A pevolreview

EVOLUTIONREVIEW

Chapters 22-24

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environmentfitness

Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chancesfor survival

adaptation

Describe the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution

Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act

Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival)

Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection)

Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past

All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

Change in a population over time

evolution

Differences among individuals within a species

Natural variation

Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms

Homologous structures

Organs that are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors

Vestigial organs

Preserved remains of an ancientorganism

fossil

Islands that Darwin visited on hisvoyage on the Beagle that startedhim thinking about how organismschange over time

Galapagos

One species of spotted skunk mates in late summer, and another mates in late winter. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation

temporal

http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif

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http://www.horton-szar.net/clipart/animals4.php

Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

Descent with Modifications

Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce

Survival of the Fittest

Type of distribution curve shown by

polygenic traitsBell-shaped curve(OR normal distribution)

Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF APHYSICAL ADAPTATION

Webbed feet, horns, antlers,claws, feathers, wings, camouflage,. . . . there are a million

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF ABEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION

Nocturnal (coming out at night);Flying south for the winter, living in herds,“wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation

When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population

Artificial selection

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Convergent evolution

Book published by Charles Darwinin which he proposed a mechanism and provided evidence for his Theory of Evolution

“On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection”

Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environmentsDivergent

evolution

The bones in the diagrams below are examples of

____________ structuresHomologous

http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive topublish his ideas about evolution bywriting an essay that described similarideas.

Alfred Russel Wallace

French naturalist who hypothesizedthat organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

Explain what was correct about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

First theory about evolution;Organisms do change and adapt to their environments

Genes determine which traits are passed on;unless genes are changed the acquired trait willonly show in the original organism

Male fireflies of one species signal females of the same species by blinking their lights in a specific pattern. Other firefly species have different patterns. This is an example of a _____ zygoticreproductive barrier called ______________ isolation

Behavioral

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http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/insects2.shtml

Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION

FossilsGeographic distributionHomologous structuresVestigial organsEmbryologyDNAPseudogenesArtificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases,

One species of garter snake is primarily aquatic, while another closely related species is primarily terrestrial. This is an example of a _____ zygoticreproductive barrier called ______________ isolation

Habitat

http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif

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http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/

The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor

Common descent

What Darwin called natural selection?

Survival of the fittest

Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of

____________Natural variation

The practice of breeding dogs toproduce offspring with specifictraits is an example of_________________artificial selection

A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________Vestigial organs

How would Lamarckexplain these giraffeswith longer necks?Giraffes stretched their necks to reach food in tall trees and this acquired characteristic is passed on to their offspring.


How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks?Populations naturally haveindividuals with differentsizes of necks(natural variation)The ones with longer necksare better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck alleles.


Evolutionary change on the smallest scale like new strains of HIV evolving from current HIV virus is called ______ evolution

Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the dominant allele in a Hardy Weinberg problem?

micro

p

According to this diagram, modernwhales have a vestigial pelvisand femur. What does this suggestabout ancestors of modern whales?

Ancestors of modern whales had legs and walked on land


The adaptations in species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galάpagos Islands were

different shaped _____________

beaks

Why did Darwin first hesitate to publish his ideas about evolution?

His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question

Change in the DNA sequence of anorganism due to mistakes in replication or damage from radiation or chemicals

hypothesis

mutation

Who is the scientist that proposedthe idea that forces which have beenchanging the Earth are still at work?

Charles Lyell

Who realized that human populationswere increasing and said eventuallythere would not be enough food andspace for everyone?

Thomas Malthus

Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _____________ evolution.

divergent

What do we call genes that havelost their function due to mutations?

pseudogenes

Tell one piece of evidence that suggests human chromosome #2 evolved by joining 2 smaller ancestor chromosomes.

Banding pattern matchesIt has telomeres in the middle instead of just at the ends.It has an extra inactive centromere instead of just one.

Give an example of homologous structures

Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper

Give an example of a pseudogene youlearned about

Vitamin C gene in primates,genes for “smell” in humans

A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ______________

Name the ship that Darwin spent 5 years on traveling around the world.

theory

H.M.S. Beagle

Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of that forces have been changing the Earth and have been at work for millions of years?James Hutton

Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Who is the scientist that proposedan idea about evolution whichprompted Darwin to publish his

theory?Alfred Wallace

When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation?Survival of the fittest;

natural selection

Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

Explain what was correct about Lamarck’sInheritance of Acquired Traitshypothesis

LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON

Another name for divergent evolutionis ________________

What Darwin called “survival of the fittest”

_________________

Another name for “struggle for existence” is _______________

Adaptive radiation

Natural selection

competition

Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

A. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton

B. his collection of specimens and fossilsC. his knowledge of the structure of DNAD. his voyage around the worldE. Malthus’s ideas about populations and

resources

C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

Whales and sharks are not closely related, but have evolved to have similar body shapes and fins because they live in similar environments. This is an example of _____________ evolution.convergent

TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE:

Random mating

NO mutationsLARGE population

NO movement IN OR OUT

NO natural selection

All of these statements about the structure of

human chromosome #2 provide evidence for

evolution EXCEPT

A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller chimp chromosomes

B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends

C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C

D. It has an extra non-functional centromere C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene, and its not on chromosome #2

Name the type of selection shown in the diagram below.

