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A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 3
A Gift of FireIntellectual Property
Intellectual Property and Changing Technology
Copyright Law
Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
Solutions (Good and Bad)
Free-Speech Issues
Free Software
Issues for Software Developers
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 4
Intellectual Property and Changing Technology
Intellectual Property Is:• Intangible creative work—not necessarily the physical form on
which it is stored or delivered.• Given legal protection in the form of copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret
laws.*- why is intellectual property givin leagal protection?Easily, the value of a book or a song or a computer program is much more than putting
it on disk, or uploading it to the Web. The value of painting is higher than the cost of the canvas and paint used to create
itThe value of intellectual and artistic works comes from the creativity, ideas, research,
skills, labor, and other nonmaterial efforts and attributes provided by there creators.
Q: How is a music CD different from owning the copyrights for the owning music on the CD?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 5
BINEFITS OF THE PROTECTION
Protection of intellectual property has both individual and social benefits:
1_ It protects the right of the creator of something of value to be compensated for what he or she has created……
2_ It encourages production of valuable , intangible, easily copied, creative work…
Q: how does protection encourage on a creative acts?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 6
Intellectual Property and Changing Technology
Copyrights are granted for a limited, but long, time.
*- Facts,ideas, concepts,processes and methods of operation are not copyrightable.
*_copyright protects creative expression,that is,the expression,selection, and arrangment of ideas.
Q: Distinguish between an idea and the expression of an idea in a fixed and tangible form.Q: Distinguish between an idea and the expression of an idea in a fixed and tangible form.
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Intellectual Property and Changing Technology
With some exceptions, copyright owners have the exclusive right to:
• Make copies of the work,• Produce derivative works,• Distribute copies,• Perform the work in public, and• Display the work in public.
Q: Distinguish between an idea and the expression of an idea in a fixed and tangible form.
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Problems from new technologies
*-electronic media, microprocessors, computer networks and the world web created anew challenges for protection of literary, artistic, musical works and computer soft ware.
Some of technological factors are the following:1_ storage of all sorts of information (text, sound,graphics) in standard
digitized formats.2_ high- volume, relatively inexpensive digital storage media, such as disks,
CD-ROMs, and DVDs (digital versatile disks, also called digital video disks)
3_ character scanners and image scanners, which simplify converting printed text, photos, and artwork to digitized electronic form.
4_ compression formats, such as MP3 and DIVX, that make music and movie files small enough to download, copy, and store
5_ the ease of copying digitized material and the fact that each copy is a perfect copy.
6_ the ease of distributing digitized material over computer networks7_ the world Wide Web, which makes it easy to find and download material8_ peer – to- peer technology, which permits easy transfer of files by large
numbers of strangers over the Internet without any centralized system or service.
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 9
Intellectual property and Changing Technology
Easier to use.Less expensive.
?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 10
U.S. Copyright Law
History1790: First U.S. copyright law; covered printed
material. Later, newer technologies (photography, sound recordings, etc.) were added.
1909: Definition of unauthorized copy formed. 1992: Making copies for personal gain became a
felony.1997: Illegal to make copies regardless of financial
gain.1998: Illegal to circumvent copy protection schemes.
Q: How does one get permission to use copyrighted material?
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Copyright Law
Fair-Use DoctrinePermission to use the work is not required.Allows uses of copyrighted material that contribute to
the creation of new work and do not significantly affect sales of the material, thus depriving copyright holders of their income.
Q: How does the Fair-Use Doctrine distinguish between photocopies made by students and those made by workers in a corporation?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 12
Copyright Law
program in order to produce new, creative work was ruled fair use.
Q: Identify the capabilities of more recent recording devices that mirror the issues debated in the Sony and Sega cases.
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 13
Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
MusicImproved technology allows for easy, fast, cheap, and
ubiquitous copying of music on the Web.Entrepreneurs create businesses to facilitate storing
and sharing of music files. Many individuals set up free sites for music sharing, too.
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) continues to fight unauthorized copying of music.
Q: What is the current status of music file-sharing on the Web?
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Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
Movies and TV ProgramsImproved digital technologies and greater bandwidth
on the Net also allows for copying and transferring of movies and TV programs.
Businesses such as RecordTV.com and Scour provided free services to facilitate copying of broadcast intellectual material.
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA ) and other entertainment companies continue to fight unauthorized copying of their intellectual property.
Q: What is the current status of movie file-sharing on the Web?
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Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
SoftwareImproved digital technologies contribute to unauthorized
(commercial and non-commercial) copying of software.Individuals and whole businesses, here and overseas,
continue to produce, transport, and sell (or give away) copies of software, manuals and supporting material.
Software Information Industry Association (SIIA) as well as other software industry organizations and companies battle software piracy in the U.S. and abroad.
Q: What is the current status of software copying?
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Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
BooksImproved technology allows for simple, quick, and
cheap copying of books.Counterfeiters of textbooks, novels, and other printed
matter, profit by not paying publishers and/or authors for their intellectual property.
