A pollution rose.

Pollution roses display pollution concentration averaged in each wind direction.

Error Bars and Standard Error

When graphing, it is proper to report the variation observed in the data. This is done with an error bar. The size of the bar is determined by the formula:

See if you can follow:

Let’s say you repeated an experiment and measured the temperature five times.

5, 7, 6, 4, 8 oC

See if you can follow:

Let’s say you repeated an experiment and measured the temperature five times.

5, 7, 6, 4, 8

= 6 x

5 6 -1 17 6 1 16 6 0 04 6 -2 48 6 2 4

10

=

= 1.6 ~ 2

Therefore:

6 +/- 2 (oC)

“The lichen fungi (kingdom Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food by photosynthesis. Sometimes the partners are algae (kingdom Protista), other times cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising fungi exploit both at once.”

"Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture"-- lichenologist Trevor Goward.

Algae + Fungus

Candelaria concolor

Physcia millegrana

Xanthoria fallax

Physcia adscendens

Physcia aipolia

Parmelia sulcata