A Glance at Akava

Highly educated in the Finnish labour market

Akava 2015 3

Akava members in the Finnish labour market 4

Wellbeing at work 13

Salaries 21

Taxation of employees 26

Education 31

Union membership 38

Contents

2

Akava 2015

Akava, the Confederation of Unions for Professional and Managerial Staffin Finland, is one of the three independent trade union confederations in Finland

Akava’s 35 affiliates have a total membership of 589,000 including approx. 111,000 student members

Akava’s unionisation rate is about 70 per cent. 27 per cent of trade unionmembers in Finland are Akava members.

Akava represents the interests of professionals and managerial staff and others with a high level of education.

Akava oversees its members’ economic, professional and other common interests.

3

Akava members in the Finnish labour market

Three out of four Akava members are in permanent full-time employment. Atypical work is common among young women. In 2013, 48,000 Akava members were employed on a full-time fixed-term employment contract. 81 % of them were involuntary fixed-term employees.

52 % of employed with high level of education work in the private sector. 28 % are employed by local authorities and 11 % is employed by the government. 9 % are entrepreneurs or self-employed.

Akava members mainly work as experts, teachers or in managerial positions. Men are most typically senior experts and women senior experts in teaching. In all age groups, the proportion of men in managerial jobs is larger than that of women.

In January 2015, 46,800 people with tertiary-level education were unemployed in Finland. The unemployment rate for this group was over 6 %. Since 1994, the unemployment rate among those who have completed basic and upper-secondary education has fallen faster than among the highly educated.

Long-term unemployment is on the increase. Every fourth unemployed with bachelor degree, 30 % of unemployed with masters degree and 37 % of unemployed with doctoral degree have been unemployed for over a year at the end of January 2015.

4

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Labour force and labour market 2013

74

79

70

60

62

57

11

8

14

9

7

11

6

3

9

11

7

16

5

5

4

12

15

8

4

5

3

8

9

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Akava members

All (435,000)

Men (209,000)

Women (226,000)

All labour force

All (2.621,000)

Men (1.349,000)

Women (1.272,000)

%

Full-time, permanent Full-time, fixed term Part-time Entrepreneur Unemployed

5

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Survey 2013

Employment rate by age 2008 and 2013

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Under 20 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–64

%%

Age group

Population, total 2013 Highly educated 2013Population, total 2008 Highly educated 2008

Population Highly educated

2013 2008 2013 2008

Employment rate, % 68,5 70,3 84,8 85,1

Unemployment rate, % 8,3 6,4 4,7 3,4

Outside labour force, % 25,3 24,5 11,0 9,0

6

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Employment rate among older age groups, 2000–2013

5963 65 66 66 65 67 68

71 7174 73 74 73

86 8588 88 89 88 90 88

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

%All Highly educated

23 25 26 27 2934

37 39 41 39 3942 42

45

56 5760 57 58

6156

64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

%All Highly educated

60–64 year olds55–59 year olds

7

Source: Akava’s affiliates

Akava members by employer 2015

6%

32%

1%

58%

3%

State, 6.3 %

Municipality, 31.8%

Church, 1.3 %

Private, 57.7 %

Entrepreneur, 2.8 %

Others, 0.2 %

8

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2008–2013

Highly educated entrepreneurs 2008–2013

3948 47 51 54

60

12

10 1213

1515

51

58 5964

69

75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 000 persons

Part-time entrepreneursand self-employed

Full-time entrepreneursand self-employed

Proportion among highly educated: 9 % 10 % 10 % 10 % 11 % 11 %

Proportion of women: 38 % 47 % 36 % 42 % 43 % 42 %

9

Number of unemployed in bracketsSource: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics

Unemployment rate 1990–2013 by educational level

10

8.2

16.6

8.7

4.5

3.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

%

All (219,000)

Basic education (67,000)

Upper secondary (106,000)

Lowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level (31,000)

Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorate (15,000)

