A New Nation

A New Nation

Mr. OchoaUnit 3

Chapters

Unit 3: Washington’s America

Electoral College• Feb. 4, 1789 –

unanimously elected and re-elected in 1792

Farmers + Cities• U.S. Bank gave loans for

farming and agriculture for economic growth

• North = more factories• South = more farms

Unit 3: Washington’s America

Precedents• An act or decision that sets an example for

others to follow1) 1796, did not run for a third term – no one

sought 3rd term until 19402) Picked well-known leaders to serve in his cabinet

1) Sec. of State – Thomas Jefferson2) Sec. of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

Unit 3: Washington Challenges & Solutions

Debt• Total amount of money that a govt. owes to

others• U.S. borrowed massive amounts of money during

the revolution from countries + individuals• 1789 – 1791 = debt = 81, 497,000• Bond – certificate that promises to repay the

money loaned plus interest, on a certain date

Unit 3: Washington Challenges + Solutions

A Cabinet• Alexander Hamilton was head of Treasury• A.H. wanted to pay federal + state debt by purchasing

all bonds and issue new ones to pay off old ones• Madison opposed, said it would reward speculators

(someone who invests in a risky venture in the hopes of making a large profit)

• Compromise – Southerners got to place capital in the South (D.C.) and Congress voted to repay state debts


The National Bank & Courts• 1791 Hamilton urged congress to make a

national bank• Govt. deposited money from taxes in the bank– Issued paper money to pay the govt.’s bills + to

make loans to farmers + businesses to encourage economic growth


Whiskey Rebellion• Treasury taxed on all liquor made + sold in U.S.• Farmers refused to pay tax (compared it to Britain

taxing the colonies)• 1794 officials in W. Pennsylvania tried to collect tax

– farmers did not oblige • Farmers sang songs, tarred + feathered tax

collectors• Washington sent militia and farmers fled

Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, Solutions

Bullied by England and France (XYZ)• U.S. tried to remain neutral in French

Revolution • U.S. wanted to trade with both countries• British captured approx. 250 American ships• John Jay negotiated an agreement that called

for Britain to pay damages to ships and U.S. would pay debts owed


Bullied by England and France (XYZ) Cont.• France hated the treaty – thought is favored

Britain• French began seizing American ships• French sent 3 agents to offer a deal• Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyard

wanted $250,000 for himself + 10 million loan for France before peace talks began


Bullied by England and France (XYZ) Cont.• Diplomats informed Adams – called the agents

X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair)• Adams wanted to ignore war but he could not

ignore – strengthened Navy by building frigates (fast sailing ships w/ many guns)

Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, SolutionsAdam’s Bullies Back? Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien Act – President could expel any alien, or foreigner, thought to be dangerous to the country

• Sedition = stirring up rebellion against a govt.

• Sedition Act – can be fined or jailed if they criticized the govt. or its officials

• Republicans protested – thought it violated 1st amendment

Jefferson Pushes Back – States’ Rights! (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions)

• Jefferson encouraged states to nullify, or cancel, a law passed by federal govt.

• K.V.R. – claimed that each state “has an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional

• Alien + Sedition acts were changed or dropped

Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions

Debt…Still!• Still in major debt –

Jefferson wanted to lessen govt. power by reducing the federal budget

• Laissez Faire (leave alone)• Free Market – where

goods + services are exchanged w/ little regulation


Marbury vs. Madison• Marbury was judge appointed by Adams –

made appointment on last day in office• Republicans refused (unfair) – Jefferson

ordered Madison (Sec. of State) not to deliver papers

• Marbury sued Madison• Supreme Court ruled against Marbury


Marbury vs. Madison (Cont.)• Marshall stated the Judiciary Act was

unconstitutional • Constitution did not give the S.C. the right to

decide cases brought against federal officials• Precedent – S.C. power to decide whether laws

passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws it considered to be unconstitutional (judicial review)


Louisiana Purchase• America relied on city of New Orleans to help

ship goods• France gained control of Louisiana – Jefferson

worried Napoleon might invade N.A.• Jefferson wanted to buy N.O.– Wanted to use ports– Sent Robert Livingston + James Monroe to buy N.O.

and W. Florida, could spend up to 10 million


Louisiana Purchase Cont.• Haiti helped derail plan for empire in N.A.• France needed money to pay for wars in Europe• Talleyrand offered all of Louisiana for $ 15

million• L.P. lead to interest in the West, started new

relationship with France, and gave access to the sea


Lewis + Clark Expedition• Meriwether Lewis + William Clark picked 50 men (Corps of

Discovery)• 1804 started up the Missouri River from St. Louis (herds of buffalo,

deer, elk, + antelope)• Encountered N.A. and gave them gifts • In the winter they stayed with Mandans (N.D.)• Sacagawea + her husband agreed to explore as translators• Met Shoshones (one was Sacagawea’s brother), gave them food +

horses • Goals – study the geography, learn about Native nations, and bring

back useful information


War Drums (seas, trade, Tecumseh, Hawks)• Seas – used to trade, 1784 Empress of China

1st American ship to trade with China• Pirates from Barbary States (along coast of

North Africa) – attacked ships, U.S. paid tribute or bribes to B.S.

