A Hardware Components All

8/18/2019 A Hardware Components All

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HARDWARE COMPONENT EXPLANATION

4.3.1 Microcontroller

The microcontrollers played revolutionary role in embedded industry after the invention of Intel 8051 shown in fig 4.2. The steady and progressive research in

this field gave the industry more efficient high!performance and low!power

consumption microcontrollers. The "#$ %I& and "$' are the prime e(amples.

The new age microcontrollers are getting smarter and richer by including latest

communication protocols li)e *+, I2& +%I -thernet &" etc.

FIG 4.2 Pin i!"r!# o$ PIC #icrocontroller

'icrocontroller %I&1/8" is one of the %I& 'icro amily

microcontroller which is popular at this moment start from beginner until all

professionals. ,ecause very easy using %I&1/8" and use "+3 memory

technology so that can be write!erase until thousand times. The superiority this %I&

'icrocontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8!bit especially at a speed

of and his code compression. %I&1/8" have 40 pin by path of I6.

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FIG 4.3 PIC %TR&CT&RE

%I&1/8" shown in fig 4. perfectly fits many uses from automotive

industries and controlling home appliances to industrial instruments remote

sensors electrical door loc)s and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as

well as for battery supplied devices because of its low consumption. --%$6'

memory ma)es it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where permanent

storage of various parameters is needed 7codes for transmitters motor speed

receiver freuencies etc.9. ow cost low consumption easy handling and

fle(ibility ma)e %I&1/8" applicable even in areas where microcontrollers had

not previously been considered 7e(ample: timer functions interface replacement in

larger systems coprocessor applications etc.9.

In +ystem %rogrammability of this chip 7along with using only two pins in

data transfer9 ma)es possible the fle(ibility of a product after assembling and

testing have been completed. This capability can be used to create assembly!line

production to store calibration data available only after final testing or it can be

used to improve programs on finished products.


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4.3.2 Hi"'(Per$or#!nce RI%C CP&)

• 6nly 5 single!word instructions to learn

• "ll single!cycle instructions e(cept for program branches which are two!

cycle

• 6perating speed: ;& < 20 '3= cloc) input ;& < 200 ns instruction cycle

• *p to 8> ( 14 words of lash %rogram 'emory *p to /8 ( 8bytes of ;ata

'emory 7$"'9 *p to 25/ ( 8 bytes of --%$6' ;ata 'emory

• %in out compatible to other 28!pin or 4044!pin %I&1/&??? and

%I&1/??? microcontrollers

4.3.2.1 Peri*'er!l Fe!t+re,)

• Timer0: 8!bit timercounter with 8!bit pre!scalar

• Timer1: 1/!bit timercounter with pre!scalar can be incremented during

+leep via e(ternal crystalcloc)

• Timer2: 8!bit timercounter with 8!bit period register pre!scalar and post!

scalar

•

Two &apture &ompare %@' modules

• +ynchronous +erial %ort 7++%9 with +%IA 7'aster mode9 and I2&A

7'aster+lave9

• *niversal +ynchronous "synchronous $eceiver


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• Transmitter 7*+"$T+&I9 with B!bit address detection

• %arallel +lave %ort 7%+%9 < 8 bits wide with e(ternal $; @$ and &+

controls 74044!pin only9

• ,rown!out detection circuitry for ,rown!out $eset 7,6$9

4.3.2.2 An!lo" Fe!t+re,)

•10!bit up to 8!channel "nalog!to!;igital &onverter 7";9

• ,rown!out $eset 7,6$9

• "nalog &omparator module 7Two analog comparators %rogrammable on!

chip voltage reference 7#$-9 module %rogrammable input multiple(ing

from device inputs and internal voltage reference &omparator outputs are

e(ternally accessible9

4.3.2.3 %*eci!l Fe!t+re,)

• 100000 erasewrite cycle -nhanced lash program memory typical

• 1000000 erasewrite cycle ;ata --%$6' memory typical

• ;ata --%$6' $etention C 40 years

• +elf!reprogrammable under software control

• In!&ircuit +erial %rogrammingA 7I&+%A9 via two pins


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• +ingle!supply 5# In!&ircuit +erial %rogramming

• @atchdog Timer 7@;T9 with its own on!chip $& oscillator for reliable

operation

• %rogrammable code protection

• %ower saving +leep mode

• +electable oscillator options

• In!&ircuit ;ebug 7I&;9 via two pins

4.3.2.4PIN DIAGRAM)


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FIG 4.4 PIN Di!"r!# o$ #icrocontroller

4.3.2.- PIN DE%CRIPTION)

• 6+&1&>I ! 6scillator crystal or e(ternal cloc) input. 6scillator crystal

input or e(ternal cloc) source input. +T buffer when configured in $&

modeD otherwise &'6+. -(ternal cloc) source input. "lways associated

with pin function 6+&1 7see 6+&1&>I 6+&2&>6 pins9.

• 6+&2&>6 ! 6scillator crystal or cloc) output. 6scillator crystal output.

