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A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb. 5th 2010
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Page 1: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips

Regan A. R. Gurung

Professor of Human Development & Psychology

Boise State UniversityFeb. 5th 2010

Page 2: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Healthy Diet (of studying)?

Page 3: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

The Issue “I studied real hard but I just got a C !!!”

Page 4: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Main Course

What predicts GPA/Retention? Ways Students do Study. What Works? A Healthy Study Habit Diet

Page 5: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Predicting GPA: Correlations Meta-analysis of 109 studies.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

ACT/SAT

Highsch

SES

Skills

Self-efficacy

Commitment

Goals

Motivation

Robbins, Lauver, Le, Davis, Langley, & Carlstrom (2004)

Page 6: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Predicting Retention: CorrelationsMeta-analysis of 109 studies.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

ACT/SAT

Highsch

SES

Skills

Self-efficacy

Commitment

Goals

Motivation

Robbins, Lauver, Le, Davis, Langley, & Carlstrom (2004)

Page 7: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Predicting Retention

0 10 20 30 40

Skills

Race

Sex

SAT

HSGPA

Astin & Oseguera (2004)

Page 8: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Use pedagogical aids (Gurung, 2004; Weiten, Guadagno, & Beck, 1996).

240 students (Two sections); 4 exams; Correlational Assessment post-exam 1 and 4.

How do Students Study?

Page 9: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Use of Pedagogical Aids

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

4

(Gurung, 2003; 2004)

Page 10: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Use study techniques (Bol et al., 1999; Gettinger, & Seibert, 2002).

229 students (Gurung, 2005). Assessed which of 11 study methods they used.

How do Students Study?

Page 11: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

How do Students Study?Use of Study Technique ( 1= Never 5=All the Time)

4.01 Read your notes [Repetition]

3.37 Read the text [Repetition]

3.33 Think of mnemonic devices [Cognitive]

3.25 Re-write notes [Repetition]

3.15 Review highlighted info. [Repetition]

3.11 Memorize through repetition [Repetition]

2.96 Review figures and tables in text [Repetition]

2.89 Make up examples/apply [Cognitive]

2.62 Test your knowledge. [Metacognitive]

2.18 Take notes from the book [Cognitive]

2.07 Study with a friend [Cognitive/Metacognitive]

(Gurung, 2005)

Page 12: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

-0.2-0.15

-0.1-0.05

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

What Works? Study techniques and Exam Score

(Gurung, 2005)

NOTE:Metacogntive/CognitiveSkills Significant BUT Less Used (8th and 9th ranked)

Page 13: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Does using Pedagogical Aids Help?

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

(Gurung, 2004)

Page 14: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Successful Study Techniques (N = 125)

(Gurung, Weidert, & Jeske, in press)

Page 15: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Does studying ‘more’ Help?

Yes (Strage et al., 2002)

Yes (Gurung, 2004)

No (Dickinson & O’Connell, 2001)

No (Gurung, 2005) (Gurung & Mccain, in press) (Gurung, Weidert, & Jeske, in press) (Gurung, Daniel, & Landrum, under review)

Page 16: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

What Works?

Repetition for small amounts of information (Gettinger & Seibert, 2002).

Cognitive processing (Balch, 2005; Carney & Levin, 1998; Chen & Daelhler, 2000).

Procedural/organizational based skills (Dickinson & O’Connell, 2001; Elliot et al., 1999)

Metacognitive-based skills (Elliot, McGregor, & Gable, 1999).

Page 17: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

What Works?

Routine in class quizzing (Connor-Greene, 2000;Taraban, Maki & Rynearson, 1999).

Introduce study strategies/goals (Fleming, 2002)

Active note taking (Katayama, Shambaugh,& Doctor, 2005).

Reading material before class (Solomon, 1979; Uskul & Eaton, 2005).

Page 18: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

More Cognitive Skills: Study Guides

Forcing study guide use helps (Dickson, Miller, & Devoley, 2005).

Use leads to increase in exam scores (Flora & Logan, 1996).

More effective than optional web-based activities (Daniel & King, 2003).

Voluntary online questions help (Grimstad & Grabe, 2004).

Page 19: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

More Metacognitive Skills: [Online]Quizzes

Increases exam scores Brothen & Wambach, 2004; Daniel & Broida, 2004

Insures Timely reading of material Marchant, 2002

Must be Timed Randomly select questions from a large pool

Page 20: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

When taking the quizzes, did you take

them _________ before they were due :

0

5

10

15

20

25

30W

eek

2-3d

ays

1 da

y

Nig

ht

Day

(Gurung, 2003)

Page 21: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

On average, when taking the quiz did you:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Guess Open

Book

Read

First

Copy

(Gurung, 2003)

Page 22: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Does it Matter?

65

70

75

80

Guess/Open Read First

Exam Scores

Page 23: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Self-Assessment is Key: Tech Helps

Get a sense of what you are not doing:

Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST, Entwistle, 2009)

Study Behavior Checklist (Gurung, et al. in press)

Page 24: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Self-Assessment is Key: Tech Helps

Page 25: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.
Page 26: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Strategy Example ES

Organizing & transforming Making an outline before writing a paper .85Self-consequences Putting off pleasurable events until work is completed .70Self-instruction Self-verbalizing the steps to complete a given task .62Self-evaluation Checking work before handing in to teacher .62Help-seeking Using a study partner .60

Rehearsing and memorizing Writing a mathematics formula down until it is remembered .57Goal-setting/planning Making lists to accomplish during studying .49Reviewing records Reviewing class textbook before going to lecture .49

Self-monitoringObserving and tracking one’s own performance and

outcomes .45Task strategies Creating mnemonics to remember facts .45Imagery Creating or recalling vivid mental images to assist learning .44Time management Scheduling daily studying and homework time .44

Environmental restructuring

Efforts to select or arrange the physical setting to make learning easier .22

Page 27: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

WHY MORE METACOGNITION? BEWARE THE CURSE

Recognition vs. Knowing Curse of (perceived) knowledge: The Feeling of knowing when material is in front of you (Koriat

& Bjork, 2005)

Page 28: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Recommended Diet for Studying

TESTYOUR

KNOWLEDGE

READ, REHEARSE, REVISE

PLAN YOUR STUDYING

APPLY, EVALUATE, & EXPAND

Page 29: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

The Issue

The Counter-Question HOW did you study?

“I studied real hard but I just got a C !!!”

The Follow-Through Did you……

Page 30: A Healthy Diet of Studying: Empirical Evidence, Practical Tips Regan A. R. Gurung Professor of Human Development & Psychology Boise State University Feb.

Conclusions & Challenges

Optimize HOW you study. Increase metacognition. Increase depth of processing. Facilitate a balanced study diet.

TESTYOUR

KNOWLEDGE

READ, REHEARSE, REVISE

PLAN YOUR STUDYING

APPLY, EVALUATE, & EXPAND


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