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P A P E R S E R I E S
A NEIGHBORHOOD REDISCOVEREDTURKEYS TRANSATLANTIC VALUE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
BY KEMAL , NATHALIE TOCCI, AND JOSHUA WALKERTRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY
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2010 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
No part o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by any means without permission in writingrom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:
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Washington, DC 20009
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copies are also available. o request a copy, send an e-mail to [email protected].
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Te GMF Paper Series presents research on a variety o transatlantic topics by sta, ellows, and partners o the German
Marshall Fund o the United States. Te views expressed here are those o the author and do not necessarily represent the
view o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above or by e-mail to [email protected].
About GMF
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grant-making institu-
tion dedicated to promoting greater cooperation and understanding between North America and Europe.
GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working on transatlantic issues, by convening leaders to discuss
the most pressing transatlantic themes, and by examining ways in which transatlantic cooperation can address a variety o
global policy challenges.
Founded in 1972 through a gi rom Germany as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF maintains a
strong presence on both sides o the Atlantic. In addition to its headquarters in Washington, DC, GMF has seven oces in
Europe: Berlin, Bratislava, Paris, Brussels, Belgrade, Ankara, and Bucharest.
About Brussels Forum
Brussels Forum is an annual high-level meeting o the most infuential American and European political, corporate, and
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FSC
FPO
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
Turkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East
Brussels Forum Paper Series
March 2010
B K K, N , J W* A
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T T Am G M F U S, ZEI-S E G B G, R B S, L H B F I , A P G F R G E R P (ERP) F M E A C S P w
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East3
Turkeys promise
in the region
hinges on its
consistent pursu
of democratizatio
at home and
a norm-based
foreign policy
abroad.
w E, M E, U S I j, M E Y w A , M EHw w A/S I/A , w , q W C W,
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M, A (999) Nw A FP SAIS Review, V 9, N, 93
F A E 996 q M, M (998) D C FPMiddle East Journal, V 5, N , 35, 34
3 I -99, G, A, I , G S 995 G S
4 E, (996) / W S Perceptions:Journal of International Affairs (A), V , N , 3357
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U S w EU
Introduction
1
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States4
The fallout for
Turkey of an Israeli
nuclear attack on
Iran or an Iranian
nuclear attack on
Israel would be
equally disastrous.
- M E , w I, Iq, S, I-P
Improving relations with (almost) all
neighbors
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7 8 B 8 I S , x I Y w I x J - P A N Sz I K A9
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8 S w9 , (8) M E P:Bw N O K Carnegie Papers, N, S 8,
Transatlantic Trends (9) Topline Data, GM F U S, www
M F A A D , D 8,9, SEA, W
The Sea Change in Turkeys Middle
Eastern policies2
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East5
The notion of
addressing
and attempting
to resolve
longstanding
conflicts through
dialogue with
neighbors is a
conspicuous
characteristic of
the government i
power in Turkey.
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Iq, , w q w, w EU w K w , w w
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99 , w SH Iq , w PKK, q N Iq w K Iq w K- , M 3 U S w Iq L
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F 8
K, K (993) P C : DM R A Low Intensity Conflict and LawEnforcement, V , N , 7-53
3 L, A (7) Turkeys Unwelcome NeighbourL, IB
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States6
Talking Turkish
meant both
credible threats
but also massive
engagement
thereafter.
