A Hybrid Authentication System for E-Health Cloud Storage.

A Hybrid Authentication System for E-Health Cloud Storage.

Kethireddy Dhanaram1, S V R Varaprasad2

1, PG Scholar, Department of Computer Science Engineering 2 Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering

Avanthi Institute of Engineering &Technology, Makavarapalem, Narsipatnam, Vishakapatnam (Dt), AP, India.

[email protected]

Abstract

Storage of Data in Cloud has many challenges the main challenge is the security of data

storage and retrieval many sectorhave implemented many types of security process The privacy and

security to the personal information is one of the main challenge. With the rapid development of

cloud computing and mobile networking technologies, users tend to access their stored data from the

remote cloud storage with mobile devices. The main advantage of cloud storage is its ubiquitous user

accessibility and also its virtually unlimited data storage capabilities. due to malicious attack, theft or

internal errors This raises concern for many users/organizations as the outsourced data might contain

very sensitive personal organization. Several researches have addressed the issue of ensuring

confidentiality and privacy of cloud data without compromising the user functionality. Here,

confidentiality refers to the secrecy of the stored data so that only the client can read the contents of

the stored data To solve the problem of confidentiality, data encryption schemes can come in handy

to provide the users with some control over the secrecy of their stored data. This has been adopted

by many recent researches which allow users to encrypt their data before outsourcing to the cloud

The searchable encryption scheme is a technology to incorporate security protection and favourable

operability functions together, which can play an important role in the Maintaining of record

system In this paper, we introduce a novel cryptographic primitive named as key wrapping

encryption technique using sponge function for secures data storage and also time based

conjunctive keyword search for information Retrieval which and reduce the guessing attacks .

1. Introduction

Traditional storage devices such as flash drives, hard disks, and other forms of physical storage

devices are becoming increasingly out of date. The reason for this is that, on the business front, global

expansion of companies require data to be shared amongst employees for collaborative working. On

the personal front of the user, many users now have several devices, such as one or more smartphone /

cell Cloud storage thus provides a way of accessing personal data through all digital devices. As a

result, more and more people are turning towards the cloud's more flexible alternative for data storage.

The ability to access files from remote locations through a secure internet connection enables cloud

access to other storage options How cloud storage functions is it stores sensitive information of the

users on the database servers, and users are able to access their information from anywhere. All

consumer devices such as tablets, laptops, cell phones, desktop PCs and other technology gadgets can

be used to store files stored in the cloud and access them. Corporations may also take advantage of

Science, Technology and Development

Volume IX Issue VII JULY 2020

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mailto:%[email protected]

cloud computing by being able to implement storage Another advantage of cloud storage is that users

are able to store all kinds of files, such as text documents, images, spreadsheets, videos, PDFs etc.

Various cloud service providers provide various types of features. In addition, cloud storage also

offers an opportunity to back up. If data is unintentionally deleted on one's local storage, or if one

loses the physical storage device like a Possibly, physical storage devices may arise. Another problem

is that it is possible to transfer a virus that might occupy one's device to the hard drive and corrupt the

digital data, or loss due to server errors, employee mistakes, natural disasters too. On an infrastructure

point of view, the cost of purchasing, installing and maintaining new servers is still considerably

higher than the a Cloud storage also helps in the immediate sharing of data, thereby providing several

people with access. That makes this service a great resource for both in-house and remote work.

Online cloud computing is also useful to all business types. Cloud storage is a more cost-effective tool

that doesn't require a big investment and can be used effectively to communicate and collaborate with

customers

Cloud computing was the use of computational resources (hardware and software) which are

distributed over a network (usually the Internet) as a service. The name derives from the traditional use

of a cloud-shaped symbol as an approximation to the complex network in system diagrams it includes.

Cloud technology entrusts data, information, and computation from a user to remote services. Cloud

computing consists of hardware and software resources which are made available as third-party

services operated on the Internet. These services usually provide access to sophisticated cloud

computer software applications and high-end networks.