Source: Statistics Finland, Akava’s own estimate

Unemployment rate estimate, Akava members in selectedfields, January 2014/2015

11

12.1

11.6

10.3

10.0

8.6

8.2

6.7

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.2

5.7

5.7

5.5

5.1

4.9

4.4

4.4

4.3

3.5

3.4

3.2

2.9

2.9

0.6

0.5

10.4

10.6

9.2

8.5

7.4

7.4

6.1

5.6

5.0

5.5

5.7

5.1

5.1

4.7

4.3

4.3

3.9

4.1

3.6

2.9

3.1

2.7

2.4

2.5

0.5

0.4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Master of artsAll unemployed

Bachelor of EconomicsBachelor of Humanities

Bachelor of Natural SciencesMaster of Humanities

Master of Natural SciencesLowest level of tertiary education and lower degree level

LicentiateBachelor of Engineering

Higher degree level of tertiary education & doctorateMaster of Economics

Master of Social SciencesBachelor of Business Administration

Master of TheologyMaster of Engineering

ArchitectMaster of Agriculture

Bachelor of Social ServicesDoctorate

Master of EducationMaster of Law

PharmacistKindergarten teacher

Master of MedicineMaster of Dentistry

%

2015

2014

44

42

37

34

41

37

33

29

38

36

34

27

43

38

33

30

21

22

22

22

20

22

20

19

18

19

18

17

21

22

21

21

15

17

18

20

16

19

21

22

17

17

20

20

16

15

16

18

19

19

23

25

22

21

27

30

28

27

29

37

21

25

29

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

2012

2013

2014

2015

2012

2013

2014

2015

2012

2013

2014

2015

2012

2013

2014

2015%

0–12 weeks 13–26 weeks 27–52 weeks Over a year

Situation at the end of January each year.Source: Ministry of Employment and the Economy

Unemployment duration by level of education 1/2012-2015

Bachelor or equivalent level

Master or equivalent level

Doctoral or equivalent level

Unemployed without highly educated

12

Total number of unemployed

Unemployed for over a year

14,376 2,798

17,746 3,401

21,600 4,901

25,349 6,269

11,602 2,558

14,552 3,076

17,547 4,679

19,945 6,029

897 248

1,070 293

1,366 392

1,547 567

204,832 49,599

224,670 56,295

243,933 69,833

264,588 80,543

Wellbeing at work

The average working week of Akava members is 41.1 hours in their main job. 13 % of all Akava members and 27 % of managers work at least 48 hours per week.

Akava members work overtime more than other wage and salary earners, and often without compensation. Weekly overtime hours of every fifth Akava member adds up to one working day, i.e. 7.7 hours. Of all Akava members 9 % did uncompensated overtime work, 16 % compensated overtime work.

Working hours of every third salary earner in professional occupation is not appropriately tracked. Within all salary earners the share is one fifth.

Half of Akava members experience time or work pressure in their work, 9 % violence or thread of violence and 5 % harassment or bullying. Time pressure and experiences of violence or bullying are most common among women age of 40 orolder.

13

Wage and salary earners working full-timeSource: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Weekly working hours of Akava members 2013

Frequency Average Fractiles% per week 25 median 75

All 100 41.1 38.0 39.0 43.0Men 53 41.9 38.0 40.0 45.0Women 47 40.2 38.0 38.0 42.0EmployerPrivate 54 41.7 38.0 40.0 45.0State 15 41.4 37.0 38.0 41.0Municipalities 32 39.8 37.0 38.0 42.0Position in organisationManagers 17 45.1 40.0 43.0 48.0Professionals without teachers 39 40.8 38.0 38.0 41.0Teaching professionals 22 38.4 35.0 38.0 40.0Associate professionals 17 40.5 38.0 38.0 42.0All else 5 43.8 38.0 38.0 40.0

14

Wage and salary earners working full timeSource: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Persons who worked at least 48 hours/week, 2013

Estimated number of persons who worked at least 48

hours/week, 1 000 persons

32

89

22

10

21

4

7

11

1

11

5

3

15

13

10

17

8

16

11

9

27

13

11

10

7

0 10 20 30

Akava members

Other wage and salary earners

Akava members

Men

Women

Employer

Private

State

Municipality

Position in organisation

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Others

Professionals

Teaching professionals

Technicians and associate professionals%

Wage and salary earners working full-timeSource: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Overtime work in 2013

