A Practical Guide to Action Research for Literacy Educators- Nugent, Malik & Hollingsworth

7/30/2019 A Practical Guide to Action Research for Literacy Educators- Nugent, Malik & Hollingsworth

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jna elnbdkeq.

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jna u`kddu ul qmjq jaiknkuqsjqlsu$ ifnqlsu$ jna

qfjemfsu ejn elnaveq uemlld)cjufa Jeqkln Sfufjsem

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pslefuu kn jeqkln.

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kn qmfks lxn uemlldu jna edjuuslliu.

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lb rkfx.

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3

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5

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1

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Mku pslefuu ku sfbdfeqfa kn qlaj{‛u kafj lb Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ju jn lnhlknh e{edf lb pdjnnknh$ jeqknh$

lcufsrknh$ jna sfbdfeqknh ln emjnhf -Dfxkn$ :;1=+.

Dfxkn elknfa qmf qfsi —Jeqkln Sfufjsem’ ql afueskcf

xls` qmjq aka nlq ufpjsjqf qmf knrfuqkhjqkln bsli qmfjeqkln nffafa ql uldrf qmf pslcdfi -IeBjsdjna "

Uqjnufdd$ :;;5+.

Uqfpmfn Elsf{ jppdkfa Dfxkn‛u kafj lb Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ql jn favejqklnjd ufqqknh. Mf cfdkfrfa qmjq j

edluf f}jiknjqkln lb lnf‛u qfjemknh psjeqkefu xlvda

sfuvdq kn j plukqkrf emjnhf kn qmf psjeqkefu. —Xf jsf

elnrknefa qmjq qmf akuplukqkln ql uqva{•qmf

elnufzvfnefu lb lvs lxn qfjemknh ku ilsf dk`fd{ ql

emjnhf jna kipslrf lvs psjeqkefu qmjn ku sfjaknh

jclvq xmjq uliflnf fduf mju akuelrfsfa lb mku

qfjemknh.’ -Elsf{$ :;65$ p. 8?+

Vnblsqvnjqfd{$ uvpplsq bls jna qmf psjeqkef lb Jeqkln

Sfufjsem cfejif dfuu plpvdjs kn qmf :;6?u.

F}pfskifnqjd sfufjsem afukhnu jna qmf elddfeqkln lb

zvjnqkqjqkrf ajqj cfejif eliiln psjeqkef jna

Jeqkln Sfufjsem xju rkfxfa ju nlq sfjd sfufjsem$ gvuq

eliiln ufnuf. Kn qmf :;8?u$ Jeqkln Sfufjsem ejif

cje` knql xkaf vuf ju favejqlsu cfhjn ql uff qmjq

ijn{ sfufjsem pslgfequ aka nlq mjrf psjeqkejdjppdkejqkln ql qmfks lxn edjuuslliu.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem blevufu ln kuuvfu qmjq jsf upfekbke

jna pfsulnjd ql qfjemfsu kn qmfks lxn edjuuslliu jna

uemlldu$ xkqm qmf pskijs{ hljd lb afrfdlpifnq lb qmf

qfjemfs jna fbbfeqkrf qfjemknh psjeqkefu. Jeqkln

Sfufjsem mju cfelif j rjdvjcdf qlld bls glc

ficfaafa pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq lb qfjemfsu.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem fipmjukwfu qmf knrldrfifnq lb

qfjemfsu kn pslcdfiu kn qmfks lxn edjuuslliu jna

mju ju kqu pskijs{ hljd qmf kn)ufsrkef qsjknknh jna

afrfdlpifnq lb qmf qfjemfs sjqmfs qmjn qmf

jezvkukqkln lb hfnfsjd `nlxdfahf kn qmf bkfda lb

favejqkln. -Clsh$ :;26$ p. 5:5+

Qmf edjuuslli)cjufa blevu mju cslvhmq jclvq uemlld

sfblsi jna knakrkavjd blevu qmjq hkrfu qfjemfsu

rfuqfa knqfsfuq kn qmf sfufjsem jna qmf emjnhf kq ejn

csknh kn qmfks edjuuslliu.

Xmjq ku Jeqkln Sfufjsem<

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku `nlxn c{ ijn{ njifu$ knedvaknh

pjsqkekpjqls{ sfufjsem$ elddjclsjqkrf knzvks{$ fijnekpj)

qls{ sfufjsem$ jeqkln dfjsnknh$ jna elnqf}qvjd jeqkln

sfufjsem$ cvq pvq ukipd{$ Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku —dfjsnknh c{ alknh’‑j hslvp lb pflpdf kafnqkb{knh j pslcdfi$ jna

alknh ulifqmknh ql sfuldrf kq$ frjdvjqknh qmfks fbblsqu$

jna kb nlq ujqkubkfa$ qs{knh jhjkn. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku

f}jiknknh lnf‛u lxn psjeqkefu qmslvhm elddjclsjqkrf

knzvks{$ sfbdfeqkln$ jna akjdlhvf.

Kb {lv qmkn` lb sfufjsem ju j pslefuu lb uqfpu vufa ql

elddfeq jna jnjd{wf knblsijqkln kn lsafs ql knesfjuf

lvs vnafsuqjnaknh lb j qlpke ls kuuvf$ qmfn {lv xlvda

qmkn` lb Jeqkln -emjnhf+ Sfufjsem -knrfuqkhjqkln+ ju

knrfuqkhjqknh j pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln kn lsafs ql ij`f

emjnhf mjppfn. Xmfn ulifqmknh hlfu xslnh xkqm

{lvs dfuulnu$ xmjq al {lv al< Kb {lv qmkn` jclvq xmjq

{lv jsf alknh jna ij`f j emjnhf$ {lv jsf alknh Jeqkln

Sfufjsem*

J Cskfb Mkuqls{ lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem



6

Qmf pskijs{ jqqskcvqf qmjq ufpjsjqfu Jeqkln Sfufjsem

bsli lqmfs q{pfu lb sfufjsem ku kqu blevu ln mjrknh

qmluf knrldrfa kn qmf kuuvf jeqkrfd{ cfelif

sfufjsemfsu. _flpdf dfjsn cfuq jna ilsf xkddknhd{

jppd{ xmjq qmf{ mjrf dfjsnfa xmfn f}jiknknh jn

kuuvf ls pslcdfi qmfiufdrfu. Qmf sfufjsem qj`fu pdjef

kn sfjd)xlsda ukqvjqklnu jna jkiu ql uldrf sfjd

pslcdfiu.

Xmjq ufpjsjqfu qmku q{pf lb sfufjsem bsli hfnfsjd

pslbfuuklnjd psjeqkefu$ elnuvdqknh$ ls ajkd{ pslcdfi)

uldrknh ku qmf fipmjuku ln edluf f}jiknjqkln lb ajqj

elddfeqfa bsli qmfks lxn fnrkslnifnq. Qmfsfufjsemfs uqvakfu qmf pslcdfi u{uqfijqkejdd{ jna

fnuvsfu jn{ emjnhf qmjq ku ijaf ku knblsifa c{ qmf

frkafnef mf ls umf mju elddfeqfa$ jna qmfn umjsfu

qmf sfuvdqu lb qmjq sfufjsem.

Jdqmlvhm qmf qfsi —Jeqkln Sfufjsem’ mju ijn{

afbknkqklnu jna jppdkejqklnu$ kn favejqklnjd ufqqknhu

Jeqkln Sfufjsem knrldrfu u{uqfijqke knzvks{ c{ jn{

uemlld pfsulnnfd kn lsafs ql hjqmfs knblsijqkln

jclvq sfjd$ frfs{aj{ kuuvfu kn qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh

jna vuf qmjq knblsijqkln ql kipslrf uqvafnqdfjsnknh jna jemkfrfifnq. —Jeqkln Sfufjsem jddlxu

favejqlsu ql dfjsn jclvq qmfks lxn knuqsveqklnjd

psjeqkefu ju qmf{ ilnkqls kipslrfa uqvafnq

dfjsnknh.’ -Sjxdknuln " Dkqqdf$ 3??1+

Qmf psfrjkdknh blevu lb qfjemfs sfufjsem ku ql f}pjna

qmf qfjemfs‛u sldf ju knzvksfs jclvq qfjemknh jna

dfjsnknh qmslvhm u{uqfijqke edjuuslli sfufjsem

-Ellpfs$ :;;?+. Qfjemfs sfufjsemfsu jsf ilsf

knqfsfuqfa kn `nlxdfahf jclvq j upfekbke ukqvjqkln kn

qmfks lxn edjuuslli qmjn jclvq ilsf hfnfsjd

jppdkejqklnu. Kn lqmfs xlsau$ Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku

hvkafa c{ qmf pslefuu jna uqjnajsau lb uekfnqkbke

knzvks{$ cvq kq ku nlq knqfnafa ql knblsi qmf djshfs

sfufjsem ls favejqklnjd eliivnkq{. Knuqfja kq ku j

pslefuu lb jezvksknh knblsijqkln jna uff`knh

`nlxdfahf$ xmkem xkdd ufsrf lnf‛u lxn jeqklnu.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku —qs{knh lvq jna sfbdfeqknh ln kafju

kn psjeqkef ju j ifjnu lb kipslrfifnq jna ju j

ifjnu lb knesfjuknh `nlxdfahf’ -@fiiku "

IeQjhhjsq$ :;=3+. Qmf knblsijqkln hjqmfsfa qmslvhm

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku f}jiknfa edlufd{ ql afqfsiknf

xmfqmfs ulif jeqkln ejn cf vnafsqj`fn ql fbbfeq

plukqkrf emjnhfu kn qmf uemlld$ bjevdq{$ jna uqvafnqu.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem knzvkskfu dll` knql xmfqmfs j

pjsqkevdjs jeqkln ku jemkfrknh kqu hljdu. Kb nlq$ qmf

jeqkln ku ilakbkfa jna qmf e{edf lb sfufjsemelnqknvfu.

Xmkdf qmfsf jsf ijn{ afbknkqklnu lb xmjq Jeqkln

Sfufjsem KU$ kq ku kiplsqjnq ql sfificfs xmjq

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku NLQ7

:. Kq ku nlq qmf vuvjd qmknhu qfjemfsu al xmfn

qmf{ qmkn` jclvq qmfks qfjemknh. Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ku u{uqfijqke jna knrldrfu elddfeqknh

frkafnef ln xmkem ql cjuf skhlslvu sfbdfeqkln.

3. Kq ku nlq gvuq pslcdfi)uldrknh. JeqklnSfufjsem knrldrfu pslcdfi)pluknh$ nlq gvuq

pslcdfi)uldrknh. Kq alfu nlq uqjsq bsli j rkfx

lb pslcdfiu ju knevsjcdf jkdifnqu. Kq ku

ilqkrjqfa c{ j zvfuq ql vnafsuqjna qmf xlsda

c{ emjnhknh kq jna dfjsnknh mlx ql kipslrf kq

bsli qmf fbbfequ lb qmf emjnhfu ijaf.

5. Kq ku nlq sfufjsem ln lqmfs pflpdf. Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ku sfufjsem c{ pjsqkevdjs pflpdf ln

qmfks lxn xls` ql mfdp qmfi kipslrf xmjq

qmf{ al$ knedvaknh mlx qmf{ xls` xkqm jna bls

lqmfsu. Jeqkln Sfufjsem alfu nlq qsfjq pflpdf

ju lcgfequ. Kq qsfjqu pflpdf ju jvqlnlilvu$

sfuplnukcdf jhfnqu xml pjsqkekpjqf jeqkrfd{ kn

ij`knh qmfks lxn mkuqlskfu c{ `nlxknh xmjq

qmf{ jsf alknh.




1. Kq ku nlq qmf uekfnqkbke ifqmla jppdkfa ql

qfjemknh. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku nlq gvuq jclvq

m{plqmfuku)qfuqknh ls jclvq vuknh ajqj ql

elif ql elnedvuklnu. Kq ku elnefsnfa xkqm

emjnhknh ukqvjqklnu$ nlq gvuq knqfspsfqknh

qmfi. Kq csknhu qmf sfufjsemfs knql rkfx.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku j u{uqfijqkejdd{ frldrknh

pslefuu lb emjnhknh clqm qmf sfufjsemfs jna

qmf ukqvjqklnu kn xmkem mf ls umf xlsù. Qmf

njqvsjd jna mkuqlskejd uekfnefu al nlq mjrf qmku

jki.

-Jajpqfa bsli Mfns{ " @fiiku$ :;=6+

Qmf `f{ emjsjeqfskuqkeu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem jsf qmjq kq

ku psjeqkejd$ sfbdfeqkrf$ jna sfevsukrf.

K Qfjemfs sfufjsemfsu uqva{ psjeqkejd kuuvfu qmjq

xkdd mjrf kiifakjqf cfnfbkqu bls qfjemfsu$

uemlldu$ jna uemlld akuqskequ.

K Kq knrldrfu ufdb)sfbdfeqkrf sfufjsem c{ qmf

qfjemfs sfufjsemfs$ xml qvsnu qmf dfnu ln mku

ls mfs lxn edjuuslli$ uemlld$ ls psjeqkefu.

K Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku sfevsukrf kn qmjq kuuvfu jnaelnefsnu jsf f}pdlsfa kn jn lnhlknh xj{ c{

qmf qfjemfs sfufjsemfs. Qmf pslefuu upksjdu cje`

jna blsqm jilnh sfbdfeqkln$ ajqj elddfeqkln$

jna jeqkln.

_sknekpdfu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem

Qmf plpvdjs juuvipqkln ku qmjq jaiknkuqsjqlsu$

ifnqlsu$ jna qfjemfsu uff` dfjsnknh uqsjqfhkfu jna

ifqmlau ql kipslrf qmf qfjemknh jna dfjsnknhukqvjqkln kn qmfks uemlldu. Kq ku psfuvifa qmjq

favejqlsu xml pjsqkekpjqf kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

K mjrf qmf knnjqf plqfnqkjd ql qj`f vp,jeefpq

emjddfnhfu qmjq xkdd qj`f pdjef xmfn qmfuf nfx

uqsjqfhkfu jsf knqslavefa0

K xjnq ql fnuvsf qmfks lxn elnqknvlvu

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq qmslvhm lnhlknh

Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn qmfks knuqkqvqklnu jna

edjuuslliu0 jna

K xkdd vnafsuqjna qmf njqvsf lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem$

xmkem ku akbbfsfnq bsli qsjakqklnjd —jejafike

sfufjsem.’

Xmjq ufqu Jeqkln Sfufjsem jpjsq bsli lqmfs q{pfu lb

sfufjsem jsf qmf psknekpdfu qmjq hvkaf qmf sfufjsem.

Xknqfs -:;=;+ lvqdknfu qmfuf uk} `f{ psknekpdfu qmjq

mfdp vu gvahf qmf rjdkakq{ lb lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem c{

dkn`knh rjdvfu$ psjeqkef$ jna qmfls{7

:. Sfbdf}krf Eskqkzvf

Sfbdfeqknh ln kuuvfu jna pslefuufu mfdpu vu ql

cfelif jxjsf lb lvs lxn kafju jna ckjufu.

