A Guide for Gardeners in - Grow Me Instead · Darling Committee (QMDC) in producing ... Special...

The Nursery Industry -Protecting Our Environment

A Guide for Gardeners inQueensland Darling Downs

Darling

Downs

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1) Contents

1. Contents

2. Acknowledgements

3. Introduction from the Ministers

. Introduction4

. What is Grow Me Instead?5

. Establishing the criteria for Grow Me Instead6

. What you can do!7

. Controlling weeds8

. The invasive plants and their alternatives9

Trees and Shrubs

Climbing and Ground Cover Plants

Berried Plants

Grasses

Bulbous Plants

Succulent Plants

Aquatic Plants

01 . Invasive plant index

11 . Further information and additional resources

Cover photo courtesy of Toowoomba Regional Council

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2 Acknowledgements)

Australian Government NRM TeamGPO Box 787Canberra ACT 2601 AustraliaPh 1 800 552008 (Toll Free)Web www.nrm.gov.au

Damian Cumming Ausplant Nursery

Pedro Hodgson Biosecurity Queensland

Craig Hunter QMDC

Peter MacQueen Southern Queensland Institute of TAFE

Sandy Martin Martin Garden Concepts

Rachel McFadyen Weed Society of Queensland

Meredith Richters True Blue Garden Centre

Craig Rosenthal Toowoomba Regional Council

Brian Sams Southern Queensland Institute of TAFE

Kate Steel QMDC

Renee Stephenson QMDC

Malcom Sypher Hirstglen Nursery

The original Queensland Grow Me Instead project was completed by NGIQthrough funding from the Australian Government's Caring for our Country.

NGIQ acknowledge the generous contribution made by Queensland MurrayDarling Committee (QMDC) in producing information for the Darling Downsbioregion.

Special thanks go to Grow Me Instead project coordinator Barry Naylor (NGIQ)and project manager John McDonald (Nursery Industry Development ManagerNGIQ).

The Nursery and Garden Industry Queensland would like to acknowledge thepeople who generously contributed their time and expertise and who provided awealth of information towards the establishment of Grow Me Instead DarlingDowns. Special thanks go to the members of the Darling Downs Grow MeInstead Reference Group;

The many people and organisations who contributed photographs used in thiswebsite.

Funded by:

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The nursery and gardening industry has joined with the AustralianGovernment in the fight against invasive garden plants. Inchampioning this initiative, Nursery and Gardening IndustryAustralia (NGIA) is taking a signi cant step forward in tackling onefiof the nation’s most serious environmental problems – the spreadof weeds.

The Grow Me Instead campaign is a great industry-driven initiativeproviding relevant local information to nursery operators andgardeners about plants which are potential weeds in their area andless invasive plants for gardeners to use.

This cooperation between the horticulture and nursery industries,the Australian Government and weed management bodies will helpensure orticulturist and gardeners receive the information theyh sneed to combat the spread of weeds.

It is estimated that weeds cost the Australian agricultural industryaround $4 billion a year. The real cost of weeds to the environmentis dif cult to calculate, however it is likely to be at least equal to theficost to agriculture.

Of the almost 3000 introduced plant species now known to beestablished in the Australian environment, 65% are ‘escaped’garden plants. An important step in preventing the spread of weedsis public education to help change attitudes and behaviours thatcontribute to the weed problem.

The Government is committed to investing in initiatives that havereal on-ground benefits for the environment and for industry. Wecommend this initiative to you.

3) Introduction fromthe Ministers

The Hon Peter Garrett AM MP

Minister for the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

The Hon Tony Burke MP

Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

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4) Introduction

The Nursery and Garden Industry in Australia employs about45,000 people in some 22,000 businesses across the country. Formany years the Industry has been conscious of their environmentalresponsibilities and they have been proactive in furtheringeducational programs, including those concerning invasive gardenplants. Garden escapes are not a new issue: weeds have been

since the first settlers brought along reminders of ‘home’aroundto help them settle into a new and strange land. How strange theAustralian landscape must have seemed then, and how natural itwould have been for the settlers to want only the tried and truefamiliar garden plants of the British Isles. Despite the difficultiesof creating a garden in the Antipodes, it took many years for theaverage Australian to appreciate the native ora of this great land.�

Then, there were the early ’acclimatisation societies’ who thought ita good idea to introduce plants and animals from the old countryand also to spread Australian native plants from state to state.

Although great damage to the environment has occurred as a resultof these indiscriminate introductions, this has not been solely thefault of the horticultural industry: certainly other industries havecontributed. Graziers have imported new grasses and fodder cropsand there were ‘accidental’ imports that came about unwittinglythrough inappropriate packaging, movement of plant andmachinery, as seed in fodder and in ships’ ballast.

However, the weed issue and who is actually responsible shouldnot become a ‘blame game’. Together we must seek to repair whatdamage we can and to work together as a community to preventsimilar damage occurring in the future.

The Nursery & Garden Industry is actively participating in lesseningthe availability of invasive plants in Australia by preventing theirproduction and sale. The Industry has recently established a greaterunderstanding and cooperation with both State and FederalGovernments, culminating in this important ‘Grow Me Instead’booklet.

Greater awareness and education of the home gardener is a majorpart of the answer to this problem. By using the information in the‘Grow Me Instead’ booklet as a guide and consulting with your localgarden centre or plant nursery, you can help to minimise gardenescapes and create a better environmental future for followinggenerations of gardeners.

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5) What is Grow MeInstead?

The original ‘Grow Me Instead’ booklet developed by the Nursery& Garden Industry NSW & ACT (NGINA) has now been extendedas a national program by the Nursery & Garden Industry Australia(NGIA), in partnership with the Federal Government, to reduce thenumbers and impact of invasive plants in Australia.

‘An environmentally invasive plant’ is just another term for aweed. Quite simply, a weed is any plant that poses a threat to theenvironment, adversely impacts human or animal health, or causescrop or stock losses. For most gardeners, many of the characteristicswe most desire in garden plants are the same as those that makethem weedy: i.e. plants that are fast growing and disease resilientand those which reproduce easily by the distribution of seeds orplant parts.

A modern de nition of a weed is “a plant that requires some formfiof action to reduce its effect on the economy, the environment,human health and amenity”.

Many of the plants that are now considered to be ‘environmentalweeds’ were introduced by early settlers, or by gardeners andfarmers who had little or no knowledge of their future impact onthe native environment. It is only in recent years that this threat hasbecome apparent.

Weediness is not confined to introductions from overseas. SomeAustralian native plants introduced from other regions may impactadversely on the natural environment. Non-indigenous (i.e. notlocal) species may invade and displace species natural to that area orthey may cross pollinate to produce new species which may in timealter regional biodiversity. Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia baileyana)is a good example of the former, while many eucalypts are knownto interbreed.

Introduced species may sometimes be controlled in a foreign climateby various vectors such as small animals, insects, diseases or climaticconditions such as frost, thus reducing potential invasiveness.

To gardeners, farmers or botanists, the term ‘weed’ may meandifferent things. Pasture weeds reduce the productivity of agriculturalland and may also have negative effects on human and animalhealth. Environmental weeds cause various problems in naturalareas and ecosystems and the cost of control for both farmers andgovernment is estimated at billions of dollars per annum.

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better and more effective management of invasive plants will help toreduce the high cost of chemical control, and to reduce the amountof time and energy lost in management of weeds in productiveland for food crops, grazing land, cut �owers and forestry. Weedmanagement in public spaces and on natural heritage land is costly,laborious and at times seems overwhelming.

It is important to reduce the spread ofenvironmental weeds because...

1. Noxious weeds - are those legally declared as noxiousplants by the various State or Territory Governments. Thedeclaration of noxious weeds will vary from state to stateand from region to region within a state. In general, moststate legislation will say that declared noxious plants cannotbe grown, sold or transported or transposed, and removal isrequired.

2. Weeds of National (‘WoNS’) -Signifcance are some ofthe most signifcant weeds in Australia. All WoNS have beendeclared illegal for sale in each state of Australia.

3. Environmental weeds - plants that are or have thepotential to impact the natural environment by destroyinghabitat or over-running indigenous species and altering localbiodiversity. Many of our worst environmental weeds aregarden escapes.

4. Agricultural & Horticultural weeds - are those plantsthat have a negative effect on crop or animal production.This may be through the infiltration of weed seed in graincrops, burrs in wool production or weeds which makeanimals sick or cause death. In the horticultural industry,weeds within cut f ower, fruit and vegetable crops canlharbour pests and diseases which reduce productivity.

Invasive plants are defined and grouped as follows.

is to identify common garden plants that have now becomeenvironmental weeds in your local area, and to suggest better,alternative plants that bene t garden diversity while lessening theirfipotential to become weeds of the future.

Apart from nurseries, garden centres or the resources of the localbotanic gardens, valuable information may be provided by theNatural Resource Management Boards or you may wish to checkout their websites. Here you will nd lists of declared weeds for thefilocal area and contact details should you need further informationregarding invasive plant identification and approved methods ofdisposal.

The purpose of this Grow Me Instead booklet...

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6) Establishing the criteriafor Grow Me Instead

It has been very important to establish a set of consistent criteriawhich could be adhered to across all regions and states.

A) The Invasive PlantsThe Nursery & Garden Industry Queensland, in consultation withits members, State and Local Governments and a wide range ofinterested stakeholders has developed a list of 30 invasive gardenplants. There are several weed lists in existence provided by a varietyof environmental and conservation organisations that often includespecies which are problems only in their local area. As such, includingall garden escapes in a national list was considered inappropriate.Therefore, the ‘weediness’ criteria for inclusion in ‘Grow Me Instead’were determined as follows.

1. The plant must be shown to be invasive across more thanone area or part of the bioregion.

2. It can be either an Australian native or imported (exotic)species.

3. The plant must be shown to or have potential to damagethe environment, human or animal health or create stock orcrop losses.

4. The plant must be proven to have naturalised in bushland tothe detriment of the natural environment.

This ‘Grow Me Instead’ list is not for each area ordefinitiveregion of Queensland. There may be other problem plants in yourlocality, most of these being included in lists prepared by your localgovernment or other relevant organisation. In addition to the plantslisted in ‘Grow Me Instead’, you should also be aware of your localproblem plants.