16

38

2

107

129

5

8

1

1515

15

1317

1314

16

151615

1

1

1

1

1

1

1824

17

2325

2625

22

241616

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

All wage and salary earnersAkava members

Others

Akava membersMen

WomenEmployer

StatePrivate

Municipality

All wage and salary earnersSocio-economic groupsUpper-level employees

Manual workersLower-level employees

%

Uncompensated overtime Compensated overtime BothOvertime

hours/week7.47.77.4

8.37.0

8.58.36.0

7.79.25.7

Source: Statistics Finland, Quality of Working Conditions Survey 2013

Tracking of working hours

19

4610

4327

3231

463942

2739

37

35

34

3137

274538

35

3344

3250

39

41

39

47

2354

302830

34

2118

262322

22

260 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Managers

Science and engineering professionalsTeaching professionals

Business and administration professionalInformation and communication professionals

Other professionalsAll professionals

Science and engineering associate professionalsHealth associate professionals

Business and administration associate professionalOther associate professionals

All associate professionals

Other wage and salary earners

All wage and salary earners%

By clocking card/access control Tracked by him/herself No tracking of working hours

17

Wage and salary earners working full timeSource: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Experiences of time pressure, violence and harassment in work among Akava members

48

32

43

53

42

26

37

48

53

38

50

58

9

6

8

10

4

1

5

4

14

11

11

16

5

2

3

6

2

1

1

2

8

2

6

100 10 20 30 40 50 60

Total

20-29

30-39

40-64

Total

20-29

30-39

40-64

Total

20-29

30-39

40-64

All

Men

Wom

en

%

Time or work pressure Violence or threat of violence Harassment or bullying

18

Source: Akava Member Opinion Poll 2013

Factors enabling Akava members to cope better at work

19

57

50

56

42

42

37

37

38

31

34

26

23

18

23

11

38

42

33

46

43

48

45

44

51

43

48

43

47

39

39

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

3

2

2

5

2

4

2

5

3

6

8

9

11

12

14

14

16

18

19

28

29

33

39

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

1

3

2

4

3

4

6

0 20 40 60 80 100

Possibility to influence one’s own work

More flexible working hours

Job certainty

Improvement of leadership skills

Reduction in pace of work

Improvement of working environment

Part-time work

Part-time pension

Improvement of occupational health care services

Job alternation or sabbatical leave

Improvement of rehabilitation possibilities

Reduction of work load

Increased education & training possibilities

Rise in pay

Change in work assignments

%

Very important Important Do not know Not very important Meaningless

Sources: Akava Member Opinion Polls 1997–2004; Statistics Finland, Quality of Work Life Survey 2008; Surveys by TNS Finland commissioned by Akava, 2010–2014

Average intended age of retirement of Akava members 1997–2014

61.2

61.3

62.0

62.8

63.2

63.9

65.0

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

1997

2001

2004

2008

2010

2013

2014

Years

20

Salaries

On the average, Akava members earned EUR 4,310 a month in full-time work in 2013. Among women, average income was EUR 3,860 and among men EUR 4,820 a month.

The average monthly salary of all employees was EUR 3,330 in 2013.

50 % of Akava members earned EUR 3,830 or more a month, a tenth less than EUR 2,590 and a tenth more than EUR 6,340 a month.

The average starting salary of an Akava member is EUR 3,470 a month, increasing to EUR 4,760 towards the end of the working career.

