A. KEYSTONE VOCABULARY
1 prophecy A message or prediction from a higher power (e.g. a god).
2 tyranny Cruel and evil rule by a king.
3 conspiracy A secret plan to do something harmful.
4 assassination Murder for power or political reasons.
5 retribution Punishment or revenge for wrongdoing.
B. KEY TERMS & TECHNIQUES
6 tragedy Play with an unhappy ending/ downfall of the main character.
7 dialogue Speech between two or more people (conversation).
8 monologue A long section of speech given by one character.
9 emphasise To make something stand out and grab our attention.
10 dramatic irony When the audience know more than the characters on stage.
11 foreshadowing Sign or warning of what is to come. (writer’s technique)
12 stage directions Instructions for the actors.
C. VOCABULARY
13 omen Sign or warning of what is to come.
14 tempest A storm.
15 traitor A person who betrays someone/ their country.
16 soothsayer A person who can see the future.
17 conniving Secretly planning to do something evil or wrong.
18 vindictive Evil and wanting revenge.
19 diplomatic Fair and balanced.
20 hubristic Having overwhelming pride or arrogance.
21 virtuous Good.
22 capricious Constantly changing in mood or behaviour (mood-swings).
23 candid Honest.
24 audacious Daring.
25 wretched Desperately unhappy.
26 valour Bravery.
27 regicide Killing the King or Queen.
28 mob Disorganised group of people, usually violent or aggressive.
29 to incite To encourage.
30 mutiny Rebellion against a powerful leader.
31 to prevail To win; to succeed.
32 colossal Huge.
33 to slay To kill in violent way.
34 to condemn To blame and punish for wrongdoing.
D. RECAP
35 antithesis Opposing ideas.
36 succession The next King/Queen.
37 patriotism Enthusiastic support for your country.
38 liberty Freedom, usually in society.
39 supercilious Acting as if you are superior to/ above someone else.
40 monarchy Rule by kings and queens in a royal family.
KS3 ENGLISH Knowledge Organiser: Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar
Knowledge Plan: Week 1: Week 2: Week 3: Week 4: Week 5: Week 6:
Lord of the Flies Knowledge Organizer
Ralph Democracy and order
Jack Dictatorship and savagery
Piggy Intelligence and logic
Simon Saintliness and wisdom
The Scar The first appearance of humans in nature or “paradise”
Conch Shell Power of civilization and ordered society
Piggy’s Specs Power of science and reason, the ability to see things clearly
The Beast Power of evil and human immorality
Signal Fire Connection to modern society and civilization
Castle Rock Purgatory: Place of suffering inhabited by souls of sinners who are being purified of their sins before entering Heaven
The Sea Heaven: Home of God, the angels, and the good after their death
Philosophies of Human Nature Human Nature: qualities and characteristics that humankind possesses at birth
Thomas Hobbes (d. 1679)
Human beings are selfish and “in a constant state of war.” Life is “nasty, brutish, and short.”
John Locke (d. 1704)
Humans are a “blank slate” at birth (tabula rasa, in Latin). Naturally reasonable, yet selfish; shaped by experiences.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778)
Humans are inherently good and peaceful in a “state of nature” In this state man is “isolated, timid, peaceful, and mute.”
Key Quotes about Human Nature “Maybe there is a beast….What I mean is, maybe it's only us.” (p. 88)
“Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.” (p. 202)
Characteristics of Civilization Hierarchy Rank determines authority, status, and submission to those above
Respect for Authority
To show appreciation and obedience to those in a position of power
Rule of Law
individuals and government obey law crime is met with punishment, in order to enforce proper behavior
Shared Values Individuals in a society share fundamental beliefs and principles, helping them to keep faith in their society
Respect for Traditions
Show commitment to the established customs of a society and transmit beliefs from generation to generation
Key Quotes about Civilization
“We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best at everything.” (p. 42)
“Which is better—to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?” (p. 180)
Key Symbols
Common References to Christianity/Bible Garden of
Eden Paradise; where Adam, was created and later, Eve, from Adam’s rib. They were free to eat from any tree except the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
The Serpent Religious symbol of deception and evil. Seduced Eve into eating a piece of forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge or good and evil.
The Fall (of Man)
The fall of Adam and Eve from innocence and obedience to God into betrayal and guilt, bringing eternal wounds upon humanity.
Original Sin Inherited from Adam and Eve, the innate tendency to sin in all humans.
Jesus Christ First century Jewish preacher. Believed to be the son of God and messiah (or savior) to humanity.
Judas One of Jesus’ Twelve Disciples. Betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver, leading to Jesus’ crucifixion.
Beelzebub Another name for Satan. Portrayed as a “fallen” angel and believed to cause destruction through tyrants.
Key Literary Terms
Term Definition Lord of the Flies Example Allegory
A narrative that uses characters or events to represent ideas or events
Allusion A reference to a significant historical, literary, cultural, or political figure or idea
Archetype A classic example of a character or thing that recurs throughout literature
Foil A character that contrasts another character in order to highlight particular qualities
Hyperbole Extreme exaggeration used to create emphasis
Dramatic Irony Situation in which a reader’s awareness of a situation exceeds the characters
B. Poets and Poems – Who wrote What and
When
1. William Blake Tyger, Tyger in 1794
2. Percy Shelley Ozymandias in 1818
3. Lewis Caroll The Jabberwocky in
1855
4. William Ernest
Henley…
Invictus in 1875
5. Rudyard Kipling If in 1895
6. Carol Anne Duffy The World’s Wife in 1999
C. Questions for analysing poems: WWW
mnemonic
1. What? What is the poem about? What
are the themes?
2. Which? Which quotations and phrases
are most striking?
