A N
OV
EL P
OTE
NTI
AL
ING
RED
IEN
T FO
R
FUN
CTI
ON
AL
FOO
DS:
P
UN
ICA
LAG
INS
of P
OM
EGR
AN
ATE
S
ITU
Ista
nbu
lTec
hn
ical
Un
iver
sity
Dep
artm
ent
of F
ood
Eng
inee
rin
g
Art
emis
KA
RA
ALİ
Neş
e ŞA
HİN
, M
ine
GÜ
LTEKİN
2n
dIn
tern
atio
nal
Con
gres
son
Fu
nct
ion
alFo
ods
and
Nu
trac
euti
cals
, 4-6
May
20
06
, İst
anbu
l
2
Out
line
of th
ePr
esen
tatio
n
Pom
egra
nate
Oth
erP
heno
licC
ompo
unds
in P
omeg
rana
tes
Phe
nolic
san
dH
ealth
Pun
ical
agin
sof
Pom
egra
nate
Exp
erim
enta
lStu
dyM
etho
dsR
esul
tsan
dD
iscu
ssio
nC
oncl
usio
n
3
Pom
egra
nate
(Punicagranatum
)
•Pom
egra
nate
is o
neof
the
olde
stkn
own
fruits
.•C
onsi
dere
da
holy
fruit
in th
eQ
uran
, and
grow
nin
Tur
key,
Iran
, Med
iterr
anea
n, M
iddl
eE
ast a
ndA
rabi
cco
untri
esan
dU
SA.
•Mai
nly
cons
umed
as fr
esh
fruit
(see
ds) o
rjui
ce.
•Che
mic
alco
mpo
sitio
ndi
ffers
depe
ndin
gon
cu
ltiva
r, gr
owin
gre
gion
(soi
land
clim
ate)
, ha
rves
tmat
urity
, cul
tura
lpra
ctic
es,
stor
age
perio
dan
dco
nditi
ons(
Tabl
es1
and
2).
0.61
gA
sh
16.5
7 g
Sug
ars
Valu
epe
r100
g
Prox
imat
es
0.6
gFi
ber
17.1
7 g
Car
bohy
drat
es0.
30g
Fat
0.95
gP
rote
in80
.97
gM
oist
ure
68 k
cal
Cal
orie
s
Tabl
e1.
Foo
dV
alue
Per 1
00 g
of E
dibl
ePo
rtion
(USD
A N
utrit
iona
lNut
rient
Dat
abas
efo
rSta
ndar
d R
efer
ence
, 200
5).
3 m
gM
agne
sium
259
mg
Pot
assi
um3
mg
Sod
ium
0.3
mg
Iron
8 m
gP
hosp
horu
s
3 m
gC
alci
um
Valu
epe
r100
g
Min
eral
s
0.59
6 m
gP
anto
then
icac
id
0.10
5 m
gV
itB
6
Vita
min
s
4.6
mcg
Vit
K0.
6 m
gV
itE
108
IUP
roV
itA
6.1
mg
Asc
orbi
cA
cid
0.3
mg
Nia
cin
0.03
mg
Rib
ofla
vin
0.03
mg
Thia
min
eLi
pids
50 m
cgα-
Car
oten
e40
mcg
Β-C
arot
ene
Oth
ers
0.06
3 g
Fatty
acid
s, to
tal
poly
unsa
tura
ted
0.03
8 g
Fatty
acid
s, to
tal
satu
rate
d
Tabl
e2.
Foo
dV
alue
Per 1
00 g
of E
dibl
ePo
rtion
(USD
A N
utrit
iona
lNut
rient
Dat
abas
efo
rSta
ndar
d R
efer
ence
, 200
5).
6
Phen
olic
sof
Pom
egra
nate
s
Pom
egra
nate
sar
equ
iteric
hin
hyd
roly
sabl
eta
nnin
san
dan
thoc
yani
ns.
Maj
orhy
drol
ysab
leta
nnin
sin
pom
egra
nate
sar
ega
llota
nnin
s, e
llagi
cac
idta
nnin
san
dga
llagy
ltan
nins
(thes
ear
ete
rmed
“pun
ical
agin
”s).
7
Phe
nolic
com
poun
dsha
vebe
ensh
own
toac
tas
free
radi
cals
cave
nger
san
dto
have
antio
xida
ntac
tivity
.H
owev
er, t
heir
bioa
vaila
bilit
ies
and
the
exac
tm
echa
nism
of th
eira
ctio
nin
the
hum
anbo
dy is
not
yet
to
tally
eluc
idat
ed.
Ita
subj
ects
tillu
nder
wid
esc
ient
ific
inve
stig
atio
n.