&onnects to crystal or resonator in &rystal 6scillator mode. In $& mode

6+&2 pin outputs &>6 which has 14 the freuency of 6+&1 and denotes

the instruction cycle rate.


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• '&$#%% ! 'aster &lear 7input9 or programming voltage 7output9.'aster

&lear 7$eset9 input. This pin is an active low $eset to the device.

%rogramming voltage input.

• $"0"0 ! %6$T" is a bidirectional I6 port. ;igital I6.

"nalog input 0.

• $"1"1 ! ;igital I6. "nalog input 0.

• $"2"2#$-!$- ! ;igital I6."nalog input 2."; reference

voltage 7ow9 input. &omparator #$- output.

• $""#$-E ! ;igital I6."nalog input ."; reference voltage

73igh9 input.

• $"4T0&>I&16*T ! ;igital I6 < 6pen!drain when configured as

output.Timer0 e(ternal cloc) input. &omparator 1 output.

• $"5"4++&26*T ! ;igital I6. "nalog input 4.+%I slave select input.

&omparator 2 output.

• $,0IT ! %6$T, is a bidirectional I6 port. %6$T, can be software

programmed for internal wea) pull!up on all inputs. ;igital I6. -(ternal

interrupt.

• $,1 ! ;igital I6.

• $,2 ! ;igital I6.

• $,%F' ! ;igital I6. ow!voltage I&+% programming enable pin.

• $,4 ! ;igital I6.

• $,5 ! ;igital I6.

• $,/%F& ! ;igital I6. In!circuit debugger and I&+% programming cloc).

• $,%F; ! ;igital I6. In!circuit debugger and I&+% programming data.


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4.3.3 Poer ,+**l/ +nit

%ower +upply for %I& 1/8" 'icrocontroller. In this section

describes how to generate E5# ;& power supply and E12# ;& power

supply.

Fi"+re

4.4 Poer %+**l/

&nit.

The power supply

section is the important

one. It should deliver

constant output regulated power supply for successful wor)ing of the proGect. " 0!

12#1m" transformer is used for this purpose. The primary of this transformer is

connected in to main supply through onoff switchH fuse for protecting from

overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes to

convert 12# "& to 12# ;& voltage. "nd filtered by the capacitors which is

further regulated to E5v by using I& 805 and E12v by using I&812.

Re"+l!tor IC0,


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Fi"+re 4.- Re"+l!tor IC

Fi"+re 4. Re"+l!tor IC e,i"nIn electronics a linear regulator is a component used to maintain a steady

voltage. The resistance of the regulator varies in accordance with the load

resulting in a constant output voltage shown in fig 4./. In contrast the switching

regulator is nothing more than Gust a simple switch. This switch goes on and off at

a fi(ed rate usually between 50 )3= to 100 )3= as set by the circuit.

The regulating device is made to act li)e a variable resistor continuously adGusting

a voltage divider networ) to maintain a constant output voltage. The primary

advantage of a switching regulator over linear regulator is very high efficiency a

lot less heat and smaller si=e.

inear regulators e(ist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators.

Fe!t+re,

• 6utput current up to 1 amps.

•

6utput voltage 5v.• Thermal overload protection.

• +hort circuit protection.

• 6utput transistor safe operating area protection.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_dividerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider


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P!r!#eter !l+e &nit

6perating temperature !40 to 125 & ̊

6utput voltage 5 #

;rop voltage 2 #

6utput resistance 15 m

%ea) current 2.2 m"

T!le 4.1 Re"+l!tor r!tin",.

4.3.4 DRIER IC)

The I$2110I$211 are high voltage high speed power '6+-T and IF,T

drivers with independent high and low side referenced output channels. %roprietary

3#I& and latch immune &'6+ technologies enable ruggedi=ed monolithic

construction. ogic inputs are compatible with standard &'6+ or +TT output

down to .# logic. The output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage

designed for minimum driver cross!conduction.

%ropagation delays are matched to simplify use in high freuency

applications. The floating channel can be used to drive an !channel power

'6+-T or IF,T in the high side configuration which operates up to 500 or /00

volts.

4.3.4.1 FEAT&RE%)

• 3igh noise immunities characteri=ed by 5 >vus minimum common

mode reGection.


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• 2.5" pea) output current driving capabilities for most 1200#20"

IF,T

• *+- 6 p!&3"- '6+-TJs output stage enables output

voltage swing close to the supply rail.• @ide supply voltage range from 15v to 0v

• "+T switching speed

400ns ma(.propogation delay

100ns ma(.pulse width disortion

• *nder voltage oc)out7*#69 with hysteresis

• -(tended industrial temp ramge !40c to 100c temp range

• +afety and regulatory approved.

• 1414 pea) wor)ing insulation voltage.

4.3.4.2 DE%CRIPTION )

The 6;120 is a 2.5" output current gate drive opto coupler capable of

driving most 1200v20" IF,T'6+-T. It is ideally suited for fast switching

driving of power IF,T and '6+-Ts used in motor control inverter applications

and high performance power system.It consists of a gallium aluminum arsenide

7"lga "s9 light emitting diode optically coupled to an integrated circuit with a

high!speed driver for %ush pull '6+-T output stage.