B) The AlternativesNot all of the alternatives would be suitable across the broad rangeof soils and climates of Queensland. Therefore, consideration ofthese differences and adaptation to your local area or region willbe necessary.

For this booklet to be of benefit in helping you select ‘good’ gardenplants, it should be used as a guide to plant selection. In additionto the listed alternatives, there will be many other plant selectionsavailable to you at your local nursery or garden centre. Together withtheir help, expertise and guidance, you needn’t have any fear thatyour garden will become an environmental hazard in the future.

Selection criteria for the ‘non-weedy plants’ included:

Must be recognised as .non-invasive

Must be readily available to the gardening public.

Must be reliable garden plants.

We have endeavoured to recommend at least one Australian nativeplant alternative for all of the invasive species listed in the booklet.

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In more recent years, the Nursery & Garden Industry has beenenvironmentally responsible by encouraging the production of non-invasive plants that do not require copious amounts of reticulatedwater, fertiliser or other chemicals to thrive in the garden.

The Nursery & Garden Industry in Australia instigates accreditationprograms among its members, and it continually strives to establishstandards of excellence in plant production in order to providetrustworthy products.

The Nursery & Garden Industry provides information not onlythrough publications such as the ‘Grow Me Instead’ booklet, butalso through its education programs. Many educational and self-help programs are also offered by local nursery or garden centres.

Your nursery or garden centre can assist you by:local

Helping with identification of suspected ‘weedy’ plants;

Providing information concerning local invasive plants;

Offering alternatives and environmentally friendly plants;

Providing information concerning good weed management,disposal of unwanted plant material, further preventing thespread in your garden and neighbourhood.

On a broader scale the Nursery & Garden Industry can assist by:

Increasing public awareness through education programs;

Promoting the sale of superior, alternative plants therebyreducing the number of invasive plants grown and sold;

Working with government, with research organisations, themedia and other key stakeholders to help reduce the distributionand sale of undesirable plants.

The role of the nursery industry

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7) What you can do!

By checking the plants in your garden with the help of the ‘Grow MeInstead’ booklet you may identify plants you should replace, whileat the same time find others you may enjoy growing more!

Your nursery or garden centre plant specialists will havelocaladditional suggestions of plants proven to be successful in your area.Plants purchased in another region, no matter how lovely they are,may not always prove hardy in yours. Furthermore, by purchasingplants from another region you may unwittingly introduce anotherenvironmental weed!

It is also a good idea to consider your garden setting and to thenmake a list of the plants to ll your speci c house and garden needs.fi fiFor example, aspects of the house exposed to hot western sun willbenefit from a deciduous tree to provide summer shade and willallow penetration of winter sun, while privacy from neighbours canbe provided by carefully chosen hedging plants. Or you may simplywant to create beds or borders of colourful owers and dramatic�foliages to enhance your home décor. All of these wishes and needsare valid and they will vary between gardeners.

Garden plants provide many useful purposes, and in time theywill become an integral part of your environment, chosen to suitthe architecture of both your home and your personal lifestyle.Good garden cultivation is your contribution to establishing aspecial microclimate and will help to protect and preserve the localenvironment.

In recent times, many new plant varieties have been introducedthrough modern production methods and the work of plantbreeders, resulting in plants which are attractive and hardy butwhich are non-invasive. These may be plants which are sterile orrarely produce seed. Many new varieties have low water needs orare tolerant of the air pollution found in the urban environment. Inthis way the Nursery Industry is contributing to the elimination ofdamaging or invasive species.

Purchasing plants from markets and other sources such as ‘car bootsales’, as well as plant swapping and trading between friends mayalso result in inadvertent movement of declared or noxious weeds.

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Are your garden plants ‘jumping the fence’? Garden escapesare said to be one of the main sources of environmental weeds.Homeowners have a responsibility to protect natural resources.

Here are some simple ways to enjoy gardening without creatingproblems outside the garden fence.

Recognise and remove plants known to be ‘weedy’ anddestroy them responsibly, according to local Natural ResourceManagement Board or council.

Replace problem plants with non-invasive alternatives, assuggested by the ‘Grow Me Instead’ booklet or by your localnursery or garden centre. They will help identify any suspectinvasive plants.

When purchasing new plants for the garden read labels toestablish good characteristics such as drought tolerance andnon-weedy habit.

Good gardening practices include removal of spent �owers thatcan set seed within your garden or spread to bushland.

Do not dump green garden waste in neighbouring or publicspace as many plants can regenerate to become a nuisance.

Do not dump spent cut �owers into the garden or on toadjoining property. Florists often use seed heads, vines and otherplant parts that may establish in your garden.

Never tip the water or plants from your aquarium into ponds,rivers or waterways. There are numerous, serious aquatic plantsthreatening rivers and waterways because of the thoughtlessactions of some people.

There are many good sources of information in regard to weedsand their control. See the back cover for a list.

Think global – act local. Consider plants local to your area. Yourlocal council or shire will be able to provide a list of indigenousplants for your garden.

Encourage friends and neighbours to become involved ascustodians of their environment by following the sameguidelines.

Are you creating a weed problem in your area?

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One of the most commonly asked questions at nurseries and gardencentres is whether one should use native or exotic plants in thegarden. There has long been discussion about this in gardeningcircles, and more recently the topic of using only locally indigenousor local area natives has become topical. The primary concern ofmost horticulturists is that gardeners should know the difference sothat they may make informed choices.

Natives are, as the name suggests, those plants that occur naturallywithin Australia. Quite properly, they should be referred to asAustralian native plants. Grevilleas, Eucalypts and Acacias are allexamples. Of course, Australia is a big continent, so what is native toone area or region, may be very different to those found in another.Think for example, of native plants from the dry soils of WesternAustralia and compare them to the tropical rainforest plants nativeto Queensland – all Australian natives – but very different plants,with different growing requirements.

In recent years, plant breeders have hybridised many or been able tochoose better or ‘select’ forms that have been sourced from plantsgrowing naturally in the wild. Both hybrids and select forms willhave improved characteristics to the parent species. It may be they�ower more often or earlier in the season, they may produce betterfruit, be disease resistant or they may have a longer life span.

Imported or so called ‘exotic’ plants are those originating elsewhere,not necessarily the ‘exotic tropics’ as some people may think.

Indigenous plants are plants that grow naturally in your local area.They are naturally occurring plants of the region and can be seen inlocal parklands, as remnant plants on roadsides or riverbanks andin local bushland.

Some Australian native plants become ‘naturalised’ or take over inan area where they would not normally occur such as CootamundraWattle (Acacia baileyana), Bluebell Creeper (Billardiera heterophylla)and Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum ).

Of concern to some conservationists and indigenous plantenthusiasts is the possibility that some introductions may interbreedwith local or indigenous plants, thus impacting on the local genepool.

Most invasive plants are imported or introduced plants. One needsto be informed about these plant species which are the basis of the‘Grow Me Instead’ program. However, it is fact that there are a fargreater number of well behaved, imported garden plants that arenot invasive.

Native plants or imported species?

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Working on the known statistic that 27,000 plants have beenimported into Australia and some 2,700 of these are listedas environmental weeds, it is estimated that approximately10% of the imported plants in our gardens are invasive.

In modern horticulture, plants are bred, developed or selected fordesirable traits such as hardiness, drought tolerance, long �oweringseason, larger �owers or fruits, their disease resistance and generalappeal.

Of primary importance in selecting plant material for your garden issourcing accurate information about the plant. We suggest that youask for advice at your local nursery or garden centre.

Consult your local council or Natural Resource Management Boardif still in doubt!

Australian native plants have greater appeal today than in the past;they generally grow better because of the improvements made intheir selection.

Indigenous species should be grown from seed sourced locally to beof best bene t in your locality.fi

Australian gardens today have become an eclectic mix of bothnative and imported plants, and can be complimentary to oneanother. Choosing one or the other is not the question; ultimately itis the gardeners choice!

Any plant should be acceptable to the Australian gardener so longas it is non-invasive and does not require copious amounts of water,fertilisers and other chemicals to survive.

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8) Controlling weeds

Types of herbicideThere are two widely used herbicides licensed for use at home:Glyphosate, sold under various trade names, including Roundup®and Zero® (which have different concentrations), and Triclopyr, soldas Tree, Blackberry and Woody Weed Killer (etc.).

Herbicides, waterways and steep landSome of the chemicals which are added to herbicides are not safeto use near waterways. They have the potential to seriously affectthe quality of aquatic ecosystems. If you need to remove weeds,particularly trees, within 20 m of any kind of watercourse, even adrain that runs only when it is raining, you should seek advice andassistance from your local council’s environmental managementdepartment or Natural Resource Management Board.

How herbicides workGlyphosate is a systemic, non-selective herbicide. It inhibits theaction of an enzyme, preventing the production of an amino acidessential to plant life and growth. It must be applied to green leaves,or directly to the plant’s sapwood, which lies under the bark.

Triclopyr is a selective systemic herbicide for woody and broadleafplants. It is a growth inhibitor which moves to the plant’s roots,stops growth, and eventually leads to the death of the plant.Triclopyr can be applied to green leaves and to bark.

Many of the weed control techniques suggested on this andthe following pages involve the use of herbicides. Herbicides arepoisons, and should be handled with the greatest respect. They canbe absorbed very easily through the skin, by breathing the vapours,and by ingestion (eating or drinking).

By law, herbicides must be used strictly in accordance with themanufacturer’s label. They should be kept well out of the reach ofchildren, preferably secured in a locked cabinet. They should alwaysbe stored in the original labelled container.

Read the label before opening the containerand follow the instructions.

Wear protective clothing: long sleeves, longpants, sturdy shoes, gloves, eye protection.

Always wear waterproof gloves. A respiratoris advised when mixing or pouring the liquid.

Do not eat, drink or smoke while usingherbicide. Keep children and pets away.

Wash skin and equipment afterwards. Washcontaminated clothing separately.

Clean up any spills with large amounts of water; shovel upcontaminated soil, dispose of it at the tip.