PKK w N Iq S 7-8 Iq Kq, Iq K , w KRG, KRG PKK4 , , , w 9 FDI 5 I S 9,
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4 w w 9, Iq P J , w K , B P A G, w S H, w w P Iq K M Bz
5 K, K (9) F P: R S New Perspectiveson Turkey, N 4, 956, 47 F w
S w D PKK, PKK A A ( ) - E R S, w , w w E, w w I , S PKK w ,w S Sw w S A Pj D
99 w I S PKK - z S 998 D PKK A x S O 998 q K
S q
PKK w w w O q AP,6 w , , A , 7 w P Sz
S P Hz -A W , w
6 A, M B (999) -S C O 998: VwMiddle East Policy , V 6 N 4, 749
7 Iw w x S, D, O 9
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East7
J D P (AKP), w S P B -A J 4, w w D4 w P M R E D Iq, M3 , j Iq , A (EU) S,8 S , ,
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S, L, O P I , O , A C R S WG M 99 997 I P H (IPH)
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A Nw, I, Swz, D, Sw
B, O (9) A I O
w I : A Vw I Insight Turkey,V , N , 43-55
3 D, J () I BBCNews 4 A, ://w////969
4 MG, C (4) PM I The Guardian, 4 J
5 Turkish Daily News (6) E : U w Lw w A 4
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States8
x A E,6
w I V (Ayrlk) w I P V -I , w I M FA A L w w D M F A D A A I J 7 O , (I)
, w w 8 N, -I , 99,
Cq, -P S w ()O , PS D
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(OBB)9
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j F j w Ez I Z 5 I, w w 7, j GzY O ( O-) , j w w W B Gz 7 O C L 8
3 A H A, K M -M F AG AKP q F M
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East9
In different
conflict hubs,
Turkeys supply
of mediation has
been matched by
demand in the
region.
W, P , w j w H
Turkey as a Mediator in the Middle East
x w w ,3 - M E I ,
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3 S I K, A PM, I F, I, O 9
3 w w w S, I, , D, J, A, I, O 9
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33 A w w
34 S w (x ) G H x I I I q( S vis--vis H, Hz Iw ) w S w I D D 3, 8, I P M O w x w S , w , w -- w S P A
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States10
Turkey is
geographically,
historically, and
strategically
well-placed to
play a mediation
role. They are
nonetheless
emblematic of
a Turkish role in
the Arab world
that would have
hitherto been
unthinkable.
R F w [] , w zI , w Gz Iw 35 w O CL D 8-J 9 G w H, U S E U x H 36 E
, w-w wH E D w w H KM w D C H I I Gz I Gzw I G S
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35 F, R (9) U Gz Todays Zaman, J 4
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K S A S 9 wD R W , w O 9 S w A L w 38 W x - , A w w
37 5+ UN S C G
38 Iw w , A, O , 9
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East11
Without
democratization
it is doubtful tha
Erdogan would
have been as
critical as he has
been of Israel
lately...
w ME x , , A , 99 G W 3 Iq W K q A-I , O C L Gz EU 39 US
K q 3-7 w PKK
A , w, z, -, inter alia, EU , AKP P M R E x
I , q w , , , , - , I C DA (IKA) I , , F E R B
39 S A, M S AA (7) Ez EU :U w Journal ofSouthern Europe and the Balkans, V 9, N 3, 6374; ,Z (3) M E S : I EU D Turkish Policy Quarterly,V , N 4, 84-95; A, B (7) Turkeysnew European era: Foreign policy on the road to EU membership,L, MD: : Rw & L
(DEIK), I I B A (MUSIAD), Ex A (IM), U C (OBB), I B A (USIAD), C B I(USKON) q I w w R, E, I, Iq, S, Sw 4 S,
w KRG w A
A, z W , w I, M 3 w U S Iq w
z w S, w x, w wC 4 A 89 W , wz E w I ,w
A AKP
4 K, K (9) : New Perspectives on Turkey,N 4, 957
Conflicting Interpretations of the
Sea Change3
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States12
The doctrine
of Strategic
Depth provides
a normative
chapeau to the
plethora of state
and non-state
interests that
concomitantly
push Turkey to
develop deeper
and stronger ties
to its neighbors.
, z w S D, M F A A DS D I ,4 O , z
4
w AKP w w w AKP O I w ,w w I w, S D -
I z P M P z 98 99 M F A I C 9943
4 F , W, J(7) L S D: I w Insight Turkey, V 9, N 3, 347
4 D , A () Startejik Derinlik TrkiyeninUluslararas Konumu, I, K F D , A (4) z R, F 6; D , A (8) F P V: A A 7 Insight Turkey,V , N , 7796.
43 A-B, M (9) Ww M E New Perspectives on Turkey,N 4, 794
w U S E U w U C W ,w W w , w , I w,
, , , w w w , x w w G AKP , S D w w -w w
W w j M E, W w w
W US EU? w M E x w I x w E
, w M E W ,
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East13
Some have
raised eyebrows
at Turkeys
Middle Eastern
policies, voicing
growing concern
that Turkey
may be losing
its European
vocation.
