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8/9/2019 A New Experimental Procedure to Investigate the Torque Correlation Factor of Helical Anchors
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A New Experimental Procedure to
Investigate the Torque Correlation
Factor of Helical Anchors
João Manoel Sampaio Mathias dos Santos Filho,
Thaise da Silva Oliveira Morais,
Cristina de Hollanda Cavalcanti Tsuha* Department of Geotechnical Engineering, University of São Paulo at São Carlos,
Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, São Carlos, Brazil
*Corresponding author
e-mail : [email protected]
ABSTRACTThe uplift capacity of helical anchors is correlated to the torque recorded during anchorinstallation. The torque measurement is a typical practice used to control the anchor capacity.
This procedure is based on the empirical torque factor K T , which relates the uplift capacity tothe torque required to install helical anchors. During the anchor installation, the torqueregistered is the sum of the torque resisted at the helices surface and surrounding soil, and atthe shaft surface. Similarly, the pullout capacity of multi-helix anchors, with widely spacedhelices, is composed of two parts, helix bearing capacities and shaft resistance. However,although the torque factor has been investigated several authors, there are no experimental
field studies that examine the individual fractions of this ratio between resistance forces
mobilized during anchor installation and loading. The present research was carried out toobtain the fractions contained in the torque factor of a multi-helix anchor. Field tests were performed on instrumented anchors installed in a residual soil site. The portions of installationtorque were registered separately, as the fractions of pullout capacity. The results show that thelead section diameter, the load distribution along the helical anchor, and the number of helicesinfluence the torque factor K T . However, more tests are necessary to confirm the presentedresults.
KEYWORDS: helical anchors, full-scale field testing, load-transfer mechanism,installation torque, uplift capacity
INTRODUCTIONHelical anchors have been widely used to resist tensile loads in supporting structures such
a guyed towers, transmission towers, buried pipelines, retaining wall systems, etc. The use of
helical anchors as tower foundation has being increased significantly in Brazil during the last five
years. These anchors are made out of helical steel plates welded to a steel shaft at a given spacing.
The components of a helical anchor are the lead and extensions sections. The lead section is the
first section to be installed into the ground, and contains the helical plates. The extensions are used
to insert the lead section into the soil at the desired depth.
The helical anchor is installed by applying a torque to the upper end of the shaft using
hydraulic motors. During the installation, the torsional resistance to the anchor penetration is
recorded because the final torque needed to install the anchor is empirically correlated to its uplift
capacity. Zhang (1999) cited that this correlation is simple to use and provides a process to
evaluate if the predicted loads have been reached at the site location.
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This on-site monitoring procedure to control helical anchor capacity assumes that the effort
necessary to install the anchor into the ground is proportional to its capacity. Perko (2009)
commented that the common sense states that the torque necessary to advance a helical plate
would be indicative of soil consistency and strength. Therefore, it is coherent that the installation
torque should offer an indication of bearing and pullout pressure.
A number of theoretical correlations between installation torque and uplift capacity of helical
anchors are reported in the literature (Narasimha Rao et al., 1989; Ghaly et al., 1991; Ghaly &
Hanna, 1991; Perko, 2000; and Tsuha & Aoki 2010). However, the empirical correlations, based
on the experience and/or field-testing in different locations and soil types, supported by statistical
analysis, are commonly used in the industry to predict the capacity of helical anchors. In this case,
the relationship between anchor pullout capacity and the final installation torque is represented by
the empirical torque factor KT.
Hoyt and Clemence (1989) expressed the pullout capacity of helical anchors, Qu, calculated
from installation torque as:
= .
(1)
where, T is the average installation torque (averaged for the final penetration equivalent to three
times the diameter of the largest helix). These authors assumes that the KT factor depends
primarily on shaft diameter, and suggested values of KT equal to 33 m–1 for all square-shaft
anchors and round-shaft anchors less than 89 mm in diameter, 23 m–1 for 89 mm diameter round-
shaft anchors, and 9.8 m–1 for anchors with 219 mm diameter extension shafts.
Perko (2009) presented an empirical expression that relates the KT factor to the effective shaft
diameter. This expression was obtained from several load tests on helical anchors, and for the case
of anchors in tension, the coefficient of determination (R-squared value) for the best-fit
relationship is around 0.7. This suggests that there are probably other factors besides the shaft
diameter that influence the KT factor. For this reason, the presented research is focused on verify
an experimental procedure to investigate the parameters that might affect this correlation factor.