USE OF HERBICIDE: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Using herbicides

Bushcare Of cers takefino risks

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A method for weedy trees and large shrubs

Control of woody weeds

VIR

GIN

IA B

EA

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CUT AND PAINTSuitable for small to medium sized woody shrubs up to 10 cm indiameter (or larger if using a chain saw). See below for trees.

Clear around the base of the plant.

Cut the stem horizontally as closeto the ground as possible, usingsecateurs, loppers, or a saw. Makesure there is no soil on the cut.

Apply herbicide to the cut stemimmediately. Squeeze, not squirt ifusing an applicator.

Ensure there is no runoff of poison.

Use as little herbicide as possible.

Clear ground andcut low: loppers& secateurs givethe cleanest cut.

Apply the herbicidewithin seconds ofcutting.

Make cuts horizontal to prevent herbicide from running off thestump. Sharp angled cuts are hazardous.

Apply herbicide immediately after cutting - within a few seconds,before plant cells close and translocation of herbicide ceases.

If plants resprout, cut and paint the shoots after sufficientregrowth has occurred.

Stem scraping can be very effective on certain woody weeds,e.g. Japanese Honeysuckle, Blackberry, vines and rhizomatousplants.

TIPS

STEM INJECTION

Use a cordless drill (9 mm bit),hammer and chisel, or brace and bit.

Below any branches, drill or chiselholes round the base of the tree, intothe sapwood, angled down at 45°,and at 5 cm intervals.

Make the holes about 40 mm deep.

Within a few seconds of drilling eachhole, ll it with herbicide.fi

Use this method only when fallingbranches, as the tree dies, will not bea safety hazard.

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crowning

HAND REMOVAL OF WEEDS

Suitable for seedlings, herbaceous weeds, many grass species.

Before starting work, remove and bagseeds and fruit, and place in bin.

If the weed has a tap root, push a narrowtrowel or long knife deep into the groundbeside the root. Loosen the soil. Workround the root and then work the plantout gently.

Many plants which will not regrow fromtheir roots (e.g. many grasses) can becrowned: see diagram to the right. Holdleaves and stems together, and use a knifeto cut through all the roots below the‘crown’.

Plants with bulbs, corms or tubers (e.g. Watsonia) may needdeep digging to ensure complete removal. Bag bulbs, corms andtubers and send to the tip; do not compost.

WHEN TO TREAT WITH HERBICIDE

Apply herbicide when the plant is actively growing.

Do not apply herbicide when the plant is under stress: extremeheat or cold, drought, waterlogging, or disease.

Choose early morning or late afternoon in summer.

Do not apply when wet or windy weather is anticipated.

Treat deciduous plants in late spring or summer, when in full leaf.

Take great care when wiping: do not allow the herbicide to touchyour skin or to run off into the soil, or to get on a non-target plant.

There are many control methods which are speci c to certain weedsfi– e.g. large infestations where spraying, or covering to exclude lightmay be options. Contact your local nursery for up to date techniques.

This method is suitable for plants withbulbs, tubers, corms or rhizomes, e.g.Watsonia.

Remove and bag any seed or fruit.

Using a weed wiper, start at the baseand wipe all the stems and/or leaveswith a dilute mix of herbicide.

If leaves have soil on them, wipersmust be regularly washed out.

leaf wiping

STEM & LEAF WIPING

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Control of ground covers, vines & scramblers

Using a knife, and starting from thebase, scrape 20 to 100 cm of leafystem to expose the sapwood belowthe bark.

Within seconds, apply herbicide tothe scraped area.

This method is suitable for vines and scramblers with woody stems.

SCRAPE AND PAINT

TIPS

Herbicides must be used according to the label, or according toAustralian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA)permits. If the plant on which you wish to use the herbicide isnot named on the label, contact APVMA for permit information(www.apvma.gov.au).

By Law

Do not ringbark the stem: scrape about one third of the diameter.

Stems larger than 1 cm in diameter can be scraped on both sides.

Vine curtains can be cut at chest level, then again at about 30cm. Scrape or cut and paint these stumps.

Blackberry can be cut back to 1 m if there are plenty of leaves;then scrape and paint the cut stems.

Pulling vines (especially twiners) out of trees and shrubs may doa lot of damage. They can be left hanging to die.

THE DIG OPTIONOn previous pages you will find advice on using herbicides tocontrol weedy plants: often this causes minimal disturbance andless germination of seedlings.

However, if you have the energy and want to minimise herbicideuse, you can often take the dig option, making absolutely sure thatyou remove all the parts of the plant from which it can regrow.

scrape and paint

TIPS

Seedlings and small plants may be pulled by hand when the soilis moist.

Try to stag er weed removal. Large areas of exposed soil are angopen invitation to weed invasion and erosion, carrying weedseed into the bush.

Mulch bare soil, and stabilise it by planting bush-friendly plantsinto it as soon as possible.

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Cootamundra WattleAcacia baileyana

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Lorna Rose

Trees & Shrubs

Acacia fimbriata

Fringed Wattle

Photo: Lorna Rose

This very popular garden wattlewith fine, silvery-grey featheryfoliage and masses of soft balls ofgolden flowers is an Australiannative plant now invasive outsideits natural region.Seeds spread by ants and humansrapidly germinate. There is a highdanger it will cross pollinate withthe already endangered DownyWattle (Acacia pubescens),putting it at further risk ofextinction.

It produce masses of seed pods that ripen on the tree anddisperse with the help of birds, ants and small nativemammals.

These seeds have a high rate of germination especially aftera bush fire.

Bushy 7m tree with fine, darkgreen leaves, bronze tips inspring and perfumed, palelemon to golden flower balls.Suits a variety of soils withgood drainage.

Melaleuca linariifolia

Snow In Summer

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This is a beautiful largependulous shrub which growsto 6m in height.It has interesting branches thatform a 'zigzag' pattern and holdlarge lanceolate phyllodes(modified stems that look likeleaves).The plant is covered in massesof small yellow ball type flowersin late winter to spring. ThisAcacia is tolerant of dryconditions but frost tender.

Acacia macradenia

Zig Zag Wattle

Photo: immij floramedia

Melaleuca bracteata – Golden River Tea Tree

'Revolution Gold'

– Coral GumEucalyptus torquata

Other superior selections include;

Ask your local retailer for more superior selections

A medium growing Australiannative tree often reaches 10min height.Prefers a site with good moistureand makes a very effective screen.The highlight is when the plantcomes into flower late spring tosummer.It is covered in masses of whitefluffy flowers in cylindrical spikes.This tree makes a truly spectacularaddition to any garden.

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Indian SirusAlbizia lebbeck

The seed is produced in large quantities and has a high rateof germination.

The seed is dispersed by wind and water.

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Christopher Gardiner

Cassia brewsteri

Leichhardt Bean

Photo: Norwood

Spectacular Australian nativetree growing to a height of 10m.Flowers are yellow andred and pea shaped.They occur in profuse pendantheads and cover the tree makingit difficult to see the foliage.

Large spreading tree to 20mwith bipinnate leaves andoften a broad flat crown. InSpring the tree is covered witha spectacular cover of cream‘powder-puff’ flowers whichare followed by elongated andflattened papery pods that canhang on the tree for severalmonths.

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This is a beautiful tree growingto 12m in height. It has elegantlimbs with dappled cream andgrey bark forming an erect multi-stemmed trunk. The foliage isgraceful and fern like, formingan umbrella shaped crown. Ithas yellow flowers borne onshort erect spikes in late summerto autumn. Whilst sometimesconsidered evergreen, it can losemuch of its foliage duringwinter.

Caesalpinia ferrea

Leopard Tree


Lysiphyllum hookeri

White Bauhinia

Photo: Ann McHugh

Albizia julibrissin 'Rosea' – Silk Tree

Syn. – Cotton TreeHibiscus tiliaceus Taliparti tiliaceum



Medium shrub to smallgrowing tree, variable inheight growing 5-8m. It haslobed Bauhinia type silverygrey leaves resemblingbutterflies. It loses most ofthe foliage just beforebeautiful white orchid likeflowers appear in spring tosummer.

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Garden AsparagusAsparagus officinalis

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Sheldon Navie

Adiantum hispidulum

Rough Maidenhair Fern


Glossy green fan shaped frondsemerge from dark brown stemsto 30cm high forming a tuft.New foliage is pink.This fern prefers a moistsituation and protection fromfull sun for best results.

A frost hardy perennial grownin many vegetable gardens. Ifthe emerging edible spear isleft unharvested it can expandinto a multi-branched denseshrub eventually bearingberries which germinatereadily. Responsible cultivationof this plant is necessary toavoid it becoming an invasivethreat. If the plant cannot beharvested regularly it shouldbe removed.

The plant quickly moves beyond being an edible vegetableand becomes a thick rambling mass of foliage that canproduce plentiful berries similar to other invasive Asparagusspecies.

Plants must have this foliage removed prior to the berriesbecoming ripe; otherwise it is recommended that the plant beremoved altogether.

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Attractive silver foliagedperennial forming a neat clumpto 60cm.This small shrub has downy silvergrey leaves that have a distinctcurry-like aroma.This plant makes a fantasticaddition to the garden with itsvivid contrasting foliage.The tender new leaves have beenused to flavour a range of foodsincluding salads.

Helichrysum angustifolium Syn.Helichrysum litoreum

Curry Plant

Photo: Norwood Industries

Rheum rhabarbarum

Rhubarb


Rungia klossii – Mushroom Plant

– Curly ParsleyPetroselinum crispum



This is a lush herbaceousperennial plant growing fromshort, thick rhizomes.They have large triangular-shaped leaves with long fleshyreddish petioles.The leaves are toxic howevervarious parts of the plant have arange of medicinal uses.Fresh raw stalks have a strongtart taste; most commonly theplant's stalks are cooked andused in pies and other foods fortheir tart flavour.

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The seeds can be spread by water (and wind over shortdistances). The seedlings can germinate along edges ofgardens and even cracks in concrete.

The plant can also be spread through the dumping of gardenwaste.

