A New Artificial A New Artificial Intelligence 1Intelligence 1

Kevin WarwickKevin Warwick

Real AIReal AI

• We want to study afresh what We want to study afresh what artificial intelligence is all aboutartificial intelligence is all about

• We will look at what intelligence isWe will look at what intelligence is

• We will look at Classical AIWe will look at Classical AI

• We will look at different forms of AIWe will look at different forms of AI

• Key is to open your mind to the Key is to open your mind to the different possibilities for intelligencedifferent possibilities for intelligence

• Try to not be human-centric.Try to not be human-centric.

IntelligenceIntelligence

• What is intelligence in humans?What is intelligence in humans?

• What is intelligence in animals?What is intelligence in animals?

• What is intelligence in machines?What is intelligence in machines?

• Important aspects of mental make up must Important aspects of mental make up must be considered - myths chopped down to size.be considered - myths chopped down to size.

• What is the intelligence of a spider?What is the intelligence of a spider?

• How would an alien regard human How would an alien regard human intelligence? intelligence?

• Subjective nature of intelligence is important.Subjective nature of intelligence is important.

‘‘Intelligence’ DefinitionsIntelligence’ Definitions

• New English Dictionary,1932, “The New English Dictionary,1932, “The exercise of understanding: intellectual exercise of understanding: intellectual power: acquired knowledge: quickness power: acquired knowledge: quickness of intellect.”of intellect.”

• Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, “Intelligence is the ability to reason and “Intelligence is the ability to reason and to profit by experience. An individual’s to profit by experience. An individual’s levellevel of intelligence is determined by a of intelligence is determined by a complex interaction between their complex interaction between their heredity and environment.”heredity and environment.”

Human Intelligence?Human Intelligence?

• In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked judgement, common sense, initiative and judgement, common sense, initiative and adaptability as “essential ingredients of adaptability as “essential ingredients of intelligence”. intelligence”.

• Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual awareness or emotions. awareness or emotions.

• Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence.Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence.

• Comparing intellectual ability between humans -Comparing intellectual ability between humans -standard tests of one type or another are useful.standard tests of one type or another are useful.

• We must consider intelligence in a broader sense.We must consider intelligence in a broader sense.

Animal Intelligence Animal Intelligence

• Intelligence involves communication, Intelligence involves communication, planning and (possibly) initiative, planning and (possibly) initiative, reasoning and quickness of intellect. reasoning and quickness of intellect.

• We can consider human versions of We can consider human versions of these, but let’s also consider other these, but let’s also consider other animals!animals!

Bee IntelligenceBee Intelligence

• Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a tightly knit society. tightly knit society.

• Communicate with a dance Communicate with a dance

• Bee returns from pollen collection it Bee returns from pollen collection it wiggles its bottom and moves in a wiggles its bottom and moves in a straight line straight line

• Distance moved is proportional to the Distance moved is proportional to the distance of the pollen source - angle distance of the pollen source - angle moved is angle between the source and moved is angle between the source and the sunthe sun

Spider IntelligenceSpider Intelligence

• Over 30,000 species of spider, each Over 30,000 species of spider, each with its own specialties. with its own specialties.

• Water spiders live in ponds and build Water spiders live in ponds and build an air filled diving bell out of silk. an air filled diving bell out of silk.

• Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps

• Then the spider pounces - delivers a Then the spider pounces - delivers a fatal bite - pulls the prey into its lair - fatal bite - pulls the prey into its lair - devours it. devours it.

Learning + ToolsLearning + Tools

• Many creatures have been witnessed learning.Many creatures have been witnessed learning.

• An octopus is trained to choose between An octopus is trained to choose between objects - a second (watching) octopus can objects - a second (watching) octopus can then carry out the exact same decision then carry out the exact same decision making process making process

• Many creatures use tools.Many creatures use tools.

• Herons drop morsels of food into water where Herons drop morsels of food into water where fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims to take the bait, the heron catches it. to take the bait, the heron catches it.

Brain SizeBrain Size• Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain

size, numbers of brain cells and complexity.size, numbers of brain cells and complexity.

• A human brain has approximately 100 billion A human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons.neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons.

• Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results. Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results.

• Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor, Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor, head circumference of 52 cms. Used to head circumference of 52 cms. Used to discriminate against women. A medical physicist of discriminate against women. A medical physicist of the time said “We do not have to ask for the head the time said “We do not have to ask for the head circumference of women of genius – they do not circumference of women of genius – they do not exist.”exist.”

• Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains closer in size to gorillas than to those of men! closer in size to gorillas than to those of men!

Political CorrectnessPolitical Correctness

• These serve as examples of using a These serve as examples of using a measure to come to a desired measure to come to a desired conclusion conclusion

• This must be avoided in studying This must be avoided in studying intelligence, yet it appears time and intelligence, yet it appears time and time againtime again

• Also - We should not overlook Also - We should not overlook observable differences because they are observable differences because they are not politically correct – Race/Yerkes!not politically correct – Race/Yerkes!

Sensing & MovementSensing & Movement

• Intelligence also depends on how a brain Intelligence also depends on how a brain senses and activates things in the world.senses and activates things in the world.

• Humans sense approx 5% of the signalsHumans sense approx 5% of the signals

• If another being senses the world If another being senses the world differently they are not better or worse, differently they are not better or worse, merely different. merely different.

• It is wrong to say that a creature or It is wrong to say that a creature or machine is stupid because it cannot make a machine is stupid because it cannot make a cup of tea (Tylden) – this is a human task. cup of tea (Tylden) – this is a human task. Only in comparing humans should such a Only in comparing humans should such a task even be considered as some measure.task even be considered as some measure.