Phen
olic
sof
Pom
egra
nate
s
8
Pol
yphe
nols
wer
esh
own
toha
veth
eab
ility
toin
hibi
tlo
w-d
ensi
tylip
opro
tein
(LD
L) o
xida
tion
and
mac
roph
age
foam
cell
form
atio
n. T
here
fore
they
are
hypo
thes
ized
toha
ve:
Ant
i-ath
erog
enic
effe
cts,
redu
cing
the
inci
denc
eof
ca
rdio
-vas
cula
rand
cere
bro-
vasc
ular
dise
ases
(Kul
karn
iet
al.,
200
4, L
iet a
l., 2
006)
.A
ntip
rolif
erat
ive
activ
ityag
anis
tora
l, co
lon
and
pros
tate
canc
ers
(See
ram
, et a
l., 2
005)
, re
duci
ngca
ncer
mor
talit
y(K
ulka
rnie
t al.,
200
4, L
iet a
l, 20
06).
Hea
lthC
laim
sfo
rPol
yphe
nols
9
•Apo
ptop
icef
fect
sag
anis
thum
anco
lon
canc
erce
lls(S
eera
m, e
t al.,
200
5).
•The
rape
utic
effe
cton
col
ic, c
oliti
s, d
iarr
hea,
dy
sent
ery,
leuc
orrh
ea, m
enor
rhag
ia, o
xyur
iasi
s,
para
lysi
s, re
ctoc
ele
and
head
ache
(Sch
uber
tet a
l.,
1999
).•T
hera
peut
icef
fect
on in
fect
ion
of m
ale
orfe
mal
ese
xual
orga
ns, m
astit
is, a
cne
(Sin
ghet
al.,
200
2).
•Ant
ivira
lact
ivity
agan
istg
enita
lher
pes
viru
s(S
ingh
et
al.,
2002
).
Hea
lthC
laim
sfo
rPol
yphe
nols
10
•Fur
ther
ther
apeu
ticac
tions
such
as v
erm
ifuga
l, ta
enic
idal
, ast
ringe
nt, a
ntis
pasm
odic
, ant
iyhs
teric
, di
uret
ic, c
arm
inat
ive,
sud
ofiri
c, g
alac
togo
gue,
em
men
agog
ue(S
chub
erte
t al.,
199
9).
•Fol
licul
itis,
pie
, alle
rgic
derm
atiti
s, ty
mpa
nitis
, di
arrh
ea, d
ysen
tery
(Sin
ghet
al.,
200
2).
•Neu
ropr
otec
tive
effe
cts
thro
ugh
impr
ovin
glip
idpr
ofile
sin
dia
betic
patie
nts
(Sch
uber
tet a
l., 1
999)
.
Hea
lthC
laim
sfo
rPol
yphe
nols
11Fi
gure
1.C
hem
ical
stru
ctur
eof
pun
ical
agin
s(G
ilet
al.,
200
0).
Puni
cala
gins
of P
omeg
rana
tes
•The
new
term
inve
nted
for
pom
egra
nate
tann
ins
is
“pun
ical
agin
s”.
•Itis
foun
dto
be q
uite
abun
dant
in
the
pom
egra
nate
juic
e(<
2g/L
). •It
is a
sup
erio
rant
ioxi
dant
resp
onsi
ble
fort
hefre
e-ra
dica
lsc
aven
ging
abilit
yof
the
pom
egra
nate
juic
e.
12
Oth
erPh
enol
icC
ompo
unds
in
Pom
egra
nate
s
•Ella
gic
acid
deriv
ates
•Ant
hocy
anin
s(D
elph
inid
in, c
yani
din,
pel
argo
nidi
n3-
gluc
osid
e, 3
,5-d
iglu
cosi
des)
Figu
re2
.Che
mic
alSt
ruct
ure
of E
llagi
cAc
id(G
ilet
al.,
200
0).