Qmf psknekpdf lb sfbdf}krf eskqkzvf fnuvsfu

qmjq xf sfbdfeq ln kuuvfu jna pslefuufu jna

ij`f f}pdkekq qmf knqfspsfqjqklnu$ ckjufu$

juuvipqklnu$ jna elnefsnu qmjq blsifa lvs

gvahifnqu. Sfbdf}krf eskqkzvf lpfnu lvs kafju$

bffdknhu$ qmlvhmqu$ pslefuufu$ jna elnedvuklnuql pvcdke sfrkfx jna ql ufdb)sfbdfeqkln. C{

ufdb)sfbdfeqkln jna zvfuqklnknh$ nfx

jshvifnqu ejn cf blsifa jdlnh xkqm qmf

pluukckdkq{ bls nfx jeqklnu.

3. Akjdfeqkejd Eskqkzvf

Akjdfeqkejd eskqkzvf ku j akuevuukln lb akbbfsfnq

sfbdfeqkrf knqfspsfqjqklnu lb psjeqkef kn lsafs

ql vnafsuqjna qmf sfdjqklnumkpu cfqxffn jdd

qmf pjsqu lb lvs fnrkslnifnq ql uff mlx

frfs{qmknh bkqu qlhfqmfs. Qmf `f{ fdfifnqu ql

blevu jqqfnqkln ln jsf qmluf qmjq jsf vnuqjcdf

ls kn lpplukqkln ql lnf jnlqmfs. Blevuknh ln

qmfuf ku iluq dk`fd{ ql esfjqf emjnhfu.


2



J Cskfb Mkuqls{ lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem5. Elddjclsjqkrf Sfufjsem

El)sfufjsemfsu xls` qlhfqmfs ql rjdkajqf

rkfxu. Frfs{lnf‛u rkfx ku qj`fn knql

elnukafsjqkln kn lsafs ql vnafsuqjna qmf

ukqvjqkln cfqqfs. Qmku psknekpdf juuvifu qmjq

frfs{ pfsuln‛u kafju jsf ukhnkbkejnq$ nlq gvuq

qmluf lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsemfs. Qmku ij`fu

kq pluukcdf ql hfq knukhmqu bsli qmf

elnqsjakeqklnu cfqxffn qmf rkfxplknqu lb qmf

el)sfufjsemfsu.

1. Sku`

Qmf emjnhf pslefuu ejn ejvuf bfjsu jilnh qmfsfufjsemfsu. Ulifqkifu kq ku nlq fju{ ql mfjs

lpfn akuevuukln lb lnf‛u knqfspsfqjqklnu$ kafju$

jna gvahifnqu. Jeqkln Sfufjsemfsu ivuq cf

psfpjsfa ql qj`f j sku` c{ lpfnknh qmfks kafju

jna sfbdfeqklnu ql eskqkekui jna sku` bjkdvsf kn

lsafs ql dfjsn.

6. _dvsjd Uqsveqvsf

Sfplsqu umlvda elnqjkn ijn{ -pdvsjd+ rlkefu

sfbdfeqknh akrfsuf lpknklnu$ eliifnqu$ jna

eskqkzvfu xmkem dfja ql akbbfsfnq knqfspsfqjqklnu

lb qmf frkafnef -ajqj+ jna sfeliifnajqklnu bls

akbbfsfnq pluukcdf jeqklnu. Vuknh qskjnhvdjqkln kn

clqm ajqj)elddfeqkln jna kn jeelvnqu lb qmf

sfufjsem kqufdb fnuvsfu j pdvsjd uqsveqvsf. Uvem j

sfplsq fnelvsjhfu lnhlknh akuevuukln jilnh

el)sfufjsemfsu$ sjqmfs qmjn j bknjd elnedvukln.

2. Qmfls{$ _sjeqkef$ Qsjnublsijqkln

Qmfls{ jna psjeqkef jsf nlq kn lpplukqkln kn

Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Qmf{ jsf knqfsafpfnafnq jnaelipdfifnqjs{ pjsqu lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem

emjnhf pslefuu. Qmf{ mjppfn qlhfqmfs jna jsf

clqm nfefuujs{ bls kipslrfifnq. Qmf hljd lb

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku ql ij`f qmf qmfls{ f}pdkekq

kn lsafs ql gvuqkb{ qmf jeqklnu. Qmf jppdkejqkln

lb qmf qmfls{ ku qmfn bvsqmfs jnjd{wfa kn j

elnqknvlvu Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf qmjq

jdqfsnjqfu cfqxffn qmfls{ jna psjeqkef bls

qmf pslefuu lb kipslrfifnq.

-Jajpqfa bsli Xknqfs$ :;=;+

Kn uviijs{7

K Kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem$ favejqlsu f}jiknf jna

juufuu qmfks xls` jna elnukafs xj{u lb

xls`knh akbbfsfnqd{.

K Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku pslcdfi)pluknh ju xfdd ju

pslcdfi uldrknh.

K Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku nlq gvuq jclvq

m{plqmfukwknh jna elddfeqknh ajqj. Kq jkiu jq

emjnhknh ukqvjqklnu0 nlq gvuq knqfspsfqknh

qmfi.

K Jeqkln Sfufjsem blevufu ln qfjemfsu‛ jna

jaiknkuqsjqlsu‛ aj{)ql)aj{ elnefsnu.

8




=

Sfbdfeqkln

Mlx al {lv afbknf Jeqkln Sfufjsem<

Al {lv mjrf j ukqvjqkln {lv xlvda dk`f ql emjnhf xkqm Jeqkln Sfufjsem< F}pdjkn.



Xm{ umlvda K al Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn i{ edjuuslli<

Qmf kafj lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku qmjq favejqklnjd

pslcdfiu jna kuuvfu jsf cfuq kafnqkbkfa jna

knrfuqkhjqfa xmfsf qmf jeqkln ku7 jq qmf edjuuslli

jna uemlld dfrfd. C{ knqfhsjqknh sfufjsem knql qmfuf

ufqqknhu jna fnhjhknh qmluf xml xls` jq qmku dfrfd

kn sfufjsem jeqkrkqkfu$ bknaknhu ejn cf jppdkfa

kiifakjqfd{ jna pslcdfiu uldrfa ilsf zvke`d{

-Hvu`f{$ 3??? +.

Hlla qfjemfsu jsf qmluf xml jsf jdul hlla

uqvafnqu‑dkbfdlnh dfjsnfsu xml uff` ql kipslrf

qmfks `nlxdfahf jna psjeqkef qmslvhmlvq qmfks

ejsffsu. Sfufjsem jaau ql lvs `nlxdfahf c{

jaasfuuknh hjpu jna f}pjnaknh xmjq xf `nlx.

Sfufjsem kipslrfu psjeqkef c{ mfdpknh favejqlsu hjkn

nfx kafju bls qmfks qfjemknh$ hjkn nfx knukhmqu knql

qmfks jppsljemfu$ jna elnnfeq xkqm lqmfsfavejqlsu. Sfufjsem jddlxu pflpdf ql xfkhm

akbbfsfnq pfsupfeqkrfu ln kuuvfu jna ij`f knblsifa

afekuklnu. Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslrkafu j ifjnu lb

blevuknh knuqsveqkln ln kuuvfu aksfeqd{ sfdjqfa ql qmf

edjuuslli ls uemlld. Kq plukqklnu favejqlsu ju

dfjsnfsu xml xjnq ql njsslx qmf hjp cfqxffn qmfks

psjeqkef jna qmfks rkukln lb zvjdkq{ favejqkln.

Qmf sfufjsem kqufdb jna kipdfifnqknh qmf sfuvdqknh

knblsijqkln pslrkaf j blsi lb pslbfuuklnjd

afrfdlpifnq aksfeqd{ sfdjqfa ql jna uvpplsqkrf lb

qfjemfsu‛ jna uqvafnqu‛ favejqklnjd nffau. Qmku mju j

hsfjq plqfnqkjd bls esfjqknh dlnh)djuqknh uemlld

emjnhf. Qmfuf emjnhfu leevs kn frfs{aj{ psjeqkef

sjqmfs qmjn j qmflsfqkejd hfnfsjdkwjqkln ql j cslja

jvakfnef. Fjem sfufjsemfs bknau lvq ulifqmknh nfx

jna jppdkejcdf ql mku ls mfs lxn edjuuslli cfejvuf

qmf zvfuqkln mf ls umf ku ju`knh ku mku ls mfs vnkzvf

zvfuqkln.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem -JS+ pslrkafu qfjemfsu xkqm qmf

lpplsqvnkq{ ql hjkn `nlxdfahf jna u`kdd kn sfufjsem

ifqmlau jna ql cfelif ilsf jxjsf lb qmf lpqklnu

jna pluukckdkqkfu bls emjnhf. Kq hkrfu qmfi j skem

ulvsef lb ajqj bls kipslrknh qmfks edjuuslliu jna

uemlldu. Qmf{ mjrf qmf lpplsqvnkq{ ql qs{ nfx

qfjemknh psjeqkefu jna sfbdfeq ln qmf emjnhfu kn qmfks

edjuuslliu jna uqvafnqu. Qfjemfsu pjsqkekpjqknh kn

Jeqkln Sfufjsem cfelif ilsf eskqkejd jna sfbdfeqkrf

jclvq qmfks lxn psjeqkef. -Lgj " _knf$ :;=;$ Uqsffq$

:;=2+

Djxsfnef Uqfnmlvuf$ ekqfa kn Svaave` -:;==+ uqjqfa

qmjq$ —Kq ku qmf qfjemfs xml$ kn qmf fna$ xkdd emjnhf

qmf xlsda lb qmf uemlld c{ vnafsuqjnaknh kq.’

Qfjemfsu xml fnhjhf kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem jsfknesfjuknh qmfks vnafsuqjnaknh lb qmf qfjemknh jna

dfjsnknh pslefuu. Xmjq qmf{ jsf dfjsnknh xkdd mjrf j

hsfjq kipjeq ln xmjq mjppfnu kn edjuuslliu$

uemlldu$ jna uemlld akuqskequ. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ejn

umjpf qmf uqjbb afrfdlpifnq pslhsjiu jna

evsskevdj lb uemlldu jna uvpplsq uemlld kipslrf)

ifnq knkqkjqkrfu. Jdd qmfuf qmknhu jsf kipjeqfa c{ qmf

qmknhu qfjemfsu dfjsn jna qmf emjnhfu qmf{ ij`f

qmslvhm qmf eskqkejd knzvks{ jna skhlslvu

f}jiknjqkln lb qmfks lxn psjeqkefu jna qmfks uemlldpslhsjiu qmjq Jeqkln Sfufjsem sfzvksfu.

Qfjemfsu fnhjhfa kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem afpfna ilsf

ln qmfiufdrfu ju afekukln ij`fsu jna hjkn ilsf

elnbkafnef kn xmjq qmf{ cfdkfrf jclvq evsskevdvi

jna knuqsveqkln -Uqske`djna$ :;=;+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem

Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn I{ Edjuuslli

;



hkrfu qfjemfsu j rlkef kn qmf bkfda. Kq jddlxu qfjemfsu ql

afpfna ln qmfiufdrfu ql `nlx xmjq ku mjppfnknh

jna xmjq nffau ql mjppfn kn qmfks lxn edjuuslliu.

Knuqfja lb qfjemfsu sfd{knh ln jaiknkuqsjqlsu ls

qfjemfs favejqlsu ql qfdd qmfi xmjq ql al$ Jeqkln

Sfufjsemfsu mjrf eliijna lb qmfks lxn `nlxdfahf

jna knblsijqkln ql uvpplsq afekuklnu qmf{ ij`f

jclvq qmfks qfjemknh psjeqkefu.

Uqfnmlvuf mju uqslnhd{ uvpplsqfa qmku plknq lb rkfx7

Hlla qfjemfsu jsf nfefuujskd{ jvqlnlilvu kn

pslbfuuklnjd gvahifnq. Qmf{ al nlq nffa ql cf qlda

xmjq ql al. Qmf{ jsf nlq pslbfuuklnjdd{ qmf

afpfnafnqu lb sfufjsemfsu ls uvpfsknqfnafnqu$ ls

knnlrjqlsu ls uvpfsrkulsu. Qmku alfu nlq ifjnu

qmjq qmf{ al nlq xfdelif jeefuu ql kafju esfjqfa

c{ lqmfs pflpdf jq lqmfs pdjefu ls kn lqmfs qkifu.

Nls al qmf{ sfgfeq jarkef$ elnuvdqjne{$ ls uvpplsq.

Cvq qmf{ al `nlx qmjq kafju jna pflpdf jsf nlq lb

ivem sfjd vuf vnqkd qmf{ jsf akhfuqfa ql qmf plknq

xmfsf qmf{ jsf uvcgfeq lb qfjemfsu‛ lxn gvahifnq.

-Uqfnmlvuf$ :;=1+

Hjqmfsknh rjdka$ sfdfrjnq frkafnef jddlxu qmf qfjemfs

ql ij`f knblsifa sjqmfs qmjn knqvkqkrf afekuklnu

jclvq fbbfeqkrf psjeqkef. Qmf pslefuu rjdkajqfu

qfjemfsu ju pslbfuuklnjd afekukln ij`fsu c{ pvqqknh

qmfi kn emjshf qmfks qfjemknh psjeqkefu jna

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq. Kq jddlxu qfjemfsu ql bffd kn

elnqsld lb qmfks lxn ukqvjqkln xmkdf jckaknh c{ jna

kipdfifnqknh njqklnjd ls akuqskeq ijnajqfu.

Jvqlnlilvu pslbfuuklnjdu ivuq mjrf qmf jckdkq{ ql

fnhjhf kn ufdb)uqva{ lb qmfks qfjemknh jna qfuqknhqmfks edjuuslli psjeqkefu ql uff kb qmf{ xls`.

Bknjdd{$ xmfn qfjemfsu fnhjhf kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem$

qmf{ hjkn upfekbke knukhmqu knql qmf knakrkavjd nffau

lb uqvafnqu‑pjsqkevdjsd{ uqvafnqu xml uqsvhhdf ql

dfjsn kn qmf edjuuslli. Xmfqmfs qfjemfsu jsf qfuqknh

nfx uqsjqfhkfu ls uqva{knh qmf upfekbke dfjsnknh

akbbkevdqkfu lb j efsqjkn uqvafnq$ qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslefuu kqufdb ejn vnelrfs psfrklvud{ mkaafn

pjqmxj{u ql uvpplsq kipslrfa dfjsnknh bls

knakrkavjd emkdasfn kn qmf qfjemfs‛u edjuuslli.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku cjufa ln qmf blddlxknh

juuvipqklnu7

K Qfjemfsu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu xls` cfuq ln

pslcdfiu qmf{ mjrf kafnqkbkfa bls qmfiufdrfu0

K Qfjemfsu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu cfelif ilsf

fbbfeqkrf xmfn fnelvsjhfa ql f}jiknf jna

juufuu qmfks lxn xls` jna qmfn elnukafs xj{u

lb xls`knh akbbfsfnqd{0

K Qfjemfsu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu mfdp fjem lqmfs

c{ xls`knh elddjclsjqkrfd{0

K Xls`knh xkqm elddfjhvfu mfdpu qfjemfsu jna

jaiknkuqsjqlsu kn qmfks pslbfuuklnjd

afrfdlpifnq.-Xjqqu$ :;=6$ p. ::=+

Xmjq al [LV ju j pslbfuuklnjd hjkn bsli Jeqkln

Sfufjsem<

K cfqqfs `nlxdfahf jclvq mlx ql mfdp uqvafnqu

dfjsn kn uemlldu0

K j xj{ ql frjdvjqf qmf fbbfeqkrfnfuu lb

knnlrjqkrf uqsjqfhkfu0

K j ilsf pslbfuuklnjd uqjnef0

K ilsf fngl{ifnq kn {lvs xls` dkbf0

K jn jckdkq{ ql `nlx xmfqmfs xmjq {lv jsf alknh

mfdpu uqvafnqu ls nlq0

K cfqqfs eliivnkejqkln jilnh favejqklnjd

pslbfuuklnjdu kn {lvs uemlld.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn I{ Edjuuslli

:?



Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn I{ Edjuuslli[lv ejn qmkn` lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem ju j xj{ bls

qfjemfsu ql elddfeq rjdka knblsijqkln jclvq qmfks lxn

edjuuslliu jna vuf qmku knblsijqkln ql ij`f

knblsifa emlkefu jclvq qfjemknh uqsjqfhkfu jna

dfjsnknh jeqkrkqkfu. Qfjemfsu ejn qmfn umjsf qmf

knblsijqkln xkqm uqvafnqu kn lsafs ql hjkn qmfks

kafju jna knqfsnjd eliikqifnq ql upfekbkfa dfjsnknh

jeqkrkqkfu jna pslefavsfu. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku vufa kn

sfjd ukqvjqklnu$ sjqmfs qmjn kn elnqskrfa$

f}pfskifnqjd uqvakfu uknef kqu pskijs{ blevu ku ln

uldrknh sfjd pslcdfiu. Kq ku vufa xmfn ekseviuqjnefu

sfzvksf bdf}kckdkq{$ qmf knrldrfifnq lb qmf pflpdf kn

qmf sfufjsem$ ls xmfn emjnhf ivuq qj`f pdjef zvke`d{

ls mldkuqkejdd{.-Jajpqfa bsli L‛Cskfn$ S.0

xxx.xfc.nfq,slcskfn,pjpfsu,jsbknjd.mqid +

Jeqkln Sfufjsem sfrkqjdkwfu favejqlsu‛ pslbfuuklnjd

dkrfu c{ ij`knh qmfks xls` ilsf knqfsfuqknh jna

sfxjsaknh ju qmf{ f}jiknf qmfks lxn qfjemknh jna

ij`f kipslrfifnqu QMF[ afekaf ql ij`f. Qfjemfsu

xml fnhjhf kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem qfna ql cf ilsf

xkddknh ql ufdb)juufuu jna sfbdfeq ln qmfks psjeqkef jnajeqklnu kn lsafs ql kipslrf qmfks qfjemknh. Jeqkln

Sfufjsem fnelvsjhfu favejqlsu ql xls`

elddjclsjqkrfd{ xkqm qmfks elddfjhvfu ql sfbdfeq ln

qmfks psjeqkefu jna kipslrf knuqsveqklnjd psjeqkefu

jna pslilqf uqvafnq jemkfrfifnq.

::

Sfbdfeqkln

Ln xmjq leejuklnu ikhmq {lv xls` ju j sfufjsemfs<

Ql xmjq f}qfnq ejn Jeqkln Sfufjsem kipslrf qmf zvjdkq{ lb {lvs xls`<

http://www.web.net/robrien.papers/arfinal.html





Xml Vufu Jeqkln Sfufjsem<Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku elnaveqfa c{ jaiknkuqsjqlsu$

mfja qfjemfsu$ jna qfjemfsu xml jsf bvdd{ jxjsf lb

qmf aj{)ql)aj{ kuuvfu kn qmfks qfjemknh fnrkslnifnqu

jna afekaf ql vnafsqj`f u{uqfijqke knzvks{ knql qmf

kafnqkbkfa kuuvfu. Favejqlsu xml jppd{ qmku jppsljem

jsf qmluf xml xkum ql kipslrf vnafsuqjnaknh lb

qmfks psjeqkef$ uvpplsq qmf dfjsnknh lb j uqvafnq ls

uqvafnqu$ ls mjrf cffn knrkqfa ql al ul c{

afekukln)ij`fsu jxjsf lb j pslcdfi sfzvksknh JeqklnSfufjsem. Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfequ ij{ cf

elnaveqfa c{ lnf knakrkavjd kn lnf edjuuslli$ c{ j

qfji lb qxl ls ufrfsjd favejqlsu$ c{ jn fnqksf uemlld$

c{ jn fnqksf uemlld akuqskeq$ ls kn elddjclsjqkln xkqm j

vnkrfsukq{ ls lqmfs jhfne{.

Xmkdf Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku vuvjdd{ blevufa ln upfekbke

kuuvfu kn upfekbke edjuuslliu$ qmfsf jsf cfnfbkqu ql

elddjclsjqkln avsknh jna jbqfs qmf pslefuu.

Elnaveqknh Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn qfjiu jddlxu ivqvjd

uvpplsq bls qmf sfuldvqkln lb ivqvjd kuuvfu.

Jeelsaknh ql Hsffnxlla jna Dfrkn -:;;=$ p. 1+$

qfjiu ejn xls` qlhfqmfs ql —afbknf qmf pslcdfiu ql

cf f}jiknfa$ el)hfnfsjqf sfdfrjnq `nlxdfahf jclvq

qmfi$ dfjsn jna f}fevqf ulekjd sfufjsem qfemnkzvfu$

qj`f jeqklnu$ jna knqfspsfq qmf sfuvdqu lb jeqklnu

cjufa ln xmjq qmf{ mjrf dfjsnfa.’

Kq ku mfdpbvd ql bkna elddfjhvfu jna xls` xkqm qmfi

cfejvuf kq csfjù qmf —kuldjqkln cjsskfs‛ lbqfn ejvufa

xmfn j qfjemfs ku qmf lnd{ javdq kn qmf edjuuslli.Xmfn qfjemfsu elddjclsjqf ln jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfeq$ qmf{ `nlx qmjq qmf{ jsf nlq jdlnf kn bknaknh

jnuxfsu ql emjddfnhknh ukqvjqklnu. Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslilqfu pslbfuuklnjd elnrfsujqklnu ju qfjemfsu

xls` qlhfqmfs kn pjksu ls qfjiu ql jaasfuu ivqvjd

elnefsnu. Xls`knh xkqm elddfjhvfu csljafnu qmf

mlskwlnu lb vnafsuqjnaknh ql bkna ukikdjs kuuvfu

uldrfa kn j ukikdjs ijnnfs.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem juukuqu psjeqkqklnfsu jna lqmfs

uqj`fmldafsu kn kafnqkb{knh qmf nffau$ juufuuknh qmf

afrfdlpifnq pslefuu$ jna frjdvjqknh qmf lvqelifu lb

qmf knuqsveqklnjd emjnhfu qmf{ afbknf$ afukhn$ jna

kipdfifnq. Elddjclsjqkln upsfjau qmf xls` lb

Jeqkln Sfufjsem jilnh qmf uqj`fmldafsu. Kq

fnelvsjhfu akjdlhvf jclvq psjeqkef jna csknhu

ivdqkpdf pfsupfeqkrfu ql qmf pdjnnknh$ elnaveq$ jna

knqfspsfqjqkln lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Qmfsf ku ujbfq{ jna

uqsfnhqm kn nvicfsu. Qmf elddfeqkrf f}pfsqkuf lb qmf

hslvp ejn fnskem qmf sfufjsem pslefuu jna qmf

bknaknhu -Cslwl$ 3?::+.

Csknhknh j elddjclsjqkrf hslvp qlhfqmfs bls Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslilqfu j pslcdfi)uldrknh evdqvsf jesluu

edjuuslliu$ hsjaf)dfrfdu$ jna uemlldu ju qfjiificfsu elif qlhfqmfs bls j umjsfa pvspluf.

Elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem blevufu ln knzvks{ kn

uemlld eliivnkqkfu xkqm akbbfsfnq bjevdq{ ificfsu

bvneqklnknh ju el)sfufjsemfsu. Qmf vdqkijqf jki lb

elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku ql afrfdlp j

ulpmkuqkejqfa vnafsuqjnaknh lb qmf pslcdfiu$ kuuvfu$

jna psjeqkefu lb qfjemfsu kn jvqmfnqke ufqqknhu$

cskahknh qmf hjp cfqxffn qmfls{ jna psjeqkef

-Uqsknhfs$ :;;2+.

Elddjclsjqkrf pjsqnfsu kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem jsf qmluf

pflpdf xml jsf aksfeqd{ knrldrfa kn qmf ukqvjqkln qmf{

jsf sfufjsemknh. Qmf ilsf ificfsu lb qmf

elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem hslvp xml `nlx

jclvq qmf sfufjsem elnefsn$ qmf ilsf qmf{ ejn mfdp

kn edjskb{knh qmf kafju jna afrfdlpknh jeqkln pdjnu

:3



Xml Vufu Jeqkln Sfufjsem<jna uqsjqfhkfu. Elddjclsjqkrf pjsqnfsu ln jn Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslgfeq ij{ cf qfjemfsu jq j uemlld xls`knh

qlhfqmfs ls qfjemfsu xls`knh xkqm jaiknkuqsjqlsu ls

vnkrfsukq{ pslbfuulsu.

Ju bfx ju qxl qfjemfsu ls j hslvp lb ufrfsjd qfjemfsu

jna lqmfs bjevdq{ ificfsu ij{ xls` qlhfqmfs ln j

edjuuslli ls hsjaf)dfrfd pslcdfi ls elnefsn qmjq ku

eliiln ql jdd lb qmfi. Qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq

ij{ knrldrf lnd{ lnf edjuuslli ls kq ij{ jaasfuu j

eliiln pslcdfi ls elnefsn umjsfa c{ j hsjaf dfrfd

ls c{ ufrfsjd edjuuslliu. Qmf sfufjsemfsu ij{

jppsljem qmf kuuvf kn akbbfsfnq xj{u$ qmvu f}pjnaknhqmf akjdlhvf jna sfbdfeqkln$ sfuvdqknh kn akbbfsfnq

uldvqklnu bls qmf pslcdfi.

Uemlld)xkaf sfufjsem blevufu ln kuuvfu eliiln ql

qmf fnqksf uemlld eliivnkq{. Qmfuf kafnqkbkfa kuuvfu

jsf u{uqfike kn njqvsf‑qmf{ jsf kafnqkbkfa c{

lcufsrknh cslja)upsfja pjqqfsnu lb knuqsveqklnjd

nffau jilnh uqvafnqu lrfs qkif$ jna jq jdd dfrfdu lb

qmf uemlld.

Bls f}jipdf$ j uemlld ij{ cf elnefsnfa jclvq kquuqvafnqu‛ dlx jemkfrfifnq dfrfd ln uqjnajsakwfa

dkqfsje{ qfuqu$ bknaknh qkif ql juukuq uqsvhhdknh

uqvafnqu$ esfjqknh j uemlld)xkaf dkqfsje{ pslhsji$

kipslrknh eliivnkejqkln xkqm pjsfnqu$ ls esfjqknh

j bjks akuekpdknf pldke{. Frfs{ bjevdq{ ificfs ku

knrldrfa kn qmf sfufjsem. Qfjiu jsf blsifa ql xls`

qlhfqmfs ql kafnqkb{ qmf upfekbke pslcdfi jna

blsivdjqf j sfufjsem zvfuqkln$ esfjqf jna fnjeq qmf

pdjn$ jna hjqmfs ajqj. Qmf{ qmfn akuevuu qmf umjsfa

sfuvdqu jna blsivdjqf j nfx pdjn ql elnqknvf qmfJeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf. Uveefuubvd uemlld)xkaf Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ku aksfeqd{ sfdjqfa ql kuuvfu kafnqkbkfa bsli

uemlld)xkaf ajqj. Qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem xlvda

dlhkejdd{ cfelif j pjsq lb qmf uemlld kipslrfifnq

pdjn.

Akuqskeq)xkaf sfufjsem ejn cf rfs{ cfnfbkekjd bls qmf

uemlld jna eliivnkq{$ cvq kq sfzvksfu j dlq lb

lshjnkwjqkln jna ilsf sfulvsefu qmjn knakrkavjd ls

uemlld)xkaf sfufjsem. Kq sfzvksfu j hsfjq afjd lb

eliivnkejqkln jna eliikqifnq bsli jdd

uqj`fmldafsu. Fbbfeqkrf akuqskeq)xkaf Jeqkln Sfufjsem

ejn sfuvdq kn sfjd u{uqfike sfblsi qmjq cfnfbkqu jdd

qfjemfsu jna uqvafnqu.

Xls`knh knakrkavjdd{ ln j pslgfeq mju kqu jarjnqjhfu

ju xfdd. Qmf knakrkavjd qfjemfs alknh Jeqkln Sfufjsem

ku vuvjdd{ xls`knh ln j pslcdfi upfekbke ql mku ls

mfs lxn edjuuslli knuqsveqkln. Uvem qfjemfsu jsfpslcjcd{ afjdknh xkqm edjuuslli ijnjhfifnq$

knuqsveqklnjd psjeqkefu$ ls upfekbke uqvafnq

jemkfrfifnq nffau. Qmf qfjemfs ij{ mjrf qmf

uvpplsq lb mku ls mfs jaiknkuqsjqls ls ij{ cf alknh

sfufjsem ju pjsq lb j vnkrfsukq{ edjuu jna mjrf qmf

uvpplsq lb qmf pslbfuuls. Knakrkavjd Jeqkln Sfufjsem

ku jppslpskjqf xmfn sfufjsemknh edjuuslli)upfekbke

elnefsnu. Bls f}jipdf7

K J qfjemfs xjnqu ql `nlx kb j pjsqkevdjs

psjeqkef knesfjufu ilqkrjqkln bls uqvafnqu.

K J qfjemfs xjnqu ql f}pdlsf qmf rjdvf lb

ivdqk)jckdkq{ hslvpknh bls dlx jemkfrfsu.

K J qfjemfs xjnqu ql afqfsiknf kb j nfx

jppsljem ql akuekpdknf afesfjufu cfmjrkls

pslcdfiu.

K J qfjemfs xjnqu ql kafnqkb{ qmf ejvuf bls j

upfekbke dfjsnknh pslcdfi bls lnf ls ilsf

uqvafnqu jna mlx ql jaasfuu cjsskfsu ql

dfjsnknh.

Knakrkavjd Jeqkln Sfufjsem jddlxu bls ilsf elnqsld

lrfs qmf blevu jna qmf pdjn lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfeq. Knakrkavjd Jeqkln Sfufjsem ejn cf

jeelipdkumfa ln j uijdd jna fbbkekfnq uejdf.