Turkeys drift to the east
M E w w U S EU O , w Iq I w ww US Iq, U S
, A E
K U S E U M E, wI S, I H, US I R I S, USP B O D 9 w P ME R I, -S SR w J 6, US
R I H, O C L Gz, FP N Sz, ,44 w I, w F E U45
Y q w E U U S, M E, ,
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44 PM Sz , Time Turk English,J 7, 9
45 H Gz -, TurkeyNY.com, ://www//z-/639-------z---
w I , AKP q ww M I S, w I H Hz, -I Xj w D46 w -w U S E U W 47
9 -I P M w I w W q NAO tout court48 W , E w M E , w E 49
W ,
, w w x w AKP w R
46 S P M E D Todays Zaman, N 9, 9; C PME ww U , TodaysZaman, J 5, 9
47 M, R W, S E (7) Is the United StatesLosing Turkey?, M 5, W, H I;C, S (5) Turkey at a Crossroads: Preserving
Ankaras Western Orientation , W, W I N E P
48 S, D (9) A NAO w The WallStreet Journal, N 5
49 K, Hz (9) A P EU: A A SWP Comments, O 9,B, SWP, 4
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States14
w G, C w M C Ox , w CA x M AzjM, w , w AKP EU- F, I x w E w B -A,
S w x I
F q I-x A w, w j - C ,5 EU S - M x B M5 A -
: A M, C
I w, , x x, , E 9 D WE F, SP O -B, I P M Aj
x , w
5 S w
5 C R N 453/3, M 6, 3 R (EC) N 539/ V z A B-Hz, w M , - C R N66/9, J 5, 9 R (EC) N 539/
w z , I , w, , , ( I-) HN K q , , AKP I ,
, w U S, EU, x 5
Turkey as an Independent Actor: Asset for the
United States and Europe
I w , w wz I 99 , w w US M E, I , z, 5 K 953 O -
5 F , A K, E(9) The Rising Tide of Conservatism in Turkey , Nw Y,P/M; G, I N (8) Trialsof Europeanization. Turkish Political Culture and the EuropeanUnion, L Nw Y, P M
53 C, S (9) w Survival, V 5N 5, O-N, 5
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East15
Turkey can no
longer be taken
for granted as
its identity and
survival are not
as self-evidently
entirely bound
up in the West
anymore. Turkey
has become
simultaneously
more European,
more democratic
more conservativ
and Islam-friendl
and, increasingly
more nationalist.
, x w Iq, I, S, ME54 A A , I w , , 55
w w j q B O:I w w
, w wz , w w w B I w : w E W w 56
F , U S57 I w, z -, x W - W , E,
54 Awz, M B, H J (9)
AKP , Foreign Affairs, V 88, N 6,N-D, 88
55 Iw w A , D, O 9
56 O, B (9) R P O P G N ACx, A, A 6
57 L, I O (6) , U S D G Survival, V 48, N3, 8396
, I-,, , A A, E, M E, B, C w w x A , w WI z w
w H, w w-
w
Y, , w U S EU 58 U S w
w F G, E w wW , ME w W w A M, , W ME () A EU M ,
M E w -
58 F, G E (4) S M: M R The Washington Quarterly, V 7, N 3, 564
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States16
Today, Turkey
represents a
critical partner
for the United
States on its
three more urgent
strategic issues
Afghanistan, Iran,
and Iraq.
Political complementarity
P, M E w U S E U w
, U S A, Iq, IO A, , z x A-P
I 8, IKA $78 45 A P59 A , , w - A
I S A F
(ISAF) K E , , w w E C - NAO M-j , w- K A A 9,w R,M K A, z w K O A
59 IKA (9) 2008 Annual Report, A, IKA,
w , , , P O A6
O Iq, US ww US- A U S ww, US- K w - K M,US w
PKK w KRG, w Iq S , A I w O w
A A-I , , w U S - ( -Iq,S Iq, S S A) -w W H, I, S, w w U S E U Y - , S-I w wS
6 A , w A j F A J WW, ://w/9//4/-%E%8%99--/
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East17
Considering the
fact that Turkey
boasts the secon
largest military in
NATO and is the
only functioning
Muslim-majority
democracy in the
alliance, Turkey is
well-placed to pla
a leading role in
Kabul.