13Expe
rimen
talS
tudy
MAT
ERIA
LS:
Pom
egra
nate
s: p
eela
ndse
edex
tract
s
Juic
es: F
resh
juic
epr
epar
edin
the
labo
rato
ryC
omm
erci
alju
ice
sam
ple
Pee
lpow
der
See
dp
owd
eraf
ter
rem
oval
of f
atty
mat
ter
Peel
ing
pom
egra
nate
sPe
elin
gpo
meg
rana
tes
Extr
actio
nof
ant
ioxi
dant
frac
tions
in m
etha
nol
Extr
actio
nof
ant
ioxi
dant
frac
tions
in m
etha
nol
Filtr
atio
nan
dco
ncen
trat
ion
unde
rvac
uum
(40C
)Fi
ltrat
ion
and
conc
entr
atio
nun
derv
acuu
m(4
0C)
1. F
orPo
meg
rana
teSe
edan
dPe
elSa
mpl
es(S
ingh
et a
l., 2
002)
.Met
hods
Pres
sing
and
extr
actin
gth
eju
ice
loca
lised
in s
acs/
com
mer
cial
juic
ePr
essi
ngan
dex
trac
ting
the
juic
elo
calis
edin
sac
s/co
mm
erci
alju
ice
Cen
trifu
ging
for2
min
at 1
400
rpm
Cen
trifu
ging
for2
min
at 1
400
rpm
Peel
ing
Peel
ing
2. F
orPo
meg
rana
teJu
ice
Sam
ple
(Gil
et a
l., 2
000)
3. “
Phen
olic
prof
iling
”: A
naly
sis
of In
divi
dual
Phen
olic
Com
poun
dsby
HPL
C
(Sin
ghet
al.,
200
2 an
dG
ilet
al.,
200
0)
20 µ
l sam
ple
inje
cted
into
HPL
C e
quip
ped
with
PAD
ded
ecto
r, C
18 s
upel
cosi
lcol
umn
(5 µ
m p
artic
lesi
ze)
Solv
entA
:3%
ace
ticac
id+9
7% w
ater
Solv
entB
: 3%
ace
ticac
id+2
5% a
ceto
nitr
ile+7
2% w
ater
20 µ
l sam
ple
inje
cted
into
HPL
C e
quip
ped
with
PAD
ded
ecto
r, C
18 s
upel
cosi
lcol
umn
(5 µ
m p
artic
lesi
ze)
Solv
entA
:3%
ace
ticac
id+9
7% w
ater
Solv
entB
: 3%
ace
ticac
id+2
5% a
ceto
nitr
ile+7
2% w
ater
Extr
acts
diss
olve
din
M
eOH
:Wat
er(6
:4 v
/v)
Extr
acts
diss
olve
din
M
eOH
:Wat
er(6
:4 v
/v)
Cen
trifu
ged
Juic
ein
MeO
H:W
ater
(6:4
v/v
) C
entr
ifuge
dJu
ice
inM
eOH
:Wat
er(6
:4 v
/v)
Peel
and
seed
extr
acts
Peel
and
seed
extr
acts
Dis
solv
ing
in M
eOH
:Wat
er(6
:4 v
/v)
Dis
solv
ing
in M
eOH
:Wat
er(6
:4 v
/v)
Sam
ple
(300
µl)+
10 fo
ld-d
ilutio
nw
ithFC
reag
ent(
1.5
ml)+
7.5%
Na2
C03
(1.2
ml)
Sam
ple
(300
µl)+
10 fo
ld-d
ilutio
nw
ithFC
reag
ent(
1.5
ml)+
7.5%
Na2
C03
(1.2
ml)
Stan
ding
for1
.5 h
at r
oom
tem
pera
ture
Stan
ding
for1
.5 h
at r
oom
tem
pera
ture
Abs
orba
nce
mea
sure
men
tat 7
65 n
mby
UV-
visi
ble
spec
trop
hoto
met
erA
bsor
banc
em
easu
rem
enta
t 765
nm
byU
V-vi
sibl
esp
ectr
opho
tom
eter
4. D
eter
min
atio
nof
Tot
al P
heno
ls(F
olin
-Cio
calte
uM
etho
d, S
ingh
et a
l., 2
002)
.
Juic
eJu
ice
5. D
eter
min
atio
nof
Ant
ioxi
dant
Act
ivity
(DPP
H M
etho
d, M
oren
oet
al.,
199
8)
100 µl
ext
ract
s/ju
ice
+ 3.
9 m
l DPP
H s
olut
ion
100 µl
ext
ract
s/ju
ice
+ 3.
9 m
l DPP
H s
olut
ion
Vigo
urou
sM
ixin
gVi
gour
ous
Mix
ing
Stan
ding
for3
0 m
inat
room
tem
pera
ture
Stan
ding
for3
0 m
inat
room
tem
pera
ture
Abs
orba
nce
mea
sure
men
tat 5
15 n
mby
UV-
visi
ble
spec
trop
hoto
met
er(%
of r
adic
alsc
aven
ged
byte
st s
ampl
e)
Abs
orba
nce
mea
sure
men
tat 5
15 n
mby
UV-
visi
ble
spec
trop
hoto
met
er(%
of r
adic
alsc
aven
ged
byte
st s
ampl
e)
19
Tota
l Ph
enol
icC
onte
nts
Tabl
e2.