The aim of this experimental work is to obtain data of the fractions (related to the shaft and to
the lead section with helical plates) of torque and pullout capacity of a multi-helix anchor, to
evaluate how these parts of the helical anchors influence the KT factor. To achieve these
objectives, pullout load tests were performed on instrumented and non-instrumented full-scale
anchors. During the installation of the instrumented anchor, the fractions of torque resisted by the
shaft and by the lead section with helices were registered separately, as occurred in the load tests.
Details of the testing program are described in the next section.
The individual torque measurements of this investigation, to verify the torque resisted along
the anchor length during installation, is an innovative technique to assist the current understandingof the relationship between pullout capacity and installation torque of helical anchors.
TESTING PROGRAMME
Three helical anchors were tested for this study. Two tests were carried out on instrumented
anchors (A1 and A2), and one test on a non-instrumented anchor (B1). This instrument-
ation was designed for measuring the torque distribution along the anchor length during
installation and loading (pullout tests).
Anchor configurations
Two different anchor configurations were tested in this study (Figure 1). The lead section ofthe instrumented anchors A1 and A2 were fabricated with a reduced diameter in relation to the
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extension sections diameter. The aim of these anchor configurations was to compare the KT
factor of multi-helix anchors with reduced lead section and with lead and extensions sections of
same diameter (anchor B1).
Figure 1: Configurations of the tested anchors.
The tests on anchors with the lead section of reduced diameters were performed also to verify
the possible reduction of the installation torque due to this configuration, compared to the typical
configuration of helical anchors (lead and extensions sections of same diameter), as the contactarea between the soil penetrated and the anchor surface during installation is reduced.
The lead sections of the instrumented anchors A1 and A2 were composed of a cylindrical
shaft with a diameter of 73 mm, and four welded helices (thickness of 12.5 mm, and pitch of 75
mm) of diameters of 254 mm, 305 mm, 356 mm, and 356 mm (Figure 2). The extension sections
with a diameter of 101.6 mm were connected to these anchors to penetrate the lead section at the
desired depth. Differently, the anchor B1 (non-instrumented) was constructed with the lead
section with diameter of 101.6 mm (same diameter of the extensions).
Figure 2: Instrumented lead section of the anchors A1 and A2.
The test anchors were manufactured by Vercon Industrial (a Brazilian company). The four-
helix anchors were fabricated with the inter-helix spacing of thee helix diameter to avoid the
interaction of the bearing resistances between helices. In this investigation, is assumed that during
the anchor loading the individual helices act independently of each other.
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Two sections of the anchor lead section, S1 and S2, were instrumented as showed in Figure 2.
Strain gauges were fixed to the outside of the anchor shaft (Figure 3a) to determine the
distribution of torque and load within the anchor during installation and load testing. The cables
containing the wires for the strain gauges run up the inside of the anchor shaft. Steel threaded
sleeves were installed to the outside of the shaft to protect the gauges from damage during
transportation and installation. The instrumented lead section of the anchors A1 and A2 are
showed in Figure 3b.
Figure 3: (a) Strain gauges for axial force and torque measurements; (b) Covered
instrumented sections S1 and S2.
Site investigation
The test site is located in Betim, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The residual soil of this region is
predominantly comprised of acid rock such as granites, gneisses, and migmatites.
Standard penetration tests (SPT) were performed in two boreholes (SP-01 and SP-02). This
site investigation indicated that the site at the location of the test anchors consists of a clayey
sandy silt crust of around 5.0 m in thickness. The crust is underlain by around 20 m thick layer ofsandy silt residual soil with N60-indices (of standard penetration test) ranging from 5 to 37 blows
per 300 mm of penetration.
The plan view of the site with the exact location of the tests performed and of the borehole
location (SPT tests) is showed in Figure 4. This figure shows that the anchors A1 and B1 were
installed close to the borehole SP-01, and the anchor A2 close to the borehole SP-02. Figure 5
shows the details of the soil profile, SPT tests, and the anchors tested in this study.
Anchor installation
Helical anchors are installed through the application of mechanical torque at the anchor head.
The torque applied, and the portions of torque resisted at the instrumented sections (anchors A1,
and A2) during installation were continuously recorded and the penetration depth was measured.
During the installation of the non-instrumented anchor B1, only the torque applied at the anchor
head was registered. The anchors A1 and B1 were installed with the anchor tip at a depth of 15
meters, and the anchor A2 at 12.5 meters, as illustrated in Figure 5.
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Figure 4: Plan view of the tested anchors and boreholes (out-of-scale).
Figure 5: Distribution of SPT N-values at boreholes SP-01 and SP-02.