6
Hw, w I 6 w I, S, w w w U S 63 I w W, w S w I
, O w U S - I-S , w - Lw I-P , w H - US/EU w Y I, w , , I w U S EU x I
H I-P
64 w I, w U S EU w , I w P
6 Iw w S , ,W D, O 9
6 S N: S Haaretz, O 8, 9, ://wwwz///73 R 9--8
63 Iw w S I , D, J, I, O 9
64 B , w W w w I H
q, w I 99 w w x w w M, w, w x O , w w w I W w A w (S ) 998, w I
A-I W -I w A-I A- w , -I I 65 I , w -I w w I w S 68 w w Hw J D 8 R O C L D
8J 9 w I ( x) ( w ) w w US EU
I , , z , US EU , w G W B w I
8, IKA $8 98 , , w w j
65 Iw w I , J, , A, O N 9
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States18
Finally, Turkey,
unlike the United
States and
European Union, is
an actor of and
not simply in the
Middle East.
w w S w - Oz I C (OIC), j w x OIC Y P A 5 C D S M 866 w NGO , ,, w j z w
, U S E U w x P w , - , EU US w z
F, , U S EU, M
E A , I M E, I I, w w, x, B , w 67 S P S D j vis--vis I68 w w I A S , W
66 Iw w OIC , O 9
67 L EU U S, w
68 F x, I , 7 , w w x S, P, S9
S , I; w , 69 I, S w, z Iq, A w, W, M E E S A, , P -A Y, w, A
w - A w E A, M E M E I W ( ME), w / , /, W/-W, S/S, I/A, W/I w , M, W j
w -W M M E; S w j w S ( I), ( Hz), ( Aw S ), w j w Iq L; A I w j w
Socio-economic complementarity
A - ,
M E w , , ,w W I ,w xz w S I
69 Iw, D, O 9
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East19
w, x w E E M E
W C W, x- w P M P z, w - x- 98 I j
, z w , w 7H, q G 986 w S U 99, z SB E 7 w W E w j w w E w w ,
Y A, w W E7 Sq, E U w w w EE EU F E;
7 F x z S, S (99) : ES E G CMiddle East Journa,
V 46, N , 9; z, S (995)O N B LW: G, D P, F P M E G K J G S ()Powder Keg in the Middle East: The Struggle for Gulf Security ,L, MD, Rw L
7 K, K (5) A S w: x European Journalof Migration and Law, V 7, N 4, 343367
7 C, S (993) Beyond Borders: West EuropeanMigration Policy Towards the 21st Century, L: RI I A, 395
E EU S z , ,,
I , , S B w w w 73 w- w x-S w74
, D , w EU 5 99 4 8 w w x-S w 9 99 9 8 w , w -w j , (FDI) BS, I, W
U w M E x, w x x w x-S w75
73 E, M () Redefining Contagion: The PoliticalEconomy of the Suitcase Trade between Turkey and Russia,I R Ex, B C SR P, , J; A, Cz O, N (994) R E-W M: P International
Migration, V 3, N , 343353
74 x-S w S U w w S B B R
75 x w G F, w w w w , , x w -W S F,G (99) Turkey Faces East: New Orientations Toward the
Middle East and the Old Soviet Union, S M, R, x
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States20
w S w w M E D z w M E w, Aw w
Iq, w , w E, L, S z U x-S w, A 99 w q
w w A M Ew w EU 999 A S 5, ,
M E F 99 7, x-S w w, , j 48
Table 1: Foreign trade relations between Turkey and its neighborsin million USD, 1991, 2000, and 2008
99 8
Ex I OAL Ex I OAL Ex I OAL
G 44 77 438 43 869 ,43 ,5 3,58
B 76 4 6 53 465 78 ,5 ,84 3,99
R 5 99 34 36 674 , 3,987 3,548 7,535
M 6 7 33 98 7 68
U ,88 6,6 8,94 ,88 6,6 8,94
R 6 ,97 ,78 644 3,887 4,53 6,483 3,364 37,847
G 3 55 87 998 55 ,53Azj 3 96 36 ,667 98 ,595