Electronic books use encryption to reduce copying, but some e-book protection schemes have been cracked.
Q: Has copying of e-books become a big problem?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 17
Copying Music, Movies, Software, and Books
The Napster Case Benefits of Napster (aside from being free):
• Share music with other users; obtain individual songs from a CD; sample songs on a CD; access more songs; access commercially unavailable songs; and enjoy other features that made Napster popular.
Legal Issues:• Was copying and distributing music through Napster within
the fair-use guidelines? If not, was Napster responsible for user actions?
The Court Decision:• Napster was guilty of encouraging and assisting copyright
infringement.
Q: What were Napster’s defending arguments?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 18
Solutions (Good and Bad)
Technology, Markets and Management, and Regulations and EnforcementTechnological Solutions:
• Expiration date encoded.• Hardware dongle required.• Copy-protection schemes.• “Activation” features.• Encryption schemes; digital-rights management (DRM).
Q: From whose point of view are the above technological solutions good? Bad?
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Solutions (Good and Bad)
Technology, Markets and Management, and Regulations and Enforcement (cont’d)Markets and Management:
• Subscribe to services.• Collect fees from users and large organizations.• Meter usage of intellectual property on a network.• Offer discounts to educational users.• Educate the public about the value of intellectual property
belonging to creators and publishers.
Q: From whose point of view are the above market/management solutions good? Bad?
A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 20
Solutions (Good and Bad)
Technology, Markets and Management, and Regulations and Enforcement (cont’d)Regulations and Enforcement:
• The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and other laws.• Identify abusers and shut them down in high-publicity raids.• Monitor abuses.• Enforce current laws and punish abusers.
Q: Which of these methods are likely to be effective?
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A Gift of Fire, 2ed Chapter 6: Intellectual Property 22
Solutions (Good and Bad)
Restrictions and Bans on TechnologyIn the past, lawsuits have delayed, restricted, or
banned the release of new technologies, including:• CD-recording devices.• Digital Audio Tape (DAT) systems.• DVD recorders.• DVD players.• MP3 players.
Q: Currently, what new technological improvements are being held back?
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Solutions (Good and Bad)
Restrictions and Bans on Technology (cont’d)In an attempt to reduce or prevent unauthorized
copying and distribution of intellectual property, some governments have levied taxes on:
• Audio tapes.• CD recorders.• Personal computers.• Printers.• Scanners.
Q: Are taxes a reasonable solution to compensate owners of intellectual works?
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Solutions (Good and Bad)
Restrictions and Bans on Technology (cont’d)Digital rights management (DRM), combined with laws such
as the DMCA, can result in heavy fines and imprisonment for violators.
The legal and monetary consequences can be applied to both pirates of intellectual works as well as to scientists and researchers of technology.
Q: Should we ban technology that has criminal uses?
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Solutions (Good and Bad)
The DMCA vs. Fair Use and Free SpeechControlling Usage:
• Some of our use of digital movies, books, and music is controlled by DRM and copy-protection schemes.
• Circumventing this control may violate the DMCA.
Fair Use• Prohibiting the use of circumvention tools may block exercise
of Fair Use rights.
Free Speech• Prohibiting the sharing of information about circumvention of
DRM or copy-protection schemes may violate freedom of speech.
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Solutions (Good and Bad)
The Future of CopyrightChallenges to the principles of copyright:
• Methods to circumvent copy-protection schemes.• Peer-to-peer (P2P) file transfer.• The view among some people that if copying is easy, or if
cheap online access is absent, then it is okay to copy.
Challenges to Fair Use:• Technological (DRM) and legal (the DMCA) restrictions.• Conflicting outcomes (e.g. reverse engineering) in the courts.• Non-traditional uses (e.g. online teaching materials) or
blurring of the guidelines associated with Fair Use.
Q: Will copyright survive these challenges? Will Fair Use?
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Free-Speech Issues
Intellectual Property Protection or Violation of Free Speech?Copyright:
• Unauthorized posting of copyrighted documents for the purpose of criticizing an organization.
Trademark:• Domain names that infringe upon trademark claims.
Trade Secret:• Posting internal documents to expose unfair labor or business
practices.
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Free Software
Free Software (or Open Source) Means Free From Copyright RestrictionsThe notion of free software was created by Richard
Stallman.Examples:
• GNU project.• Emacs.• “Free” compilers and utilities.• Linux.• Many others.
Q: How can/should free software developers be paid?
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Issues For Software Developers
Should You Copyright or Patent Software?Copyrights:
• Protect the expression of an idea in a fixed and tangible form.• Are cheap, easy to obtain, and last a long time.• Allow fair-use of the intellectual property.
Patents:• Protect new, non-obvious, and useful processes.• Are expensive, difficult to obtain, and last for short periods of
time.• Allow licensing to other developers.