Pink PeriwinkleCatharanthus roseus

HOW IT SPREADS


Shrubby perennial growing to60cm with dark green smoothedged foliage.Masses of rose pink flowers withdark red centre cover the plantthroughout the warmer months.The plant produces anabundance of seeds whichgerminate readily.Can tolerate a wide range ofgrowing conditions.

Brachyscome multifida and cultivars

Cut Leaf Daisy


These delightful Australianperennials come in a range ofcolours such as yellow, pink,mauve, pale and deep blue andappear from late winter toautumn.With their delicate flowers andsoft feathery foliage, cut leafdaisies are surprisingly hardy andare an excellent feature in awater-wise garden.They thrive in full-sun and willtolerate frost.

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Hardenbegia violacea cultivars

Native Sarsaparillas

Iberis 'Fairy Dwarf Mixed'Candytuft



Lampranthus species Pigface–

Austromyrtus dulcis – Midyim



A popular and generallyhardy groundcover plant.Violet-Lilac pea shapedflowers cover the plant inwinter and spring.Many new cultivars havebeen developed with whiteand pink flowers as well asdifferent growth habits,some forming neat, rounded,low growing bushes.

An extremely showy plantwhich forms a neat clump20cm to 30cm.Mid-green foliage is hardlynoticeable under a mass ofeither white, pink or redflowers in clusters.The flowers appear inspectacular abundance duringspring.

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Xerochrysum bracteatum

Golden Everlasting Daisy

CoreopsisCoreopsis lanceolata

HOW SPREADIT S



This attractive perennial formstufts of leafy stems to 60cm inheight.It is extremely floriferous and iscovered in golden yellow daisylike flowers in spring andsummer.It produces masses of freelygerminating seeds and is anenvironmental weed even inareas with poor quality soil.

This plant should not be grown in areas where it can escapethe garden and establish in nearby natural areas.

The plant produces an abundance of seed which freelygerminates ensuring this short lived plant can maintain aweedy population, often from an initial single escaped plant.

Ensure effective disposal of garden waste.

This Australian annual or shortlivedperennial, varies in habit fromprostrate to a shrubby plant ofabout 1 m in height.The leaves are grey-green in colourand the deep golden flower headsare borne from spring through tolate winter.The individual flowers are formedinto a large cluster surrounded bylarge papery bracts.The Golden Everlasting Daisy hasbeen cultivated for many years anda number of improved forms havebeen selected for cultivation.

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Limonium pereziiPerennial Statice

Rudbeckia gloriosa Syn. Marmalade Daisy–

var.Rudbeckia fulgida speciosa

EchinaceaEchinacea purpurea –




Hemerocallis species and hybrids

Day Lilies

Photo: Lorna Rose

Showy strap leaved perennialforming dense clumps, with themost dazzling array of flowercolours.Whilst flowers are short livedtheir prolific production ensuresa constant cover of cream,yellow, pink, orange, red andeven burgundy blooms.There are many new cultivars tochoose from, bearing single ordouble flowers.

An attractive perennial shrubthat forms a clump to 60cm.The leaves are glossy and theplant produces leafless flowerstalks to 60cm in late springand summer.The flowers are small and whiteand surrounded by the mauveto purple calyces that the plantis known for.The stems are often used forcut flowers as the purplecalyces last a considerable time.

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Flindersia australis

Crow's Ash

A profusion of seeds are spread by wind from rounded woodycapsules.

The large number of ornamental plantings has created a large‘seed bank’ that enables this plant to invade natural bushland.

Seeds and gum are spread by native bees.

CadaghiCorymbia torelliana

Eucalyptus torelliana(formerly )

HOW IT SPREADS



This Australian native from therainforest fringes of far northQueensland has becomeinvasive outside its originalrange.Growing to a height of 30m ithas rounded foliage and asmooth green trunk with greyscaly bark at the base.Flowers in masses of scentedcream balls held in terminalclusters.

This large evergreen Australiannative tree grows 10 to 20m,depending on soil type.It has a sturdy trunk with scalybrown bark and a dense multi-branched crown.It has shiny dark green pinnateleaves.The tree is covered in small whiteflowers in spring followed byinteresting 5 segmented seedpods to 10cm.

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Tall tree that can reach 35mbut is usually less in cultivation.It has shiny mid green foliagethat provides a thick canopy.The trunk has smooth pinkishtan bark which peels to revealgreenish cream new bark.It is fast growing and makes anexcellent shade or specimentree.

Lophostemon confertus

Brush Box


Eucalyptus sideroxylon 'Rosea'

Red Ironbark


Corymbia citriodora – Lemon Scented Gum

Syn – Chinese Tallow TreeSapium sebiferum .

Triadica sebifera



This is a stunning red floweringgum tree growing to 20 mhigh by 15 m wide.The bark of this tree contrastswell with the foliage which isdark green to grey-blue.It will grow successfully onmany sites, including alkalinesoils.For best growth, a well-drainedsite in full-sun is required.

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Xerochrysum bracteatum

Golden Everlasting Daisy

CosmosCosmos bipinnatus

HOW IT SPREADS



This feathery leaved annualcan reach 1.5m in height butis more often seen 'en masse'600-900mm high.It bears an abundance of daisylike blooms in spring with spotflowering at other times.Colours include shades ofpink, purple, red and white.It seeds freely and can quicklyestablish stands in naturalareas.

This Australian annual or shortlivedperennial, varies in habit fromprostrate to a shrubby plant ofabout 1 m in height.The leaves are grey-green in colourand the deep golden flower headsare borne from spring through tolate winter.The individual flowers are formedinto a large cluster surrounded bylarge papery bracts.The Golden Everlasting Daisy hasbeen cultivated for many years anda number of improved forms havebeen selected for cultivation.

As this plant is 'free seeding' it only takes a single plant toestablish a broad colony on roadsides and other naturalareas.

The plant can also regenerate from a small piece of stem, soeffective disposal of garden waste is important.

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Showy strap leaved perennialforming dense clumps, with themost dazzling array of flowercolours.Whilst flowers are short livedtheir prolific production ensuresa constant cover of cream,yellow, pink, orange, red andeven burgundy blooms.There are many new cultivars tochoose from, bearing single ordouble flowers.

Hemerocallis species

Day Lilies

Photo: Lorna Rose

Anemone hupehensis

Japanese Windflower


Centaurea cyanus – Cornflower

– SnapdragonAntirrhinum majus



A low growing perennial withtufts of mid green basal foliagedivided in palmate fashion.The showy flowers rise abovethe foliage in autumn andappear in shades of mauve,white and pink.There are many new hybrids,seek sound horticulturalknowledge on the mostsuitable local performers.

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A medium growing Australiannative tree often reaches 10m inheight.Prefers a site with good moistureand makes a very effective screen.The highlight is when the plantcomes into flower late spring tosummer.It is covered in masses of whitefluffy flowers in cylindrical spikes.This tree makes a truly spectacularaddition to any garden.

A once popular evergreengarden or street tree growingto a height of 8m.The leaves are glossy green andthe bark is light grey in .colourThe tree produces abundantcreamy white followedflowersby masses of winged seedsthat germinate readily.


Snow In Summer

The abundant seeds are spread by wind and water.

These seeds have a high rate of germination and the treequickly colonises native bushland

Mountain Ash

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Norwood

Photo: Norwood

Fraxinus griffithii

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Large shrub to small tree withdark green foliage forming athick screen.The tree is covered with daintypinkish-white flowers inspring-summer and these arefollowed by bluish black berries.‘Prima Donna’ has a morecompact habit and has pinkflowers.

Elaeocarpus reticulatus

Blueberry Ash


Flindersia australis

Crow's Ash


Harpullia pendula – Tulipwood

– Ivory Curl FlowerBuckinghamia celsissima



This large evergreen Australiannative tree grows 10 to 20m,depending on soil type.It has a sturdy trunk with scalybrown bark and a densemulti-branched crown. It hasshiny dark green pinnate leaves.The tree is covered in smallwhite flowers in spring followedby interesting 5 segmentedseed pods to 10cm.

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Seed is both abundant and easily dispersed, either by windor water.

These seeds have a high rate of germination enabling fastestablishment of colonies in natural bushland.

Golden Rain TreesKoelreuteria elegans subsp. formosanaKoelreuteria paniculata

HOW THEY SPREAD


These fast growing trees havemid-green ferny compoundfoliage. The trunk is grey andclean. In late Summer the treeis covered in panicles of clearyellow flowers. The flowerssometimes go un-noticed, butnot the pink, paperybladderlike pods that formafterwards. Seed is producedin abundance with many newplants emerging adjacent tothe original each season.

Cassia brewsteri

Leichhardt Bean

Photo: Norwood

Spectacular Australian nativetree growing to a height of 10m.Flowers are yellow and red andpea shaped.They occur in profuse pendantheads and cover the tree makingit difficult to see the foliage.

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This beautiful medium sizedspreading tree can reach aheight of 10-12m in cultivation.It has glossy pinnate leaves andforms an excellent street orshade tree.The flowers are yellowish creamand appear in summer followedby showy yellow to redtwo-lobed fruits up to 4cmacross.

Harpullia pendula

Tulipwood

Photo: Philip Cameron

Fraxinus angustifolia oxycarpasubsp.

Desert Ash

Photo: Brian Sams

Peltophorum pterocarpum – Yellow Flame Tree

– Bullbay MagnoliaMagnolia grandiflora



Large tree growing to aheight of 10 – 12m, it hasgreen leaves in thick whorlsand dark grey brown bark.The flowers are small andcreamy white in colour.The flowers are followed bysingle seeded winged fruits.This tree is deciduous but isable to withstand dry andsomewhat arid conditions.

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Murraya paniculata (cutting grown form)

Mock Orange

The orange-red berries are highly desirable to birds whosedroppings ensure this plant is widespread in bushland.Large colonies and thickets are created smothering naturalvegetation and affecting ecosystems.

Do not purchase Murraya from non-reputable suppliers asthey are likely to be seedling grown forms.

