A good ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE regime paves the path for sustainable growth of a nation. It assures quality environment, equitable growth, health & safety for its people while promoting growth.

Environmental Governance

Emerging economies: Environmental Governance issues

• Weak pollution norms • Shortage of regulatory manpower and infrastructure• Poor monitoring and reporting practices • Non- transparency • Scope of action against defaulters are limited • Lack of self regulation or market based pollution control mechanism

(like emission trading).

Consent orders of SPCBs/PCCs specify standards to becomplied by industries

Industries submit analysis reports to SPCBs/PCCs andinvariably copies are marked to CPCB

Reports submitted by industries largely comply with theconsent standard limits in contrast to the samplescollected by SPCBs/PCCs/CPCB that by and largeremains non complying.

Actions (based on manual monitoring methodology)against industries are not leading to improvement intreatment processes by the units besides the willingnessof persistent defaulters remains non committal.

Monitoring mechanism is weak due to lack oflogistics, manpower and resources among theSPCBs/PCCs/CPCB obviously due to vastness of thejurisdiction area for regional offices and Zonal offices.

Remedy is to put in place alternate monitoringmechanism on self monitoring methodology byindustries and provide online data to regulatoryregime.

National Policy on Online Monitoring

In “National Environment Policy” it is envisaged that to strengthen the testing infrastructure and network for monitoring ambient environmental quality and progressively ensure real-time, and online availability of the monitoring data

• Credible pollution monitoring- less manual intervention • Transparency• Better regulatory hand- continuous vigil• Immediate corrective measures• Process optimization• Basic framework for market based pollution control• Paves path for Self- monitoring regime

What real time monitoring brings ?

• CEMS in 17 category of industries and wasteincineration plants started with CPCB’s direction inFeb 2014.

• Common effluent quality monitoring system(CEQMS) started in Feb 2014 for 17 categories, CETPand grossly polluting industries (generate 100kgBOD/day).

•

CEMS in India- regulation

CEMS in India- Who needs to Install?

17 highly polluting categories of industries1. Aluminium Smelter2. Caustic Soda3. Cement4. Copper Smelter5. Distilleries6. Dyes & Dye

Intermediates7. Fertilizer8. Integrated Iron & Steel9. Tanneries

10. Pesticides11. Petrochemicals12. Drugs & Pharmaceuticals13. Pulp & Paper14. Oil Refineries15. Sugar16. Thermal Power Plants17. Zinc Smelter

• 17 highly polluting categories of industries - 3206 Units• Common Effluent Treatment Plans - 175• Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator-25• Common Bio Medical Waste Incinerator- 179• Grossly Polluting Industries (> 100kg BOD/day) - 764

Self Monitoring mechanism within the industries

Increased management responsibility forregulatory compliance

Increased cost-effectiveness

Fast corrective action

Improved control over impacts on the environment

Higher environmental awareness

Increased public access to information (public

CEMS device selection

Data acquisition system or Data logger

Data acquisition & handling at CPCB

•Device and Vendor selection

•Device installation, software and hardware setup

Real-time pollution monitoring

•Emission monitoring

•Data collection through compatible software

•Periodical calibration, zero and span drift test

•Calibration validation/audit

•Regular maintenance

•Secure data collection and storage at server or directly

transfer to servers installed at regulators

•Data of stack emission, effluent monitoring and

ambient air quality monitoring can be handled and

transferred together

Se

cu

red

D

ata

Tra

ns

fer

Data acquisition & handling at SPCBs/PCCs

Display at Web-portals

•Data from industry is stored at servers/ internet storage

facility at state and central regulatory bodies

•Industry receives relevant auto response/instruction

from servers

Installation and calibration

• Suitable CEMS, CEQMS device selection by industry

CEMS in India: How does it work?

• Incomplete installation• Wrong installations- no clear idea on

where to install CEMS- which stack ?Which location ?

• Many non-functional- poormaintenance

• No clarity on suitable technologyselection. to comply the directionmany industries installed cheaperdevices irrespective to theirsuitability

• Data supply to regulators was poor• Data was not credible

Issues identified in implementation

Real time monitoring device

Disturbance: Duct joining the stack

Disturbance: Bent and joining of two

ducts

Devices installed in dry effluent channel

Data reporting issues

• Compliance

• Ensuring Reliable Data

• Legal Frame Work

• Actions Proposed

Self -regulationregime

Quality assured-Certified/ Performance checked

Correct installationRight location/position/ platform

Right equipment selection

Tamperproof data transfer system

Compliance check system

Regular operation& maintenance

(i) Monitoring Methodology

(ii) Calibration

(iii) Sampling Location

(iv) Exceedance

(v) Data Acquisition system

Online Effluent Monitoring

Monitoring Station

Jajmau Bridge Kanpur-FixedVaranasi Downstream-Floating

Automatic Water Quality Monitoring of

River Ganga

Sensor Cage with sensors

Online TOC Analyzer

Available TechnologiesParameters

MeasuredApplications Limitations

UV Spectrophotometry

(Single/two/four

wavelengths)

COD, BOD Fresh Water &

Waste water with

constant matrix

Suitable for fresh water and not for

waste water applications.