• Trade - 1803 Britain and France went to war again


War Drums (seas, trade, Tecumseh, Hawks) Cont.• Britain stopped vessels again• Jefferson wanted an embargo (ban on trade)• Embargo Act – ban on foreign trade– hurt France + Britain + U.S.

• Imports included sugar, tea, molasses cut off exports dropped by 80 million in 1yr.

• Tecumseh – N.A. land was being taken


• Tecumseh vowed to keep plan, believed that American (white) customs corrupted the N.A. way of life

• Organized N.A. nations into a confederation (league)

• Harrison marched 1,000 soldiers against Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek

• N.A. were defeated• Britain had relations with N.A. sold guns + ammo


• War Hawks – members of Congress from South + West who wanted war

• Madison did not want war

• Henry Clay most famous War Hawk

Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812

Early Days of the War• Unprepared for war –

Jefferson reduced spending on defense

• Navy only had 16 ships, officers knew little about warfare

• Govt. voted to give soldiers cash + land poorly trained

• Fighting at sea – British Navy blockaded American ports to stop American trade


War in the West• Invasion of Canada – William Hull moved

American troops into Canada from Detroit• British had few soldiers but gave them

redcoats to make them appear more trained, scare tactics worked, Hull retreated

• Battle of Lake Erie (1813) – Americans wanted control of the lake – Oliver Perry built ships


• Perry’s ship was beaten – rowed to another ship + continued fighting – America won the battle

• Native American Losses – British + Tecumseh retreated from Detroit to Canada– Henry Harrison pursued them + won the battle of

the Thames– Tecumseh died – Indian Confederation fell apart


Final Battles• British Burn Washington (1814) – British

troops were 30 miles from D.C.• American troops met them at Bladensburg,

Maryland, Americans offered little resistance• British set fire to the White House


• Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson was waiting for British– Army contained Choctaw Native Americans – built trenches– Jan. 8, 1815 – British attacked 2,000 British were killed –

only 7 Americans• African Americans in War – volunteers helped defend

Philadelphia– NY organized two regiments of black volunteers to serve in

the army– Fought in Navy, Battle of Lake Erie


Peace• Treaty of Ghent (1814) –

Belgium• Agreed to restore pre-

war conditions– Nothing about

impressments or neutrality

Unit 3: Monroe Challenges, Solutions

Era of Good Feelings• 1816 – James Monroe

became President– Hoped to create a new sense

of national unity– Newspaper wrote it was

entering a new era

Monroe Doctrine• Prussia, France, Russia, + Austria

wanted to crush any revolution in Latin America

• Monroe declared that the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or existing colonies of the European nations

• U.S. would oppose any attempt to build new colonies in the Americas

• Keep European powers out of the W. Hemisphere

Unit 3: Monroe Challenges, Solutions

Slavery – Missouri Compromise• 1819 – 11 free states + 11 slave states– Congress considered Missouri’s application to join

Union as slave state (would give south majority in Senate)

– Northerners opposed, debate ensued – Maine wanted to join and be free• Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise• Keep equal slave and non slave states

Unit 3: J.Q. Adams Challenges, Solutions

A Messy Election (1824)• 4 Major Republican Candidates – John Quincy Adams, Henry

Clay, Andrew Jackson, + William Crawford• Jackson won popular vote, but no one won a majority, or

than half, of the electoral votes• Results – H of R had to pick President, Clay automatically out

because he was fourth place• Clay was speaker of the house, urged members to vote for

Adams• Adams in return named Clay Sec. of State – Jackson furious

“corrupt bargain” – Constitution was followed

Unit 3: Jackson Challenges and Solutions

Indian Fighter and General• National attention for

victory at Battle of New Orleans

• Defeated Creek Indians • Gained land in Georgia and

Alabama• Jackson was relentless

The Democratic Party & Populism

• Jackson fired many employees + put in his supporters

• Critics did not agree• Jackson believed he was

allowing more citizens taking part in govt.

• “To the victor belong the spoils”


Fight over the National Bank (Fed)• Jackson thought bank was too powerful– Controlled loans by state banks– Decided when to cut back on loans, angered

farmers + merchants– Run by private bankers, Jackson thought they got

rich with public funds– Jackson disliked Nick Biddle – Biddle worried Jackson will destroy the bank


• Senators Clay + Webster devised a plan– Bank charters was up for renewal in 1836– Clay + Webster advised Biddle to apply early– Believed Americans supported bank and might not vote

for Jackson– Renewal passed – Jackson vetoed

• Jackson believed bank was unconstitutional, the bank helped aristocrats at the expense of the common people

• Jackson won election = the bank closed


The Indian Removal Act• 1830 forced many Native

Americans to move W. of the Mississippi

• 15,000 Cherokees Westward – many died – Trail of Tears

Unit 3: Van Buren Challenges and Solutions

The Panic of 1837 “Thanks, Andy!”• Causes – 1830s govt. sold millions of acres of

public land in the West– Speculators bought land hoping to make a profit– They used bank loans – the U.S. Bank closed– State banks could lend money without limit• To meet demand, print more money• Depression – 90% of factories closed

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A New Nation

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