4.3.4.3 PIN DIAGRAM


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FIG 4.- Pin i!"r!# o$ o*toco+*ler

FIG 4. PACAGE O&TLINE

4.3.4.4 TR&TH TA5LE


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4.3.4.- PIN DE%CRIPITION

4.3.-.POWER MO%FET)

The '6+-T or 'etal!6(ide!+emiconductor ield!-ffect Transistor is by far the most

common field effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. The '6+-T is composed of a

channel of n!type or p!type semiconductor material and is accordingly called an '6+-T or a

%'6+-T. *nfortunately many semiconductors with better electrical properties than silicon

such as gallium arsenide do not form good gate o(ides and thus are not suitable for '6+-Ts.


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The gate terminal is a layer of polysilicon 7polycrystalline silicon9 or aluminum placed

over the channel but separated from the channel by a thin layer of insulating silicon dio(ide.

ig 2.22 power '6+-T

FEAT&RE% OF POWER MO%FET0%)

1. %ower '6+-T has lower switching losses but its on!resistance and conduction

losses are more.

2. '6+-T is a voltage!controlled device.

. '6+-T has positive temperature co!efficient for resistance. This ma)es

parallel operation of '6+-T easy. If a '6+-T shares increased current initially it

heats up faster its resistance rises and this increased resistance causes this current to shift

to other devices in parallel

4. In '6+-T secondary brea) down does not occur because it has positive

temperature co!efficient.

5. %ower '6+-TJs in higher voltage ratings have more conduction losses

/. The state of the art '6+-TJs are available with ratings up to 500# 140".


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" simplified diagram of an !channel enhancement '6+-T is shown in figure .1. ;rain

and source connections are made to higher conduction high doped regions. The metal gate is

electrically isolated from the


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ig 2.24 Transfer characteristic of !channel '6+-T

Threshold voltage #t/ is defined as the minimum gate electrode bias reuired strongly

inverting the surface under the poly and forming a conducting channel between the source and

the drain regions. #t is usually measured at a drain!source current of /50m". &ommon values

are /!4# for high voltage devices with thic)er gate o(ides and 1!/# for lower voltage logic!

compatible devices with thinner gate o(ides. Fenerally the gate!source voltage is chosen

somewhere in the linear region of the transfer characteristics.

The '6+-T has three modes of operation one of which that acts li)e a switch that is

off and two for which the '6+-T acts as a switch that is on. or the '6+-T the modes

are:

1.C+t(o$$)@hen #F+K#th where #th is the threshold voltage of the device. 3ere the switch is

turned off and there is no conduction between drain and source. @hile the current between drain

and source should ideally be 0 since the switch is turned off there is a wea)!inversion current or

sub threshold lea)age.

2.Trioe)@hen #F+C#thand #;+K#F+!#th the switch is turned on and a channel has been

created which allows current to flow between the drain and source. The '6+-T operates li)e a

resistor .

3.%!t+r!tion)@hen #F+C#thand #;+C#F+!#th the switch is turned on and a channel has been

created which allows current to flow between the drain and source but the current is not a

function of the voltage difference in the channel and thus the '6+-T does not operate as a

resistor but instead it operates as an amplifier.


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N(CHANNEL TRENCHMO% TRAN%I%TOR 6IRF7489)

FEAT&RE%)

• Trench technology.

• ow 6!state resistance.

• ast switching.

• ow thermal resistance.

4.3. C!*!citor

Fi"+re 4.13 c!*!citor.

H!r!re c!*!citor r!n"e i, 4:;H

" capacitor is a passive two!terminal electrical component used to store

energy electrostatically in an electric field shown in fig 4.1. The forms of

practical capacitors vary widely but all contain at least two electrical conductors

separated by a dielectric. The conductors can be thin films foils or sintered beads

of metal or conductive electrolyte. The non conducting dielectric acts to increase

the capacitorLs charge capacity. "n ideal capacitor is characteri=ed by a single


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constant value for its capacitance. &apacitance is e(pressed as the ratio of the

electric charge M on each conductor to the potential difference # between them.

4.3.: Re,i,tor

$esistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The resistorLs

ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms

7symbol: N9.If we ma)e an analogy to water flow through pipes the resistor is a

thin pipe that reduces the water flow shown in fig 4.14.

Fi"+re 4.14 re,i,tor

H!r!re re,i,tor r!n"e i, 22


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signal mi(ing. In addition signals are generated at harmonics or integral multiples

of the input freuency.

Fi"+re 4.1 ioeH!r!re ioe r!n"e i, IN488:=2-

HARDWARE COMPONENT% DETAIL%)

'osfet switch !I$840

'icrocontroller ! %I& 1/f88"

'osfet driver !I$+2110 or 6ptocoupler T%250

% Gunction diodes !1400

Transformer !20v15v

$egulated I& !805812

&apacitors !401000microfrad

$esisters !100220500 )iloohm

Inductors !2050 m3

7ote: capacitor resister inductor values are common values which used in manycircuit. ;epend upon specification of each proGect .it may varied9

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