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A HIGH RESOLUTION EMISSIONS INVENTORY OF ARGENTINA FOR AIR QUALITY ESTIMATION S. Enrique Puliafito, Tomás Bolaño-Ortiz, Romina Pascual, Ana López, Lucas Berná, CONICET Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina We present a high-resolution spatially disaggregated emissions inventory (0.025°× 0.025° horizontal resolution), of Argentina updated to 2016. It includes 9 sectors: public generation of electricity, oil refineries, cement production, transport (maritime, air, rail and road), residential and commercial, manure management, biomass burning (agricultural waste burning and forest fire); soil crops, grazing and use of fertilizers; and 10 species: greenhouse gases (CO , CH , N O), ozone precursors (CO, NOx, VOC) and air quality pollutants ( SO , NH , PM10, and PM2.5). The main contribution of this work is an improved geographical allocation of the pollutant sources using detailed bottom-up approaches. Considering the sources of greenhouse gases emissions the total reaches 276 Tg CO2eq, from which manure management sector emits 80 Tg (29%), followed by transportation sector: 55 Tg (20%), residential + commercial + small industries: 53 Tg (19%), electricity generation + fugitives: 48 Tg (17%), biomass burning + urban waste: 20 Tg (7%), agriculture: 11 Tg (4%) and refinery + cement production: 8 Tg (3%). Analyzed by extension (per square km), the largest impact is in medium and densely populated urban areas reaching more than 297 Mg/km of ozone precursors gases and 11.5 Mg/km for other air quality emissions. Total emissions (Gg/year) for all sectors for Argentina 2016. AGRICULTURE 125 Gg NH 3 30 Gg N 2 O 25 Gg CH 4 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 2670 Gg CH 4 180 Gg NH 3 80 Gg N 2 O TRANSPORT 389 Gg VOC 505 Gg NOx 1838 Gg CO BIOMASS BURNING 33 Gg CH4 590 Gg CO 66 Gg PM10 SECTOR LIVESTOCK PROD. AGRICULTURE BIOMASS BURNING TRANSPORT ENERGY RESID. + COMER. + URB. WASTE INDUSTRY TOTAL POLLUT. PRODUCTI ON CH4 2,679.13 39.489 33.36 20.35 298.44 124.24 3.43 3198.451 N2O 82.505 33.044 0.77 4.65 1.30 0.412 0.47 123.158 CO2 - 49855.53 9517.7 56,192.87 50,250.24 32,004.36 26,234.36 224055.05 CO2eq 24,586.41 59,702.74 10680.1 57,579.29 50,638.15 32,127.04 26,376.46 260756.24 NH3 190.31 99.86 8.06 3.42 0.03 - 3.805 305.48 NMVOC 199.91 13.92 7.66 388.88 88.85 6.59 14.53 720.33 SO2 - - 1.48 22.38 52.22 1.81 38.51 116.40 NOx 6.38 3.55 5.52 505.69 221.16 79.95 68.71 900.29 CO - - 498.4 1,838.08 34.9 113.76 403.00 2980.52 PM2.5 11 2.09 52.36 11.92 80.58 7.49 86.11 251.53 PM10 26.29 57.25 104.32 12.08 81.8 13.86 86.08 381.69 ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL CELLS OF 0.025° X 0.025° Detailed view of the used grid (withe rectangle), census tract (red polygons showing number of homes) and Departments boundaries (blue line). 124 Gg CH4 80 Gg NOx 113 Gg CO ABSTRACT For the location of biomass burning, crop residues burning, and other biomass fires (natural and / or artificial), we used the MCD64 collection C6 of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, aboard the (MOD14) Terra and (MYD14) Aqua satellites between 2001 and 2016. (Giglio et al, 2013). Sectoral partition for main pollutants 299 Gg CH4 221 Gg NOx 82 Gg PM10 From the energy demand perspective, transport is responsible for an average 56% of the emissions, contributing with 85% for ozone precursors, 44% for greenhouse gases and 38% for air quality specific contaminants. Housing impacts on average with 29% of the emissions, from which 39% are greenhouse gases, 37% are air quality pollutants, and 10% are ozone precursors. Argentina is an important agriculture and livestock producer, reaching 123 million tons of crops annually and breeding 52 million heads of cattle. Consequently, Argentina emitted in year 2016, 2186.10 Gg / year of methane from the beef cattle sector, 288.40 Gg from dairy cattle sector and another 204.58 Gg from other livestock production, totaling 2679.08 Gg (Table 2, Table 5 and Figure 11). This emission represents 83% of the 3198.45 Gg total national methane emissions (all sectors) and 27% of total national GHG emissions. Ammonia emissions are also significant. Livestock emissions reached 190.31 Gg (62% of all sectors); NH 3 from agricultural practices reached 99.86 Gg (33%) from fertilizer application and 4.40 Gg burning of residual crops (AWB). Regarding the emissions that affect the air quality, the burning of biomass, AWB and other types, produced important amount of emissions. They have reached in year 2016, 590.78 Gg of CO (20% of all sectors), 52.37 Gg of PM 2.5 and 104.32 Gg of PM 10 ; being the months of September, October and January the most active ones. Refrerences Puliafito, S. Enrique; Allende, David G.¸Castesana, Paula S., Ruggeri, María F.: High-resolution atmospheric emission inventory of the argentine energy sector. Comparison with Edgar global emission database. Heliyon 3 (2017) e00489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00489 ISSN 2405-844 Puliafito, S. Enrique., Allende, D., Pinto, S., Castesana, P.: High resolution inventory of GHG emissions of the road transport sector in Argentina, Atmospheric Environment 101, 303-311,2015. ISSN 1352- 2310. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.040 INTA - National Institute for Agricultural Technology. 2018. Territorial dynamics of land uses and land cover in Argentina. https:// inta.gob.ar/proyectos/PNNAT-1128032 Giglio L., Randerson J., van der Werf G., 2013. Analysis of daily monthly and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4) Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 118. 317–328. https://doi:10.1002/jgrg.20042 . CONCLUSIONS Methane emissions from live stock production (Gg/year) Historical serie of fuel consumption of the transport sector Agricultural activity: Cultivated área (kHa); crop production (kt) and bovine heads (x1000 heads/year) Land use classification (INTA) and distribution of crop in high spatial resolution Extract of the gridded map with rural establishments. Bovine production by districts Methane emissions from livestock production Spatial distribution of Nox emissions form residential and comercial sector. Square: close up for figures below. Population and homes are distributed from radius census tract and added to each cell in the gridded map Average stational electric generation by energy type (1990-2016) Partion of main air pollutant type according to the demanding end-user sector. Location of power plant, cement industries and refineries. Natural gas consumption by geographical region Partition of air pollutant emissions according to the main generating sector.