Interference of colour &high

turbidity.

Operates on stable matrix.

UV-Vis

Spectrophotometry

40 wavelength

COD, BOD, TSS Fresh Water &

Waste Water with

constant matrix

Many organic compounds are

unattended due to lesser scanning of

UV spectra.

Operates on stable matrix.

Sample pumping limitation

UV-Visible

Spectrophotometry

(Single Beam)

COD, BOD, TSS Fresh Water &

Waste Water

Fresh Water & Waste Water

Interference due to colour & high

turbidity affects the analyzer

operation. Reference beam

compensation not available.

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

UV-Vis

Spectrophotometry

(Double Beam)

COD, BOD, TSS Fresh water to

Waste water

Fresh water to Waste water

Interference of colour & turbidity is

compensated in visible spectrum

Available

Technologies

Parameters

MeasuredApplications Limitations

Combines

Combustion Catalytic

Oxidation at 680°C

and NDIR Method

TOC

(Co-relation

with BOD &

COD)

Fresh Water

and Waste

Water

-Carrier gases required

-Continuous High power requirement

-Analyzer: Infrastructure required

-More than 10-15 minutes sampling frequency

-Only TOC can be measured

-Any matrix change requires fresh correlation

to COD & BOD

UV Persulfate NDIR

Detector

TOC

(Co-relation

with BOD &

COD)

Fresh Water

& Waste

Water

-Carrier gases required

- Continuous High power requirement

-Analyzer: Infrastructure required

-More than 10-15 minutes sampling frequency

-Only TOC can be measured

Any matrix change requires fresh correlation to

COD & BOD

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

Persulfate

Oxidation at 116-

130degC

NDIR Detector

TOC

(Co-relation

with BOD &

COD)

Fresh

Water &

Waste

Water

-Fresh Water & Waste Water

Applicable for moderate polluted effluent

-Carrier gases required

-Analyzer: Infrastructure required

Any matrix change requires fresh correlation to

COD & BOD

Available Technologies

Parameter

s

Measured

Applications Limitations

Measuring COD using

Potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7)

+ Calorimetric

COD Fresh Water &

Waste Water

Fresh Water & Waste Water

Discharge of hazardous chemicals

Electrode /Electrochemical

method

pH Fresh water &

Waste Water

Fresh water & Waste Water

Scattered Light Method (IR) TSS Fresh water &

Waste Water

Fresh water & Waste Water

Nephelometry Method TSS Fresh Water &

Less turbid water

Fresh Water with Low turbidity

Colorimetric

(645-655nm)

NH3 Fresh Water &

Waste Water

Turbidity interference is there which

can be overcome.

3-15 min cycle time

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

Ion Selective Electrode method

With temp correction

NH3 Fresh Water &

Waste Water

Potassium interference

Requires additional measurement of

potassium for compensation

UV Absorbance or Multiple

Wavelength UV Absorbance

Spectrophotometers (200-

450nm)

NH3 Fresh Water &

Waste Water

Turbidity interference is there which

can be overcome.

Available TechnologiesParameters

MeasuredApplications Limitations

Colorimetric method

Reaction of Cr-VI with

diphenyl carbazide in

acid solution

Chromium Fresh Water & Waste

Water

Fresh Water & Waste Water

Voltammetry (Anodic

Stripping Voltammetry)

Chromium,

Nickel

Fresh Water & Waste

Water

Fresh Water

Dual Beam UV-Visible

Spectrophotometry

Chromium

Hexavalent and

Trivalent in full

spectrum

Fresh water & waste

water

Experience in Indian

condition is not available

Voltammetry (Anodic

Stripping Voltammetry)

Arsenic Fresh Water & Waste

Water

Fresh Water

Colorimetric (SDDC)

(Lab Method)

Arsenic Waste Water

Certain metals chromium,

coboit, copper, mercury

nichel, selemium, silver

influence, generation of

arsenic, H2 sintufers

Turbidity interference is

there which can be

overcome.

Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,

mercury nickel, selenium,

silver influence generation

of arsenic. H2S interfers in

measurement

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

Available

Technologies

Parameters

MeasuredApplications Limitations

Two stage Advance

Oxidation technology

(biotector)

Total

Nitrogen

TOC, COD,

BOD

Waste Water,

fresh water

Fresh Water & Waste Water

TOC< 6.5m, Time required

for analse of TOC&TN 7

minutes, system

concentrator required,

Ambient Temperature 5-45 Z

Ammonium &

Nitrogen Sensor

Model I.Q. Verion

Ammonical-

Nitrogen

Waste Water Fresh Water

Low Temperature wet

chemical oxidation

(Applitech)

Total

Phosphate &

Total

Nitrogen

Waste Water,

fresh water

Fresh water

UV Fluorimetric TOC, COD,

BOD, TSS

Waste Water Turbidity interference is

there which can be

overcome, Fresh Water

Photo flex system Supercritical

water

oxidation

(SCWO)

BOD, COD Water & waste

water

Sample temperature above

600C require the optional

high temperature sampler

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

Available TechnologiesParameters

MeasuredApplications Limitations

Insitu UV spectrometry

sensor technology

pH, TDS, COD,

BOD, TOC,

Turbidity

Waste water Low measuring capacity of

COD ((i.e. 5000 mg/l) and

TSS (200 mg/l)

UV/Visible spectrometry,

probe & by-pass style

Flow, pH, BOD,

TSS, COD, NH3,

Cr, As, TOC,

Nitrate, Nitrite

Waste water The frequency of cleaning

varies widely depending on

the turbulence in the process

Wet chemical oxidation

(K2Cr2O7) method with

colorimetric

determination

COD Waste water Applicable only for COD

High temperature

catalytic combustion

oxidation

COD, BOD,

TOC

Waste water Fresh Water

IR light absorption at 880

nm

TSS Waste water Turbidity interference is

there which can be

overcome.

LAR Tech High

Temperatures

Thermal

Oxidation

Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available

B. Effluent Quality Monitoring (i) The instruments/analysers for real time monitoring of effluent discharges/

shall be calibrated with respect to their functioning, drift, linearity detection limit, output, response time, repeatability of temperature and other relevant parameters before installation.

(ii) After six months of operation, the analysers/ instruments /sensors shall be checked for their health, data accuracy and reliability following multi point calibration (at least at 3 span concentrations) using standard laboratory methods and certified reference materials.

(iii)Comparison of the values of pH, COD, BOD, TSS and TOC as recorded by the analysers/instruments/sensors shall be done on a fortnightly basis i.e, second Friday of the monthly, at fixed time, starting 10.00 am., using standard reference materials.

(iv)In case deviation of the comparison values exceeds the target accuracy specified for the parameter, the analyser/instrument/sensor shall be rechecked for its accuracy again on the next day, following standard laboratory methods and standard reference materials.

(v) In case the deviation of the comparison values is beyond the target accuracy for the specified parameters for 2 consecutive days, the system shall be recalibrated in the laboratory following multi point calibration (at least 03 span concentration) using standard laboratory methods and certified reference material.

vi. In case of any change in effluent matrix, the correlation between TOC: COD & TOC: BOD with laboratory reference method in case of TOC analyser and for COD and BOD with laboratory reference method in case of UV-Visible Spectroscopy shall be rechecked.

(vii) The data capture rate shall be more than 85%.

(viii) The data comparison/calibration verification shall be done by laboratories empanelled by CPCB using standard reference methods and certified reference standard material as specified and at a frequency specified.

(contd….)

Criteria for Empanelment of Laboratories (i) Laboratories recognised under the Environmental (Protection) Act, shall

only be considered for empanelment. (ii) The EPA recognised Laboratory having achieved robust statistical Z score

more than 70% in the laboratory proficiency testing shall only qualify for empanelment.

(iii) The empanelled Laboratory shall participate in the proficiency testing programmes organised by CPCB twice a year.

(iv) The empanelment of Laboratories, failing to achieve the required Z score in the proficiency testing shall be kept in abeyance, till their performance in the next round of proficiency testing meets the prescribed score.

(v) Laboratories failing consecutively twice in achieving the desired Z score in proficiency testing shall not be considered for empanelment and/or their empanelment withdrawn

(vi) CPCB shall arrange for Analytical Quality Control Proficiency Testing programmes for Air Pollutants along with the Water Quality parameters.

(vii) The Head Quarter/ Zonal Office laboratories of CPCB shall verify performance of atleast 2% of the installed real time monitoring systems every year.

(viii)The data comparison/calibration shall be done by empanelled laboratories at frequency specified under para-“Calibration”.