The installation of the instrumented section used for the anchors A1 and A2 is illustrated in
Figure 6a. After the installation of the instrumented section, the extensions were connected to
them by a sleeve (Figure 6b) to provide the transition of the lead section of 73 mm diameter with
the extension section with a diameter of 101.6 mm. The measurements of the torque resisted
during installation at the instrumented sections were registered by using the Vishay Micro-
Measurements Model P3 (Figure 6c).
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Figure 6: (a) Installation of the instrumented section of Anchor A1; (b) Sleeved
connection of the instrumented lead with the extension section; (c) Wires of the
instrumented section connected to the data acquisition systems.
AXIAL LOAD TESTS
The axial tension load tests were carried out on the three helical anchors of this investigation.
The load test setup is presented in Figure 7. A hydraulic jack with 450 kN capacity, a load cell of
500 kN capacity, a reaction beam of five meters, and wood cribbing for reaction were used for thetests performed on the instrumented and non instrumented anchors.
Figure 7: Axial tension load test setup.
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The loads were applied in increments of 10% of the estimated anchor uplift capacity in 5 min
time intervals in conformity with the Brazilian standard ABNT-NBR 12131 (Associação
Brasileira de Normas Técnicas 2006). The anchor head displacements were monitored at four
points during the test using independently supported dial gauges (0.01 mm accuracy, 50 mm
travel).
During the load tests on the instrumented anchors, the applied axial load along the length of
the anchor was monitored by the same data acquisition systems used to register the individual
portions of installation torque resisted during the anchor installation into the ground.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Torque measurements of anchors with the lead section of reduced diameter (A1, A2)
The results of the measured torque at the anchors head (total torque) and along the length are
shown in Figure 8. In this figure, from the results obtained in the instrumented section, the
portions of installation torque of each anchor are presented as: (1) total torque measured at thehead of the anchor T total; (2) torque resisted by the shaft, T shaft ; (3) torque resisted by the top helix
H4, T H4; and (4) torque resisted by the three bottom helices H1+H2+H3, T H1+H2+H3.
Figure 8: Torque measurement versus tip penetration depth: (a) anchor A1, and (b)
anchor A2.
The torques results T H4 and T H1+H2+H3 are related to the resistance of the helices penetration
and also of interface shear resistance along inter-helix shaft. However, as the shaft diameter of the
lead section is reduced, the authors suppose that the portion resisted by the helices is more
significant in this case.
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Table 1 and Figure 8 show the individual results of installation torque resisted by the shaft and
by the lead section with the helices. This table presents the results of torque for each meter
penetrated by the anchor tip, after the total penetration of the lead section.
Table 1: Measurements of installation torque of anchors A1 and A2.
Tested
anchor
Tip depth
(m)
Ttotal Tshaft Tlead section
TH4 TH1+H2+H3
kN.m kN.m Tshaft/Ttotal kN.m TH4/Ttotal kN.m TH1+H2+H3/Ttotal
A1
4.0 3.0 0.0 0.00 1.0 0.33 2.0 0.67
5.0 3.3 0.3 0.09 1.4 0.42 1.6 0.48
6.0 4.5 1.0 0.22 1.3 0.29 2.1 0.47
7.0 8.0 3.1 0.39 1.0 0.13 3.9 0.49
8.0 8.1 2.4 0.30 0.5 0.06 5.1 0.63
9.0 8.9 1.4 0.16 3.2 0.36 4.2 0.47
10.0 6.8 2.4 0.35 1.7 0.25 2.8 0.41
11.0 6.5 2.5 0.38 1.6 0.25 2.4 0.37
12.0 6.6 2.7 0.41 0.9 0.14 3.0 0.45
13.0 7.7 4.5 0.58 0.9 0.12 2.3 0.30
14.0 7.1 3.7 0.52 1.0 0.14 2.4 0.34
15.0 (final) 7.9 3.9 0.49 1.2 0.15 2.8 0.35
A2
- - - Tlead (kN.m) T leadsection /Ttotal
3.5 4.2 0.6 0.14 3.6 0.86
4.5 5.0 1.0 0.20 4.0 0.80
5.5 6.5 1.7 0.26 4.8 0.74
6.5 6.0 1.0 0.17 5.0 0.83
7.5 9.1 3.2 0.35 5.9 0.65
8.5 9.2 2.1 0.23 7.1 0.77
9.5 11.0 3.9 0.35 7.1 0.65
10.5 12.7 4.9 0.39 1.4 0.11 6.4 0.50
11.5 12.4 4.1 0.33 2.9 0.23 5.4 0.44
12.5 (final) 13.6 5.7 0.42 3.1 0.23 4.8 0.35
The results of Table 1 indicate that as the helical anchor penetrates into the ground, the
percentage of the total torque resisted by the extension section (shaft above the helices) increases,
and the percentage of total torque resisted by the lead section (with helices) decreases. Figure 9
illustrates this tendency observed. This observation indicates the influence of the shaft length on
the torque measured at the anchor head.
