What is a genome?• A genome is the full set of genetic information that an

organism carries in its DNA.• The study of any genome starts with the analysis of

chromosomes.• Chromosomes are bundles of DNA and protein found

in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Fruit fly chromosomes

How are chromosomes analyzed?• To study chromosomes, scientists photograph chromosomes

in mitosis and arrange them in a picture known as a karyotype.

• A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.

• A typical human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

1. Define What is a karyotype?

Let’s Analyze!

Down’s Syndrome• Called TRISOMY 21• genetic disorder that

occurs in approximately 1 of 800 live births

• SYMPTOMS• Cognitive impairment• Learning disabilities• Develpmental delays• Low muscle tone (infancy)• Characteristic facial

features• Heart defects• Other health issues

• CAUSESNon-disjunction of the 21st chromosome

Let’s Analyze

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

• Klinefelter’s syndrome occurs in about 1 out of 1,000 males.

• XXY (extra copy of an X chromosome)

• SYMPTOMS• Not always noticiable

symptoms• Large hips• Small breasts• Fat around the abdomen• Small testicles

• CAUSES• Non-disjunction of the sex

chromosomes in either sperm or egg

DNA FINGERPRINTING

How is DNA fingerprinting used to study genomes?

• No two individuals, except identical twins, are genetically identical.

• DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that may have little or no function but that vary widely from one individual to another.

. (contd.)

HOW IS DNA Fingerprinted?1. DNA is cut by

restriction enzymes

2. scientists use gel electrophoresis to separate and analyze the differently sized fragments.

3. Scientists compare the BANDS made

2. Describe How do scientists separate DNA?

DNA fingerprinting is used to study genomes?

Teachers…Click on the following link

http://www.rocklin.k12.ca.us/staff/avrudny/Science/Advanced_Biology/Unit_8/DNA_Fingerprinting_Activity.pdf

Focus on the bottom of the activity only! Crime Scene Analysis CASE 1 and CASE 2

What have we learned about the human genome?

• The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA.

• Other important goals included sequencing the genomes of model organisms to compare to human DNA, developing technology to support the research, exploring gene functions, studying human variation, and training future scientists.

• Today, multiple copies of the human genome, along with those of hundreds of other organisms, are available to the public.

3. Explain What are some of the goals of the Human Genome Project?

How do humans genetically modify organisms?

Human beings have always tried to improve the plants and animals they use for food, work, and companionship.

Selective breeding describes the process by which humans allow only those animals with certain characteristics to produce the next generation.

Two Methods of Selective Breeding

1.HybridizationCrossing dissimilar individuals together to bring together the best of both organisms

2.InbreedingContinued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

What are transgenic organisms?• It is possible to construct organisms that are

transgenic, containing genes from other species. • Genetic engineers can now produce transgenic

plants, animals, and microorganisms. By examining the traits of a genetically modified organism, it is possible to learn about the function of the transferred gene.

• This ability has contributed greatly to our understanding of gene regulation and expression.

What is recombinant DNA?Recombinant DNA consists of DNA molecules that have been taken from two sources and then recombined.

Recombinant-DNA technology makes it possible to construct

DNA molecules with nearly any combination of genes.

Cloning

• Clone – member of a population of genetically identical cells

First dog successfully cloned

Infer Using the example of the sheep cloning, why wouldn’t the cloned lamb resemble its foster

mother?