Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 129-141, October-December 2017
129 | P a g e Website: www.mjbas.com
A Novel Method to Improve Strength of Concrete by Using Metal Crush
Khandare Ishwar1, Patil Ashwini
2 and Chavan Nitin T
3
1UG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, SJRIT, Dondaicha, M.S., India 2UG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, SJRIT, Dondaicha, M.S., India
3Engineer, Cosmo Infrasolutions, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Article Received: 09 October 2017 Article Accepted: 27 November 2017 Article Published: 13 December 2017
1. INTRODUCTION
Metal crush is small pieces of metal, which is generally obtained from various human activities such as drilling,
plumbing, etc. Workshop is the main important source of metal crush. In workshop lots amount metal crush wasted
and for reuse of this metal crush mining is required hence this process is made costlier.
Metal crush
1.1. Literature Survey
Cement
Cement is binding material in the cement concrete. This concrete is used for different engineering woks strength
and durability are of prime importance. Good cement should satisfy all the requirements as per I.S. specifications.
The cement used is 53 grades (Ordinary Portland Cement).
AB ST R ACT
Cement is the homogeneous combination of water, cement, and fine aggregate, course aggregate which is sets, hardens and acquires strength. Each
and every ingredient plays essential role in attaining the specified compressive strength of concrete. The experimental results of your research on
plain cement with waste metal smash from companies, workshops, and many others. Designed concrete mix having proportion as 1: one particular. 5:
3 with described properties of concrete as per Indian Standards (IS) in experimental study. Concrete floor cube specimens are examined for analysis
of compressive strength. The concrete shows excellent strength with 45%, 65%, 75%, 85% and 100% by adding even just the teens metal crush of
mud. This project may play an important role in the further development in the field of civil design. It will help to improve strength of cement than the
regular power of concrete. The compressive test is performed by pouring this concrete combine in the typical sized block out which measures
15x15x15cm.The effect of water concrete ratio on hardened properties of cement concrete with adding metal crush. Designed mix having proportion
as 1:1.5:3 with water cement proportion of 0. 42 and 0. 45 respectively can be used in experimental study. Concrete floor cubes specimens are
analyzed for analysis of compressive strength.
Keywords: Cement, Compressive Strength, Waste metal smash, Indian Standards (IS) and Typical sized block.
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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130 | P a g e Website: www.mjbas.com
1.2 Function of cement
1. It fills up voids existing in the fine aggregate and makes the concrete impermeable.
2. It provides strength to concrete on setting and hardening.
3. It binds the aggregate into a solid mass by virtue of its setting and hardening.
4. It binds the aggregate into a solid mass by virtue of its setting and hardening properties when mixed with water.
1.3 Aggregate
In the cement concrete, to provide good quality of concrete aggregate is used in two groups
• Fine aggregate (sand):- particle size less than 4.75mm
• Coarse aggregate: - particle size than 4.75mm.
Fine aggregate (sand)
Sand consists of small angular or rounded grains of silica. Sand is commonly used as the fine aggregate in cement
concrete. Both natural and artificial sands for this purpose.
1.4 Functions of fine aggregate (sand)
1. It fills voids existing in the coarse aggregate.
2. It reduces shrinkage and cracking of concrete.
3. By varying the proportion of sand concrete can be prepared economically for any required strength
4. It helps in hardening of cement by allowing the water to pass through its voids.
5. To form hard mass of silicates as it is believed that some chemical reaction takes place between silica of sand and
constituents of cement.
1.5 Requirement
1. Fine aggregate should consist of coarse angular sharp and hard grains.
2. It must be free from clay, silt and hygroscopic salt.
3. It should not contain any organic matter.
4. It should be strong and durable and chemically inert.
5. The size of sand grains should pass through 4.75mm IS sieve and should be entirely retained on 75 micron IS
sieve.
