gender and Population Groups

0

1000

2000

3000A

vera

ge D

EC

1 o

r 2 fam

ily

mem

bers

>5 fam

ily

mem

bers

age le

ss than

35

age m

ore

than 6

0

agri a

ctiv

ity

non a

gri

activ

ity

colle

ge

gra

duate

Kcal/p

ers

on

/day

MaleFemale

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

Dietary energy consumption by Gender & Regions

0

1000

2000

3000

NC

R

Lu

zon

1

Lu

zon

2

Lu

zon

3

Vis

aya

s

Min

da

na

o 1

Min

da

na

o 2

Min

da

na

o 3

Kc

al/p

ers

on

/da

y

Male Female

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

Food deprivation proportions are higher for male-headed households than for female-headed households (National levels & Population Groups)

0

20

40

60

Philippines age betw een35 and 44

more than 5members

Agri Activity No educationgrade

Per

cen

t

Male

Female

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

0

20

40

60N

CR

Lu

zo

n 1

Lu

zo

n 2

Lu

zo

n 3

Vis

aya

s

Min

da

na

o

1

Min

da

na

o

2

Min

da

na

o

3

Perc

en

t

Male Female

Food deprivation are higher for male-headed households in all regions.

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

Diet Composition

1015

55

15

30

75

0

20

40

60

80

Proteins Fats Carbohydrates

Per

cen

t

WHO/FAO(minimum)

Male HeadedFemale Headed

WHO/FAO(maximum)

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

1.Cost of balanced MDER (Minimum Dietary Energy Requirement)

Male Female

P 11.86

P 12.43

Female-headed families had a higher cost of daily diet

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

Male Female

P 91.36 P 62.47

Female-headed families had a lower daily per person income/consumption

2. Income

Findings on share of food in total consumption

Filipino female-headed families spent on average larger share of their total consumption on food; less money left for buying other goods than food.

Female-headed families in better position than male-headed families that had less money to buy any kind of goods, including food.

Findings on Inequality in access to food

CV of food dietary energy consumption was 29.4 percent for both female and male-headed families; indicates no difference between men and women in inequality in access to food.

PHILIPPINES GENDER FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS

CONCLUSIONS

NHIES in countries are major sources of information for deriving gender sensitive food security statistics and indicators

NHIES allows the effective monitoring and evaluation of project, policies, programmes.

NHIES is useful to analyze gender dynamics into urban-rural areas and provide important details to food insecurity analysis at national and sub-national levels

THANK YOU