GCP21

A Global Alliance

For the

Improvement of Cassava

105 Countries

Latin America Africa Asia

50% 30% 20%

Cassava Producing Countries

Productivity

Latin America Africa Asia

10t/Ha 19t/Ha 12t/Ha

Cassava Producing Countries

Surfaces

Latin America Africa Asia

12MHa 3.5MHa 3MHa

Cassava Producing Countries

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erc

en

tag

e I

ncre

ase

Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World

World Yield (T/Ha)

Africa Yield (T/Ha)

Asia Yield (T/Ha)

Latin Amer. Yield (T/Ha)

% I

ncre

ase /

Year

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

0.5%

1.0%

0.0%

Asia

Latin A

World

Africa

Cassava Productivity Highly Variable

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erc

en

tag

e I

ncre

ase

Production Increase of Cassava in the World

World Production (M Tons)

Africa Production (M Tons)

Asia Production (M Tons)

Latin Amer. Production (M Tons)

% I

ncre

ase /

Year

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

1.0%

2.0%

0.0%

Asia

Latin A

World

Africa

Cassava Production Highly Variable

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f C

as

sa

va

Pro

du

cti

on

in

th

e W

orl

d

Proportion of Cassava Production in the World

Africa %

Americas %

Asia %

Asia

Latin A

Africa

Cassava Production in the World

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

Yie

ld In

cre

ase t

/Ha

Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World

Cambodia Yield (T/Ha)

Vietnam Yield (T/Ha)

India Yield (T/Ha)

Angola Yield (T/Ha)

Malawi Yield (T/Ha)

Cambodia

India

VietNam

Angola

Malawi

Cassava Productivity Highly Variable

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

Yie

ld In

dex I

ncre

ase %

Productivity Increase of Cassava in the World

Cambodia Yield (T/Ha)

Vietnam Yield (T/Ha)

India Yield (T/Ha)

Angola Yield (T/Ha)

Malawi Yield (T/Ha)

% I

ncre

ase /

Year

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

1.0%

2.0%

0.0%

7.0%

Cambodia

India

VietNam

Angola

Malawi

Cassava Productivity Highly Variable

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

1970 1980 1990 2000 2004 2008 2011

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erc

en

tag

e I

ncre

ase

Production Increase of Cassava in Africa

Africa Yield (T/Ha)

Africa Production (M Tons)

Africa Area (M Ha)

% I

ncre

ase /

Year

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

1.0%

2.0%

0.0%

Production : 350%

Surface = 200%

Productivity = 170%

Cassava Production in Africa

African Food Productivity Increase

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Wheat

Maize

Potatoes

Yams

Rice

Plantain

Cowpeas

Sorghum

Groundnuts

Millet

Sweet Potato

Cassava

Afr

ican

Fo

od

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Incr

eas

e (

%)

African Food Productivity Increase (%)

4%

2%

0%

1%

3%

5%

African Food Productivity Increase

R² = 0.9802

R² = 0.97761

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2020 2030 2040 2050

Wheat

Cassava

Afr

ican

Fo

od

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Incr

eas

e (

%)

African Food Productivity Increase (%)

15.4 t/Ha

2.2 b people

10.8 t/Ha

0.9 b people

African Food Productivity Increase

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Cu

mu

lati

ve P

erc

en

tag

e I

ncre

ase

Increase Cassava Indexes in Africa

Africa Yield (T/Ha)

Africa Production (M Tons)

Africa Area (M Ha)

% I

ncre

ase /

Year

12.0%

10.0%

8.0%

6.0%

2.0%

4.0%

0.0%

426 Mt

1.9 b people 30 t/Ha

14.2 MHa

Staple food for more than 700 million people in 105 countries

World’s fourth-most important source of calories

Resilient to climate change and poor soils

World’s second-most important source of starch for industry

Most widely traded starch in the world

Vital cash crop for millions of smallholders in Asia and Latin America

Used in hundreds of products from flour, syrup, paper, glue, food additives, animal feed, ethanol and even beer!

Why Cassava?