1.6 Coarse aggregate
Function
1. Coarse aggregate makes solid and hard mass of concrete with cement and sand.
2. It increases the crushing strength of concrete.
3. It reduces the cost of concrete, since it occupies major volume.
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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131 | P a g e Website: www.mjbas.com
1.7 Sources
1. Coarse aggregate used may be crushed stone, gravel and broken bricks. Crushed stone is an excellent coarse
aggregate provided. It is obtained by crushing granite, sand stone and close grained lime stone.
2. Crushed granite chips are commonly and advantageously used in reinforced cement concrete.
3. Brocken bricks well burnt and over burnt bricks are broken into suitable size and used as aggregate for concrete
in foundations and under floors.
4. But generally crushed stone is only used as coarse aggregate
1.8 Water
The water is used in concrete plays an important part in the mixing, laying compaction setting and hardening of
concrete. The strength of concrete directly depends on the quantity and quality of water is used in the mix.
1.9 Functions
1. Water is only the ingredient that reacts chemically with cement and thus setting and hardening takes place.
2. Water acts as a lubricant for the aggregate and makes the concrete workable.
3. It facilitates the spreading f cement over the fine aggregate.
2. TEST PERFORMED ON MATERIAL USED IN PREPARING CONCRETE
2.1 Test performed on material used in preparing concrete
1) SILT CONTENT TEST
2) SIEVE ANALYSIS
3) WATER ABSORPTION
4) SLUM CONE TEST
2.2 Slump Cone Test
The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures the
consistency of the specific batch. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. The test
is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. Unfortunately, the simplicity of the test
often allow a wide variability in the manner that the test is performed. The slump test is used to ensure uniformly
for different batches of similar concrete under filed condition. In Indian this test is conducted as per IS
specification.
Slump class Slump in mm
Road 0-25
Foundation /light reinforcement 10-25
Normal reinforcement 50-90
High workable concrete >100
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2.3 Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of aggregate is define as the ratio of equal volume of aggregate to the equal volume of water. In the
concrete technology, specific gravity of aggregate is used in design calculation of concrete mixes. With specific
gravity of each constituents known, its weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of
concrete per unit volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the factor in
connection with workability measurement. Specific gravity of aggregate is required to be considered when we deal
with light weight and heavy weight of concrete. The average specific gravity of rock varies from 2.6 to 2.8.
The following table shows specific gravity of different materials used in concrete mix.
NAME OF MATERIAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Coarse aggregate 20mm 2.61
Coarse aggregate 12mm 2.53
Coarse aggregate 06mm 2.66
Fine aggregate 2.60
Stone dust 2.65
Cement 3.15
2.4 Sieve Analysis
This is a process of dividing the sample of aggregate into varies fractions, consisting of particle of same size. Under
such assisting, lines can be placed at equal interval to represent successive sieve, the aggregate used for making
concrete having size greater than 4.75mm is termed as coarse aggregate and that less than 4.75mm is termed as fine
aggregate.
The following limits may be considered
TYPES OF SAND FINENESS MODULUS (F.M)
Fine sand 2.2-2.6
Medium sand 2.6-2.9
Coarse sand 2.9-3.2
NOTE: - Sand having fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.
2.5 Water Absorption
Some of the aggregate have pours. Porosity and absorption of aggregate affect the water/cement ratio and
workability of concrete. The porosity of aggregate will also affect the durability of concrete when the concrete is
subjected to freezing. The water absorption of aggregate is determined by measuring increase in weight of oven
dried sample when immersed in water for 24 hours. The ratio of increasing weight to the weight of dry sample is
expressed as the water absorption of aggregate, but when we deal with concrete, 24 hours of absorption may not be
of such significance, on the other hand, percentage of water absorption during the time interval is equal to the final
setting of cement may be more significant. The rate and amount of absorption within a time interval is equal to final
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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setting of cement which will only be a significant factor than 24 hours of absorption of aggregate in extra water to
an added to the concrete mix.