:5



Elnukafsjqklnu bls xmfqmfs j pslgfeq ku cfqqfs uvkqfa

ql knakrkavjd ls elddjclsjqkrf sfufjsem knedvaf7

K qmf sfufjsem kuuvf jna uejdf

K qmf knblsijqkln nffafa

K qmf sfulvsefu nffafa

K qmf xls` knrldrfa

K qmf qkif knrfuqifnq nffafa

K qmf pflpdf xml ikhmq cfnfbkq bsli qmf jeqkln

jna bknaknhu -Cslwl$ 3?::+

Mlxfrfs$ xmfqmfs Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku elnaveqfaknakrkavjdd{$ xkqm j uijdd qfji$ ls ju j uemlld)xkaf

ls akuqskeq)xkaf pslgfeq$ jq qmf mfjsq lb elddjclsjqkrf

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku j eliikqifnq ql favejqklnjd

kipslrfifnq -IeNkbb$ 3??3+. Xmfqmfs qmf zvfuqkln

ku efnqfsfa kn {lvs lxn edjuuslli ls elnefsnu qmf

fnqksf uemlld$ kq umlvda cf pfsulnjdd{ kiplsqjnq ql

{lv jna blevu ln kipslrknh {lvs qfjemknh jna

dfjsnknh.

Xml Vufu Jeqkln Sfufjsem<

:1

Sfbdfeqkln

Cjufa ln {lvs evssfnq qmkn`knh jclvq jn

Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq$ al {lv qmkn` qmf

pslgfeq ejn cf elnaveqfa c{ {lv jdlnf ls

xlvda {lv nffa elddjclsjqlsu< Xm{<



Qmf sldf lb jaiknkuqsjqlsu kn JeqklnSfufjsem

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku j ifjnu lb kipslrknh uqvafnq

jemkfrfifnq qmslvhm ilsf fbbfeqkrf qfjemknh jna

jaiknkuqsjqkln lb uemlldu -@fiiku$ :;=:+.

Kq ku kiplsqjnq bls frfs{lnf ql `nlx qmjq

favejqklnjd sfblsi ku nlq qmf uldf sfuplnukckdkq{ lb

qfjemfsu$ cvq j umjsfa pslefuu cfqxffn jaiknkuqsj)

qlsu$ qfjemfsu$ uqvafnqu$ jna qmfks pjsfnqu.

Jaiknkuqsjqlsu ejn pslrkaf j ilafd lb dfjsnknh jna

Jeqkln Sfufjsem bls qmfks bjevdq{ c{ cfeliknh

dfjsnfsu jna sfufjsemfsu qmfiufdrfu jna eskqkejdd{

sfrkfxknh jna jqqfipqknh ql kipslrf qmfks

knuqsveqklnjd dfjafsumkp uq{dfu.

Jaiknkuqsjqlsu jna qfjemfsu ejn bkna elddjclsjqkrf

pslgfequ kn qmfks lxn uemlldu jna jesluu uemlldu. Jn

jaiknkuqsjqls ejn juuvif j dfjsnfs‛u sldf c{ bknaknh

elddfjhvfu xkqm ukikdjs knqfsfuqu jna xls`knh lnJeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfequ jesluu qmfks uemlldu. Bls

f}jipdf$ jaiknkuqsjqlsu ejn kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi

xmkem ku eliiln ql qmfks uemlldu$ qmfn xls`

qlhfqmfs ql pdjn jna sfplsq emjnhfu. Xls`knh xkqm

jn jaiknkuqsjqls pffs xkdd pslrkaf uvpplsq

bls afekukln)ij`knh kn xmkem qmfks bjevdq{ ku nlq

knrldrfa.

Kn jaakqkln$ pjsqnfsknh bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

cfqxffn qfjemfsu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu xkdd uvpplsq

jna fnmjnef qmf sldf lb qmf uemlld jaiknkuqsjqls ju

jn knuqsveqklnjd dfjafs$ nlq gvuq j cvkdaknh ijnjhfs.

C{ jeqkrfd{ fnhjhknh xkqm qfjemfsu kn Jeqkln

Sfufjsem$ qmf uemlld jaiknkuqsjqls ufnau qmf

ifuujhf qmjq knuqsveqkln ku qmf pskijs{ elnefsn lb

Qmf Sldf lb Jaiknkuqsjqlsu

:6

Sfbdfeqkln

Kn xmjq xj{u jsf sfufjsemfs)jaiknkuqsjqlsu mfdpbvd bls qmfks uqjbb<

Mlx alfu cfknh j sfufjsemfs mfdp kn qmf pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq lb jaiknkuqsjqlsu<

Mlx ku jn jaiknkuqsjqls)sfufjsemfs akbbfsfnq bsli j qsjakqklnjd sfufjsemfs<



qmf uemlld$ jna qmjq qfjemfsu xml jsf uff`knh cfqqfs

knuqsveqklnjd uldvqklnu jsf fnhjhfa kn jn jeefpqfa

jna mlnlsfa sldf kn qmf uemlld. Jaiknkuqsjqlsu ejn

vuf Jeqkln Sfufjsem ql fbbfeqkrfd{ xls` xkqm qfjemfsu

ql kipslrf qmf zvjdkq{ lb qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh kn

qmf edjuuslliu lb qmfks uemlldu. Jaiknuqsjqlsu‛

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ejn elnqskcvqf ql qmfks lxn pfsulnjd

afrfdlpifnq$ cfqqfs pslbfuuklnjd psjeqkef$ jna

kipslrfifnqu kn qmfks uemlld.

Xkqmkn qmfks lxn uemlldu$ jaiknkuqsjqlsu jdul ejn

ilqkrjqf qmfks qfjemfsu ql qj`f vp Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfequ$ jna qmf{ ejn jeq ju qmfks ifnqlsu. Blsqfjemfsu xls`knh ln jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq$ qmf

uvpplsq jna elddjclsjqkln lb qmf jaiknkuqsjqls ku

eskqkejd. Kb jaiknkuqsjqlsu jsf nlq alknh qmf ujif

`kna lb jnjd{ufu ql uvpplsq qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh kn

qmfks uemlldu$ qfjemfsu‛ Jeqkln Sfufjsem xkdd nlq cf ju

fbbfeqkrf.

J Evdqvsf lb Sfufjsem

Jaiknkuqsjqlsu pdj{ j `f{ sldf kn nvsqvsknh j

evdqvsf lb sfufjsem kn qmfks uemlldu. Ju sfufjsemfsu$

jaiknkuqsjqlsu ij{ mfdp ql afrfdlp j elddjclsjqkrf

evdqvsf kn qmf uemlld$ ijs`fa c{ ellpfsjqkln$ ul qmf

uqjbb$ ju xfdd ju qmf jaiknkuqsjqls$ elnqsldu qmf

afrfdlpifnq jna kipdfifnqjqkln lb emjnhfu jna

nfx kafju. Elddjclsjqkrf psjeqkefu fnjcdf qfjemfsu ql

sfefkrf jna hkrf kafju jna juukuqjnef kn qmf pslefuu lb

qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh$ jna pslrkaf j ufnuf lb

—lxnfsumkp’ lb qmf emjnhknh sldfu jna

sfuplnukckdkqkfu.

Ql ilqkrjqf pjsqkekpjnqu jna afrfdlp j ufnuf lb lxnfsumkp$ hljd)ufqqknh kn jn{ uemlld ivuq cf j

mkhmd{ pjsqkekpjqls{ qju`. Qmku hkrfu qfjemfsu j emjnef

ql qsjnudjqf eliiln elnefsnu knql upfekbke hljdu.

Afqfsiknknh eliiln hljdu$ ul qmjq qfjemfsu

pjsqkekpjqf kn qmf pslefuu lb kipslrknh mlx uemlldu

xls`$ fiplxfs qfjemfsu ql afekaf hljdu bls qmf

bvqvsf. Qmku jaau ql qmf pslbfuuklnjd hslxqm jna

dfjsnknh lb qmf qfjemfsu.

Ql afrfdlp j elddjclsjqkrf evdqvsf kn qmfks uemlld$ qmf

jaiknkuqsjqls ivuq fnelvsjhf lcgfeqkrf jna mlnfuq

eskqkejd frjdvjqkln lb qmf uqsfnhqmu jna xfj`nfuufu lb

uemlld jna uqjbb pfsblsijnef kn lsafs ql kipslrf

uqvafnq jemkfrfifnq. Ql fnuvsf lcgfeqkrkq{ jna

mlnfuq eskqkejd frjdvjqkln$ kq ku kiplsqjnq ql knrldrf

qmf uqjbb kn lvqdknknh qmf rkukln. Qmku afrfdlpu j ufnuf

lb lxnfsumkp kn qmf uemlld uqjbb$ ilqkrjqfu qmfi

qlxjsau mkhmfs dfrfdu lb eliikqifnq$ jna fnhjhfuqmfi kn lvqdknknh rjdvfu jna pvsplufu bls qmfks

uemlld.

J uvpplsqkrf dfjsnknh fnrkslnifnq ku eskqkejd ql qmf

uveefuu lb jn{ Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq. Qmf Bdlskaj

Afpjsqifnq lb Favejqkln pslrkafu qmf blddlxknh

hvkafdknfu ql juukuq jaiknkuqsjqlsu kn pslilqknh j

dfjsnknh fnrkslnifnq uvpplsqkrf lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

K pslrkaf uvbbkekfnq jna elnukuqfnq lpplsqvnkqkfu

kn qmf uemlld aj{ bls elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln

Sfufjsem -uqva{knh$ jnjd{wknh uqvafnq xls`$

akjdlhvknh elddjclsjqkrfd{$ jna jnjd{wknh

uqvafnq ajqj ql ij`f knuqsveqklnjd afekuklnu+0

K cvkda j uvpplsq u{uqfi bls qfjemfsu qmslvhm j

eljem ls j `nlxdfahfjcdf pfsuln lb qmf Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslefuu$ uqvafnq dfjsnknh$ jna

knuqsveqklnjd psjeqkefu0

K ufq mkhm f}pfeqjqklnu bls bjevdq{ jna uqvafnqu0

K esfjqf j pslbfuuklnjd dkcsjs{ mlvuknh pslbfuuklnjd

dkqfsjqvsf$ juufuuifnq qlldu$ jna lqmfs

knuqsveqklnjd sfulvsefu bls bjevdq{0

K pdjn ufrfsjd umjsknh ufuuklnu bls bjevdq{ ql

psfufnq qmfks Jeqkln Sfufjsem jna bknaknhu

qmslvhmlvq qmf {fjs0 jna

Qmf Sldf lb Jaiknkuqsjqlsu

:2



Qmf Sldf lb JaiknkuqsjqlsuK fnelvsjhf jdd bjevdq{ ql pjsqkekpjqf$ knedvaknh

qmf psknekpjd jna juukuqjnq psknekpjdu.

Alxndljafa bsli qmf Knqfsnfq$ Ijsem 3?:37

mqqp7,,xxx.bdalf.lsh,fuf,pab,jeqkln)sfu.pab

Kipslrknh Uqvafnq Dfjsnknh qmslvhm Edjuuslli Jeqkln

Sfufjsem7 J Hvkaf ql Cfeliknh jn Jeqkln Sfufjsemfs.

Bdlskaj Afpjsqifnq lb Fa. ph.3

Ql fnuvsf elnqknvlvu dfjsnknh jna kipslrfa

pfsblsijnef$ qmf dfjsnknh fnrkslnifnq ivuq cf

cjufa ln qsvuq jna uveefuu$ nlq bfjs jna bjkdvsf. Ql

cvkda qsvuq jna fnuvsf uveefuubvd lvqelifu$ kq ku

nfefuujs{ ql esfjqf j uemlld evdqvsf xmkem uvpplsquknqfsafpfnafnef$ nfhlqkjqkln$ jna ufevskq{ jilnh

uqjbb. Kn lsafs bls qmku ql mjppfn$ pldkekfu ivuq cf

kipdfifnqfa qmjq sfupfeq qmf elnqskcvqklnu lb fjem

uqjbb ificfs jna hkrf jppsfekjqkln hfnfslvud{ ql

ilqkrjqf qfjemfsu ju xfdd ju pslrkaf f}jipdfu lb

hlla qfjemknh psjeqkefu.

Qfjemfsu xml cfelif uveefuubvd jna elnqknvjd Jeqkln

Sfufjsemfsu ivuq mjrf j uvpplsq u{uqfi xkqmkn qmfks

uemlldu jna akuqskequ. Jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem uvpplsq qfji

ikhmq elnukuq lb sfulvsef qfjemfsu$ akuqskeq uqjbb$ ls

vnkrfsukq{ pslbfuulsu xml xlvda cf jrjkdjcdf ql

uvpplsq qfjemfsu ju qmf{ elnaveq Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfequ. Qmf qfji ij{ pslrkaf uvpplsq c{ mfdpknh

qfjemfsu ql jeefuu sfulvsefu bls sfufjsem jna sfrkfxknh

jeqkln pdjnu ql fnuvsf jdkhnifnq xkqm uemlld

kipslrfifnq pdjnu. Qmf qfji ejn jarkuf qfjemfsu ju ql

xmfqmfs qmfks pdjn ku aljcdf elnukafsknh qmf sfulvsefu

jna pldkekfu lb qmf uemlld ls akuqskeq. Qmf uvpplsq qfji

ejn bjekdkqjqf elddjclsjqkrf akjdlhvf jclvq qmf Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslgfeq jna pslrkaf qkpu bls uveefuubvd

pslgfequ. Jajpqfa bsli Bdlskaj Afpq. lb Fa.

mqqp7,,xxx.bdalf.lsh,fuf,pab,jeqkln)sfu.pab$ 3?:3

:8

Sfbdfeqkln

Mlx al {lv fuqjcdkum j evdqvsf lb sfufjsem kn

{lvs uemlld<

Al {lv qmkn` qmf jaiknkuqsjqlsu‛ sldf ku

pkrlqjd kn esfjqknh j evdqvsf lb jeqkln

sfufjsem kn qmfks knuqkqvqklnu< Xm{<

http://www.fldoe.org/ese/pdf/action-res.pdf






Qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem _slefuuUjnasj Mlddknhuxlsqm -:;;8+ cfhjn mfs sfrkfx lb

knqfsnjqklnjd Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfequ xkqm qmku

uqjqfifnq7

Kb qmfsf ku lnf uknhdf pjqqfsn qmjq fifshfu bsli

qmfuf emjpqfsu$ kq ku qmjq qmf blsiu$ pvsplufu$

ifqmlau jna sfuvdqu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem jslvna

qmf xlsda akbbfs xkafd{.