21

Wage and salary earners working full time.Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013

Total earnings 2013 (with bonuses)Akava members All wage and salary earners

mean, EUR/month mean, EUR/monthGenderMen 4,820 3,680Women 3,860 2,990Employer sectorState 4,550 3,740Municipality 3,910 3,010Private 4,540 3,430All 4,310 3,330

Distribution of total earnings 2013 (without bonuses)

F102,590

F102,080

3,830 median

2,930 median

F906,340

F904,860

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500

Akava members

All wage andsalary earners

EUR/month

22

Wage and salary earners working full time; total earnings include bonuses.Source: Statistics Finland, Structure of Earnings, 2013

Total earnings of wage and salary earners by level of education in 2013, EUR/month

23

3,330

2,790

2,840

3,400

3,500

4,630

5,510

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Total

Primary & lower secondaryeducation

Upper secondary education

Lowest level tertiary education

Lower-degree level tertiaryeducation

Higher-degree level tertiaryeducation

Doctorate

EUR/month

Source: Labour Institute for Economic Research

Finnish wages compared to other EU countries by educationlevel, 2011

Lower-level education Mid-level education High-level education

24

9,0906,010

5,7305,070

4,7304,380

3,8803,7903,740

3,4903,2403,0602,880

2,5102,1902,1802,0601,9801,910

1,2701,2201,010960930880830770

440410

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

SwitzerlandLuxembourg

NorwayDenmark

NetherlandsAustria

GermanyUnited Kingdom

FinlandSwedenIcelandFrance

ItalyCyprus

SloveniaSpainMalta

PortugalGreece

Czech RepublicCroatiaEstoniaPoland

Slovak RepublicLatvia

HungaryLithuaniaRomaniaBulgaria

Gross earnings, EUR/month

5,6504,840

4,0103,910

3,4903,0002,9002,7102,6602,6402,610

2,2802,260

1,7601,6301,5901,4901,3501,200

850760760710640560520490310290

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

SwitzerlandNorway

DenmarkLuxembourgNetherlands

SwedenAustriaFinland

GermanyIceland

United KingdomItaly

FranceCyprus

SpainMalta

GreeceSloveniaPortugal

Czech RepublicEstoniaCroatia

Slovak RepublicPolandLatvia

HungaryLithuaniaBulgaria

Romania

Gross earnings, EUR/month

3,7803,4303,3503,110

2,7902,5502,4802,2402,1002,0901,9001,7601,760

1,4801,4201,3901,2701,070950710620610560530450400390260230

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

NorwaySwitzerland

DenmarkNetherlandsLuxembourg

SwedenFinland

United KingdomIcelandFrance

ItalyGermany

AustriaCyprus

SpainGreece

MaltaSloveniaPortugalEstonia

Czech RepublicCroatia

Slovak RepublicPolandLatvia

LithuaniaHungaryBulgaria

Romania

Gross earnings, EUR/month

Sources: Labour Institute for Economic Research; Akava’s own estimation

Percentual difference of gross earnings between wage and salary with high-level education and lower-level education in EU-countriesPercentual earnings difference,highly educated to lower-level educated

25

165

149

120116 113

108 106 10599

94 9487

80

69 69 6863 59

54 53 52 52 52 51 5147

4237 37

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Taxation of employees

The tax rate on wages adjusted for changes in general wage level has increased between 1 and 1,8 percentage points during the period 2011-2015 depending on the wage level. Higher wages were hit harder by taxes.

Nearly one in four full-time employees in Finland is an Akava member. These employees earn 30 % of the entire wages and salaries bill of full-time employees and pay one third of taxes and social security contributions paid by full-time employees. Akava members account for 45 % of state income taxes paid by full-time employees.

The income tax rate of someone with a monthly salary of EUR 3,000 is 30 %, while an income of EUR 4,000 is subject to 34,6 % income tax.

Finnish employees have high and progressive marginal tax rates. The marginal tax rate indicates what proportion of additional income is collected as tax. At a salary of EUR 2,200 45,5 % of additional income is collected as tax. The marginal tax rate is over 50 % for a monthly slightly above EUR 3,500 and 58 % when the salary exceeds EUR 6,200.

In international comparison the high and progressive marginal tax rates are evident in the fact that while low-income employees in Finland are taxed moderately by European standards and employees with average salaries are taxed near the European average, those who earn more than average are taxed quite harshly.