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Figure 9: Fraction of torque resisted by the shaft during the installation of anchors A1
and A2.
Axial tensile load test results of the instrumented anchors A1
and A2
The load-displacement responses of the anchors A1 and A2 obtained from the axial tension
load tests are shown in Figure 10. The pullout capacity, Qu , of these tests was taken as the load
producing a relative displacement of 10% of the helix average diameter. Table 2 shows the results
of pullout capacity of the tested anchors (0.1Dhelix), and also the fractions of capacity related to the
shaft resistance and to the helical plates.
Table 2: Fractions of the total uplift capacity of the instrumented anchors A1 and A2.
Anchor
Qu-
total
(kN)
Qshaft
(kN)
Qhelix (KN)QH4/Qhelix
(%)
QH1+H2+H3/Qhelix(%)
Qshaft / Qu-
total
(%)
Qhelix/ Qu-
total
(%)QH4 QH1+H2+H3
A1 116 57 10 49 17 83 49 51
A2 142 14 25 103 20 80 10 90
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Figure 10: Applied load at anchor head versus displacement during the axial tension load
test performed on the anchors A1 and A2.
Table 2 illustrates that the portion of shaft resistance above the helices is equivalent to 50% of
the total uplift capacity of the anchors A1, and, in the case of anchor A2 this fraction is only 10%.
This difference is due to the fact that the shaft of the anchor A1 is 2.5 meters deeper than the shaft
of A2, and also because the helices of the anchor A2 are installed in a soil layer of greater SPT N-values compared to anchor A1, as shown in Figure 5. Also, the initial parts of the curves presented
in Figure 10 shows the superiority of the shaft resistance of the anchor A1 compared to A2. This
fact is also observed by the load distribution along the anchors illustrated in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Load distribution for each load applied to the anchor head: (a) A1; (b) A2.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
D i s p l a c e m e n t ( m m )
Tension load (kN)
A1
A2
failure = 10%Dhelix
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The load distribution along the two tested anchors is considerably different, however, for both
anchors the helix bearing capacity of the top helix Q H4 is equivalent to around 20% of the total
uplift capacity of related to the helices Qhelix. This observation indicates that the contribution of the
top helix to the total capacity of the lead section is not affected by the soil layer of the helices
installation.
In addition, the measured ultimate pressure on the top helix (H4) is around a half of the value
found for the bottom helices (H1, H2, and H3). Although the top helix is installed in a position
less deep than the lower helices, this difference on the helix efficiency is due to the disturbance
caused by the anchor installation on the soil penetrated by the helices. This effect is more
significant above the upper helices, because in this case the soil above them is penetrated and
disturbed more times.
Figure 12: Installation torque measured at the anchor head versus tip depth of A1 and B1.
Torque factor KT
Table 3 shows the results of torque factor K T of the anchors A1 and A2. The final installation
torque used to calculate this factor is the average torque equivalent to the final penetration of three
times the diameter of the largest helix. This table also presents the results of torque factor related
to the shaft above the helices (K T shaft = Qshaft / T shaft ) and related to the anchor section with helices
(K T helix = Qhelix / T lead section). Also, the torque factor of the top helix (K T H4 = Q H4 / T H4) , and of the
bottom helices (K T H1+H2+H3 = Q H1+H2+H3 / T H1+H2+H3) are shown in Table 3.
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Table 3: Fractions of torque factor K T of the instrumented anchors A1 and A2.
Anchor K T-total (m-1) K T shaft (m
-1) K T helix section (m-1)
K T helix section
K T H4 (m-1
) K T H1+H2+H3 (m-1
)
A1 15.9 16.2 15.6 8.6 18.8
A2 10.7 2.7 15.5 8.2 19.7
The results of Table 3 show that these two multi-helix anchors (A1 and A2) although have
identical lead section and shaft diameter, the results K T-total are significantly different. 1. This
result does not agree with the suggestions of empirical K T factors found in the literature (only
dependent of the shaft diameter).
The shaft contribution of the anchor A2 to the total anchor pullout capacity (10%) is less
important compared to the case of the anchor A1 (shaft resistance is 50% of total anchor pullout
capacity). Also, the K T value of the anchor A2, is considerably inferior to the one measured for
the anchor A1. This observation indicates that the K T value, for this case studied, is also dependent
on the load distribution along the anchor length (for multi-helix anchors with the shaft resistance
appreciably low, the K T value tends to decrease).
