Revolutions of Industrialization

Revolutions of IndustrializationA Great Acceleration of Technological InnovationUse of new energy sources - (steam engines, petroleum engines)Britain - output increased some fiftyfold in the period 17501900Greatest breakthrough was the steam engineAgriculture was transformed

Why Europe???Small, highly competitive statesEuropean rulers allies w/ merchants- as opposed to chinaIt was in governments interest to encourage commerce and innovationIn Venice and Holland, merchants controlled the state- Quest for the products and ideas of Asia - Competition with Indian cotton cloth manufacture- Popularity of other Asian goods prompted imitation

Steam Engine

Why BritainBritain was the most commercialized of Europes larger countries- small farmers had been pushed out (enclosure movement)- market production fueled by a number of agricultural innovations- guilds had largely disappearedSupply of industrial workers with few optionsBritish aristocrats were interested in commerceBritish commerce was worldwide- Royal Navy protected a large merchant fleet

Why BritainBritish political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation- policy of religious toleration (established 1688)- British government imposed tariffs to protect its businessmen- it was easy to form companies and forbid workers unions- unified internal market, thanks to road and canal system- patent laws protected inventors interests- checks on royal authority gave more room for private enterprise

Why BritainEmphasis of the Scientific Revolution was different in Great Britain- on the continent: logic, deduction, mathematical reasoning-in Britain: observation and experiment, measurement, mechanical devices, practical applications- in Britain, artisan/craftsman inventors were in close contact with scientists and entrepreneurs

Why BritainThe British Royal Society (founded 1660) took the role of promoting useful knowledge- publicized information on recent scientific advancesBritain had plenty of coal and iron oreBritain was not devastated by the Napoleonic warsSocial change was possible without revolution

The First Industrial Society There was a massive increase in output in Britain- rapid development of railroad systems- increase was in mining, manufacturing, and services- agriculture became less important by comparisonVast transformation of daily life- it was a traumatic process for many- different people were affected in different waysAristocracy Declined- urban wealth became more importantBusinessmen and Bankers became elites

The Middle ClassUpper middle class: some became extremely wealthy, bought into aristocratic lifeMiddle class: large numbers of smaller businessmen and professionals- politically liberal- stood for thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and cleanliness

The Middle ClassSamuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859): individuals are responsible for their own destinyMiddle-class women - moral centers of society- managers of consumption (rise of shopping)- rising ideology of domesticity

Samuel Smiles Self Help

The Laboring ClassesSuffered the most and benefited the leastBy 1900, London was most populous in the world- vast overcrowding- inadequate sanitation and water supplies- epidemics- few public services or open spaces- little contact between the rich and the poor

The Laboring ClassWork Conditions- long hours, low wages, and child labor were typical for the poor- monotony of work, direct supervision, discipline- industrial work was insecure- many girls and young women workedWomen usually left outside paid employment when they married but often continued to earn money in cottage industries

Factories

Social Protest among the LaborersFriendly Societies, of artisans, for self-help were commonOther skilled artisans sometimes wrecked machinery and burned millsSome joined political movements, aimed to enfranchise working-classmen Trade unions were legalized in 1824- growing numbers of factory workers joined them- fought for better wages and working conditions- at first, upper classes feared them

Ideology of Socialism SpreadsKarl Marx (18181883) laid out a full ideology of socialism- human history is a history of class struggle- a growing hostility between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - argued that capitalism can never end povertyForetold a future (communist) golden age when industrial technology would serve the whole community- socialist ideas were attractive among more radicals- even more attractive in Germany- but the British working class was not overtly revolutionary by then

Karl Marx

British Social ConditionsConditions improved for workers in the second half of the 19th century- wages improved- cheap imported food improved diets- infant death rates fell- male workers gradually got the vote- sanitary reform cleaned up cities- even some urban parks were establishedHowever, vast inequalities still remained

Industrialization SpreadsBy 1900, industrialization spread to USA, Russia and JapanWomen received lower wages than men- accused of taking jobs from menEstablishment of trade unions + socialist movementsFrench Industrialization slowerGermany focused on heavy industry and huge companiesIndustrialization in the USABegan small with factories in New England?- Lowell millsAfter the civil war industrialization grew- from 1865-1914 became most industrialized in worldMass Production / Interchangeable Parts- Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller (self-made)Culture of consumption Sears Catalogs

Henry Ford

Social Divisions Emerged in USAGrowing gap between rich and poor, slums emergeGrowing protest from lower class- erupted in violence (Ford and Pinkertons)Socialism did not become popular in USA- Unions were conservative- Better quality of life than in Europe- Middle class aspired for white collar jobsPopulists denounced corporate interestsProgressives fix the social problems

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Russian IndustrializationRussia was an Absolute MonarchyIt had more control of the state than anywhere in the western world1900 no political parties, no elections, no ParliamentIn Russia the state and not society initiated changePeter the Great (1689-1725) Transformation from aboveCatherine the Great (1762-1796) tried to Europeanize Russian culture and intellectual lifeThe state freed the serfs in 1861

Catherine the Great

Russian IndustrializationRussian industrialization launched in 1890s- focused on railroads and heavy industryIndustry focused in a few major cities with huge companiesThis generated a Marxist militant labor movementA growing middle class grew a hatred of Russias deep conservatismRussian working class radicalized quickly- harsh conditions- no legal outlet for grievances- large scale strikes, sabotage

Marxist Socialism in RussiaMarxist Socialism appealed to educated Russians and gave them hopeRussian Social-Democratic Party formed 1898- workers education, unions, revolutionary thought1905 major rebellion, workers went on strike- formed soviets representative councils- mutiny in military (appointed officers)Brutally suppressed by tsar, but tsar forced to make reforms- constitution, unions, created DumaUltimately revolution breaks out during WWI, led by LeninBolshevik Revolution

Industrialization in Latin AmericaOnly modest experiments in industryIt did not transform societiesNon-industrialized societies still felt the impact of Europe and North America after independence

Latin American IndependenceTook a long time, was very destructive18 separate countries formedInternational Wars hindered development of new nations- Mexico lost vast territories to the United States (18461848)- Paraguay was devastated by war (18641870)Political life was highly unstablecaudillos military strongmen, often gained power

An Independent Latin AmericaIndependence = little change to social life- slavery was abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba)- most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished- but creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control of productive economic resources- small middle class allowed social mobility for a few- the vast majority were impoverishedLatin America in the Second Half of the 19th CenturyGreater stability, integration into global economyRapid growth of exports to industrialized countries- exported food products and raw materials- imported textiles, machinery, tools, weaponsMajor investments from Europe and USA in Latin America

Latin American IndustrializationTrying to become like Europe- rapid population increase- rapid urbanization- actively sought European immigrantsFew people benefited from the export boom- upper-class landowners did very well- middle class grew some- over 90 percent of the population was still lower-class

The Export BoomExport Boom did not cause successful industrialization- little internal market for manufactured goods- rich had little incentive to invest in manufacturing- governments supported free trade, so cheaper and higher-qualityforeign goods were available than could be made at home- economic growth was dependent on Europe and USA- some have regarded it as a new form of colonialism- the case of the banana republics under pressure from the United States- repeated U.S. military intervention

Banana Republic

Towards Democracy?Only in Mexico did conditions provoke a nationwide revolution- overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Daz (18761911)- major, bloody conflict (19101920)- huge peasant armies- transformed MexicoNew Constitution (1917) - universal suffrage- land redistribution- disestablishment of the Catholic Church- minimum wage