26

Employees who have worked at least 6 months full time with income over 6,804 EUR per year. Source: Statistics Finland, Income Distribution Statistics 2013

Pay and taxes: Akava members and other wage and salaryearners 2013

27

23

30

33

45

31

30

77

70

67

55

69

70

0 20 40 60 80 100

Wage and salary earners (1,7 million)

Wage and salaries bill (69,3 billion EUR)

Taxes and payments (21,5 billion EUR)

By type of tax:

State income taxes (4,04 billion EUR)

Municipal tax (10,9 billion EUR)

Pension and unemployment insurancecontributions (4,1 billion EUR)

%

Akava members Other wage and salary earners

23.5

31.3

37.7

47.4

24.5 29.7

34.6

42.3

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

22,000 32,000 42,000 52,000 62,000 72,000 82,000 92,000 102,000 112,000 122,000 132,000

%

Income per y ear 2013, EUR

*) Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Austria, Norway, France, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Denmark; Excluding Estonia. One-person household.Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014

Average personal income tax for single wage and salaryearners in Finland and in other Western Europeancountries in 2014, %

Finland

Other WesternEuropean

Countries*)

28

Source: Taxpayers’ Association of Finland, International Wage Tax Survey 2014

Average personal income tax rate in 2014 for income of 5,000 EUR/month

29

46.7

43.1

42.6

39.3

37.7

37.7

37.3

34.7

32.7

31.7

28.8

27.9

27.8

25.4

24.7

22.0

16.70 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Belgium

Italy

Germany

Austria

Finland

Denmark

Netherlands

France

Spain

Sweden

USA

Norway

United Kingdom

Japan

Australia

Estonia

Switzerland%

One-person household.Sources: Ministry of Finance, Akava’s own estimation

Marginal tax rates and income tax rates for wageand salary earners in 2015

30

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000

Marginal and income tax rates, %

Gross earnings,EUR/month

Marginal tax 2015 Income tax 2015

Education

In Finland, level of academic degree attainment has increased 26 percentage points in adult population in past four decades. However, 17 % has not attained degree higher than compulsory education.

Comparing tertiary level education attainment in the age group of 25–34 year-olds, Finland ranks in the mid-level among OECD countries. In Finland 40 % of the 25–34 year-olds has attained tertiary level education.

On average, duration of master degree studies was 6.5 years and polytechnic degree studies 4 years in 2013.

In 2013, every third Akava member did not participate in work-relatedtraining that was payed by his/her employer. Half of Akava members had at least three training days during the year. On average, Akava members hadlittle less than five training days.

31

Source: Statistics of Finland, Educational structure of population

25–64-years olds by educational level 1970–2013

66

50

34 29 24 20 17

20

30

3840

4244 44

711

1517

1613 12

4 5 5 6 912 13

3 4 6 8 9 11 12

0,2 0,3 0,6 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1975 1985 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

%

Doctoral or equivalent

Master or equivalent

Bachelor or equivalent

Short-cycle tertiary

Upper secondary/Post-secondary non-tertiary

Primary/lower secondary education

32

In addition to university and polytechnic degrees higher-degree level tertiary education also includes some lowest level tertiaryeducation qualifications, such as technicians and diplomas in Business AdministrationSource: OECD, Education at a Glance 2014

Persons with higher-degree level education in Finland and in some other coutries in 2012