Mock OrangeMurraya paniculata (seedling grown form)

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Macbird Floraprint


This compact rounded shrubwith glossy green foliage growsto a height of 3-5m. The plantproduces highly perfumed whiteflowers in terminal clusters inSpring, through to Autumn. Theflowers are followed by smalloval bright orange red berrieswhich are highly attractive tobirds.This very popular garden planthas several forms. The seedlinggrown form, popular in the1970’s, is to be avoided as it isinvasive. Gardens in oldersuburbs are likely to have thisundesirable form and removal isrecommended

Professional nursery growersand retailers now promote theuse of a superior cutting grownselection which produces few orno berries.The growth habit is morenaturally compact than theinferior and invasive seedlingform.Ask your professionalretailer for this cutting growncultivar.

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Syzygium australe cultivars

Lilly Pillies

Medium sized tree to 12m withgrey green foliage to 10cm inlength.A key feature is that leaves arestrongly lemon scented whencrushed.A profusion of white-creamflowers appear in summer.An underused Australian nativerainforest tree.

Backhousia citriodoraLemon Scented Myrtle

Camellia sasanqua – Sasanqua Camellia

Xylosma senticosa – Dense Logwood

Photo: Macbird Floraprint




This superb Australian nativerainforest plant has glossy greenfoliage, a profusion of fluffywhite flowers and smallcolourful berries.There are many differentcultivars of this plant with awide range of growth habits,foliage types and berry colours.Many make highly desirablehedges and screens. ‘Elite’,‘Bush Christmas’ and‘Hinterland Gold’ are three ofmany suitable selections.

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Both of these ‘running bamboos’ send their invasive rhizomesconsiderable distances from the original plant.

They are incredibly difficult to control and are a seriousinvasive threat.

Golden BambooPhyllostachys aurea

HOW THEY SPREAD

Photo: Bamboo Downunder

Black BambooPhyllostachys nigra

Bambusa textilis gracilisvar.

Slender Weavers Bamboo

Photo: Barry Naylor

Growing to a height of 6m,with long slender canes anddense graceful foliage.These types of bamboo havea spreading habit and sendtheir rhizomes (roots)underground, oftensprouting some distancefrom the original plant.

Growing to a height of 6m thisupright clumping bamboo hassmall leaves and an erect nature.Individual canes can get to25mm in diameter; it is suitablefor containers and will alsotolerate wet soils.A truly graceful clumpingbamboo.

Bambusa chungii – Chungi Bamboo��

Bambusa lako – Timor Black Bamboo

This is a very hardy bamboo likeplant that grows approximately1.2 m in height.It has several branches growingfrom the base with colourfulgreen and red tinged foliagethroughout most of the year,which turns bright red duringthe coldest months.It has small white flowersfollowed by reddish berries.This is a compact grower and isquite hardy once established.

Nandina 'Gulf Stream'Japanese Bamboo




Thysanolaena latifolia Syn.Thysanolaena maxima

Tiger Grass

Photo: Barry Naylor


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Fantastic clumping perennialgrass that forms an impenetrablescreen.Growing to a height of 3.5mwith arching stems and narrowleaves this is an excellentsubstitute for running bambooas it is a clump forming plant.

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Lombardy PoplarPopulus nigra 'Italica'

•

Eucalyptus viminalis

Manna Gum


This is an upright form ofPopulus nigra growing to 25min height.It has triangular shaped darkgreen leaves which turn abrilliant yellow in late autumn.Poplars have separate male andfemale trees and the ones firstintroduced to the ACT weremale.

They do not produce seed but reproduce by suckers whichcan form dense copses.

• Lombardy poplar has been widely planted as an ornamentaltree in moist sites and beside streams in the ACT.

It is a non-native naturalised species in the Australian flora havinga direct impact on rare and threatened species.

Indigenous to Victoria, Qld, NSW,Tas and SA the Manna Gum is theprimary food tree for Koalas.Tolerant of most situations withthe tallest trees found inmountain regions.Bark is shed in ribbons duringsummer leaving the upper trunkand branches white but the baseof the tree remains bark-coatedThe leaves are dark green andoften sickle-shaped.Flowers are cream coloured in acluster.

HOW IT SPREADS

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Prunus cerasifera 'Oakville Crimson Spire'Flowering Plum

Pyrus 'Glens Form'Ornamental Pear

Photo: Fleming's Nurseries

Photo: Jackie Miles

Betula nigra River Birch–

Cupressus sempervirens 'Nitschkes Needle' Pencil Pine–


This stunning upright form offlowering plum grows incolumnar form to a height of 6m.Foliage is rich reddish bronzewhen young becoming darkerwith age.In early spring a profusion ofwhite flowers with red stamensemerge followed by new foliage.This selection makes a fantasticurban screening or street tree,particularly where lateral space islimited.

This is a superb ornamentalpear with dense green foliagethat turns gold, plum andburgundy in autumn.Growing to a height of 11m,it is a popular specimen treein parks and gardens.This species can tolerate quitedry conditions as well asintermittently wet, heavy soils.


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Abelia grandiflora

Glossy Abelia

Common Indian HawthornRhaphiolepis indica

HOW IT SPREADS


Photo: Barry Naylor

An evergreen native shrubfrom southern Chinagrowing 3-5m in height.It is extremely tough and hasshiny, leathery leaves.White Spring flowers areprofuse, held in terminalclusters and are mildlyperfumed.An abundance of bluishblack berries follow inSummer.

The berries are highly desirable to birds and their distributioninto bushland is widespread.

The seeds can also be spread by water.

Evergreen shrub with archingbranches to 2 m high.Shiny, dark green glossy foliagewith mauve-pink tubular flowers.Suitable as a screening orspecimen plant, this hardy, waterwise and non-invasive shrubthrives in full-sun to part-shade.Ask your local garden centre forthis and other recommendedcultivars.

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Camellia sasanqua

Sasanqua Camellia

Photo: Lorna Rose

Rhaphiolepis indica 'Intermedia' – Indian Hawthorn

Gardenia species – Gardenia



Pittosporum tobira 'Miss Muffett'

Dwarf Pittosporum


This fantastic plant should bemore widely used in the Sub-Tropics.There are many and variedflower colours, ranging fromwhite through to pink and red.Most will tolerate full sun withgrowth habits to suit everysituation.Many cultivars can be prunedinto effective hedges.

Delightful small rounded shrubgrowing to 1m in height.The oblong glossy green leavesappear in whorls around thestems, new flushes are limegreen.Bearing small fragrant white starshaped flowers in late Springthis plant makes an effective lowhedge or can be planted inclumps for mass appeal.

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grafted varieties.

•

Photo: mmij floramediai

Melaleuca bracteata ‘Revolution Gold’

Revolution Gold

Photo: mmij floramediai

This deciduous, spreading treehas dense, drooping clusters offragrant, pea-like, white flowersappearing in spring.The trunk has rigid andfurrowed bark, the luxuriantleaves are golden yellow whenyoung and turn orange yellowin Autumn

They are prone to suckering. This happens because the varietyis grafted on to a vigorous understock, R. pseudoacacia, alsoknown as the False Acacia. The False Acacia will grow to 20m(60’) and is native to the United States. It is a deciduous treewith green compound leaves and sharp thorns and it is nownaturalised in many parts of Europe, Asia and Australia.

• If its roots are damaged (for example by a mower or whippersnipper or by digging) or if the roots hit an obstacle, such as aclay soil, they will produce suckers. This characteristic isretained when the tree is used as an understock.

• The hard-coated seed may also be spread longer distances insoil or water or occasionally by animals.

Golden-leaved Black LocustRobinia pseudoacacia ‘Frisia’ and other

This is a beautiful, golden-foliaged,Australian native shrub to 4 m by2 m wide.Its golden foliage provides yearround colour in gardens.An ideal screening shrub or featurespecimen.In spring the creamy-yellow brushesare bird attracting. It requires littleattention and will grow in a widerange of soils and garden conditions.Prefers an open sunny position andregular pruning to maintain shapeand to encourage new growth.

HOW IT SPREADS

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Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo


Fraxinus excelsior –'Aurea' Golden Ash



Sapium sebiferum Triadica sebiferaSyn.

Chinese Tallow


Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Gold Rider’ – Gold Rider

This is a fast growing tree,variable in height from6m to 12m.It has bright green heartshaped leaves which turnshades of yellow, orange, redand purple during autumn.It is considered deciduous inlocal conditions but can retainsome foliage in warmer sites.It has greenish yellow flowersborne on the branch tips inlate spring, followed by fruitsthat are covered in white wax.

This is a truly spectacular andtall deciduous tree which cangrow to a height of 20m.It has matt green fan-shapedleaves which resemblemaidenhair foliage.The foliage turns goldenyellow in autumn.It does bear a fleshy plum likefruit but requires both maleand female plants near eachother for pollination to occur.

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A medium growing Australiannative tree often reaches 10min height.Prefers a site with good moistureand makes a very effective screen.The highlight is when the plantcomes into flower late spring tosummer.It is covered in masses of whitefluffy flowers in cylindrical spikes.This tree makes a truly spectacularaddition to any garden.


Snow In Summer

Pepper Tree

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Norwood


Schinus molle areiravar.

Spreading, evergreen treeoriginally from South Americawidely planted in the early yearsof settlement as a shade tree.Semi-weeping in habit, it haswillow-like leaves and smallyellow-white flowers in springthat are followed by clusters ofpea-sized pinkish-red berries.These are 'bird candy'.

Seeds are highly delectable to birds and are dispersed bythem. Seeds germinate freely and this tree has become a pestplant in many areas of Australia, along with the species form,S. molle.

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This is a beautiful tree growingto 12m in height. It has elegantlimbs with dappled cream andgrey bark forming an erectmulti-stemmed trunk.The foliage is graceful and fernlike, forming an umbrellashaped crown.It has yellow flowers borne onshort erect spikes in late summerto autumn.Whilst sometimes consideredevergreen, it can lose much ofits foliage during winter.

Caesalpinia ferrea

Leopard Tree


Pyrus ussuriensis

Manchurian Pear


Syncarpia glomulifera – Turpentine Tree

Alphotinia excelsa – White Ash



The largest growing of the Peartrees, this selection can reachto 20m in height.It has a broad pyramidal shapeand makes an excellent streetor specimen tree.The leaves are wide, shiny, darkgreen and almost heartshaped. In spring it is coveredin a rofusion of small whitepscented flowers followed bysmall yellow brown fruit.