What is Intelligence?What is Intelligence?

• Mental processes sufficient for life.Mental processes sufficient for life.

• Ability to make appropriate and timely Ability to make appropriate and timely choices – Ross Ashby.choices – Ross Ashby.

• ‘‘the variety of information processing the variety of information processing processes that collectively enable a processes that collectively enable a being to pursue autonomously its being to pursue autonomously its survival’ survival’

Alien ViewAlien View

• You are an alien inspecting earth from afar. You are an alien inspecting earth from afar.

• What are the intelligent life forms on earth? What are the intelligent life forms on earth?

• Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals, Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals, bacteria, televisions? bacteria, televisions?

• You might apply some tests based on your You might apply some tests based on your own concepts of life form and intelligence. own concepts of life form and intelligence.

• On your planet the main sensory input could On your planet the main sensory input could be infra red signals – so your view of earth be infra red signals – so your view of earth may not include humans as an intelligent life may not include humans as an intelligent life form form

LifeLife

• Considering what humans define as the Considering what humans define as the basics of life can lead to strange conclusions. basics of life can lead to strange conclusions.

• E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth, E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth, irritability, respiration, production.irritability, respiration, production.

• From an alien standpoint a communications From an alien standpoint a communications network satisfies these qualities. It could be network satisfies these qualities. It could be concluded that a complex global networked concluded that a complex global networked intelligence is being served by small drone intelligence is being served by small drone like simple beings, with smaller brains – like simple beings, with smaller brains – humans humans

Subjective IntelligenceSubjective Intelligence

• What we regard as being an intelligent What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjectiveact, and what not, is very subjective

• Human centred – e.g. jokesHuman centred – e.g. jokes

• Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic senseAnimal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense

• Machine centred – maths, memoryMachine centred – maths, memory

Subjectivity - examplesSubjectivity - examples

• When a puppy walks by the side of a person, When a puppy walks by the side of a person, this can be considered to be an intelligent this can be considered to be an intelligent thingthing

• Maybe the puppy is satisfying a programmeMaybe the puppy is satisfying a programme

• When a human can rapidly calculate maths or When a human can rapidly calculate maths or remember facts these can be regarded as remember facts these can be regarded as intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as entertainment entertainment

• Between species - big problem of Between species - big problem of comparison.comparison.

Use science not fashionUse science not fashion

• Between humans we need to retain a Between humans we need to retain a scientific basis for our analysis rather scientific basis for our analysis rather than pamper to social stereotypes.than pamper to social stereotypes.

• Why is knowledge about politics, Why is knowledge about politics, classical music or fine art more classical music or fine art more indicative of intelligence than indicative of intelligence than knowledge about soccer, pop music knowledge about soccer, pop music or pornography? or pornography?

Mozart?Mozart?

• Why does playing music by Mozart to Why does playing music by Mozart to a baby in the womb make the baby a baby in the womb make the baby more intelligent, whereas playing more intelligent, whereas playing Rolling Stones music is dangerous? Rolling Stones music is dangerous?

• Is there any scientific basis at all for Is there any scientific basis at all for such conclusions? No. Where are the such conclusions? No. Where are the conclusive scientific studies that have conclusive scientific studies that have shown these things to be so? There shown these things to be so? There are none. are none.

Social BiasSocial Bias• A social bias runs through human A social bias runs through human

educational systems - results in values educational systems - results in values associated with subjectsassociated with subjects

• An individual can be regarded as An individual can be regarded as being stupid because they do not being stupid because they do not know a particular fact, cannot carry know a particular fact, cannot carry out a mathematical calculation or deal out a mathematical calculation or deal with some aspect of everyday life. with some aspect of everyday life.

• But this merely represents one aspect But this merely represents one aspect of their intelligenceof their intelligence

Species BiasSpecies Bias

• Humans use the same approach to make Humans use the same approach to make comparisons with other creatures or comparisons with other creatures or machines. machines.

• We do not give value to non-human We do not give value to non-human abilities, because we do not understand abilities, because we do not understand themthem

• We give value to animals (or machines!) We give value to animals (or machines!) copying some aspect of human abilities – copying some aspect of human abilities – Dolphins are intelligent because they do Dolphins are intelligent because they do tricks - sharks are ‘mindless’ killing tricks - sharks are ‘mindless’ killing machines because humans do not share the machines because humans do not share the same values as a shark.same values as a shark.

ComparisonsComparisons

• When assessing the intelligence of a When assessing the intelligence of a machine, if we wish to claim that it is machine, if we wish to claim that it is not as good as a human, we can make not as good as a human, we can make comparisons of the machine’s abilities comparisons of the machine’s abilities in a field in which humans perform well in a field in which humans perform well

• We can compare human abilities with a We can compare human abilities with a machine in a field in which the machine in a field in which the machine performs well – but the result machine performs well – but the result is not so good for humans, so we don’t is not so good for humans, so we don’t do itdo it

End PointsEnd Points

• Intelligence is subjectiveIntelligence is subjective

• Need a broader viewNeed a broader view

• Consider intelligence in animalsConsider intelligence in animals

• For AI we do not just wish to compare For AI we do not just wish to compare machines with humans – we must machines with humans – we must remember animal intelligenceremember animal intelligence

NextNext

• Human Intelligence!Human Intelligence!

Contact InformationContact Information

• Web site: Web site: www.kevinwarwick.comwww.kevinwarwick.com

• Email: Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.ukk.warwick@reading.ac.uk

• Tel:2-2435-7299Tel:2-2435-7299