-Mlddknhuxlsqm fq jd.$ :;;8$ p.5:3+

Uqfpmfn @fiiku afrfdlpfa j ukipdf ilafd lb qmf

e{edkejd njqvsf lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslefuu$ j e{edf

qmjq mju blvs uqfpu7 pdjn$ jeq$ lcufsrf$ jna sfbdfeq. Qmf

efnqsjd zvfuqkln ku #Mlx ejn K mfdp i{ uqvafnqu

kipslrf qmf zvjdkq{ lb qmfks dfjsnknh<# Qmku ejn cf

csl`fn alxn knql qmfuf upfekbke zvfuqklnu7

:. Xmjq ku i{ elnefsn kn i{ psjeqkef<

3. Xmjq ji K hlknh ql al jclvq kq<

5. Xmjq frkafnef xkdd dfq if ij`f j gvahifnqjclvq xmjq K aka<

1. Mlx xkdd K rjdkajqf jn{ edjkiu jclvq xmjq K

mjrf alnf<-@fiiku$ :;=:+

Hfsjda Uvuijn -:;=5+ afrfdlpfa j ulifxmjq ilsf

fdjclsjqf ilafd c{ akuqknhvkumknh bkrf pmjufu ql cf

elnaveqfa xkqmkn fjem sfufjsem e{edf. Knkqkjdd{$ j

pslcdfi ku kafnqkbkfa jna ajqj jsf elddfeqfa bls j

ilsf afqjkdfa akjhnluku. Qmku ku blddlxfa c{ pluknh

ufrfsjd pluukcdf uldvqklnu$ bsli xmkem j uknhdf pdjn

lb jeqkln fifshfu jna ku kipdfifnqfa. Ajqj ln qmf

sfuvdqu lb qmf knqfsrfnqkln jsf elddfeqfa jna jnjd{wfa$

jna qmf bknaknhu jsf knqfspsfqfa ql afqfsiknf mlx

uveefuubvd qmf jeqkln mju cffn. Qmfn qmf pslcdfi ku

sf)juufuufa jna jnlqmfs Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf

cfhknu. Qmku pslefuu elnqknvfu vnqkd qmf pslcdfi ku

sfuldrfa.

-Jajpqfa bsli L‛Cskfn$ S.0

xxx.xfc.nfq,slcskfn,pjpfsu,jsbknjd.mqid +

Qmf pslefuu afueskcfa kn qmku mjnacll` ku cjufa ln

qmf kafju lb qmfuf psfrklvu sfufjsemfsu. Qmf pslefuu

lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem cfhknu xkqm j elnefsn ls knqfsfuq

bsli lnf‛u lxn pslbfuuklnjd elnqf}q. Qmku elnefsn

dfjau ql hjqmfsknh knblsijqkln jna `nlxdfahf jclvq

qmf elnefsn. Cjufa ln f}kuqknh jna nfx knblsijqkln

jna `nlxdfahf$ j sfufjsemjcdf pdjn ku afrkufa jna

kipdfifnqfa xkqmkn lnf‛u lxn pslbfuuklnjd elnqf}q.

Ajqj ln qmf kipdfifnqfa pdjn jsf qmfn elddfeqfa jna

jnjd{wfa. Qmf bknaknhu lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem jsf

umjsfa xkqm elddfjhvfu$ jaiknkuqsjqlsu$ jna lqmfs

uqj`fmldafsu. Kn jn lnhlknh pslefuu$ Jeqkln

Sfufjsemfsu elnqknvf ql lcufsrf$ sfbdfeq$ jna pdjn.Jdqmlvhm akbbfsfnq sfufjsemfsu ij{ afueskcf qmfuf

uqfpu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn udkhmqd{ akbbfsfnq xj{u$

qmf uqfpu f}pdjknfa kn qmku mjnacll` jsf7

K Kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi jna pluf j zvfuqkln.

K Esfjqf jn jeqkln pdjn.

K Fnjeq qmf pdjn.

K Uqva{ qmf pdjn kn jeqkln -elddfeq jna jnjd{wf

ajqj+.K Sfplsq sfuvdqu jna hfq bffacje`.

K Ilakb{ qmf pdjn.

K Qs{ kq jhjkn0 uqva{ kq jhjkn.

:=






Qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem _slefuuMlx dlnh alfu jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq qj`f<

Q{pkejdd{$ kq xkdd qj`f pdjef lrfs ufrfsjd xffù ls

ilnqmu. Qmf dfnhqm lb qkif nffafa ql lcufsrf ls

afilnuqsjqf kipslrfifnq xkdd afpfna vpln qmf

qjshfq lb {lvs knzvks{. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku jn

lnhlknh pslefuu$ sjqmfs qmjn j pslhsji. [lv ikhmq

elipdfqf lnf pmjuf lb {lvs pslgfeq kn j bfx xffù$

frjdvjqf$ jna uqjsq qmf pslefuu lrfs xkqm {lvs nfx

knblsijqkln. Qmfuf uqfpu ejn cf sfpfjqfa

elnqknvlvud{ jna jppdkfa ql jn{ dfjsnknh ukqvjqkln

ls pslcdfi bls elnqknvlvu kipslrfifnq kn

edjuuslli knuqsveqkln.

:;

Sfbdfeqkln

Afueskcf qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf kn {lvs

lxn xlsau.

Xm{ ku Jeqkln Sfufjsem elnukafsfa j e{edf

knuqfja lb j lnf)xj{ pslefuu<



[lv jna [lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem _slgfeq$ jn knqslaveqkln

ql Jeqkln Sfufjsem qmjq nlq lnd{ pslrkafu upfekbke

aksfeqklnu cvq jdul hlfu cf{lna ql ju` csljafs

zvfuqklnu$ afueskcfu blvs kiplsqjnq plknqu jclvq

Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

K K ji qmf efnqsjd pfsuln kn i{ sfufjsem.

K K ji ju`knh j sfjd zvfuqkln jclvq j sfjd kuuvf$ jna

K ji mlpknh ql ilrf qlxjsau j pluukcdf uldvqkln.

K K ji uqjsqknh bsli xmfsf K ji.

K K ji qs{knh ql csknh jclvq ulif kipslrfifnq

-sfificfs ) jn{ kipslrfifnq ku uqkdd kipslrfifnq$ nl ijqqfs mlx uijdd+.

-IeNkbb$ Dlij}$ " Xmkqfmfja$ :;;2$ p. 58+

Nlqkef qmf bsfzvfnq vuf lb qmf xlsa #K# kn qmjq dkuq lb

kiplsqjnq plknqu. Qmjq umlvda mfdp {lv uff qmjq Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ku rfs{ pfsulnjd jna qjshfqfa ql qmf nffau lb

{lvs edjuuslli. Jeqkln knzvks{ mjppfnu #kn qmf

uxjip# xmfsf xf dkrf lvs aj{)ql)aj{ uveefuufu$ bsvu)

qsjqklnu$ akujpplknqifnqu$ jna leejuklnjd iksjedfu.

Qmku dkuq lb efnqsjd kafju umlvda knedvaf jn jaakqklnjd

vnafsuqjnaknh qmjq Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku ulifqmknh {lv

al —xkqm’ jna —bls$’ nlq #ln$# qmf uqvafnqu {lv qfjem.

Qmf blddlxknh emjpqfsu xkdd afueskcf fjem lb qmf uqfpu

lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn afqjkd jna mfdp {lv afrfdlp j

pdjn ql sfufjsem jn kuuvf qmjq ku kiplsqjnq ql {lv.

K Kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi jna ju` j zvfuqkln.


K Fnjeq qmf pdjn.

K Uqva{ qmf pdjn kn jeqkln

-elddfeq ajqj,frkafnef+.

K Sfplsq sfuvdqu jna hfq bffacje`.

K Ilakb{ qmf pdjn.


.

Qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem _slefuu

3?

Sfbdfeqkln

Xskqf qmsff qmknhu qmjq {lv xlvda dk`f ql al

ju j sfufjsemfs kn {lvs uemlld.



Kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi jna ju` j zvfuqkln

[lv ikhmq nlx cf ju`knh {lvsufdb$ —Xmfsf al K

uqjsq<’ [lv cfhkn xkqm qmku zvfuqkln$ —Xmjq ku i{

elnefsn kn i{ psjeqkef<# Kq umlvda cf j elnefsn qmjq

jbbfequ {lvs qfjemknh jna qmf dfjsnknh lb {lvs

uqvafnqu. Kq umlvda cf j elnefsn qmjq [LV ejn al

ulifqmknh jclvq. Kq umlvda nlq afpfna ln lqmfsu.

Nlqkef qmjq qmf xlsa #elnefsn# ejddu jqqfnqkln ql

pfsulnjd rjdvfu jna {lv umlvda ufdfeq ulif jupfeq lb

{lvs qfjemknh qmjq sfdjqfu ql xmjq ku kiplsqjnq ql {lv

jclvq {lvs uqvafnqu( dfjsnknh. Kq xlvda cf rfs{

mfdpbvd ql akuevuu {lvs elnefsn xkqm elddfjhvfu kn

{lvs uemlld ql dfq qmfi mfdp {lv blevu {lvs

elnefsn jna ql dfq qmfks elnefsnu mfdp {lv bkna

{lvsu. Kb qxl ls ilsf pflpdf mjrf ukikdjs elnefsnu$

ul ivem qmf cfqqfs* Kq uvhhfuqu qmjq {lv jsf ln qmf

skhmq qsje` xkqm {lvs elnefsnu jna qmjq qmku ij{

cf j umjsfa pslcdfi jesluu qmf uemlld ls djshfs

qfjemknh eliivnkq{.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku jn jeqkln)lskfnqfa sfbdfeqkrf

psjeqkef$ xmkem cfhknu bsli j elnefsn jclvq ulif

jupfeq lb {lvs psjeqkef. Qmku dfjau ql blevuknh ln j

pjsqkevdjs zvfuqkln bls knrfuqkhjqknh. Xskqknh j

blsijd pdjn bls jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq ejn mfdp

ql blsivdjqf {lvs qmlvhmqu. Ulvsefu bls kafnqkb{knh

Jeqkln Sfufjsem elnefsnu ij{ cf {lvs lxn

f}pfskfnefu kn j pslbfuuklnjd elnqf}q$ uvem ju knqfsfuq

kn qs{knh lvq j pslikuknh psjeqkef {lv mjrf sfja lsmfjsa jclvq. Qmf zvfuqkln ij{ jskuf bsli j akbbkevdq{

{lv jsf mjrknh uvem ju j nffa ql kipslrf uqvafnq

dfjsnknh. [lv ij{ nffa ql uff` edjskq{ ln jn

vnedfjs ukqvjqkln$ uvem ju mlx ql fbbfeqkrfd{ vuf jn

knuqsveqklnjd jppsljem.

Jbqfs {lv afqfsiknf qmf elnefsn$ afbknf jna afueskcf

qmf pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln. Kafnqkb{ pluukcdf emjnhfu kn

{lvs qfjemknh qmjq ikhmq mfdp sfuldrf kq. Qmf pslcdfi

afueskpqkln umlvda sfdjqf ql upfekbke qfjemknh

psjeqkefu jna cf j sfufjsemjcdf elnefpq. Vuf qmf

blddlxknh hvkafdknfu ql mfdp {lv njsslx {lvs blevu7

K Xskqf alxn ulif uqjqfifnqu lb elnefsn jclvq

{lvs psjeqkef.

K Jsqkevdjqf f}jipdfu lb psjeqkef)cjufa

elnefsnu qmjq [LV ikhmq cf jcdf ql al ulif)

qmknh jclvq kn j sfjulnjcdf jilvnq lb qkif.

K Qs{ ql upfekb{ xmjq kq ku jclvq qmf elnefsn qmjq

{lv xkum ql emjnhf. Qmku elvda cf kafnqkbkfa ju

emjnhfu kn qmf djnhvjhf vufa$ emjnhfu kn qmf

jeqkrkqkfu$ emjnhfu kn ulekjd sfdjqklnumkpu$ fqe.

K Afueskcf qmf pslcdfi. Xm{ ku kq j pfsulnjd

elnefsn ql {lv<

K Xmjq knuqsveqklnjd,lshjnkwjqklnjd,uvpfsrkukln

emjnhfu xkdd {lv ij`f<

K Xmjq ejn [LV al jclvq qmf pslcdfi< Ql bkna

lvq$ qjd` ql elddfjhvfu$ sfja$ ju` uqvafnqu$ fqe.

K Xmjq ELNQSLD al {lv mjrf ql uldrf qmf

pslcdfi<

Nf}q$ esfjqf jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem zvfuqkln c{

f}jiknknh qmf pslcdfi uqjqfifnq bls kqu sfdjqklnumkp

ql upfekbke qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh psjeqkefu. Qmfzvfuqkln umlvda cf upfekbke jna sfuvdq kn jn

lcufsrjcdf pslcdfi uldrknh jeqkln. [lv umlvda cf

jcdf ql dkn` qmf zvfuqkln ql upfekbke qfjemknh

psjeqkefu. Jn kiplsqjnq zvfuqkln ql ju` {lvsufdb ku

xmfqmfs ls nlq qmf pslcdfi,zvfuqkln ku ulifqmknh

Kafnqkb{ j _slcdfi

3:



lrfs xmkem {lv mjrf knbdvfnef. Jdul ju` kb qmf

emjnhf qmjq xkdd elif jclvq ju j sfuvdq lb {lvs

sfufjsem ku xlsqm {lvs qkif jna fbblsq.

-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ 3??:)3??6+

Xmjq ij`fu j zvfuqkln uvkqjcdf bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

ku kqu sfdjqkln ql elnefsnu jclvq vnafsuqjnaknh jna

kipslrknh uemlld psjeqkefu. Qmf blddlxknh zvfuqklnu

jsf sfdjqfa ql jeqvjd f}pfskfnefu lb qfjemknh jna jsf

knqfnafa ql kipslrf edjuuslli qfjemknh jna dfjsn)

knh. Qmfuf zvfuqklnu jsf clsslxfa bsli jeelvnqu lb

jeqvjd Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfequ vnafsqj`fn c{

qfjemfsu xml mja upfekbke elnefsnu jclvq qmfksqfjemknh7

K Mlx ejn K mfdp i{ uqvafnqu dfjsn bsli qmfks

lxn kafju<

K Mlx ejn K mfdp uqvafnqu sfdjqf xmjq qmf{

jdsfja{ `nlx ql xmjq qmf{ jsf dfjsnknh kn qmf

edjuuslli<

K Mlx ejn K mjrf uqvafnqu cfelif ilsf

knafpfnafnq dfjsnfsu<

K Ejn uijdd hslvp xls` mfdp i{ uqvafnqu ql

knqfsjeq ilsf xkqm fjem lqmfs kn edjuu<

K Xkdd jnemls emjsqu -xjdd akupdj{u+ csknh jclvq

ilsf dfjsnknh kn i{ edjuuslli<

K Mlx ejn K elif vp xkqm mkhmfs)dfrfd

elipsfmfnukln zvfuqklnu kn i{ edjuu<

K Xmfn jna mlx al K vuf psjkuf kn i{

edjuuslli<

-@jnv$ Ejsuln " Uqjnu`{$ :;;1+

Kn blsivdjqknh qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln$ afueskcf qmf

pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln ln xmkem qmf zvfuqkln ku cjufa.

Qmf zvfuqkln umlvda jaasfuu lcufsrjqklnu,elnefsnu

jclvq {lvs qfjemknh jna uqvafnqu‛ dfjsnknh. Xm{ al

{lv qmkn` ulifqmknh ku mjppfnknh< Jdqmlvhm {lv

ij{ mjrf ufrfsjd elnefsnu$ dkikq {lvs Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ql lnf zvfuqkln. Qmjq zvfuqkln umlvda7

K cf j mkhmfs)lsafs zvfuqkln‑nlq j {fu,nl

K cf uqjqfa kn eliiln djnhvjhf$ jrlkaknh

gjshln

K cf elnekuf

K cf ifjnknhbvd

K nlq jdsfja{ mjrf jn jnuxfs

-Bfssjnef$ 3???+

Fnuvsf qmjq {lvs zvfuqkln ku j aljcdf zvfuqkln.Iluq lb qmf qkif$ qfjemfsu uqjsq Jeqkln Sfufjsem xkqm

zvfuqklnu qmjq jsf fkqmfs qll ckh ql jeelipdkum ls

lvq lb qmfks elnqsld. Uqjsq xkqm j zvfuqkln qmjq ku

ijnjhfjcdf jna jclvq ulifqmknh qmjq ku vnafs {lvs

elnqsld ql emjnhf.