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Acacia fimbriata 'Nana'

Dwarf Fringed Wattle

Easter CassiaSenna pendula glabratavar.

HOW IT SPREADS



A showy evergreen scramblingshrub that can reach 3m inheight.The compound leaves are midgreen and rounded at the tip.The flowers are bright yellowand form a spectacular show asthey completely cover thefoliage in Autumn.Cylindrical green pods followwith abundance of seeds.

Seeds are spread by birds, insects, water and gravity.

The plentiful seed ensures that even those that fall close tothe bush maintain the invasive population.

A spectacular new cultivar of thislocal favourite.With dense fine foliage this plantcan be used as an effective screenor equally well as a feature.It is covered in masses of yellowflowers in winter-spring but hasall round appeal due to theattractive foliage and growthhabit.

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Grevillea 'Honey Gem'

Honey Gem


Dodonaea triquetra – Native Hop Bush

Eremophila maculata –'Aurea’ Emu Bush



Jacksonia scoparia

Dogwood


Grown for a combination of itsinteresting foliage and flowers.There are no visible leaves onthe wiry angular branches thatare often weeping.Yellow pea shaped flowersappear in the summer monthsmaking an eye catching display.

This hardy Australian native isan all time favourite.It can grow above 4m inheight but is more often seenas a 2-3m specimen.It has lovely ferny foliage and iscovered in masses of orangebrushes laden with nectar formost of the year.It is a fantastic addition to anygarden and will attract a widearray of nectar feeding birdlife.

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This large fast growing attractivetree grows to 20m with a similarspread.Dark green pinnate leaves attachto somewhat arching branches.Terminal clusters of yellowCassia-like flowers appear inSpring. Winged seed pods followholding several seeds in each.The tree is used widely as itprovides excellent shade.

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Yellow Flame Tree

Seeds are plentiful and are spread by water, wind andgravity.

These seeds have a high rate of germination.

Racehorse TreeTipuana tipu

HOW IT SPREADS



Fast growing evergreen treegrowing to 15m.It has deep green fern likefoliage that has a bronze edgeto the new growth.It is covered in terminal spraysof perfumed bright yellowflowers with crinkled petals thatemerge from rust red buds.It is a very effective shade treefor the Sub-Tropics.

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Hymenosporum flavum

Native Frangipani

Photo: Lorna Rose

Syncarpia glomulifera – Turpentine Tree

Albizia julibrissin –'Rosea' Silk Tree



5

Clusters of scented, creamyyellow flowers cover the tree inspring amid shiny, dark-greenleaves.Growing 10-15m high in thegarden. Reasonable frosttolerance.

This is a beautiful tree growingto 12m in height.It has elegant limbs with dappledcream and grey bark forming anerect multi-stemmed trunk.The foliage is graceful and fernlike, forming an umbrella shapedcrown.It has yellow flowers borne onshort erect spikes in late summerto autumn.Whilst sometimes consideredevergreen, it can lose much of itsfoliage during winter.

Caesalpinia ferrea

Leopard Tree


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A vigorous climber grown for itsspectacular orange red trumpetshaped flowers borne in latesummer to autumn.This plant can grow up to 10mwith the aid of support.This plant can be trained into aneat garden shrub but if leftunchecked can cling to adjacenttrees by way of small aerialrootlets; becoming a rampantpest.

Pandorea jasminoides

Bower of Beauty

The plant has small aerial roots and clings to almost anything.Small pieces of the plant will easily root in the warmermonths so appropriate disposal of garden waste is important.

The plant must not be planted near environmentally sensitiveareas as it will escape and invade adjacent natural systems.

Red Trumpet VineCampsis radicans

HOW IT SPREADS


Climbing and Ground Cover PlantsThis very useful group of plants was often used to cover unsightlyobjects and provide green barriers. Unfortunately we now know that theattributes that make them useful can also provide them with a means togrow outside their given area and invade nearby bushland. There aremany alternative less invasive plants available. Please consider from thelist opposite or ask your local garden centre for other alternatives.


Vigorous climber to spreadingshrub with dark green glossypinnate leaves.Flowers are borne in terminalclusters in the warmer monthsand are pink with a darkcarmine throat.There are several cultivarsincluding ‘Lady Di’ that hascream flowers.

Pandorea pandorana

Wonga Wonga Vine

Photo: Lorna Rose

Vitis vinifera – Ornamental Grape

Gelsemium sempervirens – Carolina Jessamine



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Pyrostegia venusta

Orange Trumpet Vine


Vigorous Australian nativetwining or scrambling plant.Flowers are tubular andcreamy-white with purple orbrownish markings and appearin spring and summer.Several new cultivars have beendeveloped including‘Snowbells’ with pure whiteflowers and ‘Golden Showers’with yellow-bronze flowers.

A vigorous twining vine withmid-green foliage, it can reachup to 10m in length.Whilst the foliage makes aneffective screen it is most oftengrown for its spectacularcovering of clusters of brightorange, slender, trumpetshaped flowers.This is a truly magnificentwinter flowering creeper.

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This scrambling or climbingshrub can grow up to 8m high.It has glossy dark green leavesand fragrant nectar filled whiteflowers that age to yellow.Summer flowers are followedby small shiny black berries inAutumn.

Japanese HoneysuckleLonicera japonica

HOW IT SPREADS


Rosa banksiae 'Lutea'

Banksia Rose


The seeds are dispersed by water and birds. The stems takeroot where they touch the ground.

The plant is also often dumped on roadside and bushlandedges.

Whilst a once common garden plant this Honeysuckle is nowa seriously invasive plant in many moist native bushlandareas.

This climbing rose produceslong slender twining canes withmasses of tiny, double, whiteor yellow flowers in spring.It is one of the most popularclimbing roses because of thebeautiful spring blooms andabsence of thorns.

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Hibbertia scandens – Snake Vine

Hardenbergia violacea Hybrids Native Sarsaparillas–




Bower of Beauty


Pandorea pandorana

Wonga Wonga Vine

Photo: Lorna Rose

Vigorous Australian nativetwining or scrambling plant.Flowers are tubular andcreamy-white with purple orbrownish markings and appearin spring and summer.Several new cultivars have beendeveloped including‘Snowbells’ with pure whiteflowers and ‘Golden Showers’with yellow-bronze flowers.

Vigorous climber to spreadingshrub with dark green glossypinnate leaves.Flowers are borne in terminalclusters in the warmer monthsand are pink with a darkcarmine throat.There are several cultivarsincluding ‘Lady Di’ that hascream flowers.

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This vigorous prostrate groundcover plant forms a dense mat offoliage. It bears pink-lilac flowersthroughout the year. It has beenused as effective erosion controland even as a lawn substitute.There is conjecture regarding thenatural range of these plants.P. nodiflora is considered native

to tropical and sub-tropical Australia, yet some local authoritiesconsider it a naturalised invader. For the purposes of Grow MeInstead we would like gardeners to consider other non-invasiveoptions. If gardeners need an effective groundcover there are manyother non-invasive plants that you can choose.

The plant reproduces easily from small pieces of stem

Effective disposal of garden waste will reduce the spread ofthis plant

Lippia / Condamine CouchPhyla canescens and Phyla nodiflora

HOW IT SPREADS


Myoporum parvifolium

Creeping Boobialla


This evergreen, hardy Australiannative forms a dense, weedsuppressing ground cover thatwill easily cover one squaremetre.This species thrives if grown infreely-drained soil and full-sun.The flowers are white or pink andoccur from winter to summer.Sweet fleshy fruits provide foodfor native birds.

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This endangered Australiannative groundcover forms aneat spreading mat to 75cm.It has dark green aromatictrifoliate foliage.In spring, prolific pink starshaped flowers are borne allover the plant making quite acontrast.Appreciates full sun and willtolerate winds and some frost.

Zieria 'Carpet Star'

Carpet Star

Photo: Barry Naylor

Dampiera diversifolia – Dampiera

Grevillea –'Mt. Tamboritha’ Grevillea


Convolvulus sabatius

Blue Saucer Flower


An attractive evergreen perennialwith a spreading prostrate habit.Blue to violet funnel form flowersappear in late spring to autumn.This species is suitable as aground cover or spill-over plantin rockeries and is also ideal forlarge containers or hangingbaskets.Reaching a height of about20cm, it will spread to 2m wide.Prefers a moist well-drained siteand is frost tolerant.

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Bower of Beauty

Whilst the plant does produce seeds the major source ofspread is through the dumping of garden waste.

The plant also spreads by virtue of its vigorous vegetativehabit.

Black-eyed SusanThunbergia alata

HOW IT SPREADS


Photo: Lorna Rose

Vigorous herbaceous perennialclimber that can reach 3-4m.Deep green triangular leaves to7cm form a thick cover.Flowers are borne in warmermonths on single stalks, varyingfrom fellow to bright orange,with a dark black throat.These are followed by smallhairy seed capsule holding afew small seeds.

Vigorous climber to spreadingshrub with dark green glossypinnate leaves.Flowers are borne in terminalclusters in the warmer monthsand are pink with a dark carminethroat.There are several cultivarsincluding ‘Lady Di’ that has creamflowers.

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Hibbertia scandens

Snake Vine

Hardenbergia violacea cultivars

Native Sarsaparillas


Photo: Lorna Rose

Clematis aristata C.microphylla –and Native Clematis

Gelsemium sempervirens – Carolina Jessamine


Slender twining climber ortrailing groundcover plant.It has dark green leaves andplentiful large buttercup yellowflowers in the warmer months.This plant is drought and frostresistant and tolerant of saltspray.

A popular and generally hardygroundcover plant.Violet-Lilac pea shaped flowerscover the plant in winter andspring.Many new cultivars have beendeveloped with white and pinkflowers as well as differentgrowth habits, some formingneat, rounded, low growingbushes.