Fig1. Structure of cloud computing

2. Literature Survey

The idea of hybrid cryptography helps to protect cloud storage network. Two different methods

are used to explain the difference between less stable systems and more stable ones. RSA and AES

algorithms are used in the first approach; RSA is used for key encryption, and AES is used for text



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or data encryption. AES and Blowfish algorithms are used in the second or we might say more

secured approach. In the Background

[I]. The ECC(Elliptic Curve Cryptography) algorithm is implemented to make the centralized

cloud storage safer. This technique uses a single key for encryption and decryption, and on the

client side, the full process takes place. This technique performs such measures as: a.

Authentication, process of b. Key generation, c. Encryption, d. Decryption.

[2]. Three phase method is used in this proposed framework. Firstly, it uses Diffie Hellman to

swap keys. Authentication is subsequently performed using digital signature scheme. Finally

data is encrypted using AES and then uploaded to the required cloud system. For decryption

reverse procedure is implemented.

[3]. RSA algorithm and MD5 combined to ensure various security protections such as

confidentiality, data integrity, non-repudiation, etc. It uses RSA key generation algorithm for

generation of encrypted key for encryption and decryption process. MD5 digest is used for

accepting an input of length up to 128 bit and processing it and generating an output of padded

length for encryption and decrypt

[4]. . Implementation of Trusted Storage System using the Encrypted File System (EFS) and

NTFS file system drive with the aid of the data file protecting cache manager. EFS encrypts

stored files by automatically using cryptographic systems. The process takes place as follows,

firstly application writes files to NTFS which in turn places in cache and return backs to

NTFS.After this NTFS asks EFS to encrypt

[5]. Cloud Storage Protection Service uses different servers viz. User Input, Device Output and

Data Storage. Three separate servers are used to ensure the data is not affected by malfunction

on any of the servers. User Input server is used for storing user files and input data by

providing user authentication and making sure the data is not accessed by any of the

unauthorized means.

[6]Cloud computing reflects the most thrilling paradigm shift in Technology today. Security

and privacy are, however, viewed as the primary obstacles to its wide adoption. The authors

discuss some important security issues here and inspire further analysis of security strategies

for a secure cloud environment in the public sector.

[7]A user will only be able to access data in many distributed systems if a user has a certain set

of credentials or attributes. The only way to implement these policies now is to use a

trustworthy server to store the data and mediate access control. If any server that holds the data

is compromised, however, then the confidentiality of the data will be compromised.

[8]Throughout this paper we present a scheme which we call ciphertext-policy attribute-based

encryption for the realization of complex authentication on encrypted data. By using our

encrypted data techniques, even if the storage server is untrusted, data can be held

confidential; further, our methods are secure against conspiracy attacks. Prior attribute-based

encryption schemes used attributes to define the encrypted data and built policies into user

keys; while attributes are used to define credentials of a user in our program, and a party

encrypting data defines a policy on who may decrypt.



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[9]Our methods are thus conceptually similar to conventional forms of access control, such

as Roll-based Access Control (RBAC).

3 Characteristics and Services Models

The main features of cloud computing are described below, focusing on the interpretations

given by the National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST).

Self-service on demand: Customers can have computing resources directly, such as server

time and network storage, as required, immediately, without needing human contact with

each service provider.

• Wide network access: features are accessible on the network and accessed through

common frameworks facilitating the use of large and diverse thin or thick client frameworks

(e.g. cell phones, laptops, and PDAs).

• Resource pooling: The computing resources of the vendor are pooled to support multiple

users using a dual-tenant model, with various physical and virtual resources dynamically

delegated and reassigned to the customer demand. There can be a concept of location-

independence in why the customer typically has little power or information about the exact

position of the services offered but may be able to define position at a higher level of

abstraction (e.g., region, state, or data centre). Asset examples include storage, encoding,

memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines.

• Rapid elasticity: Functionality can be given quickly and elastically, often automatically,

to quickly scale out and quickly release to quickly scale in. To the customer, the

provisioning capacities always seem limitless and can be purchased in any quantity at any

time.

• Monitored service: Cloud systems automatically monitor and optimize resource usage by

utilizing metering functionality at a certain level of service-specific abstraction (e.g.,

storage, processing, bandwidth and active user account). Usage of resources should be

handled, monitored and recorded to provide accountability for both provider and user of the

service used.