Mfsf jsf ulif f}jipdfu lb pslcdfiu qmjq mjrf cffn

jaasfuufa qmslvhm Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

K Uqvafnqu ejn‛q sfja.

K Uqvafnqu aln‛q uff qmf pvspluf lb psjeqkef.

K Qfjemfsu aln‛q `nlx mlx ql qfdd kb qmfks

uqvafnqu jsf dfjsnknh.

K Uqvafnqu al nlq cfjs j umjsfa sfuplnukckdkq{

bls dfjsnknh.

K Uqvafnq jqqkqvafu qlxjsa sfjaknh jsf nlq hlla.

K Uqsvhhdknh sfjafsu nffa j u{uqfi lb blsijqkrf

frjdvjqkln.

K Uqvafnqu jsf nlq elipdfqknh qmfks mlifxls`.

K Uqvafnqu nfx ql qmf djnhvjhf lb knuqsveqkln

nffa ql knesfjuf qmfks `nlxdfahf lb jejafike

djnhvjhf.

Kafnqkb{ j _slcdfi

33



Kafnqkb{ j _slcdfiKn blsivdjqknh qmf zvfuqkln$ {lv ivuq qmkn` jclvq

{lvs elnefsn jna xmjq lvqelif {lv xlvda dk`f ql

uff. Qmfuf ufnqfnef uqfiu xkdd uvpplsq {lvs qmkn`knh7

K Kn i{ uemlld •

K K xlvda dk`f ql kipslrf•

K K ji pfspdf}fa c{•

K Ulif pflpdf jsf vnmjpp{ jclvq•

K K‛i sfjdd{ evsklvu jclvq•

K K xjnq ql dfjsn ilsf jclvq•.

K Jn kafj K xlvda dk`f ql qs{ lvq ku•..

K Ulifqmknh K qmkn` xlvda sfjdd{ ij`f j

akbbfsfnef ku•.

K Ulifqmknh K xlvda dk`f ql emjnhf ku•.

K Skhmq nlx$ ulif jsfju K ji pjsqkevdjsd{

knqfsfuqfa kn jsf•

Lnef {lv mjrf afqfsiknfa j elnefsn qmjq {lv ejn

jaasfuu jna ij`f j dfhkqkijqf emjnhf kn {lvs

edjuuslli$ xskqf alxn {lvs elnefsn,pslcdfi kn qmfblsi lb j sfufjsem zvfuqkln. Uqjqf xmjq {lv‛dd f}pfeq

ql uff kb qmf pdjn xlsù ju j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

Bls f}jipdf7

K Kb K emjnhf i{ knuqsveqkln dk`f qmku

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ xkdd uqvafnqu

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\<

K Kb K emjnhf i{ qfjemknh ql al qmku\\\\\\\\\\

xkdd uqvafnqu al\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\<

K Kb K qs{ qmku \\\\\\\\\\qmfn xkdd emkdasfn

umlx,afilnuqsjqf kipslrfifnqu ln qmf

elnefsn,pslcdfi<


Kn lsafs bls {lvs jeqkln pdjn ql sfuldrf qmf pslcdfi$

qmf zvfuqkln ivuq cf rjdka jna aljcdf. Ql fnuvsf qmjq

qmf zvfuqkln iffqu qmfuf eskqfskj$ {lv ij{ ju` {lvs)

ufdb edjskb{knh zvfuqklnu uvem ju qmfuf7

:. Xmjq jsf ulif jsfju lb knqfsfuq K xjnq ql

kipslrf<

F}jipdf7 K ji elnefsnfa qmjq i{ uqvafnqu mjrf

qslvcdf elipsfmfnaknh f}plukqls{ qf}q.

3. Xm{ al K xjnq ql sfufjsem qmku pslcdfi<

F}jipdf7 Uqvafnqu jsf vnjcdf ql sfja qmfks

qf}qcllù jna elipsfmfna qmf knblsijqkln

knafpfnafnqd{.

5. Xmjq jsf ulif plqfnqkjd uldvqklnu<

F}jipdf7 Elnuvdq , mksf j eljem. Bkna jn

f}pfsq xkqmkn qmf uemlld ql elif ql i{ edjuu.

F}pdkekqd{ qfjem jna ilafd mlx ql sfja

f}plukqls{ qf}q.

1. Xmkem lb qmfuf pluukcdf uldvqklnu ejn K

knrfuqkhjqf lrfs jn fkhmq)xff` pfskla<

F}jipdf7 F}pdkekqd{ qfjem jna ilafd mlx ql

sfja f}plukqls{ qf}q.

6. Xmjq `knau lb frkafnef al K mjrf ls ejn K bkna

ju j cjufdknf<

F}jipdf7 Sfufjsem glvsnjdu$ lcufsrjqklnu$ qfuqu$

xlsùmffqu$ knblsijd sfjaknh juufuuifnqu

2. Blsivdjqf j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

F}jipdf7 Alfu sfjaknh elipsfmfnukln ln

f}plukqls{ qf}q kipslrf ju j sfuvdq lb

pslrkaknh f}pdkekq uijdd hslvp knuqsveqkln bls

qxl 3?)iknvqf pfsklau qxl qkifu pfs xff`< -Cslwl$ 3?::+

35



ELNQSLDDKNH LVQELIFU

Ku i{ zvfuqkln al)jcdf< Blevufa< Ejn K elnqsld qmf lvqelif<F}jipdf7

:. Sfufjsem zvfuqkln7 —Xm{ jsfn‛q pjsfnqu knqfsfuqfa kn qmfks emkdasfn‛u favejqkln<’

3. Xmjq‛u qmf sfjd pslcdfi< Xm{ xlvda xf xjnq pjsfnqu knqfsfuqfa kn qmfks emkdasfn‛u favejqkln<

5. _slcdfi7 Uqvafnqu al nlq sfja knafpfnafnqd{ lvqukaf lb uemlld.

1. j+ _djn7 Ejn K uldrf qmf pslcdfi qmf xj{ qmf zvfuqkln ku uqjqfa< Al K mjrf qmf elnqsld ql ij`f kq

mjppfn< NL.

5. c+ Afukhn j pdjn ql jnuxfs qmf sfjd pslcdfi7 Juukhn j ilsf jarjnefa uqvafnq ql mfdp j uqsvhhdknh

sfjaknh uqvafnq jbqfs uemlld.

6. Sfuqjqf qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln7 —Kb K juukhn j ilsf jarjnefa uqvafnq ql sfja xkqm j uqsvhhdknh

uqvafnq xml nffau ilsf psjeqkef kn sfjaknh$ xkdd qmf uqsvhhdknh uqvafnq kipslrf mku ls mfs

sfjaknh jckdkq{<’


ELNQSLDDKNH QKIF

Ku i{ zvfuqkln al)jcdf kn j sfjulnjcdf pfskla lb qkif<:. Xmjq ku {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqkln<

3. Xmjq pslcdfi jclvq uqvafnqu‛ dfjsnknh alfu qmku zvfuqkln knqfna ql uldrf<

5. Ejn {lv uldrf qmf pslcdfi qmf xj{ {lv‛rf uqjqfa qmf zvfuqkln< Xmjq xlvda {lvs jeqkln pdjn cf<

Xmjq elnqsld al {lv mjrf ql ij`f qmf pdjn mjppfn<

1. Kb NL$ xmjq‛u jnlqmfs xj{ ql qj`f jeqkln jna uldrf qmf pslcdfi qmjq {lv EJN elnqsld<

6. Sfuqjqf kq ju j sfufjsem zvfuqkln$ bls f}jipdf7

—Kb K •• -qj`f qmku jeqkln+•••.$ qmfn xkdd uqvafnqu -afilnuqsjqf kipslrfifnq ln qmf

pslcdfi+<’-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ 3??:)3??6+

Kafnqkb{ j _slcdfi

31



Kafnqkb{ j _slcdfiKn uviijs{$ ql cfhkn {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem {lv ivuq

kafnqkb{ j rjdka pslcdfi$ sfbdfeq ln j pluukcdf

uldvqkln$ jna ju` j sfufjsemjcdf zvfuqkln. Qmf uqfpu

jsf7

:. Afueskcf qmf pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln.

3. Ij`f j pdjn ql sfuldrf qmf pslcdfi. -_djn

ulifqmknh [LV ejn al jclvq qmf pslcdfi.+

5. Qvsn {lvs pslcdfi jna pdjn knql j sfufjsem

zvfuqkln.

1. Uqjqf xmjq {lv‛dd f}pfeq ql uff kb qmf pdjn xlsù

ju j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ 3??:)3??6+

36

Sfbdfeqkln

Qs{ blsiknh j sfufjsem zvfuqkln vuknh qmf uqfpu kn qmf hsjpmke lshjnkwfs$ —Mlx ql Blsi j Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln’ ln qmf blddlxknh pjhf.



Mlx ql Blsi j Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln

32

:. Kafnqkb{ qmf pslcdfi.

-Qjd` kq lrfs xkqm eskqkejdbskfnau.+

_slcdfi

3. Xm{ ku qmf pslcdfimjppfnknh<

-Qmf —xm{’ afqfsiknfuqmf jeqkln pdjn.+

Dkuq ufrfsjd pluukckdkqkfu7

j.

c.

e.

a.

f.

Emlluf qmf lnf qmjq sfpsfufnqu {lvs cfuq hvfuu jna ku lnf[LV ejn al ulifqmknh jclvq kn j sfjulnjcdf pfskla lb qkif.

5. Csjknuqlsi pluukcdfjeqklnu.


j.

c.

e.

a.

f.

Emlluf qmf lnf [LV ejn al ulifqmknh jclvq kn j sfjulnjcdfpfskla lb qkif jna {lv hvfuu ikhmq xls`.

1. Xskqf {lvs sfufjsemzvfuqkln. Kb K \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\-bkdd kn jeqkln pdjn+$ xmjq

xkdd mjppfn ql qmf \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ -bkdd kn qmf pslcdfi+<

-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ @mjn$ @mlul$ " Zvsfumk$ 3??6+



F}jipdf7 Mlx ql Blsi j Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln

38

:. Kafnqkb{ qmf pslcdfi.

-Qjd` kq lrfs xkqm eskqkejdbskfnau.+

_slcdfi7 Uqvafnqu aln‛q jeqkrfd{ fnhjhf kn sfjaknh

knafpfnafnqd{

3. Xm{ ku qmf pslcdfimjppfnknh<

-Qmf —xm{’ afqfsiknfuqmf jeqkln pdjn.+


j. Dje` lb `nlxdfahf

c. Dje` lb sfulvsefu

e. _lls uqva{ mjckqu

a. Nlq ilqkrjqfa -sjqmfs pdj{ bllqcjdd+

f. Dje` lb uvpplsq kn sfjaknh jq mlif

Emlluf qmf lnf qmjq sfpsfufnqu {lvs cfuq hvfuu jna ku lnf[LV ejn al ulifqmknh jclvq kn j sfjulnjcdf pfskla lb qkif.

5. Csjknuqlsi pluukcdfjeqklnu.


j. Ejdd qmf pjsfnqu frfs{ aj{.

c. Dfq uqvafnqu sfja ln j elipvqfs ls fSfjafs.

e. Ufq vp j dfjsnknh elnqsjeq.

a. _slrkaf jdqfsnjqkrf sfjaknh ijqfskjdu.

Emlluf qmf lnf [LV ejn al ulifqmknh jclvq kn j sfjulnjcdfpfskla lb qkif jna {lv hvfuu ikhmq xls`.

1. Xskqf {lvs sfufjsemzvfuqkln.

Kb K ij`f j elnqsjeq qmjq K xkdd sfxjsa uqvafnqu blsknafpfnafnq sfjaknh$ xkdd qmf jilvnq lb qkif qmf{ upfna

sfjaknh knesfjuf<

-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ @mjn$ @mlul$ " Zvsfumk$ 3??6+



Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djnLnef {lv bkna j blevu jna afrfdlp {lvs sfufjsem

zvfuqkln$ qmf nf}q zvfuqkln ku #Xmjq ji K hlknh ql al

jclvq kq<# Ju` {lvsufdb kb qmfsf ku ulif sfdjqkrfd{

ukipdf emjnhf {lv elvda knqslavef ql {lvs uqvafnqu

qmjq xlvda mfdp {lv mfdp qmfi kipslrf qmf zvjdkq{

lb qmfks dfjsnknh. #Zvjdkq{# ku j xlnafsbvd xlsa

cfejvuf kq ku ul cslja‑jna dfjsnknh mju ul ijn{

akbbfsfnq zvjdkqkfu‑{fq kq jdul plknqu kn qmf aksfeqkln

lb kipslrfifnq lb qmf uvcuqjnef lb qfjemfs jeqkln lsuqvafnq f}pfskfnef kn qmf edjuuslli.

Uff` @nlxdfahf

Qmkn` lb j ukqvjqkln kn xmkem {lv xlvda nffa ql

elnuvdq sfulvsefu kn lsafs ql `nlx mlx ql elipdfqf

j qju` -f.h.$ emjnhknh qmf lkd kn j ejs$ cj`knh j qlsqf$

ij`knh lskhjik$ fqe.+.

Qmkn` lb frfs{ pluukcdf sfulvsef qmjq elvda cf

elnuvdqfa kn lsafs ql jqqjkn qmf knblsijqkln nffafa

ql elipdfqf qmf qju`. Ukikdjsd{$ {lv xkdd nffa qlelnuvdq ijn{ sfulvsefu ql blsivdjqf {lvs jeqkln

pdjn.

[lv xkdd nffa ql `nlx ilsf cfblsf {lv AL

ulifqmknh. Uff`knh `nlxdfahf ql uvpplsq {lvs

sfufjsem elnefsn umlvda cf j afdkcfsjqf$ u{uqfijqke

pslefuu lb hjqmfsknh jaakqklnjd knblsijqkln jclvq

qmf elnefsn. Qmku `nlxdfahf xkdd mfdp {lv sfbknf qmf

jeqkln blevu jna blsi qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pdjn.

Qmfsf jsf ijn{ ulvsefu bls jezvksknh knblsijqkln ql

mfdp {lv xkqm {lvs pdjn.

Knrfuqkhjqf xmjq lqmfsu uj{ jclvq {lvs elnefsn jna

dkuqfn ql uvhhfuqklnu qmf{ ij{ mjrf ln jdqfsnjqkrf

jppsljemfu. Qjd` xkqm {lvs uqvafnqu ql hfq j ufnuf lb

mlx qmf{ rkfx qmf zvjdkq{ lb qmfks edjuuslli

f}pfskfnef jna qmfks dfjsnknh uveefuu. Elnuvdq xkqm

bfddlx favejqlsu jna$ iluq kiplsqjnqd{$ f}jiknf qmf

pslbfuuklnjd dkqfsjqvsf ln qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh.