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Lilly Pillies


Silver-leaf CotoneasterCotoneaster pannosus

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Delwyn Thomas

Pyracantha and Cotoneaster species are often confused with eachother. Cotoneaster species lack thorns

Berried PlantsGardeners often choose trees and shrubs with showy persistentberries for winter colour in their gardens when flowers are scarce.Unfortunately these berries often attract birds and small mammalsthat unwittingly aid the spread of these unwanted plants intobushland and open spaces.

This group of hardy, fastgrowing, perennial, woodyshrubs will grow 2 to 5m tall.Some varieties are deciduous.They vary from medium tolarge shrubs.The flowers are small andwhite and appear in springand summer.The flowers are followed byclusters of conspicuousorange to red berries thatresemble minute apples.Cotoneasters were previouslyused as hedges and were

commonly planted because the large crops of decorativeberries hang on to the branches for months through winterand provided colour when flowers are scarce.

The seeds of this fruit are spread into bushland by fruiteating birds and will grow virtually anywhere a bird drops theseeds.

This superb Australian nativerainforest plant has glossy greenfoliage, a profusion of fluffy whiteflowers and small colourful berries.There are many different cultivarsof this plant with a wide range ofgrowth habits, foliage types andberry colours. Many make highlydesirable hedges and screens.‘Elite’, ‘Bush Christmas’ and‘Hinterland Gold’ are three ofmany suitable selections.

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Malus species

Flowering Crab Apples

Photo: Fleming’s Nurseries

Photinia species – Photinia

Vitex trifolia 'Purpurea' – Purple Coastal Vitex



Melaleuca incanaGrey Honey Myrtle


Very pretty, highly ornamentaland deciduous trees grown forbeautiful Spring blossom andtheir showy crimson-red crabapples, the ripe fruit lasts well,adorning the tree from Autumninto early Winter.Visit www.flemings.com.au forexcellent cultural informationon the many old and newselected forms.

This is a beautiful Australiannative shrub growing to 3m inheight. It has slender archingbranches that hold hairy greygreen leaves.It bears creamy yellow flowerspikes in late spring to earlysummer and will tolerate awide range of soil types.It can also be clipped into aneat hedge.

Prickly DurantaDuranta erecta

The berries are highly attractive to birds. If a plant is allowedto form berries, birds ingest them and distribute the plantswidely in native bushland, creating thickets and upsetting theecosystem.

Do not allow existing plants to form berries. Either pruneimmediately after flowering or remove the plant entirely ifregular maintenance is not practical.

HOW IT SPREADS


Note: This plant is also considered poisonous.

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A dense shrub usually growingto 4-5m with pendulousbranches bearing blue, whiteor purple flowers, followed byorange berries.This very popular gardenplant has had a renaissance inpopularity with the introductionof several new forms in recentyears. Whilst many are kept wellpruned into effective hedges,particularly in local governmentareas and commercial premisesothers are left unkempt andform berries.

Camellia sasanqua

Sasanqua Camellias

Photo: Lorna Rose

This fantastic plant should bemore widely used in the Sub-Tropics.There are many and varied flowercolours, ranging from whitethrough to pink and red.Most will tolerate full sun withgrowth habits to suit everysituation.Many cultivars can be pruned intoeffective hedges.

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Backhousia citriodora – Lemon Scented Myrtle

Syzygium australe cultivars – Lilly Pillies



Backhousia myrtifolia

Grey Myrtle

Graptophyllum excelsum

Native Fuchsia

Photo: Norwood


A highly desirable Australiannative plant forming a thickscreen to 2m when prunedbut can reach 6-8m if leftuntouched.A profusion of cream whiteflowers bloom in summer andthe greenish cream sepalspersist for many months.

An Australian native that canreach 6-8m but is often keptto 1.5m in cultivation.It has dark green glossyleaves and abundant rich redtubular flowers in summer.The flowers are attractive tonectar feeding birds.This fantastic plant should bemore widely used, makingan excellent specimen oreffective hedge.

European and African OlivesOlea europaea europaeassp.

O.europaea cuspidataand subsp.

HOW IT SPREADS

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Hardy long-lived evergreen, small tomedium trees. European olivesproduce green or black oval-shapedfruits for table and oil production.The fruits are considered a delicacyafter they have been processed.African olives produced smallerspherical black fruits and has beenused as a hedging species in thepast.It must be stressed it is the fruit lefton trees and not harvested that arespread by birds. The seedlings areextremely invasive and have becomeproblematic in areas across thestate.

Tristaniopsis laurina

Water Gum


This Australian native tree hasvarious new improved forms, onehighly recommended form is‘Luscious’, it grows 7 to 12m tall,the foliage is lush, dark green andshiny, with distinctive coppercoloured new growth.Water Gums are highly desirableevergreen landscape trees withsweetly scented yellow flowers inshort clusters through January.‘Luscious’ is a highly ornamentaltree well suited for use in street treeplantings, parks, reserves, as agarden feature for that special spot,or as an elegant shade tree.

Trees left to grow wild, or that are not harvested.

Fruit is attractive to and spread by birds and small mammals.

Don’t plant olive trees unless you are going to harvest the fruit, ifyou have trees you no can longer manage, ask permission fromyour local council to have the trees removed.

How you can help.

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Corymbia ficifolia – Red Flowering Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Euky Dwarf' – Euky Dwarf



Hovea acutifolia

Purple Pea Plant

Acacia pendula

Weeping Myall

Photo: Kate Steel


This is an attractive Australiannative shrub that reaches 1.5min height. It has long leaves to8cm and is usually an openwoody shrub up to 1m inwidth.It has masses of beautifulpurple pea flowers in latewinter through spring.It performs best with someprotection from extreme heatand must have excellentdrainage.

Usually seen as an erectsmall tree growing to 10m inheight, this Australian nativeshould be more widely used.It has pendulous branchesand narrow grey greenphyllodes (modified stemsthat look like leaves).It bears yellow ball shapedflowers in late winter tospring.This tree will tolerate dry andarid conditions.

FirethornPyracantha species

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Delwyn Thomas

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Evergreen shrubs to 4 m high.Flowers appear in white clustersin spring and summer, followedby spectacular and abundantfruit maturing to red, orangeor yellow.

Xylosma senticosa

Dense Logwood


Superb hedging plant that willreach a height of 4m if trimmed toform a small tree but thrives whentrimmed to form a 1-1.5m hedge. Ithas orange and bronze tippedfoliage and inconspicuous, fragrantyellow flowers.Xylosma will tolerate sun or shade.It is an exceptionally hardy plant,adapting to most soil conditions.

These plants are spread by seed that is mostly bird or waterdispersed.

Pyracantha and Cotoneaster species are often confused with eachother. Cotoneaster species are similar but lack thorns.

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Loropetalum chinense 'China Pink' – Fringe Flower

Melaleuca 'Claret Tops' – Claret Tops



Ceratopetalum gummiferum

NSW Christmas Bush

Photo: Fagg, M - ANBG

A large shrub or small tree to 5mhigh in cultivation.The foliage is very attractive and thenew growth is often pink or bronzecoloured.The true flowers are white in colour.The main attraction is the masseddisplay of red sepals n which arecommonly mistaken to be flowers.These are at their peak in earlyto mid summer and usually atChristmas.The sepals and foliage are widelyused for cut flowers.


Lilly Pillies


This superb Australian nativerainforest plant has glossy greenfoliage, a profusion of fluffywhite flowers and smallcolourful berries.There are many differentcultivars of this plant with awide range of growth habits,foliage types and berry colours.Many make highly desirablehedges and screens.‘Elite’, ‘Bush Christmas’ and‘Hinterland Gold’ are three ofmany suitable selections.

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Swamp Foxtailor Fountain Grass

Pennisetum alopecuroides

�

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: André Karwath

GrassesMainly chosen because of their various architecturally interestingforms and drought hardiness, yet many of them are consideredinvasive. Mislabelling with incorrect species names has been anoccasional problem. To reduce further spread of invasive grasses,seek professional advice at your local garden centre, read all labelscarefully and avoid purchasing from any other source. There aremany native grasses commercially available from your local gardencentre providing a safe alternative.

A perennial grass with narrowmid to dark green leavesforming a dense clump 60to 90cm in height.Attractive flower spikes appearabove the foliage in the warmermonths, showing yellow, greenand the distinctive purplecolours.This plants ‘Australian native’origin is questioned by manyand the natural range of theplant has been confused byextensive use in urbanlandscape plantings in recentyears.

The seeds are not plentiful and viability is low however asthere is conjecture regarding the distribution of this plantin Asia and Australia it is recommended we promote sterilehybrids or other well established native grasses

Dianella species

Flax Lilies


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Lomandra longifolia and cultivars

Mat Rushes

Photo: Barry Naylor

Cymbopogon refractus – Barbed Wire Grass

Cymbopogon ambiguus – Native Lemon Grass



Themeda australis

Kangaroo Grass


This widely used accent planthas thick arching green foliagethat emerges from a centralcrown.Suitable near waters edge orboggy areas but able to toleratedry conditions as well, this is amost versatile alternative.Many new cultivars are nowavailable with a range of foliagecolours and growth habits.

An Australian native grass thathas glaucous blue grey leaves andforms a dense mat like tuft.During warmer months the leavesturn maroon adding aninteresting contrast.In summer, wiry flower spikesladen with seed often lay downon top of the foliage.This plant is effective as a weedsuppressant or for erosion control.

An excellent Australian nativeselection with mid-dark greenarching foliage and sprays ofblue flowers followed by brightblue berries.There has been a proliferationof Dianella cultivars with a widerange of foliage colours andgrowth habits in recent years.Ask your retailer for the mostreliable local selections.

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Taiwan LilyLilium formosanum

The plant seeds readily and these are scattered easily by thelong willowy stems as they move on the breeze.

Seeds germinate readily and bulb-lets also spread through soilmovement and water.

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Lorna Rose

Hymenocallis littoralis

Spider Lily

Photo: Norwood

Bulbous PlantsThere are a number of bulbous plants that have become invasive,largely through the dumping of garden waste. Some of these plantsare behaving aggressively whilst others are adventitiously takingadvantage of the growing conditions to naturalise.