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Fig2 . Characteristics of cloud computing

3.1 CPRE Secure Against Chosen-Cipher text Attack

Re-encryption of proxies has found many functional applications, including encrypted email

routing, secure distributed le networks, and outsourced encrypted spam altering. As an

example, we use encrypted email forwarding to demonstrate the use of PRE, and also to

motivate our work. Imagine a department head, Alice, deciding to take a break. Assume a

department head, Alice, deciding to take a break. She delegates her secretary Bob to process

her routine emails. Some could be encrypted under Alice's public key, among the incoming

emails. Traditional schemes for public key encryption do not require Bob to process such

communications, following the safety principle that one's private key should never be

exchanged with another. With a PRE program, Alice can easily re-encrypt a key to the email

server. The email server (i.e., the proxy in PRE's jargon) turns it into a Bob encryption for an

incoming encrypted file. Bob then can use his hidden key to read this email. When Alice is

back she sends the email server instructions to avoid the transformation.

3.2 A DFA-Based Functional PRE

FUNCTIONAL Encryption (FE) is a useful cryptographic primitive that not only

guarantees data security but also improves data sharing versatility. It is a general extension

of PKE. In conventional PKE, data is encrypted to a specific user whose public key has

been recorded with a trusted Authority of Certificates. Nevertheless, FE offers more

flexibility that data can be encrypted under a name, and the encryption can be decrypted if

and only if there is a hidden key whose name b fits a. As described in and, a classic FE

example is Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) that comes with two flavours: Key-Policy

ABE (KPABE) and Ciphertext-Policy ABE (CPABE). A former associates a hidden key to

an access scheme, so that the key can decrypt a ciphertext associated with scheme-

satisfying attributes. And the latter is complementary.



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3.3 IB-PRE-Without Random Oracles

A semi-trusted proxy can transform a ciphertext under Alice's identity into a ciphertext for

Bob in an identity-based proxy re-encryption (IB-PRE) scheme. The proxy knows neither

Alice nor Bob's secret key, nor the plaintext during the conversion. Some situations

therefore involve a fine grained delegation to treat. In this document, using the ID

encryption (IBE) technology. We are proposing a new identity-based conditional proxy re-

encoding scheme (IBCPRE) that allows Alice to enforce fi ne-grained decryption rights

delegation and is therefore more useful in many applications. In both computational and

communicational terms, our scheme has major advantages over the IBCPRE scheme by

Shao et al.

3.4 C-PRE With Chosen-Ciphertext Security

A semi-trusted proxy can convert a ciphertext under Alice's public key to a ciphertext for

Bob in a proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme. The proxy knows neither Alice nor Bob's

secret key, nor the plaintext during the conversion. Conditional proxy re-encryption (C-

PRE) can enforce fine-grained decryption rights delegation, and is thus more useful in

many applications. Within this paper, we propose an efficient C-PRE scheme and

demonstrate its selected-ciphertext security under the random oracle model's decision-

making bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH). In both computational and communicational

terms, our scheme has major advantages over previous schemes.

3.5 IBE Without Random Oracles

Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) offers a method for public-key encryption where a public

key is an arbitrary string, such as an email address or a phone number. A Private-Key

Generator (PKG) that has knowledge of a master secret can only produce the corresponding

private key. Users authenticate themselves to the PKG in an IBE program and obtain

private keys that suit their identities. The idea of identity-based encryption was first

introduced two decades ago and subsequently, several solutions were suggested in a few

predecessor papers. Nonetheless, it is just a few years ago that a structured security model

was introduced and a realistic implementation. Boneh and Franklin describe a security

model for identity-based encryption and give the Bilinear Diffie– Hellman construction.

3.6 Attribute-Based Encryption

Attribute-based encryption is one of Fuzzy identity-based encryption applications[7]. ABE

comes in two flavours, called KP-ABE[8],[11] and CP-ABE[12],[13]. The cipher text in

CP-ABE is associated with the access structure while a set of attributes is stored in the

private key. Bettencourt et al. suggested the first CPABEs cheme[12], their scheme's

downside scheme is that security proof was only constructed under the generic group

model.



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3.7 Secure Self-Destruction Scheme

A very well-known approach for addressing this problem is the safe deletion after

expiration of sensitive data when the data was used[19]. Recently, Cachin et al. used a

policy graph to explain the relationship between attributes and the security class, and

proposed a stable data delection scheme based on policies[20]. Reardon et al. Reardon et al.

leveraged grapht heory, B-tree structure and key wrapping and suggested a novel approach

to secure deletion or persistent storage devices design and analysis[21]. Because of the

properties of physical storage media, the above methods are not appropriate for cloud

computing environment as the deleted data can be easily retrieved from cloud servers[22].