In the case of the anchor A1, in which the shaft resistance is equal to 50% of the total anchor
capacity, the K T-total value is similar to the K T helix section and to the K T shaft (Table 3).
In addition, Table 3 illustrates that the K T related to the helices (K T helix section) is similar for the
two tested anchors of identical lead sections that provided different results of helices pullout
capacities (59 and 128 kN). It shows that the K T helix section is more dependent on the geometry of the
lead section than on the final installation soil of the helices.
Table 3 also shows that the K T value of the top helix (K T H4) is less than a half of the K T value
of the bottom helices (K T H1+H2+H3). This fact demonstrates that the ratio between the top helixuplift capacity, and the torque resisted by this helix during installation is inferior compared to the
case of the bottom helices. Therefore, the addition of one more top helix in this case has caused an
increase in the installation torque more important than in the pullout capacity. This remark
indicates that the addition of new helices to the anchor shaft apparently reduces the K T value of the
helical anchor.
Comparison between anchor A1 and B1
One object of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of a helical anchor
configuration with the lead section of reduced diameter inrelation to the shaft part above the
helices. The anchors A1 and B1 (Figures 1) were installed at the same final depth of 15 meters as
shown in Figure 5. Figure 12 presents the results of the installation torque recorded at the anchorhead of the anchors A1 e B1. This figure shows that the final torque to install the anchor B1 is
33% larger than the necessary to install the anchor A1. Therefore, the shaft diameter of the inter-
helix space of the lead section influences the total torque.
This torque reduction is an advantage of the A1 configuration, because, if necessary, in this
case the anchor could penetrate deeper into the soil compared to the anchor of lead section with
larger diameter (anchor B1). Also, it could reduce the costs of the foundation.
The load x displacement curves of the tension load tests conducted on the anchors A1 and B1
are shown in Figure 13. The uplift capacity of the both anchors is similar. However, the first part
of the curves shows a superior shaft resistance of the anchor A1 (of lead section with reduced
diameter). Also, after the unloading procedure of the load tests, the permanent displacement of the
anchor A1 is around 10 mm inferior to the case of anchor B1. Probably, the gain in the shaft
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resistance of the anchor A1 is due to the reduction of the effect of the lead section installation on
the shaft capacity of the extension section (above the helices).
Figure 13: Load at anchor head versus displacement during the tension load test on A1
and B1.
Also, as the uplift capacity is the same for both anchors, and the final torque is 33% greater
for the anchor B1, the K T value of the anchor B1 (12.0 m-1) is smaller than the one of the anchorA1 (15.9 m
-1). This fact indicates that the shaft diameter of the lead section also influences the K T
value.
The anchor A1 provides similar capacity to the anchor B1, however the torque necessary to
install this anchor is inferior compared to anchor B1. These results show the better performance of
the configuration used to the anchor A1 compared to the anchor B1. However, more investigations
are needed to confirm this observation.
CONCLUSIONS
An innovative procedure to measure the installation torque resisted by the shaft and by the
lead section with helices was used for this investigation. This procedure allowed us to examine thevariables that affect the torque correlation factor of helical anchors, but future studies are needed
to validate these first findings presented in this paper.The following are the major conclusions of
this study.
1.
During the helical anchor installation, the torque resisted by the shaft part above the
helices increases as the anchor advances into the soil.
2. The ultimate pressure related to the top helix is a half of the results found for the bottom
helices. This occurs due to the more significant installation effect of the anchor on the soil
above the upper helices.
3.
The two instrumented multi-helix anchors, with identical lead section and shaft diameter,
but different embedment depth and surrounding soil, provide results of KT factorconsiderably different.
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4. The K T factor is much greater in the case in which the anchor shaft resistance is 50% of
the total anchor pullout capacity compared to the anchor case of very low shaft resistance.
5. This investigation showed that for this case of multi-helix anchor, the KT factor varies
with: (i) the load distribution along the anchor length (percentage of shaft resistance); (ii)the inter-helix shaft diameter; and (iii) the number of helices.
6. The anchor configuration with the lead section of reduced diameter is advantageous
compared to the case of the lead section with the same diameter of the extension shaft.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the Vercon Industrial, Brazil, and the Brazilian Agency
CAPES (Ministry of Education).
REFERENCES
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Tsuha, C.H.C., and Aoki, N. (2010) “Relationship between installation torque anduplift capacity of deep helical piles in sand,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.47,
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Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
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