PROGRESSIVISM

DEFINITION:A middle-class reform movement to recapture control of their own government. It involved getting rid of corruption and pushing the government to become an agency of human welfare. Both Republican & Democratic presidents took up the Progressive cause.

WHERE DID PROGRESSIVISM COME FROM?

Populist Party ideasGraduated income taxInitiative, referendum, recallSecret ballotDirect election of senators

WHERE FROM (CON’T)Churches:YMCANAACP:Change for A-A.

On-going reform movements:•Temperance: Carrie Nation•Women’s rights•Aid to Immigrants (Addams, Riis)•Workers’/child rights (unions)

WOMEN’S RIGHTS:

The older leaders are dying off:Anthony, Mott & Stanton

New leaders & the Suffragist Movement:Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul

CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT

PRESIDENT OF THE NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association & founder of the League of Women Voters

ALICE PAULFounder of the National Woman’s Party, a more radical group that sought a Constitutional amendment to vote & wanted an Equal Rights Amendment as well.

METHODS OF THE NWP

•Hunger Strikes•Picketting •Alice Paul chained herself to the White House fence.

MUCKRAKERS: CRUSADING JOURNALISTS

IMPORTANT MUCKRAKERS: PUBLISHED IN MAGAZINES LIKE MCCLURES & COLLIERS

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle•An expose of the meat-packing industry.•Led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food & Drug Act

IMPORTANT MUCKRAKERS #2

Ida Tarbell:Expose ofStandard Oil

IMPORTANT MUCKRAKERS: #3

Lincoln Steffens:exposesthe corrupt alliance between business & government.

CHANGES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

From political bosses to new forms of organization(copying the efficiency of business).•City-manager form of government•Commission form of government

CHANGES IN STATE GOVERNMENT

Fighting Bob Lafollette controls the RRs.

CHANGES IN FEDERAL GOVERNMENTTeddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

The 3 C’s

TR’S DOMESTIC POLICY: CONSUMER PROTECTION•Meat Inspection Act•Pure Food & Drug Act – labeling contents

CONTROL OF CORPORATIONS

•Northern Securities Case – enforcement of Sherman Anti-Trust Act against Morgan’s RR monopoly•Hepburn & Elkins Acts – more specific enforcement of I.C.C. control of RR•Arbitration of Coal Miners’ Strike

CONSERVATION

REALISTIC CONSERVATION V. PURIST CONSERVATION

Gifford Pinchot-Head of the Forestry Department v. John Muir-President of the Sierra ClubHetch-Hetchy Valley controversy: Build an water supply for San Francisco in Yosemite?

MORE CONSERVATION

•TR preserved 51 bird sanctuaries, 150 national forests, & 5 new national parks, along with 21 reclamation projects like the Newlands Act.

Crater Lake N.P., Oregon

TR’S FOREIGN POLICY

I took the isthmus!

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE: THE U.S. CAN INTERFERE IN CENTRAL & S. AMERICA FOR THEIR OWN GOOD.

“BIG STICK” POLICY

•Speak softly but carry a big stick.•Great White Fleet –white for peace on battleships

FOREIGN POLICY: JAPAN

•1905: Mediated Russo-Japanese War, gets Nobel Peace Prize•1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement-no segregation of Japanese children in U.S. schools in exchange for limited Japanese immigration•Root-Takahira agreement to honor each others Pacific islands

1912: PROGRESSIVE PARTY: BULL MOOSE PARTY

Unhappy with Taft, TR runs for president again. Splits Republican supporters. Wilson wins.

WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

Wilson declares war on the “triple wall of privilege”: the trusts, the tariff & the banks.

TRUST LEGISLATION:

•Clayton Anti-Trust Act: “the Magna Carta for Labor” – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act & exempted labor unions & agricultural cooperatives from anti-trust actions.•Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-proactive organization to end unfair business practices.

TARIFF LEGISLATION:

Underwood Tariff lowers the tariff. Government’s new major source of income is the income tax, passed as the 16th Amendment to the Constitution.

BANKING LEGISLATION:

Federal Reserve System: elastic currency

BANKING (CON’T)

•Federal Farm Loan Act –credit to farmers at low interest.•Warehouse Act – loans on warehoused crops.

OTHER PROGRESSIVE REFORMS UNDER WILSON

Better working conditions:•Workingmen’s Compensation Act – disability pay for civil service employees•Adamson Act: 8 hr. day for all RR workers on interstate trains. Pay for overtime

PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS:

In addition to the Income Tax (16th), there is the •17th Amendment – direct election of senators•18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol•19th Amendment – Women’s suffrage

WILSON’S FOREIGN POLICY: AN ATTEMPT TO MOVE AWAY FROM IMPERIALISM

•Tried to put an end to Taft’s dollar diplomacy•Repealed the act that exempted Americans from paying tolls on the Panama Canal•Passed the Jones Act which promised independence for the Philippines when they had a “stable gov’t”

BUT WE INTERVENED IN:

http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/caribbean/

MEXICAN REVOLUTION

1913-COUP D’ETAT IN MEXICO

•Huerta grabs control of Mexican gov’t•Wilson sends arms to Huerta’s enemies: Carranza & Pancho Villa•Tampico Incident: Mexico arrests American sailors. Release but refuse 21 gun salute.•Wilson sends navy to interrupt German shipment of guns to Huerta.

MEXICAN PROBLEM (CON’T

The ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil & Chile) intervene _ no war.Huerta falls, Carranza takes over.Pancho Villa becomes a renegade, kills Americans, even crossing border into N. Mexico.Wilson sends “Black Jack Pershing” to capture Villa. He fails.Troops withdrawn in 1917.