QUALITY CONTROL OF EMPANELLED LABORATORIES

Laboratories Recognized Under E(P) Act, 1986 Will Only Be Empanelled

CPCB Will Arrange Analytical Quality Control Exercise For Air Pollutants

Participation In AQC For Both Air And Water Is Mandatory For All The

Empanelled Laboratories

The Qualifying Criteria Will Be Decided On Robust Statistic (Z)

Score

Quality Control Exercise Will Be Conducted On Six Monthly Basis

CONTINUOUS EMISSION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (CEMS)

LEGISLATIVE BACK UP

Amendment May Be Needed To Make Real Time Monitoring

A Legal Proposition

Data Obtained From Real Time Monitoring Shall Be Used

For Regulatory Purposes

Industry Submitting Wrong Information/Data Is Liable For

Action

Data Logger connected to Sensors

Data use as of now

Industries had connected these CMS instrument’s output totheir control rooms through PLC (Programmable LogicControllers) to check on emission levels (Every process-wise,parameter-wise Limits are already prescribed by SPCBs/CPCB),to check the performance of plant and if required, change thecombustion element ratios.

Safe System RequirementThe system should be capable of

1. Data collection on Real Time basis without humanintervention.

2. Data Collection from any REAL TIME SYSTEM.

3. Providing data to all stake holders without delay .

4. Collection of Performance criteria parameters & Healthstatus

5. Providing tamper proof mechanism.

6. Providing facility for online calibration of systems.

7. Providing a system of change request management withrecording mechanism for data validation purpose.

8. Having Dashboards for facilitating SPCBs/PCCs/CPCBintelligent surveillance display for meaningful application ofdata.

9. Generating ALERTS in case of violation of stipulatedstandards.

Safe system Requirement (contd.)

10. Accommodating existing technology based Systems(Digital) with minimum variation.

11. Accommodating any new requirements of additionalparameter monitoring in future.

12. Continuous Transfer of Real Time data for display onindustry website & Industry main gate.

13. Data storage effortlessly without data loss.

14. Easily Deployable.

15. Creating a National Database for Policy & Decision Makers at a single GIS map.

Functioning of the system

Records

1. Continuous Data2. Validation events3. Calibration 4. Cross verification issues

Existing Systems

SPCBs/PCCs

New SystemsData

Transmission

Data Synchronization

CPCB

Data on Website

Delayed Checks

Scrutiny

WEBData available for Policy makers/Public

INDUSTRIES

Data Transmission Transmission Medium: Preferential order

Wireless connection

Leased Circuit of 512 Kbps or 1Mbps

Broadband telephone connection

GSM/GPRS

Leased Line

Broadband

123

Satellite Comm.4

Data ViewingData received from real-time monitoring systems

viewed regularly

Dedicated teams of experts monitor the data 24X7

Daily, Weekly, Monthly and Yearly data trendsviewed to ensure correct data is being generatedand transmitted

In case of irregularities in the data verification ofthe monitoring systems is done.

System Verification

Checking the diagnostics of the instrument

SO2 diagnostics is ok…..

Report on Calibration

By Geo-referencing monitoring stations on GIS Platform

Different layers on map as per type of monitoring stations,sector & category of the industries

Dash Board – summary of data of all monitoring stations

Report Generation

Station Report (Hourly, Weekly, Monthly, Yearly,Periodic)

Multi station reports

Diurnal reports

Wind Rose

Pollution rose etc.

Data Presentation

Flow of Information

Summarizing, Analysis and Interpretation

Use of Real-time Environmental Data

Summarizing

Analysis

Interpretation

Use of Real-time Environmental Data

By Regulators

By Industries

Others Uses

Use of Real-time Environmental Data

By

RegulatorsA

• Regulatory Compliance

• Pollution Prevention and Control

B

• Policy Designing, Planning and Siting

• Mitigation and Response

C

• To Keep Track of Project / Program Success

• Cleanup and Remediation Science

Use of Real-time Environmental Data

By

IndustriesTo Avoid Non-Compliance

Real-time Data Acquisition & Analysis Tools

Market Trading Systems

Responsible Corporate Citizenship

Leveraging Enterprise + ERP Systems

Use of Real-time Environmental Data

Other

Uses

Integration of Real-time Environmental Data with

GIS

Study Impact of Pollution and Benefits and Costs of

Pollution Control

Measures

Use by Common People to

know Environment

al Impacts and

Awareness

Whatsoever way the data may be gathered andanalyzed, the data itself reflects processes that areoccurring in the real world.

Factors such as pesticide in drinking water or changesin ambient air quality may be represented by numbersor charts, but in reality they represent impacts onindividual organisms, on human and biologicalcommunities, and on entire ecosystems.

Scientists, policy makers and the public should do wellto realize that decisions based on data, howeverarcane, ultimately translate back to the real world asactions and outcomes.

Conclusion

Thank You