Directional selection


Traits controlled by two or more genes

Polygenic trait

Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environmentsDivergent evolution OR

Adaptive radiation

Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of ____________

Natural variation

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments or to solve similar problemsConvergent evolution

In _____________ selection, individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes

Stabilizing


A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicalsmutation

Changes in the allele frequencyin a small population that are dueto random chance and don’t followthe laws of probability

Genetic drift

All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population

Gene pool

A situation in which the allele frequencies in a population do NOTchange and the population does NOT EVOLVE

Genetic equilibrium

A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place

Founder effect

Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or morefactors cause those frequencies to change

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The copulatory organs of two insect species do not fit together. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation

mechanical

http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htmlhttp://newhaven828.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8347ae50569e200e5538e3c2e8834-320pi

pre

Tell the 2 equations needed to solve Hardy Weinberg problems

p + q = 1P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

The number of times a certainallele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur

Relative frequency

Tell two sources of genetic variation in populations

Mutations caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation

or environmental chemicals

Gene shuffling during meiosiscrossing over

independent assortment

In ___________ selection, individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve

disruptive



Stabilizing selection


WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?

stabilizing disruptive directional

directional selection

Lighter colored peppered moths were more common in England prior to the Industrial revolution. As pollution increased, the darker colored moths were less likely to be eaten. Over time darker colored moths have become more abundant in the population.

In ___________ selection individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end

directional


If all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are met, what happens to the population?

Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?

There is NO EVOLUTION

q2

Can all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg ever be met?

MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY!

You can have small & isolated populations (no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is always non-random mating, mutations, & natural selection. So there is ALMOST ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !

Darwin believed in the idea that evolution happened slowly over a long period of time called __________

Pattern of evolution in which long

stable periods of little evolution

interrupted by brief periods of rapid change

gradualism

Punctuated equilibrium

The clan of “blue people” in Kentucky we learned about is an example of ___________ effect

founder

A change in relative frequencyof alleles in a population

evolution

WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution punctuated equilibrium mass extinction

Punctuated equilibrium

Horse evolution shows long stable periods of little evolution interrupted by brief periods of rapid change

Biology by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing

WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution

punctuated equilibrium mass extinction

Mass extinction

At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid hit the Earth causing the loss of many species including the dinosaurs



Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)

The Galápagos finches evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species with different kinds of beaks

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif



coevolution

Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their pollen structure is at just the right height forthe hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.



Convergent evolution

Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water even though they belong in different animal groups (mammals, fish, and birds)



Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution

Beaver in North America and capybara in South America are closely related species living in very differentenvironments that have evolved to look differentover time.

Beaver

NORTH AMERICA

Muskrat

CapybaraSOUTH AMERICA

Coypu

Beaver

Muskrat

Beaver andMuskrat

Coypu

BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing



Adaptive radiation ORdivergent evolution

The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a common ancestor, but over time they have become adapted for obtaining food in different habitats on different islands by having different neck lengths

Similarities that result fromCONVERGENT evolution are considered to be ____________ structures.

analogous



Stabilizing selection

Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.


Disruptive selection




disruptive selection

A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.

Mules produced when a horse and donkey interbreed are sterile. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid ____________

post


infertility

All of the following influenced Darwin except

Lyell Mendel Hutton Malthus Lamarck

Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the recessive allele in a Hardy Weinberg problem?

Mendel

q

Sperm of one sponge species cannot penetrate the egg of a closely related species.This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called _________ isolation

pre


gametic

http://sisu.typepad.com/sisu/spongebob.jpg

Evolutionary change above the species level including the appearance of major evolutionary developments like flight

(EX: fish → amphibians) is called ______evolution

Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the dominant PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?

macro

p2

Mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes split by a geographic barrier

Which variable(s) is/are used to represent the frequency of the HETEROZYGOUS PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?

Allopatric “other country”

2pq

Mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation reproductively isolating it from the parent population (EX: polyploidy)

The geographic distribution patterns of species that support Darwin’s theory

sympatric “same country”

biogeography

Two cotton species produce fertile hybrids but the next generation is infertile. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid __________

breakdown

http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htmhttp://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Open_cotton_plant.jpg

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__________ occurs when a population gains or loses alleles when individuals move in or out of a population

Gene flow

Kind of genetic drift in which a sudden change in the environment(ex: earthquake, tidal wave, fire) drastically reduces the size of population Bottleneck effect

The increased chance of survival of individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele helps to maintain this deleterious recessive allele in populations that live in areas infected by malaria. This is called

Heterozygote advantage

Kind of genetic drift in which a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population whose gene pool is different from the parent populationFounder

effect

Nearly all the embryos die when eggs of a bullfrog are fertilized artificially with sperm from a leopard frog. This is an example of a ____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid __________

inviability

http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.animationlibrary.com

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THE END. . .

or is it?

EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING

http://www.trickfilm.fh-pforzheim.de/SS_00/StudentenSeiten/hoppe.htm

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