What’s in for Cassava

- Yield potential

- Resilience to Global

Warming

- Resilience to poor soils

- Semi-perennial crop

- Starch quantity and quality

What’s out for Cassava

- Vegetative propagation

- Pests and diseases

- Lack of science and

technology

- Lack of markets

- Lack of organization

African Food Crops Potentials

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cassava Sorghum Millet Sweet Potato

Plantain

Po

ten

tial P

rod

ucti

vit

y %

CHANGE IN

SUITABILITY

FOR MAIZE -

2050 Negative

Positive

Contrasting responses between

maize and cassava: 2-3oC temp

rises, changes in prec

Change In suitability for Maize 2050

CHANGE IN

SUITABILITY

FOR CASSAVA

- 2050 Negative

Positive

Change In suitability for Cassava 2050

Bemisia tabaci

Current

2050

1-No suitability, 2-Restricted, 3-Low, 4-Moderate, 5-Optimum

Change In Whitefly Populations 2050

What is the Role of GCP21

Global Vision for Cassava

• Feed 2 billion people by 2050

• World yield average of 20 t/ha

• 25% of the production for the

industry

To identify R&D gaps in cassava productivity

To invest Science and Technology in cassava

To increase funding in cassava

To develop communications through a

unique portal for all cassava information and

expertise

What is the Role of GCP21

To be The reference for cassava

To be fully independent

To be trusted by the cassava community and by the donors

What is Essential for GCP21?

GCP21 Cassava Chain

GCP21 Cassava Chain

GCP21 Push-Pull Concept

What Should GCP21 Do?

Cassava Potential

Cassava Productivity

Vegetative Propagation

What Are The Cassava Bottlenecks?

Genetics, Diseases,

Cassava Resilience

Cassava Value Chain

Implement R&D Projects

Possess labs and fields

Conduct experiments

What Will GCP21 NOT Do?

An independent non-for-profit

private networking

organization

(Could be hosted by any organization)

What Will GCP21 Be?

What Is the Scope of GCP21?

Should be a Unique Global

Independent Organization

Most of the constraints for cassava are global

(genetic, physiology, propagation, starch, root

storage…)

Solutions of problems and application are local

(diseases, nutrition, varieties, processing…)

Scientific Working Groups Cassava Portfolio

Constraints

Priorities

Experts

Executive Management

Thematic Meetings Databases Conferences

Teams of Cassava Experts

Steering

Committee

Major Challenge for GCP21

Communication

Cassava Belt

Donor Belt

Where Will GCP21 Be Located?

Work with CG system and USAID (and other aids)

Work with NARs and local organizations

Work with World Bank and AfDB, ADB, IADB

Work with Advance International Labs

Work with Embrapa

Work with CIRAD-IRD-Agropolis

Work with FAO and other UN agencies

Work with China, India, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia,

Malaysia, Vietnam

GCP21 Strategy

GCP21 Strategy

Work with starch industry; North & South

America, Asia, Europe

Work with Food Processing companies

Work with Feed Producing companies

Work with Energy companies

Work with Global Harvest Initiative

Work with humanitarian organizations

Work with UN organizations

Work with NGOs in Africa

Work with all aids organizations in the world

Work with church networks in Africa

Work with AU organizations

Work with policy makers

GCP21 Strategy

Founders

CG Centers

Foundations

Aid Agencies

Private Companies

45 Research Institutions

105 National Members

2000 Cassava Scientists and Developers

GCP21 Consortium

GCP21 Donors

Classical donors and

New donors:

- GHI multinational co

- eCompanies:

Amazon, Google,

Apple

- Starch companies

- Private companies

- Private donors

- Individual cdonors

Cassava Productivity

Poverty

Africa Asia

>15t/Ha

>20t/Ha

<10t/Ha

Latin America

Food Security

Surpluses

A War on Cassava Viruses

Virus Eradication

10t/Ha

15t/Ha

20t/Ha

Cassava

Poverty

Circle

A War on Cassava Viruses After one century of research and cassava

improvement, CMD is considered as the first biological

constraint for cassava and CBSD is now considered as

one of the top ten viral diseases in the world!

There is an estimated minimum number of 700 cassava

landraces in Africa, and farmers are very much attached

to their landraces.

For the last 45 years of active cassava breeding in

international and national institutes, there has been a

fairly poor rate of adoption of new cassava germplasm

released to the African farmers.

A War on Cassava Viruses

A key element for success of a

cassava improvement crop is the

rate of adoption of cassava

cultivars by farmers

In parallel, GCP21 is elaborating a road

map to collect, evaluate, clean, identify

and preserve all cassava landraces,

beginning with East Africa

Cassava Mosaic Disease

Caused by

geminiviruses

There are 9 species of

cassava geminiviruses

in Africa

ACMV and EACMV are

the most important ones

in East Africa

At least 45Mtons not

produced each year

because of CMD

Biodiversity of African Cassava Geminiviruses

EACMUV

EACMTV

1920s

Stage 3 –2000s

> 4 million sq. km.