Phen
olic
cont
ento
f pom
egra
nate
peel
san
dse
edex
tract
s
galli
cac
ideq
uiva
lent
3.1
46.5
Phe
nolic
s(m
g/g)
2.88
See
d48
.66
Pee
l
Phe
nolic
s(m
g/g)
(Sin
ghet
al.,
200
2)P
omeg
rana
te
Res
ult
san
dD
iscu
ssio
n
20
Tota
l Ph
enol
icC
onte
nts
Figu
re5.
Tota
l phe
nolc
onte
ntof
pom
egra
nate
peel
and
seed
extra
cts.
tota
l phe
nolic
con
tent
01020304050
mg GA/g
peel
seed
21
galli
cac
ideq
uiva
lent
2480
1860
Phen
olic
s(m
g/L)
2161
.88
2426
.39
Fres
hju
ice
2941
.01
C
omm
erci
alju
ice
Phen
olic
s(m
g/L)
(Alp
er e
t. A
l., 2
005,
G
ilet
al.,
200
0).
Pom
egra
nate
Tabl
e3
.Phe
nolic
cont
ent
of p
omeg
rana
teju
ices
.
Tota
l Ph
enol
icC
onte
nts
22
Tota
l Ph
enol
icC
onte
nts
Figu
re6.
Tota
l phe
nolc
onte
ntof
pom
egra
nate
juic
es*h
ydro
stat
icpr
essu
reus
edin
the
com
mer
cial
prod
ucts
crus
hes
the
who
lefru
it,ex
tract
ing
also
the
ella
gita
nnin
sin
the
peel
s
tota
l phe
nolic
con
tent
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
mg GA/L
fresh
juic
e
com
mer
cial
juic
e
23
Rad
ical
Scav
engi
ng
Act
ivit
y
12.2
at 2
5 pp
m54
.0 a
t 25
ppm
Ant
ioxi
dant
Act
ivity
(%)
23.2
at 1
00 p
pmS
eed
81.0
at 5
0 pp
mP
eel
Ant
ioxi
dant
Act
ivity
(%)
(Sin
ghet
al.,
200
2)P
omeg
rana
te
Tabl
e4
.Ant
ioxi
dant
activ
ityof
pom
egra
nate
seed
and
peel
exra
cts
24
Antio
xidan
t Acti
vity
0102030405060 % scavenging activity
peel
seed
Rad
ical
Scav
engi
ng
Act
ivit
y
Figu
re7.
Antio
xida
ntac
tivity
of p
omeg
rana
tepe
elan
dse
edex
tract
s.
25
Rad
ical
Scav
engi
ng
Act
ivit
y
Tabl
e5
.Ant
ioxi
dant
activ
ityof
pom
egra
nate
juic
es.
54.8
at 5
mg/
mL
32.5
at 5
mg/
mL
Ant
ioxi
dant
Act
ivity
(%)
-Fr
esh
juic
e26
.4
Com
mer
cial
juic
e
Ant
ioxi
dant
Act
ivity
(%)
(Gil
et a
l., 2
000)
Pom
egra
nate
26
Rad
ical
Scav
engi
ng
Act
ivit
y:
Antio
xida
nt A
ctiv
ity
0102030405060
% scavenging activity
Figu
re8.
Antio
xida
ntac
tivity
of p
omeg
rana
teju
ices
*hyd
rost
atic
pres
sure
used
in th
eco
mm
erci
alpr
oduc
tscr
ushe
sth
ew
hole
fruit,
extra
ctin
gal
soth
eel
lagi
tann
ins
in th
epe
els
Fres
hju
ice
Com
mer
cial
juic
e
27
Ph
enol
icP
rofi
ling
Figu
re3.
Phen
olic
com
posi
tion
of fr
esh
pom
egra
nate
juic
e.
28Fi
gure
4.Ph
enol
icco
mpo
sitio
nof
com
mer
cial
pom
egra
nate
juic
e.
Ph
enol
icP
rofi
ling
29
Con
clu
sion
s
Pom
egra
nate
, ju
ice
and
othe
rpom
egra
nate
prod
ucts
prom
ise
toha
vehe
alth
-pro
mot
ing
effe
cts.
The
fact
orre
spon
sibl
efo
rthe
high
antio
xida
ntac
tivity
in th
epo
meg
rena
teis
term
ed“p
unic
alag
in”,
whi
chis
an
ella
gita
nnin
.
Pom
egra
nate
peel
sm
aybe
a ri
chso
urce
and
raw
mat
eria
lfor
natu
rala
ntio
xida
nts.
30
Ref
eren
ces
•Ano
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