NAME OF MATERIAL % OF WATER ABSORPTION
Coarse aggregate 20mm 2.04
Coarse aggregate 12mm 1.01
Coarse aggregate 06mm 1.01
Fine aggregate 3.03
2.6 Silt Content Test
For this purpose, a measuring jar of 250ml capacity is required. Fill the jar till 50ml it approximately 1% solution of
common salt in water. Add sand to be tested till the level of common salt solution reaches 100ml marking and
shake the jar vigorously until the silt goes into suspension. Keep the jar at a place where there is no possibility of
getting jerks or vibrations. The reading of settled silt and clean sand should be taken either after one hour or three
hours. The percentage of silt can be calculated as follows:
Percentage of Silt by Volume
X 100
OR
%SILT X 100
Where,
V2 = volume of silt after three hours
V1 =volume of sample
Percentage of silt in sand = 1.1%
Indian Standard Recommended Method of Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262-1982)
The Bureau of Indian Standard recommended a set of procedure for design of concrete mix mainly based on the
work dine in national laboratories. The mix design procedures are covered in IS 10262-1982. The methods given
can be applied for both medium strength and high strength concrete. Before we proceed with describing this
method step by step, the following short coming in this method is pointed out. Some of them have arisen in view of
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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the revision of IS 456-2000. The procedures of concrete mix design needs revision and at this point of time (2000
AD) a committee has been formed to look into the matter of Mix Design.
i. The strength of cement as available in the country today has greatly improved since the 28- days strength of
cement is to be reviewed.
ii. The graph connecting different strength of cement and W/C is to be reestablished.
iii. The graph connecting 28-days compressive strength of concrete and W/C ratio is to be extended up to 80 Mpa,
if this graph is to cater for high strength concrete.
iv. As per the revision of IS 456-2000, the degree of workability is expressed in terms of slump instead of
compacting factor. This result in change in values in estimating approximate sand and water contents for normal
concrete up to 35 Mpa and high strength concrete above 35 Mpa.
v. In view of the above and other changes made In the revision of IS 456-2000, the mix design procedure as
recommended in IS 10262-1982 is required to be modified to the extent considered necessary and examples of mix
design is worked out. However, in the absence of revision of Indian Standard on method of mix Design, the existing
method i.e., IS 10262-1982 is describe below step by step.
Wherever it is possible, the new information given in IS 456-2000 has been incorporated and the procedure is
modified to that context.
2.7 Strength of Concrete
There are two different types of concrete mixing:-
1. Manual Mixing (Hand Mixing)
2. Mechanical Mixing (Machine Mixing)
2.8 Manual Mixing
The following procedure is required to be followed for manual mixing of concrete:-
• Spread out the required quantity of sand evenly on the mixing platform.
• Unload the cement on the sand and spread it uniformly over the sand.
• Mix the sand and cement with shovels. Turn the mixing over and over till it is of even color throughout and free
from streaks of brown and grey. Presence of streaks indicates that materials are not mixed properly.
• The mixture of sand and cement is spread and measured, quantity of coarse aggregate are now uniformly spread
over the sand-cement layer.
• Mix the material with a shovel from centre to side and then from side to centre and back to side. The materials are
blended together by turning them over again by twist of wrist.
• The mixture is further spread making a hollow in the centre of pile to receive water.
• 75% of the total water requirement is poured into the hollow portion and simultaneous materials are turned
towards the centre with a shovel. The materials are gradually turned and mixed with a shovel. The materials are
gradually turned and mixed with remaining quantity of water.
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• The mixing continues till the color of mix and consistency of mix are uniform throughout the heap.
2.9 Curing of Concrete
Curing may be defined as the operation of maintaining humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete during
some definite period following placing. Casting or finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of the cement (or other
compendious material) and proper hardening of the concrete. In other word, curing is process of keeping the
concrete moist and warm enough so that the complete hydration of cement can take place. To achieve proper curing
of concrete, following requirements should be fulfilled:-
• The preservation of adequate water content in the concrete, which is essential of hydration.
• The maintenance of uniform temperature in whole mass of concrete.