Uemlld jna uqvafnq sfelsau pslrkaf jaakqklnjd

knblsijqkln uvem ju sfelsau lb jemkfrfifnq$

jqqfnajnef$ jna upfekjd ufsrkefu bls uqvafnqu xml jsf

qmf blevu lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Elnuvdq

elddfjhvfu jclvq uqvafnqu xml jsf qmf blevu lb qmf

sfufjsem. Elnuvdq elddfjhvfu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu blsqmfks knpvq jna kafju sfdjqfa ql {lvs elnefsn. Al

qmf{ qmkn` {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqkln ku bfjukcdf< Xmjq

uvpplsq ejn qmf{ pslrkaf bls {lvs sfufjsem<

-Cslwl$ 3?::+

Mlx xkdd {lv cfhkn {lvs ufjsem bls knblsijqkln<

Uff` qmf knblsifa lpknklnu lb f}pfsqu kn qmf bkfda

xml mjrf qmf `nlxdfahf ql upfj` jclvq {lvs

elnefsn. Qmku ij{ knedvaf lqmfs pffsu,qfjemfsu$

uemlld ls akuqskeq eljemfu$ vnkrfsukq{ pslbfuulsu$ jna

Iknkuqs{ lb Favejqkln ls Uqjqf Afpjsqifnq lb

Favejqkln pfsulnnfd. Elnqjeq xkqm qmfuf f}pfsqu ejn

leevs qmslvhm fijkd. Ijn{ lb qmfuf f}pfsqu ij{ mjrf

pfsulnjd xfcukqfu qmjq xkdd pslrkaf knblsijqkln

jclvq {lvs elnefsn. Ijn{ lqmfs Knqfsnfq ukqfu jdul

jsf jrjkdjcdf ql pslrkaf knblsijqkln. Ql ufjsem$ qs{

qfjemfs jeqkln sfufjsem dkqfsje{ -ls lqmfs

`f{xlsa+ kn {lvs zvfuqkln.

J sfrkfx lb pslbfuuklnjd dkqfsjqvsf xkdd pslrkaf

knblsijqkln qmjq xkdd cf mfdpbvd ql {lv. Sfjaknhpslbfuuklnjd glvsnjdu$ cllù$ {fjscllù$ jna sfplsqu

xkdd fnmjnef {lvs vnafsuqjnaknh lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem

jna kafnqkb{ xmjq lqmfsu mjrf alnf kn qmf jsfj jclvq

xmkem {lv jsf elnefsnfa. Qmfks f}pfskfnefu xkdd dfna

skhls jna uemldjsumkp ql {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem

3=



Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djnpslgfeq. Qmf f}qfnq ql xmkem {lv sfd{ ln qmfuf sf)

ulvsefu xkdd rjs{ xkqm qmf uelpf lb {lvs pslgfeq.

Fdfeqslnke Ajqj

Qmfsf jsf ijn{ fdfeqslnke ulvsefu qmjq ejn pslrkaf

jsqkedfu ls cll` emjpqfsu xkqm knblsijqkln jclvq

{lvs sfufjsem qlpke. Uvem ulvsefu knedvaf _slZvfuq$

FSKE$ jna FCUEL.

Lshjnkwknh [lvs Knblsijqkln

Lnef {lv mjrf kafnqkbkfa plqfnqkjd ulvsefu lb

knblsijqkln$ {lv xkdd xjnq ql lshjnkwf qmf

knblsijqkln. Qmku xkdd mfdp {lv ql afqfsiknf kb {lvs

pslgfeq ku xlsqm {lvs qkif jna fbblsq. Kq xkdd cf vufbvd

ql esfjqf nlqfu bls fjem ulvsef qmjq knedvafu7

K Lskhkn lb qmf ulvsef -glvsnjd jsqkedf+

K Blevu ls pvspluf -knrfuqkhjqf qmf fbbfeqkrfnfuu

lb uijdd)hslvp knuqsveqkln+

K Ajqj elddfeqkln pslefavsfu kb sfdfrjnq

-edjuuslli ejuf uqvakfu lb qxl pskijs{

qfjemfsu jna qmfks uqvafnqu+

K Sfuvdqu -uijdd)hslvp knuqsveqkln mfdpfa ql

qjshfq nffau lb qmf uqvafnqu+

-Cslwl$ 3?::+

F]JI_DF7 Lshjnkwknh [lvs Knblsijqkln

Lskhkn7 Cll`$ Q{nfs$ C. —Cfhknnknh Sfjaknh

Knuqsveqkln jna qmf Uijdd)Hslvp Akbbfsfnqkjqfa

Sfjaknh Ilafd.’ Kn Uijdd)Hslvp Sfjaknh Knuqsveqkln

-pp. :):2+. Nfxjs`$ AF7 Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh

Juulekjqkln$ 3??1.

Blevu,_vspluf7 Afqfsiknf xmfqmfs uijdd)hslvp

hvkafa sfjaknh knuqsveqkln ku cfnfbkekjd bls fjsd{

sfjafsu.

Ajqj Elddfeqkln _slefavsfu7 Sfrkfx ejuf uqvakfu$

knqfsrkfx lqmfs qfjemfsu$ jna qs{ xkqm uijdd hslvp lb

uqvafnqu kn i{ edjuuslli.

Sfuvdqu,Bknaknhu7 Uqvafnqu pjsqkekpjqknh kn uijdd

hslvp knuqsveqkln dfjsnfa ql sfja ullnfs qmjn

emkdasfn kn xmldf hslvp knuqsveqkln lnd{.

Ql lshjnkwf qmf knblsijqkln {lv mjrf hjqmfsfa$ kq

ij{ cf mfdpbvd ql afrfdlp j akjhsji umlxknh qmf

sfdjqklnumkp jilnh qmf ulvsefu jna qmf elnnfeqkln

ql qmf pslplufa Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq.

3;

Ulvsefu lb Knblsijqkln bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

Uemlld jna Uqvafnq Sfelsau

Elddfjhvfu jna Jaiknkuqsjqlsu

_slbfuuklnjd Afrfdlpifnq _slrkafsu

Knqfsnfq Ukqfu lb _slbfuuklnjd Lshjnkwjqklnu -k.f.$

Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh Juulekjqkln$ Njqklnjd

Elvnekd lb Qfjemfsu lb Fnhdkum+

_slbfuuklnjd Dkqfsjqvsf

_slplufa Jeqkln

Sfufjsem _slgfeq7

Hvkafa Sfjaknh

Q{nfs Cll`

F}pfsq Lpknkln

Ijsekj U. Bsffijn

_slbfuuklnjd Afrfdlpifnq

Ijqfskjdu

Knqfsnfq Ukqf7 Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh

Juulekjqkln$ xxx.sfjaknh.lsh

Knqfsnfq Ukqf7 Sfjaknh Sfelrfs{ Elvnekd lb

Nlsqm Jifskej$ xxx.sfjaknhsfelrfs{.lsh

F}jipdf Akjhsji



Uviijskwknh [lvs Knblsijqkln

Jbqfs {lv mjrf hjqmfsfa jna lshjnkwfa knblsijqkln

jclvq {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqkln$ kq xkdd cf mfdpbvd ql

esfjqf jn lshjnkwfa uviijs{ lb {lvs akbbfsfnq

sfufjsem. Bls f}jipdf7

Sfufjsem Elnefsn7 Ulif cfhknnknh sfjafsu jsf mjrknh

akbbkevdq{ elipsfmfnaknh nlnbkeqkln qf}q.

Knblsijqkln Ulvsefu7

K _slbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq ijqfskjdu bsli j

xlsùmlp ln vuknh f}plukqls{ qf}q

KKnqfsnfq ukqfu K Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh Juulekjqkln7

xxx.sfjaknh.lsh

K Njqklnjd Elvnekd lb Qfjemfsu lb Fnhdkum7

xxx.neqf.lsh,

K F}pfsq lpknkln7 fijkdfa Ijvsffn IeDjvhmdkn

bls knblsijqkln jna bffacje`.

K _slbfuuklnjd dkqfsjqvsf

Cll`7 Dkuqfn ql Qmku7 Afrfdlpknh jn Fjs bls F}plukqls{

c{ Ijsekj U. Bsffijn$ :;;8

Cll`7 Hvkafa Elipsfmfnukln kn qmf _skijs{ Hsjafu

c{ Ijvsffn IeDjvhmdkn$ 3?:?

Glvsnjd Jsqkedf7 —Ilafdu bls Vuknh Nlnbkeqkln kn qmf

_skijs{ Hsjafu$’ Slufijs{ H. _jdifs$ jna Slhfs J

Uqfxjsq$ Kuuvfu jna Knnlrjqklnu kn Dkqfsje{

Favejqkln7 Sfjaknhu Bsli Qmf Sfjaknh Qfjemfs $ 3??2

Dfuuln _djn7 Jarfnqvsfu kn Nlnbkeqkln7 J Hvkafa

Knzvks{ Glvsnf{ mqqp7,,xxx.sfjaxskqfqmkn`.lsh,

edjuuslli)sfulvsefu,dfuuln)pdjnu,jarfnqvsfu)

nlnbkeqkln)hvkafa)knzvks{):=5.mqid

J cskfb uviijs{ xkdd uvpplsq {lvs jeqkln pdjn. Qmku

alfu nlq mjrf ql cf dfnhqm{$ cvq umlvda pslrkaf

fnlvhm knblsijqkln ql mfdp {lv ij`f {lvs afekukln

ln xmfqmfs {lvs jeqkln pdjn ku bfjukcdf. Bls f}jipdf7

Qmf pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq ijqfskjdu jrjkdjcdf

pslrkaf nvifslvu uqsjqfhkfu bls qfjemknh pskijs{

uqvafnqu mlx ql sfja nlnbkeqkln qf}qu. F}pdkekq jna

hvkafa uqsjqfh{ knuqsveqkln$ nvifslvu

lpplsqvnkqkfu bls fnhjhfifnq$ jna j rjskfq{ lb

dfrfdfa qf}qu jsf akuevuufa c{ IeDjvhmdkn kn mfs

cll`$ Hvkafa Elipsfmfnukln kn qmf _skijs{

Hsjafu. Qmf SfjaXskqfQmkn` xfcukqf$

xxx.sfjaxskqfqmkn`.lsh$ pslrkafu ijn{ dfuuln

pdjnu bls qfjemknh uijdd)hslvp sfjaknh xkqm

f}pdkekq knuqsveqkln kn mlx ql sfja nlnbkeqkln

qf}qu. Bvsqmfs uvpplsq bls qmfuf uqsjqfhkfu xju

pslrkafa c{ Ijsekj U. Bsffijn kn fijkd

elssfuplnafnef.

Lnef {lv mjrf uviijskwfa {lvs knblsijqkln$ {lv

ij{ uff qmjq {lvs lskhknjd pdjn nffau ql cf sfbknfa.

Ql sfbknf qmf blevu lb {lvs sfufjsem$ uqjqf {lvs

lskhknjd elnefsn jna qmfn sfuqjqf kq cjufa ln qmf

knblsijqkln {lv mjrf blvna. Bls f}jipdf7

Lskhknjd Sfufjsem Elnefsn7 Ulif cfhknnknh sfjafsu

jsf mjrknh akbbkevdq{ elipsfmfnaknh nlnbkeqkln qf}q.

Sfbknfa Sfufjsem Elnefsn Cjufa ln Knblsijqkln

Ulvsefu7 Xkdd pslrkaknh f}pdkekq knuqsveqkln kn qf}q

uqsveqvsf mfdp cfhknnknh sfjafsu elipsfmfna

nlnbkeqkln qf}q<

Afrfdlpknh qmf Jeqkln _djn

Jbqfs kafnqkb{knh j sfufjsem elnefsn$ hjqmfsknh

jaakqklnjd knblsijqkln$ jna sfbknknh qmf blevu lb qmf

sfufjsem$ qmf pdjn lb jeqkln nffau ql cf afrfdlpfa

jna kipdfifnqfa. Qmf jeqkln pdjn knrldrfu

upfekbkejqkln lb qmf pjsqkekpjnqu$ uqsjqfhkfu$ jrjkdjcdf

sfulvsefu$ frjdvjqkln pslefavsfu$ jna qkifdknf. Vuknh

{lvs edjskbkfa zvfuqkln jna sfufjsem elnefsn$ {lvs

jeqkln pdjn umlvda jnuxfs qmfuf zvfuqklnu7

K Xmfsf xkdd qmf sfufjsem qj`f pdjef<

5?

Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djn

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Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djnK Xml xkdd pjsqkekpjqf kn qmf sfufjsem<

K Xmjq xkdd mjppfn xkqm qmf pjsqkekpjnqu<

K Mlx xkdd qmf sfufjsem cf elnaveqfa$ jna

xmjq xkdd cf qmf upfekbke ufzvfnef lb jeqklnu<

K Xmfn xkdd qmf sfufjsem cf elnaveqfa$ jna

mlx ikhmq kq vnblda ls emjnhf lrfs qkif<

Qmkn` ejsfbvdd{ jna cf upfekbke ju {lv ju` {lvsufdb

fjem zvfuqkln. Bls f}jipdf7

K Xmfsf xkdd qmf sfufjsem qj`f pdjef<

Upfekb{ qmf elnqf}q bls qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

akuqskeq$ uemlld$ edjuuslli$ jna hsjaf dfrfd.

K Xml xkdd pjsqkekpjqf kn qmf sfufjsem<

Kafnqkb{ upfekbkejdd{ qmf knakrkavjdu xml jsf qmf

blevu lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Xkdd kq cf uqvafnqu

bsli lnf edjuuslli ls ivdqkpdf edjuuslliu< Xkdd

kq cf jdd uqvafnqu bsli qmfuf edjuuslliu ls

upfekbke uqvafnqu -dlxfuq)jemkfrknh uqvafnqu kn

lnf edjuu$ vnilqkrjqfa uqvafnqu kafnqkbkfa c{ qmf

qfjemfs+<

K Xmjq xkdd mjppfn xkqm qmf pjsqkekpjnqu<

Upfekb{ xmjq pjsqkekpjnqu xkdd f}pfskfnef ju pjsq

lb qmf sfufjsem. Bls f}jipdf$ —Bksuq)hsjaf

uqvafnqu xkdd cf qjvhmq f}pdkekq sfjaknh uqsjqfhkfu

bls elipsfmfnaknh nlnbkeqkln qf}q.’

K Mlx xkdd qmf sfufjsem cf elnaveqfa<

Upfekb{ xmjq nffau ql cf jeelipdkumfa kn lsafs

bls qmf sfufjsem ql cf elnaveqfa xkqm qmf

pjsqkekpjnqu. Bls f}jipdf$ —Bksuq)hsjaf uqvafnqu

xkdd cf qjvhmq f}pdkekqd{ mlx ql vuf nlnbkeqkln

qf}qu kn qmfks uijdd hslvpu jq qmfks upfekbke sfjaknh dfrfdu bls 3? iknvqfu fjem aj{.’