Nonetheless, when conventional TSE is used in the cloud computing setting, it is a tricky

problem: cloud computing environment requires a finegrained access control[17] that can

not be supported by traditional TSE schemes. It is important to explore how to achieve the

time-specified cipher text through a fine-grained level of access control.

4 Proposed Methodology

1. In this paper, we endeavor to solve the problem with a novel mechanism proposed to

automatically revoke the delegation right after a period of time designated by the data

owner previously.

2. It implies that all users including data owner are constrained by the time period. The

beauty of the proposed system is that there is no time limitation for the data owner because

the time information is embedded in the re-encryption phase. The data owner is capable to

preset diverse effective access time periods for different users when he appoints his

delegation right.

3. An effective time period set by the data owner can be expressed with a beginning and

closing time (for instance, 01/01/2014-12/01/ 2014). A time server is used in the system,

which is responsible to generate a time token for the users. After receiving an effective

time period T from the data owner, the time server generates a time seal ST by using his

own private key and the public key of the delegate. In that way, the time period T is

encapsulated in the time seal ST .

4. By the re-encryption algorithm executed by the proxy server, the time period T will be

embedded in the re-encrypted cipher text. It is the timing enabled proxy re-encryption

function. When the delegate issues a query request, he should generate a trapdoor for the

queried keywords using his private key and time seal ST. Only if the time period

encapsulated in the trapdoor matches with the effective time period embedded in the proxy

re-encrypted cipher text, the cloud service provider will respond to the search query.

Otherwise, the search request will be rejected. In that way, the access right of the delegate



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will expire automatically. The data owner needs not to do any other operation for the

delegation revocation.

4.1 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

1. The beauty of the proposed system is the re-encryption phase and sponge construction

which give more security in Data Storage information and Data Retrial and the re

encryption process is done by the proxy server witch give more valid security using key

Word Search for avoiding the attacks

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that enables automatic delegation

revoking based on timing in a searchable encryption system. A conjunctive keyword search

scheme with designated tester and timing enabled proxy RE-encryption function (Re-

dtPECK) is proposed, which has the following merits.

3. We design a novel searchable encryption scheme supporting secure conjunctive keyword

search and authorized delegation function. Compared with existing schemes, this work can

achieve timing enabled proxy re-encryption with effective delegation revocation.

4. Owner-enforced delegation timing preset is enabled. Distinct access time period can be

predefined for different delegate.

5. The proposed scheme is formally proved secure against chosen-keyword chosen-time

attack. Furthermore, offline keyword guessing attacks can be resisted too. The test

algorithm could not function without data server’s private key. Eavesdroppers could not

succeed in guessing keywords by the test algorithm.

6. The security of the scheme works based on the standard model rather than random oracle

model. This is the first primitive that supports above functions and is built in the standard

mode

7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that enables automatic delegation

revoking based on timing in a searchable encryption system. A conjunctive keyword search

scheme with designated tester and timing enabled proxy RE-encryption function (Re-

dtPECK) is proposed, which has the following merits.

8. We design a novel searchable encryption scheme supporting secure conjunctive keyword

search and authorized delegation function. Compared with existing schemes, this work can

achieve timing enabled proxy re-encryption with effective delegation revocation.

9. Owner-enforced delegation timing preset is enabled. Distinct access time period can be

predefined for different delegate.

10. The proposed scheme is formally proved secure against chosen-keyword chosen-time

attack. Furthermore, offline keyword guessing attacks can be resisted too. The test

algorithm could not function without data server’s private key. Eavesdroppers could not

succeed in guessing keywords by the test algorithm.



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11. The security of the scheme works based on the standard model rather than random oracle

model. This is the first primitive that supports above functions and is built in the standard

mode.