Outbreak Stages: CMD

Stage 2 –1990s

Outbreak – late 1980s

Courtesy: J.P. Legg

CMD for more than a century

CMD resistant CVs: CMD1: 1930-1970s

CMD2: 1990-present

CMD3: 2012

Transgenic plants: proof of concept CMD,

first products 2016-2020 Opening the possibility to FIX cassava

landraces readily adopted by farmers

TME 30572

TME 204

TME7

Transgenic 60444 Resistant to EACMV

CMD1 DR2 CFT at Namulonge – 11MAP

Necrotic rot of roots

Veinal chlorosis of leaves

Cassava Brown Streak Disease

First discovered in 1935

in East Africa

Re-emerged in 2003

Caused by 2 species of

ssRNA ipomoviruses

CBSV and UCBSV

Harvest can be

completely lost

for CBSD

1930s

2009

2004

2005

2005

New Outbreaks of CBSD

Courtesy: J.P. Legg

>50Mtons

CBSD re-emergence since 2003

after disappearance for 70 years

Control methods

CBSD resistant CVs: 1935 (Namikonga)

New release of 6 CBSD resistant CVs 2012

Transgenic plants: proof of concept CBSD,

first products 2016-2020

Possibility to FIX adopted cassava

landraces

Namikonga

Namikonga Namikonga

Kiroba

Kiroba

Confined Field Trial to Evaluate Transgenic Cassava for

Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease - 11/2011

Production and Characterization of

Product Quality TME204R

TME204 Cassava Farmer’s Preferred

Cultivar Selected to make the First

Commercial Product

A War on Cassava Viruses Pressure through whiteflies

Climatic Conditions

Pressure through cuttings

Climatic Conditions

ACMV

EACMV

Synergism

A War Against Cassava Viruses Pressure through whiteflies

Climatic Conditions

Pressure through cuttings

A War Against Cassava Viruses

Resistance to whiteflies Resistance to CMD viruses

Resistance To CMD

Reversion through cuttings

Investigating new sources of resistance

100% infected plants

0% infected plants

“Reversion”

A War Against Cassava Viruses

A War Against Cassava Viruses

- Need to integrate different technologies for better control

Natural resistance for inbred lines

Transgenesis for cassava landraces

Virus-free cuttings for other landraces

- The goal is to deplete the virus load from THE reservoir:

The Cassava Crop itself

- Need a better monitoring system to watch for new viruses

- Need to investigate new sources of resistance to the virus

- Need to investigate possibilities to control whiteflies

through genetic resistance/ transgenesis and IPM

- Need to use cheap propagation methods for virus-free

certified material

- Need a strong integrated strategy to control viruses

A War on Cassava Viruses

Produce Virus-Free

Improved Material

Investigate

Whitefly

Resistance

Investigate Virus

Resistance

Mechanisms

A War on Cassava Viruses

Investigate

Reversion

Resistance

Control

Whiteflies

Produce Virus-

Resistant

Landraces

IPM Control of the

Insect Vector

?

Virus-Free

Certification System

Virus-Free

Material

Cassava

Productivity

Improvement

Virus-Resistant

Material

Cassava Seed

Production System

A War on Cassava Viruses

Geographical Space

Virus-Free

Certification

Seed System

International

Exchange of

Material

International

Breeding

Field Tests

International

and National

Virus Control

National

Deployment

Strategies

Cassava

Productivity

Improvement

Participation of

Policy Makers

and Politicians

A War on Cassava Viruses

IPM Control of

Whiteflies

Improved Monitoring and

Virus Diagnostic System

Long Term

Funding and

Planning

A Collection of Cassava

Landraces in East Africa 93% of the cassava landraces in East Africa are NOT in

international collections

They are under threat to disappear with virus diseases such as CBSD, after CMD

Modern molecular breeding can make use of important traits present in these landraces that are appreciated by most farmers.

Opportunity to know more about the farmer and consumer needs to improve cassava

Tanzania, June 2013

Making more user-friendly cassava

products to boost local economy and

stabilize cassava market price

Use the Cassava Revolution in Nigeria to exemplify

what can be done with and for cassava.

Use cassava in the local food products like bread, or

make ethanol for local consumption

Use cassava in modern consumption: beer, coca-cola

Use cassava for feed to raise animal on farm: no

investment required!

Abuja October 2013

Cassava: food and biofuel

GCP21 Chinese Cassava Agricultural Research System Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nanning, China 2015