2.10 Following are the Objectives of Curing
• To maintain sufficient moisture content in the concrete for complete hydration of cement.
• To maintain uniform temperature of the concrete.
• To reduce shrinkage of the concrete.
• To preserve the properties of concrete, such as impermeability, durability and strength etc.
2.11 Methods of Curing
• Water Curing
• Membrane Curing
• Application of Heat
• Miscellaneous method
2.12 Curing and its Effects
Curing means the process of hardening the concrete mix by keeping its surface moist for certain period after
compaction. It is one of the important factor for obtaining better strength of concrete. The concrete harden
because of chemical reaction between water and cement. The chemical reaction which accompanies the setting of
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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concrete depends on the presence of water. The sufficient quantity of water is required to enable the chemical
action to continue till the concrete is fully hardened. Hence the properties of concrete such as strength, water
tightness, durability, wear resistance and volume stability improves with of time. Hence concrete must not be
allowed to dry for a certain period. Good curing keeps the concrete wet and result in optimum strength.
2.13 Testing of Concrete Cubes
Testing of concrete plays an important role in controlling and confirming the quality of concrete work. Systematic
testing of raw material, fresh concrete and hardened concrete are inseparable part of any quality control program
for material used and greater assurance of the program of the concrete with regard to both strength and durability.
One of the purposes of testing concrete is to confirm that the concrete used at site has a developed the required
strength. As the hardening of concrete takes time, one will not come to know the actual strength of concrete for
some time. This is an inherent disadvantage in conventional test. But, if strength of concrete is to be known at an
early period, accelerated strength test can be carried out to predict 28 day‟s strength. But, mostly, when correct
materials are used and careful steps are taken at every stage of the work, concrete normally gives the required
strength. The strength also has a deterring effect on those responsible for construction works. The result on the
hardened concrete even if they are know late, help to reveal the quality of concrete and enable adjustment to be
made in the production of further concretes. Tests are made by casting cubes or cylinder from the representative‟s
concrete or cores cut from the actual concrete. It is to be remembered that the standard compression test specimen
gives a measure of the potential strength of the concrete, and not of the strength of concrete in structure.
Compressive strength is carried to determine the compressive strength of concrete cubes. It is the most test
conducted on the hardened concrete, partly because it is on easy test to perform and partly because most of the
desirable characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength. The compressive
test is carried out on cube specimen of the size 15 x 15 x 15 cm. concrete ingredients are filled in to the mould in
three layers and each layer is compacted by tamping rod for not less than 25 blows or by using vibrator. Same
specimens are tested after 7 days (168 hrs.) and (672 hrs) the days/hrs, being measured from the water is added to
the dry ingredients.
3. RESULTS
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4. CONCLUSION
Concrete is the homogeneous blend of water, bond, and fine total, course total which is sets, solidifies and gets
quality. Every single fixing assumes key part in achieving the predetermined compressive quality of cement. The
exploratory consequences of your examination on plain concrete bond with waste metal crush from organizations,
workshops, and numerous others. Planned solid blend having extent as 1: one specific. 5: 3 with portrayed
properties of concrete according to INDIAN STANDARDS (IS) in trial study. Solid floor 3D shape examples are
analyzed for examination of compressive quality. The solid shows superb quality with 45%, 65%, 75%, 85% and
100% by including even only the high schoolers metal squash of mud. This task may assume a vital part in the
further advancement in the field of common configuration. It will enhance quality of bond than the customary force
of cement. The compressive test is performed by pouring this solid consolidate in the common estimated obstruct
out which measures 15x15x15cm. The impact of water solid proportion on solidified properties of bond cement
with including metal squash. outlined blend having extent as 1: 1. 5: 3 with water concrete extent of 0. 42 and 0. 45
separately can be utilized as a part of test study. Solid floor blocks examples are broke down for investigation of
compressive quality.
31.57
33.47
MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE
M30(REGULAR)
M30(MIX DESIGN
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