25–64 years of age 25–34 years of age 55–64 years of age

4743

41404039

373736353534

32323130

2827

2019

160 10 20 30 40 50 60

JapanUSA

EnglandFinlandIreland

NorwaySwitzerland

EstoniaSweden

DenmarkBelgiumHolland

SpainOECDFrance

EU21Germany

GreeceAustria

PortugalItaly

%

594948

454443434343

414040403939

3735

2928

2322

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

JapanIreland

EnglandNorway

USASwedenBelgiumHollandFrance

SwitzerlandFinlandEstonia

DenmarkSpain

OECDEU21

GreeceGermanyPortugal

AustriaItaly

%

4235

3332313029292928

26252524

22202019

171111

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

USAEstonia

EnglandJapan

FinlandNorway

SwitzerlandSweden

DenmarkHolland

GermanyIreland

BelgiumOECDEU21

FranceGreece

SpainAustria

PortugalItaly

%

33

Source: Statistics of Finland, University education

Duration of Master Degrees, median 6.5

8.58

777777777

6.56.56.56.56.5

66666

5.5555

40 2 4 6 8 10

Master Degrees, total

ArchitectLandscape Architect

Master of EngineeringMaster of Food Science

Master of Veterinary MedicineMaster of Humanities

Master of MedicineMaster of Music

PharmacistMaster of Theology

Master of Social Sciences (Univ. of Helsinki)Master of Natural Sciences

Master of AgricultureMaster of Law

Master of PsychologyMaster of Social Sciences

Master of Administrative ScienceLicentiate of Dentistry

Master of EducationMaster of Economics

Master of ArtsMaster of Fine Arts

Master of Sports SciencesMaster of Theatrical Arts

Master of Helath SciencesMaster of Arts (Dance)

years34

Source: Statistics of Finland, Polytechnic education

Duration of Polytechnic Degrees by Sector of Education, median

4

4

4.5

4

4.5

5

4.5

3.5

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Polytechnic Degrees, total

Humanities and Education

Culture

Social Sciences, Business and Administration

Natural Sciences

Technology, communication and transpor

Natural resources and the environment

Social services, health and sport

Tourism, catering and domestic services

years

35

Source: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013

Akava members and all labour force 25–64 years of age byeducational level in 2013, %

36

1

7

9

26

51

5

15

44

14

13

12

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Primary and lower secondaryeducation

Upper secondary education

Lowest level tertiary education

Lower-degree level tertiary education

Higher-degree level tertiary education

Doctorate

%

Akava members All

*Average calculation takes into account respondents who participated in trainin during the year 2013.Source: Opinion Poll for Akava members 2014, conducted by TNS Gallup Finland

Participation in work-related training payed by employerin 2013

32

31

47

34

24

16

13

11

69

43

13

31

21

21

7

25

22

26

20

12

17

17

21

25

48

48

45

41

53

58

68

77

15

39

66

440 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Akava members

Occupation

Managers

Social science and legal professionals

Engineering and natural science professionals

Business and administration professionals

Teaching professionals

Social work professional

Health professionals

Other occupations

Employer

State

Municipality

Private

%

Did not participate in training Less than three training days Three or more training days

37

Training days/year, average*

4.8

4.7

5.4

4.7

4.6

4.0

4.8

7.0

4.7

5.1

5.2

4.3

Union membership

Akava members are highly educated, and mainly join a union that corresponds with their qualifications or occupation.

Akava has 35 affiliated unions, and combined, unions had a total of 589,000 individual members in January 2015. The number of members is growing.

University and polytechnic students can join their respective Akava unions while they are still studying. Akava’s affiliates have 111,000 student members.

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Source: Akava’s affiliates

Number of Akava members

42

162

265

375

547589

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015

1 000 members

39

Total number of members in 2014 in brackets.Source: Employee confederations’ cost distribution

Organisation of wage and salary earners in three main employee confederations 1970–2014

70

64

57

51

47

47

26

26

29

31

28

26

5

10

14

18

25

27

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2014

%

SAK (1.027,000) STTK+TVK STTK (567,000) Akava (585,000)

Number of members in main employee

confederations (1,000 )

931

1,624

1,879

2,092

2,204

2,179

40

The Labour Relations System in Finland

A high degree of unionisation A covering collective agreement system Binding collective agreements Independent social partners play an important role Means of influencing

Collective bargaining Take part in decision making Cooperation Influencing public opinion Lobbying Industrial action

The tasks of the unions To safeguard the interests of workers in society To safeguard the interests of workers in working life To safeguard the interests of workers in relation to other interest groups To safeguard the future of the trade union movement – youth and students

activities To form a complement to Government policy To influence Government policy

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Akava’s organisation for negotiations