4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR E-HEALTH

Our system model shows conjunctive keyword search scheme with designated tester and timing

enabled proxy reencryption function (Re-dtPECK) used for the E-health cloud Document system. E-

cloud framework show three entities data owner who had a authority to file or record of data ,users

who want to access the data, and data centre where the actual server store the file and using trapdoor

who generate the tokens when the user demand for particular file from the data storage centre

Fig 3 :-Data owner want to keep document or record of on third party storage system database

Now the whole file not store in encrypted form, encrypted for privacy purposes but only keyword get

encrypted. those file or document put in data storage server, server perform some form operations such

as insert,update, delete. Trapdoor use by user who provides his own secure key to access document

from the data server,from this search servers communicate with E-health Document storage,to check

the similarity document and returns those record in encrypted form. This timing enabled proxy Re-

Encryption searchable Encryption scheme highlight the implementation of the time span controlled

operation.



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Patient Verify user

Authentication Output

Data

storage

Fig 4 : model for secret sharing of health records

1. Delegator or (data owner) and Delegate (data user) communicate via proxy re-encryption

server used for E-health document retrieval from EHD storage server.

2. The proxy re-encryption scheme is used to provide reliable service to data userhence time seal

encapsulation technique, provide a time span and concealed by the secure key of the time span

server to access the document or record from the EHD storage server

3. The EHD cloud document server will not return the similarity Document up to when the most

appropriate time period encapsulated in plenty of your time and effort seal accords with plenty

of your amount of time in the re-encrypted cipher text, which is different from traditional

proxy re-encryption SE schemes.



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Upload patient data

Enter IDand

Secretekey

Data base Encrypt data &

store into server

USER

Verify physician

CSP

Provide treatment

Verify physician

Fig4. Level 1 flow diagram




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4.2 Algorithm

Key wrapping schemes address the problem of key management in distributed

systems. Security architects often limit the lifespan of keys in order to reduce the risk of

the key compromise and lessen the amount of data encrypted on a single key. Hence keys

are regularly updated, and an update protocol using an insecure channel must be

carefully designed. Ideally, it should be simple and efficient. Practical constraints also

limit, if not forbid the use of additional mechanisms such as nonce or random number

generation.

We define scheme KWF formally as Π = (K,E[F],D[F]), where: K = {0,1}k— the key

space;

1. H = {0,1}0..t

— the associated data (AD) space with t ≤ 2k; M=

{0,1}1..(n−k−l−1)

— the message space; C = {0,1}n

— the cipher text space.

G : {0,1}0..t

−→ {0,1}l

— collision-resistant hash function for the associated data;

2. pad : {0,1}1..(n−k−l−1)

−→ {0,1}n−l

— invertible padding function; F:

{0,1}n−→ {0,1}

n — fixed permutation.

3. E[F] : K× H × M−→C —

encryption function (Figure 1):

if H 6= ∅;

4. D [F] : K × H × {0 ,1}n

−→ M ∪ {⊥} — decryption function.

DK[F](H,C) is computed asfollows:

(B) If X1..k 6= K, return⊥.∅

(C) If H = and Xk+1..k+l 6=0return ;



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(D) H=6 and X =6 G(H) return.

Elseif

∅ k+1..k+l⊥

(E) Returnpad−1(Xk+l+1..n).

Fig 7: Our proposal: KWF.

H M

G pad

pad 0 G ( H ) [M ]

K L N − K −L

N

F

C K



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5 Experiential Analyses

Fig 8: Registration form for data owner and doctor

Fig 9: details maintained about user and doctor in cloud



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Fig 10: data stored in drive hq cloud in the folder called as kk

Fig 11: data owner login with secret key



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Fig 12: user login with secret key

Fig 13: file stored in encrypted format



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Fig 14: files in cloud server

6. Conclusion

Cloud computing brings great convenience for people. Particularly, it perfectly matches the

increased need of sharing data over the Internet to build a cost-effective and secure data sharing

system in cloud computing, Hence RS-IBE, which supports identity based revocation and ciphertext

update simultaneously such that a revoked user is prevented from accessing previously shared data, as

well as subsequently shared data. Furthermore, a concrete construction of RS-IBE is presented. The

RS-IBE scheme is proved adaptive-secure in the standard model, under the decisional ℓ-DBHE

assumption. The comparison results demonstrate that scheme has advantages in terms of efficiency

and functionality, and thus is more feasible for practical applications.

7. References

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Information Security (ASIACRYPT 2007), pp. 200-215, 2007.



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