I 487 9 578 36 86 5 ,3 8, ,3
Iq 49 64 3,97 ,3 5,38
S 64 67 33 84 545 79 ,5 639 ,754
E 69 48 7 376 4 57 ,46 943 ,369
I 79 78 57 65 55 55 ,935 ,448 3,383
,57 ,89 4,346 5,683 3,88 9,5 3,56 58,83 88,69
EU 7,348 9,896 7,44 4,5 6,6 4, 63,39 74,8 38,9
U S 93 ,55 3,68 3,35 3,9 7,46 4,3 ,976 6,76
G 3,593 ,47 34,64 7,775 54,53 8,78 3,7 ,964 333,99S: S I, F C , www
N : 8 N : R, G, Mq, F G EU 99N 3: F 99, R USSR , x M, U, G, Azj 99N 4: F , x Iq
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East21
I , ME w -, w- w Iw j - 96
R, w M E x
E, Iq, S, G I 99 Fw -S 4, , w 8 ( ), x w E, S D 9 q F E R B (DEIK), x S w E, S
w A H w , , w w I w w A (HY) M E N A (MENA)
I 97, HY w 7 , w W E w w S w L I I 9, w 7 3, 39 S B 3 MENA
76
S A EU w,E w S 77 , j S Gz, j w
76 Nz, A (8) Trkiyede Sivil Havacln Geliimive THY(M , M U, SS I, I) A
77 Iw R (9) A GJ 6
Table 2: Entry of persons from the neighborhood of Turkey
for 1980, 1990, 1996, 2005, and 2007
98 99 996 5 7
S U 4,5 ,537
R ,35,9 ,855,9 ,454,96
R x-S x B 385,966 ,55,794 ,347,4
OAL x-S U x B S ,6,56 3,47,694 4,793,3
B 59,87 854,5 597,359 ,76,694 ,37,499
M E 8,6 39,377 59, ,45,37 ,646,76
G OAL ,57,364 ,3,5 8,538,864 ,75,3 ,49,775
B : A, B, B, G, M, R, S-M 98, 99, 996 Y
M E : I, Iq, S, G
S: C F D MOI S S I A R
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States22
, w S w z A D w w Gz, K- , ,w
K q
D K J 9 Iq, N Iq A x -Iq w w , D C C (DO) N Iq M w Iq x,
C, Iq I w , H q Iq , DO ,78 E O 9 w Iq 79
R w I I
, I, w R, w w j
78 Iw w DO, O 9
79 R ME W P: S S R, Istanbul Forum, O 9, 9
, w I , AV w 8 H,
w I w I w I x, A I, w R, j WO
w I x w A - w I W I w - j w WM , w I - w j N ,P Aj,
w, M A A w w I8
I j , x M E G w ,
8 AV w , K , I Mj
8 I I C w I , A B w , Akam, F 7, 7
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urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East23
By indirectly
mediating Weste
influence in the
Middle East,
Turkey represent
a potentially
vital asset to the
accomplishment
of the declared
aims of the
United States an
Europe.
9 w J, L, L E D - B w w , w EU w z( ), w w EU8
O w A w A V w A w W w , M , , 83 w x x A w A A w A
w - 84
8 F w EU, D, E (9) Impact of Visa Regimes over TravelDecisions and Patterns of Turkish Citizens, MK R,I, K U
83 A S, Y S, S (9) EM: A , N AM Reflections of EU-Turkey Relations in the MuslimWorld, I, O S F, 5
84 A-Az, S J (5) I S H
Islam and Secularis, Aw, D S N ,U C S-I, 48
, w 6 7 A j w A w85
w M E w w w S w C W ww M E ,w C W,
w U E U EN P, ME I , w EN P EU86 I W M E, U S E
85 A, M (9) Orta Douda Trkiye Algs,I, ESEV Y, 3
86 A Dz, S , N (9) F P: Q RL Ez Commentary, B, CEPS,N
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States24
For Turkeys
potential to be
fulfilled, Ankara
cannot be viewed
as fueling an
identity-driven
clash that it
supposedly
attempts to
transcend.
M E , U S, EU, , , M E Y x w U w , w , EU, U S?