Many bulbous plants are becoming invasive in Queensland, withGlory Lily (Gloriosa superba) and Taiwan Lily (Lilium formosanum)amongst the worst. Seek sound advice before planting bulbs andsimilar plants. Whilst most have spectacular flowers considerationmust be given to assessing their invasive potential.

Growing up to 1m in heightthis invasive bulbous plant haslong slender stems covered withlong narrow mid-green leaves.The trumpet shaped flowersare fragrant and appear in earlySummer followed by seed podsholding many thousands ofwinged seeds.

Fleshy strap like leaves emerge fromunderground bulbs to form thickclumps.Spectacular white scented flowersemerge in clusters from 75cm highflower stalks.The flowers have six spider like petalsthat surround a white inner corona.This plant is particularly showy andcan spot flower several times in thewarmer months.

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Dianella species

Flax Lilies


Hemerocallis –species and hybrids Day Lilies

Arthropodium cirrhatum 'Matapouri Bay' – NZ Rock Lily



Crinum pedunculatum

Swamp Lily

Photo: Lorna Rose

Robust clumping plant withthick leathery leaves whichwill grow in heavy water ladensoils, saline situations and eventhe seashore.In spring and summer itproduces several stoutflowering stems with largeclusters of thinly petalled whitelily type flowers.

Excellent Australian nativeselection with mid-dark greenarching foliage and sprays ofblue flowers followed by brightblue berries.There has been a proliferationof Dianella cultivars with a widerange of foliage colours andgrowth habits in recent years.Ask your retailer for the mostreliable local selections.

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Perennial succulent with thickgrey green sword shaped leavesin rosettes growing to 2m highand often forming clumps thatare several metres wide. Theleaves have teeth along themargins and a very sharp spineat the tip. Yellow owers formflon a large spike which can riseover 5m in height.

Century PlantAgave americana

� This plant forms thick clusters as the main plant ‘suckers’ toproduce many new plants.

� Plants that are in dumped garden waste readily take root andcolonise natural areas.

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Photo: Doug Bickerton, SADepartment for Environment & Heritage


Succulent PlantsThese have become very popular due to their drought hardy statusand architectural appeal. Most succulents are non-invasive,however there are a number of succulents that can rapidly spreadfrom dislodged plant parts, leaves or by seed. Be sure to read theplant label carefully and ask for advice about the non-invasivesucculents at your local garden centre.

Dianella species

Flax Lilies



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Doryanthes excelsa

Gymea Lily


Eremophila –'Yanna Road' Emu Bush

Arthropodium cirrhatum 'Matapouri Bay' – NZ Rock Lily



Zamia furfuracea

Cardboard Palm


A small to medium sized Cycadforming a neat ornamentalclump.It has broad, hairy rigid leafletswhich are fairly crowded on the1m long leaf stem.It has broad architecturalappeal and is suitable for drysituations and actually resentspoor drainage or too muchshade.

Australian native perennial lilywith rosettes of large sword-shaped1 to 2 m long mid-green leaves.In spring and summer they havespectacular large, compact heads ofnectar-filled, blood-red flowers atoptall, thick stems to 5 m high.A very hardy garden plant for mostclimates.Grows best in full-sun to part-shade.The flowers and leaves are bothhighly sought after for flowerarranging.

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Strelitzia reginae

Bird of Paradise


Often spread through the dumping of garden waste, thisplant is difficult to eradicate once established.

The variegated form of Sansevieria is a popular indoor plant.This use is acceptable; however it should not be planted in thegarden or disposed of in dumped garden waste.

Mother In Law’s TongueSansevieria trifasciata

HOW IT SPREADS


Dense clumping plant withsucculent sword-like foliageto 1m in height.Mottled upright grey greenleaves with occasional palecream flowers on spikes inSpring.Effective spreading habit,preferring moist and shadedareas.

Glossy grey green paddleshaped foliage forming a denseclump 1.5m x 1.5m.Spectacular orange and blueflowers shaped like a birds headform on erect stems in warmermonths.It is worth trying to obtainStrelitzia juncea for its rush likecylindrical foliage emergingwithout a leaf blade.

75

Dianella species and cultivars

Flax Lilies


Liriope –'Stripey White' Stripey White

Crinum pedunculatum wamp Lily– S




Mat Rushes

Photo: Barry Naylor

Lomandra species

This widely used accent planthas thick arching green foliagethat emerges from a centralcrown.Suitable near waters edge orboggy areas but able to toleratedry conditions as well, this is amost versatile alternative.Many new cultivars are nowavailable with a range of foliagecolours and growth habits.

Parrot feather reproduces by fragments of stem breaking fromthe parent plant and is moved by water currents.

Once also commonly found in home aquaria as the plantld i h k pl pp p iwas once so as an attract ve s tan ant. Ina ro r atefi

disposal of aquatic plants leads to choking of waterways,excluding all native flora and fauna.

Parrot FeatherMyriophyllum aquaticum

HOW IT SPREADS

Photo: Terry Inkson

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Myriophyllum papillosum

Water Milfoil

Photo: Glenfield Nursery

Aquatic PlantsIn recent years aquatic plants have become a major invader.The cost of removal and control runs into many millions ofdollars. These aquatic plants include Salvinia (Salvinia molesta),Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and Cabomba (Cabombacaroliniana). There are many alternative plants which are moresuitable for home aquariums and garden ponds.

A feathery leaved, perennialaquatic plant with stems thatgrow up to 2m in length.The tips of the stems frequentlyprotrude up to 30cm from thewater.Seeds that are produced inAustralia are infertile as onlyfemale plants are recorded here.

A vigorous native milfoil withfoxtail like stems held abovethe water.Provides shelter and spawningareas for fish.Suitable for full sun to light shadesituations.Submerge up to 60cm.

Marsilea muticaBanded Nardoo

Myriophyllum papillosum 'Red Dragonfly' – Red Dragonfly

Nymphaea hybrids – Hybrid Water Lilies

Photo: Norwood



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Myriophyllum crispatum

Upright Water Milfoil

Photo: Glenfield Nursery

This native aquatic plant hasdelicately divided plumeswhich grow out and float onthe water surface.Submerged up to 60cm deep,it provides excellent spawningenvironment for fish.Adaptable to either full sun orsemi-shade.

This aquatic fern has interestingfoliage resembling a four leafedclover.The long rhizomes trail underthe surface with the leavesfloating on the surface.This plant provides an excellentcover for fish and other aquaticlife as well as suppressing algalgrowth.

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Use this page to make notes, plant lists or questions to ask gardeningexperts.

Gardeners’ notes and checklists

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80

81

82

1 ) Invasive Plant Index1

Invasive plant name Page number

Acacia baileyana 18

African Olive 64

72Agave americana

20Albizia lebbeck

22Asparagus officinalis

Black Bamboo 38

Black-eyed Susan 58

Cadaghi 28

52Campsis radicans

24Catharanthus roseus

Century Plant 72

Common Indian Hawthorn 42

Condamine Couch 56

Cootamundra Wattle 18

Coreopsis 26

26Coreopsis lanceolata

28Corymbia torelliana

Cosmos 30

30Cosmos bipinnatus

60Cotoneaster pannosus

62Duranta erecta

Easter Cassia 48

European Olive 64

Firethorn 66

Fountain Grass 68

32Fraxinus griffithii

Garden Asparagus 22

Golden Bamboo 38

Golden Rain Trees 34

Golden-leaved Black Locust 44

Indian Sirus 20

Japanese Honeysuckle 54

ssp 34Koelreuteria elegans . formosana

34Koelreuteria paniculata

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Invasive plant name Page number

70Lilium formosanum

Lippia 56

Lombardy Poplar 40

54Lonicera japonica

Mock Orange 36

Mother In Law's Tongue 74

Mountain Ash 32

36Murraya paniculata

76Myriophyllum aquaticum

ssp. 64Olea europaea europaea

subsp. 64Olea europaea cuspidata

Parrot Feather 76

68Pennisetum alopecuroides

Pepper Tree 46

56Phyla canescens

56Phyla nodiflora

38Phyllostachys aurea

38Phyllostachys nigra

Pink Periwinkle 24

'Italica' 40Populus nigra

Prickly Duranta 62

species 66Pyracantha

Racehorse Tree 50

Red Trumpet Vine 52

42Rhaphiolepis indica

'Frisia' 44Robinia pseudoacacia

74Sansevieria trifasciata

var. 46Schinus molle areira

var. 48Senna pendula glabrata

Silver-leaf Cotoneaster 60

Swamp Foxtail 68

Taiwan Lily 70

58Thunbergia alata

50Tipuana tipu

1 ) Further information and2additional resources

1. Your local nursery or garden centre -Most employ trained nursery professionals or qualifedhorticulturists who are knowledgeable in regard to all aspects ofplant selection.

2. Your local council or shire -Have information about plants considered invasive in your localarea and some good indigenous alternatives.

3. State Government -Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries have usefulinformation about invasive plants.Visit www.dpi.qld.gov.au for more information.

4. Australian Government -Weeds in Australia Website. An excellent website with agood range of information, references, lists, databases andpictures and other resources. Visit www.weeds.gov.au for moreinformation.

5. Weeds Australia via the Australian Weeds Committee -A national website resource created by the Australian WeedsCommittee to promote access to key weed policies, regulations,current issues, national initiatives, research, extension, trainingand personnel. Visit www.weeds.org.au for more information.

6. Nursery & Garden Industry Queensland (NGIQ) -PO Box 345 Salisbury Qld 4107 AustraliaPh. +61 7 32777900 Fax. + 61 7 32777109email: [email protected] web: www.ngiq.asn.au

7. Nursery & Garden Industry Australia -The Nursery & Garden Industry Australia is the national peakbody for the nursery and garden industries in Australia. Theirwebsite provides useful information on invasive plants. Visitwww.ngia.com.au and www.lifeisagarden.com.au for moreinformation.

A Guide for Gardeners inQueensland Darling Downs

Darling

Downs

8. Queensland Murray-Darling Committee (QMDC) -Provide natural resource management information andadvice to local landowners and community members. Visitwww.qmdc.org.au for more information.

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