Akava

Akava’s Public SectorNegotiation Commission

JUKO

The Delegation of Professionaland Managerial Employees

YTN

Organisations’ collectiveagreements

Employersand government

Office for Government as EmployerCommission for Local Authority Employers

Church

Confederation of Finnish IndustriesEK and its affiliates

Central organisationagreements

Tripartite agreementsCoordination

CollectiveAgreements

(public sector)

Entrepreneurs andself-employed persons

Parliament, Ministries, Local AuthoritiesInfluencing

legislation

Employer organisations

CollectiveAgreements

CollectiveAgreements

Employees in Technical andBasic Service Professions KTN

Commission for LocalAuthority EmployersCollective

Agreements(public sector)

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Source: Akava’s affiliates

Akava's affiliates 1.1.2015

Trade Union of Education in Finland 121,033 Finnish Psychological Association 6,817

Academic Engineers and Architects in Finland 72,353 The Officers Union 6,106

Union of Professional Engineers in Finland 70,838 Finnish Association of Academic Agronomists 5,937

The Finnish Business School Graduates 51,465 The Union of Church Professionals within Akava AKI 5,817

Union of Professional Business Graduates in Finland TRAL 29,549 Finnish Union of Environmental Professionals 4,720

Akava Special Branches 28,476 The Institute Officers Union of the Finnish Defence Forces and the Border Guard 4,050

Sales and Marketing Professionals MMA 26,899 Union of Swedish-speaking Engineers in Finland 3,238

Finnish Medical Association 24,993 Society of Finnish Professional Foresters 2,599

Union of Professional Social Workers 23,622 Finnish Veterinary Association 2,596

Association of Finnish Lawyers 16,138 Union of Finnish University Professors 2,437

Social Science Professionals 12,157 The Finnish Association of Architects 2,341

Managers and Professionals YTY 10,193 The Union of Diaconal Workers in Finland 1,905

Union of Technical Professionals, KTK 9,053 The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses 1,792

Finnish Union of Experts in Science 7,940 Union of Finnish Speech Therapists 1,505

Finnish Pharmacists' Association 7,794 Health Science Academic Leaders and Experts 1,209

The Finnish Union of Public Health Nurses 7,414 Kirkon Nuorisotyöntekijöiden Liitto KNT 1,169

Finnish Dental Association 7,049 Akava's General Group 770

Finnish Union of University Researchers and Teachers 6,891 Total 588,865

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Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates

Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013

All (100 %) Men (48 %) Women (52 %)Main occupation Full-time work 85 % 87 % 83 % Part-time work 6 % 3 % 9 % Entrepreneur 5 % 5 % 4 % Unemployed 4 % 5 % 3 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 %Position in organisation Legislators, senior officials and managers 16 % 22 % 10 % Technical and associate professionals 37 % 43 % 31 % Teaching professionals 25 % 13 % 36 % Professionals 17 % 17 % 18 % Others 5 % 5 % 5 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 %Age distribution under 30 10 % 9 % 10 % 30–39 29 % 28 % 29 % 40–49 27 % 27 % 28 % 50–59 25 % 26 % 25 % over 59 9 % 10 % 8 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 %Average age 43 years 43 years 42 years

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Sources: Statistics Finland, Labour Force Statistics 2013 and Structure of Earnings 2013, Akava’s affiliates

Statistical information on Akava members within labour force in 2013

All (100 %) Men (48 %) Women (52 %)

Living in Helsinki Metropolitan Area 31 % 31 % 31 %

Parents with children under 18 years of age 46 % 45 % 46 %

Fixed term work* 13 % 9 % 16 %

Average age in service in current employment* 9.6 9.6 9.6

Average gross income 2013 (incl. bonuses), EUR/month* 4,310 4,820 3,860

Persons who got bonuses* 21 % 29 % 15 %

Amount of bonuses per person, EUR/month* 400 460 280

Persons who got fringe benefits* 49 % 57 % 42 %

Amount of fringe benefits per person, EUR/month* 130 170 90

Average working hours/week* 41.1 41.9 40.2

Persons working overtime* 24 % 23 % 25 %

Persons working overtime without compensation* 35 % 43 % 27 %

*persons working full time. Other statistics apply to all persons within labour force.

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