The importance of consistent pursuit of
international norms
F, M
E , D I Gzw w w S P-B, w w I C C, B M E, w A w N-K U w U Xj w w w A q x I x , -
R , P M E, w w - x M E - , w w w , , w I S, P,
I I w I x W w I I w, q A , M E M , w F , A w - I,
w SP A, w q w I w 87
Turkeys democratic transformation as a
condition for a successful foreign policy
A z ,, ,, M E, x w w
S 95, , EU D 999
87 Iw w S P B -A Ez, Hurriyet, N 9, 9
Realizing Turkeys Middle Eastern
Potential4
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urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East25
Turkish foreign
policy today wou
not be what it
is without the
transformation
that Turkey
experienced
under the EUs
engagement at
the turn of the
century.
AKP w N x w
Y EU O 5, EU AN Fw, 6 7
w w 88 AKP
J 7 x w Hw, w w j AKP w w
w PKK ,w w ,w N Iq, , w w KRG
I A 8, w C C AKP K q, A
-M , x
88 O G, I N (8)Trials of Europeanization. Turkish Political Culture and theEuropean Union, L Nw Y, P M;U, E (8) U: N-R Turkish Studies, V 9, N , 73-97
J 9 w I M,B A, K K Hw, , w K , D S P (DP), w K- N,
w , w , , A , 89 D ?
I
U S E U w w w w x EU 9 w
89 , I (8) W , P PrivateView(A); Iz, S (8) Milliyet, D 6
9 O Ez , x A, M A, S (7)Ez EU : U w Journal of SouthernEurope and the Balkans, V 9, N 3, 6374; A,B (7) Turkeys new European era: Foreign policy on theroad to EU membership, , L MD; , N() (7) Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU-Turkey Relations, R, IAI Q; z, M (8)Harmonizing Foreign Policy: Turkey, the EU and the Middle East,A, A
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States26
Turkeys accession
process continues
to represent the
best guarantee
that the countrys
domestic
transformation will
proceed toward
higher standards
of democracy.
, w x , w j w x 9 A , , C A I w, q
EU accession as a guarantee for Turkeys
democratic consolidation
w q: Hw EU? S , , EU q w 9K O x , z W EU H EU , w A B
N, w w I M E ,
9 I , Mz, S C D, E() (8) Sivil Toplum ve D Politika, I, B; A,B P, R K (8) F C C: Dz R w S I Security Dialogue, V 39, N 5, 49555
E U W EU , R I Y EU , EU, , Y D H, w E , DP EU
EU w - AKP EU j w 9
R , z - , w
EU w EU A A A w 64 EU A w93
9 A A S 4, - G E B EU
x A , 8 , EU w w w O w EU, A, E, z, N A Az, D (6) M M wE Foreign Affairs, V 85, N
93 A (9), 5
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urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East27
Turkeys new
self-confidence
and regional
prominence has
transformed a
static Cold-War
bulwark into a
potential catalys
for regional
stabilization.
A EU, w ( ), w w , w W E U w j , EU - , w x
w ,, , , q w- Mx U w x , EU w R , EU w
U.S.-Turkish Relations: Adapting to the 21st
Century
U S, w, E U, M E M E W P O , w US w 94G O , w
-A
94 w Transatlantic Trends (://www/) w O B E, , w w w US
U B w ,P O w M,w US ww Iq K , w - C-W w z
Hw, U S EU 95 U S w E , EU- w w EU Ww C w -EU
E U B EU , U S , , w E - w
F A A
z
95 P, H (9) W O E W, A, ://www/w///H%P%-%W%O%%%%E
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he German Marshall Fund of the United States28
G K w EU US , , , I USS S H C PO w x, w w w w
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A Neighborhood Rediscovered
urkeys transatlantic value in the Middle East29
By contributing t
the integration o
the Middle East
into the global
system, Turkeys
democracy and
liberal market
economy are
also having a
demonstrative
spillover on
its southern
neighbors,
however modest.
C W w j W I w ME U S E, W M E , , z , ,, B M E
, , w D w M E U S E U
Hw, , U S
EU EU- , w P z w
w O
Iq A, A-I , L E I, j
Conclusion
5 M E U S w w U S w ,
E U H , EU
, w w EU I w w , , , I , w j A EU Nw
Swz w w , , , , EU, ,
w C W , , Hw, q EU US W w , w w
W L ? ww M E
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