3. Why? Why are poetic devices
combined with striking
vocabulary?
A. KEY TERMINOLOGY
1 Imagery Words/phrases that create pictures for the reader
“Round the decay”
2 Metaphor Comparison that says something IS or WAS something else
“colossal wreck”
3 Simile Comparison that something is LIKE or AS something else
“Like a thunderbolt he falls.”
4 Juxtaposition[ing] Placing things together for contrasting effect
“If you can talk with crowds … or walk with Kings”
5 Symbolism Objects or things that represent themes or ideas
“Yours is the earth and everything that’s in it”
6 Conceit A metaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising way “O Rose thou art sick.”
7 Personification Non-human things given human qualities
“the heart that fed“
8 Repetition Words or phrases that are repeated
“King of Kings”
9 Alliteration Words that start with the same sound
“cold command”
10 Sibilance Hissing ‘s’ sounds
“snakes hissed and spat on my scalp”
11 Assonance Long, slow, open vowel sounds
“The lone and level sands stretch far away.”
12 Onomatopoeia Words that sound like their meaning
“a shattered visage lies”
13 Rhyme Words that end with the same sound, often to end lines
“Tyger, Tyger, burning bright / in the forests of the night”
14 Neologism Made up words
“’Twas brillig and the slithy toves.”
15 Rhythm A strong, regular repeated pattern of sound
“If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew’
Poetry – Year 7 –
Keystone Vocabulary D.
1. Syllable A unit of sound in a word
2. Verse Writing arranged in a rhythm (often rhyming)
3. Free verse Poetry without rhyme or pattern
4. Rhyme scheme A pattern of rhyme in a poem
5. Stanza Set or grouped lines in a poem
Ancient Ro-mans
Marcus Cicero Politician, senator and lawyer for the republic
Julius Caesar Army general, politician, senator, rebel, dictator
Cleopatra Seductive Greek Pharaoh-Queen of Egypt
Mark Anthony Army general, senator, orator, dictator, husband to Cleopatra
Octavian Rome’s first Emperor, renamed as Augustus
Ancient Roman Political
concepts
Definition
Monarchy Rule by kings and queens in a royal family
Tyranny Cruel and evil rule by king
Democracy Power of the people, deciding their rulers in elections
Republic A state with no king, queen or monarch
Election A vote to decide elected representatives
Senator An elected representative leader
Dictator One ruler with total power
Assassination Murder for power or political reasons
Timelines
509 BC Tarquin exiled—Rome runs dem-ocratically
58 BC Caesar conquers many European countries
48 BC Caesar becomes dictator of Rome
44 BC Caesar is assassi-nated in Rome
Rhetorical Devices
(DAFORREST ) +
Definition
Direct address Use of ‘you’ to speak to the audience
Alliteration Words that start with the same sound (consonants)
Fact Use of true information to persuade
Opinion Using your own personal thoughts and those of others
Rhetorical question A question with an obvious ‘right’ answer
Repetition Repeating particular words and phrases to emphasise importance
Emotive language Language designed to make the audience feel something
Statistics Use of numbers to persuade (90% of people believe…)
Tricolon Three words or phrases one after the other
Antithesis An opposition of two ideas
Anaphora Repetitions at the start of phrases
Epiplexis Multiple rhetorical questions consecutively
Year 7
Roman Rhetoric
C. GENRES
Science fiction Story set in an imagined future
A. SUBJECT TERMINOLOGY
Description Writing that creates a picture in the reader’s mind
Narration Writing that tells a story
First person A character tells the story using ‘I’
Third person A narrator tells the story
Flashback Story goes back in time
Exposition Beginning of a story that provides background information
Climax Most exciting moment of the story; turning point
Resolution Solving of a problem or conflict at the end of the story
Cliffhanger Dramatic moment that creates suspense over what is to happen next
Chronological When the events in a story are told in the order they occurred
Symbol An object that represents something else
Onomatopoeia A word that imitates the sound it represents
Personification An object or animal is given human qualities
Alliteration Repetition of consonant sounds
Metaphor A comparison between two things
Extended metaphor A comparison between two things that continues beyond one sentence
Simile A comparison between two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Connotation Ideas or feelings that are associated with a word
Imperative A command
Pathetic fallacy Description of the weather reflects the mood
Foreshadowing A sign or warning of what is to come
Juxtaposition Two contrasting ideas are placed close together
Sensory imagery Description involving sight, sound, smell, taste and/or touch
B. AMBITIOUS VOCABULARY
Enchanting As if made by magic
Exquisite Something with a special, rare beauty
Radiant Emitting rays of light or bright with joy and hope
Resplendent Shining brilliantly
Abhorrence Strong feeling of extreme dislike
Timid Lacking confidence
Tremor Shaking of the body caused by fear
Trepidation Feeling of alarm/anxiety
Melancholy A depressed/gloomy state of mind
Isolated Separated from other persons or things
Nefarious Extremely wicked and/or criminal
D. SENTENCE STARTERS
Present tense verb Grabbing her bag, the woman stormed out of the shop.
Simile Like a predator stalking its prey, the thief approached the boy.
Preposition Under the dark clouds, the lamppost gleamed brightly.
Adverb Cautiously, the girl reached out to touch the creature.
Connective Despite the weather, the girl plunged into the sea.
Past tense verb Petrified, the dog stood rooted to the spot.
Pair of adjectives Pale and bright, the sun cast its light across the forest below.
Verb adverb Perched precariously on a thin tree branch, a small robin sang.
Triple noun: Owls, crickets, mice: the woods were alive with noise.
Triple adjective: Thin, bare, skeletal: the trees towered over me like fingers.
KS3 ENGLISH Knowledge Organiser: Short Stories