K Xmfn xkdd qmf sfufjsem cf elnaveqfa<

Fuqjcdkum j qkifdknf ls uemfavdf bls elnaveqknh

jdd pmjufu lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Qmf qkifdknf

umlvda upfekb{ qmf uqjsq jna fna ajqfu bls fjem

jeqkrkq{ jna mlx bsfzvfnqd{ qmf jeqkrkq{ xkdd

leevs. Bls f}jipdf$ —Qmf sfufjsem xkdd cfhkn qmf

ufelna nknf xffù lb uemlld jna fna jbqfs nknf

xffù. Qmf uijdd hslvp knuqsveqkln xkdd leevs

fjem aj{ bls qmf uqvafnqu knrldrfa.’

Kn afrfdlpknh {lvs jeqkln pdjn$ {lv nffa ql

jnqkekpjqf lcuqjedfu jna mlx {lv xkdd sfjeq ql qmfi.

Ju` {lvsufdb qmfuf zvfuqklnu7K Xmjq elvda knqfsbfsf xkqm {lvs pdjn<

K Xmjq xkdd {lv al ql jrlka qmfuf lcuqjedfu<

K Kafnqkb{ pluukcdf emjnhfu kn {lvs qfjemknh

xmkem ikhmq mfdp sfuldrf kuuvfu.

K Xmjq knuqsveqklnjd,lshjnkwjqklnjd,

uvpfsrkuls{ emjnhfu xkdd {lv ij`f<

K Xmjq ejn {lv al jclvq qmf pslcdfi< -Ql bkna

lvq$ qjd` ql elddfjhvfu$ sfja$ ju` uqvafnqu$ fqe.+

K Xmjq ELNQSLD al {lv mjrf ql uldrf qmf

pslcdfi< Mlx al {lv `nlx qmjq {lvs jeqkln

pdjn ejn sfuldrf qmf pslcdfi,hfq qmf cfuq

sfuvdqu<

[lv jsf jdiluq sfja{ ql kipdfifnq {lvs pdjn$ cvq

bksuq$ elnukafs qmfuf plknqu7

K Alfu qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln uffi blevufa

fnlvhm ql cf aljcdf<

K Alfu kq blevu ln xmjq qmf sfufjsemfs ejnjeqvjdd{ elnqsld<

K Alfu qmf pdjn knelsplsjqf j xj{ ql lrfselif

lcuqjedfu<

5:



K Xkdd qmf ifqmla lb uqva{ jnuxfs qmf sfufjsem

zvfuqkln<

K Ku qmf qkifdknf sfjdkuqke<

K Xmjq jsf qmf sfjulnu bls qmf psfufnq ukqvjqkln<

K Kafnqkb{ xml xlvda cf iluq aksfeqd{ jbbfeqfa

c{ jn{ jeqkln qj`fn.

K Kafnqkb{ xml elvda mfdp jna xml elvda cf

knrldrfa. -Nlqf qmjq kafjdd{ Jeqkln Sfufjsem

ifjnu jeqkrf knrldrfifnq lb qmluf xml jsf

jbbfeqfa kn qmf pslefuu lb jeqkln jna

sfbdfeqkln.+K Kafnqkb{ qmf sfulvsefu -qkif jna ijqfskjdu+ qmjq

{lv mjrf jrjkdjcdf ql afrlqf ql qmf pslgfeq.

Vuf nlqfu bsli {lvs sfufjsem ql mfdp {lv afrfdlp j

ejdfnajs ql `ffp {lvs pslgfeq ln qsje`. Ulif lb qmf

qmknhu {lv xkdd xjnq ql uemfavdf jsf7

K esfjqkln lb ijqfskjdu ql cf kipdfifnqfa

K kipdfifnqjqkln uemfavdf

K esfjqkln lb ajqj elddfeqkln knuqsvifnqu

K ajqj elddfeqkln plknqu

K ajqj jnjd{uku plknqu

K sfbdfeqkln,pdjn ilakbkejqkln plknqu

K uviijs{,sfuvdqu xskqf vp

-_fe`lrfs$ 3?:3+

Nlx$ {lv jsf sfja{ ql esfjqf jn jeqkln pdjn kn xmkem

{lv xkdd qs{ j akbbfsfnq qfjemknh pslefavsf.

j+ Xskqf alxn {lvs elnefsn,pslcdfi kn qmf

blsi lb j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

c+ Kafnqkb{ qmf upfekbke uqfpu.

f+ Xmjq lcuqjedfu ikhmq jskuf ju {lv kipdfifnq

{lvs pdjn<

a+ Knakejqf j qkifdknf bls qmf bksuq e{edf.

Sfbdfeq ln {lvs ajkd{ uemfavdf

Mlx ejn {lv jddlejqf qkif ajkd{ ql xls` ln

{lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq<

Cjufa ln {lvs kafj bls {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfeq$ xmjq jupfeq lb qmf pdjn al {lv

qmkn` xkdd esfjqf qmf ckhhfuq emjddfnhfu<

Xm{<

Xmjq ejn {lv al ql lrfselif qmfuf

emjddfnhfu<


53



F}jipdf7 Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djn

Knuqsveqklnjd _slcdfi7 Uqvafnqu al nlq upfna fnlvhm qkif sfjaknh knafpfnafnqd{.

_luukcdf Emjnhf7 Ufq jukaf ulif qkif fjem aj{ bls sfjaknh psjeqkef xkqm mkhm)knqfsfuq cllù.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln7 #Kb K emjnhf i{ knuqsveqkln ql pslrkaf uveefuubvd sfjaknh psjeqkef$ xkdd uqvafnqu cf

ilsf elnbkafnq kn qs{knh ql sfja knafpfnafnqd{<

Jnqkekpjqf Lcuqjedfu7 Xmjq elvda knqfsbfsf xkqm {lvs pdjn< Xmjq xkdd {lv al ql jrlka qmf lcuqjedfu<

Emfe`dkuq bls qmf Jeqkln _djn

Z:7 \\\\ Ku qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln blevufa fnlvhm ql cf —al)jcdf’< Ku kq ulifqmknh qmjq ejn cf

jeqvjdd{ elnqslddfa c{ j sfufjsemfs$ j qfji lb sfufjsemfsu$ ls qmf jaiknkuqsjqls< Kb nlq$

ejn kq cf ijaf ukipdfs$ xkqm upfekbke$ ifjuvsjcdf lvqelifu xmkem jsf pluukcdf vnafs

{lvs qfjemknh,dfjsnknh elnqf}qu<

Z37 \\\\ Alfu qmf pdjn uffi ql jaasfuu qmf kafnqkbkfa pslcdfi kn j psjeqkejd xj{< Kb nlq$ xmjq

psjeqkejd uqfpu ejn cf qj`fn<

Z57 \\\\ Jsf jnqkekpjqfa lcuqjedfu kafnqkbkfa jna jaasfuufa< Jsf qmf xj{u ql lrfselif qmfuf

lcuqjedfu psjeqkejd jna al)jcdf< Kb nlq$ xmjq ejn cf alnf<

Z17 \\\\ Jsf ajqj hjqmfsknh pslefavsfu uvbbkekfnq ql hkrf frkafnef lb xmfqmfs qmf pdjn xlsù ls

nlq<

Z67 \\\\ Ku qmf qkif dknf sfjdkuqke< Kb nlq$ ij`f uvhhfuqklnu.

Z27 \\\\ Jsf qmfsf jn{ lqmfs elnefsnu<



55



Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq AjqjNlx kq ku qkif ql qs{ lvq {lvs pdjn$ cvq bksuq {lv nffa

ql qmkn` jclvq mlx {lv xkdd juufuu xmfqmfs ls nlq

{lvs nfx jppsljem$ {lvs jeqkln pdjn$ xkdd sfuldrf qmf

pslcdfi ls elnefsn. Xmjq al {lv f}pfeq ql uff<

Qmf bksuq zvfuqkln ql ju` {lvsufdb ku$ —Mlx al K bkna

lvq kb K ijaf j akbbfsfnef<’ Qmf nf}q zvfuqkln ku$

#Xmjq frkafnef xkdd dfq if ij`f j gvahifnq jclvq

xmjq K aka<#

Qmku frkafnef elvda cf esfjqfa c{ uqvafnqu ls

afrfdlpfa c{ {lv$ ls kq elvda cf ulif kipslrfifnq

kn qmfks xskqqfn xls` ls kn qmf edjuuslli fnrksln)

ifnq. Qmku ku xmfsf jeqkln knzvks{ uqjsqu ql pj{ lbb

cfejvuf kq ij`fu vu dll` jq lvs qfjemknh qmslvhm

ulifqmknh lqmfs qmjn qmf sfdjqkrfd{ ulbq jna bskfnad{

f{fu lb lvs lxn ifilskfu.

Ajqj ejn cf afbknfa ju ckqu jna pkfefu lb knblsijqkln

blvna kn qmf fnrkslnifnq qmjq jsf elddfeqfa kn

u{uqfijqke xj{u ql pslrkaf jn frkafnqkjd cjuf bslixmkem ql ij`f knqfspsfqjqklnu jna uqjqfifnqu

knqfnafa ql jarjnef `nlxdfahf jna vnafsuqjnaknh

elnefsnknh j sfufjsem zvfuqkln ls pslcdfi.

-Djnùmfjs jna @nlcfd$ 3??1+

Ql afqfsiknf sfdkjcdf jnuxfsu ql sfufjsem zvfuqklnu$

sfufjsemfsu ivuq ij`f ejsfbvd afekuklnu jclvq xmjq

`kna jna mlx ivem ajqj ql elddfeq. Xmjq elvnqu ju

jppslpskjqf ajqj xkdd afpfna ln qmf sfufjsem

zvfuqkln jna qmf njqvsf lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem.

Ajqj elddfeqkln ku j pslefuu lb alevifnqknh qmf

sfuvdqu lb {lvs jeqkln pdjn c{ elddfeqknh frkafnef

jclvq qmf pdjn.

[lv nffa ql qmkn` jclvq ajqj elddfeqkln uqsjqfhkfu

jna uff qmjq qmf{ jsf kn pdjef cfblsf {lv fnjeq {lvs

pdjn. Afqfsiknf qmf q{pfu lb ajqj qmjq nffa ql cf

elddfeqfa ql dfja ql ifjnknhbvd$ jeevsjqf$ jna

jppslpskjqf elnedvuklnu sfhjsaknh {lvs sfufjsem

zvfuqkln. Qj`f jarjnqjhf lb ajqj {lv vuvjdd{ elddfeq

kn {lvs nlsijd knuqsveqkln pslefuu. Xmjq al {lv al

kn {lvs ajkd{ slvqknf qmjq xkdd pslrkaf sfdfrjnq

knblsijqkln jclvq {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq<Jeqkln Sfufjsemfsu umlvda qmkn` eskqkejdd{ jclvq mlx

dkbf kn qmf edjuuslli ls uemlld ejn cf ejpqvsfa

njqvsjdd{ ju ajqj jna ju` qmfiufdrfu qmfuf zvfuqklnu7

K Xmjq `knau lb ajqj al K nffa ql elddfeq kn

lsafs ql jnuxfs qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln<

K Xmjq `knau lb ajqj elddfeqkln uqsjqfhkfu xkdd

cf vufa ql elddfeq qmf ajqj K nffa<

K Mlx al qmf rjsklvu ajqj ulvsefu elddfeqfa

mfdp kn jnuxfsknh i{ sfufjsem zvfuqkln<

Qmkn` jclvq jna afueskcf qmf ifqmlau {lv xkdd vuf ql

elddfeq frkafnef. Lcufsrf jna sfelsa xmjq

mjppfnu ju qmf sfuvdq lb qmf bksuq jeqkln uqfp.

Elddjclsjqkln$ qjd`knh xkqm lqmfs qfjemfsu ls ju`knh

qmfi ql lcufsrf {lv jna {lvs edjuuslli jna hkrf

bffacje`$ xkdd lbbfs jn jaakqklnjd pfsupfeqkrf ln {lvs

sfufjsem. Afukhn upfekbke qjuù bls uqvafnqu qmjq xkdd

umlx emjnhfu kn qmfks xls`. Knqfsrkfx ufdfeqfa

uqvafnqu. Emlluf ulif uqvafnqu xml jsf alknh xfdd

jna ulif xml jsf nlq ql knqfsrkfx kn j hslvp ls

jdlnf. Vuf jvaklqjpf ls rkaflqjpf ql sfelsa qmf

knqfsrkfxu ul qmjq {lv ejn sfrkfx qmfi jna jnjd{wf

qmf knblsijqkln pslrkafa c{ qmf knqfsrkfxu.

-Cslwl$ 3?::+

51



Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq AjqjZvjnqkqjqkrf jna Zvjdkqjqkrf Ajqj

Qmf akbbfsfnq ulvsefu lb ajqj xkdd knedvaf clqmzvjnqkqjqkrf jna zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj. Zvjnqkqjqkrf ajqj

sfbfsu ql ajqj qmjq ejn cf ifjuvsfa kn nvicfsu$ uvem

ju dfnhqm$ mfkhmq$ eluq$ jhfu$ fqe. Kn edjuuslli Jeqkln

Sfufjsem$ zvjnqkqjqkrf ajqj ikhmq knedvaf qfuq uelsfu$

uqvafnq jhfu$ nvicfs lb akuekpdknf sfbfssjdu$ ls

uqvafnq jqqfnajnef sjqfu. Zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj$ ln qmf

lqmfs mjna$ afjdu xkqm afueskpqklnu. Zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj

ejn cf lcufsrfa$ cvq nlq ifjuvsfa nvifskejdd{.

Bls f}jipdf$ kb {lv xfsf afueskcknh {lvs edjuu$ qmf

afueskpqkln xlvda cf akbbfsfnq kb {lv xfsf vuknh

zvjnqkqjqkrf ajqj qmjn kq xlvda kb {lv xfsf vuknh

zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj.

Zvjnqkqjqkrf 9 Zvjnqkq{7 36 uqvafnqu0 :6 cl{u jna

:? hksdu$ 2?& ln Mlnls Sldd0 86& mjrf pfsbfeq

jqqfnajnef

Zvjdkqjqkrf 9 Zvjdkq{7 bskfnad{$ cskhmq$ xfdd)cfmjrfa$

plukqkrf uemlld upkskq$ uqvaklvu$ ilqkrjqfa ql sfja

knafpfnafnqd{

Ajqj Ulvsefu

Elipkdknh ivdqkpdf ulvsefu lb knblsijqkln pslrkafu

j cfqqfs vnafsuqjnaknh lb xmjq ku mjppfnknh kn qmf

edjuuslli. Qmfsf jsf ijn{ ulvsefu bls ajqj

elddfeqkln jrjkdjcdf ql qmf qfjemfs sfufjsemfs$

knedvaknh xskqqfn sfelddfeqklnu kn qmf blsiu lb akjs{

fnqskfu ls j sfbdfeqkrf glvsnjd. Qmfuf plxfsbvd ulvsefu

lb frkafnef pslrkaf j ifjnu lb sfelsaknh qmlvhmqu$

sfjeqklnu$ bffdknhu$ jna sfbdfeqklnu ju {lv kipdfifnq

{lvs jeqkln pdjn.

_mlqlhsjpmu ejn jdul pslrkaf j sfelsa lb qmf

kipdfifnqjqkln. Xmkdf pmlqlhsjpmu aln‛q sfelsa jdd

qmf jeqklnu$ qmf{ pslrkaf j ulvsef lb sfbdfeqkln vpln

qmf frfnq. Uqvafnq xls` ku jnlqmfs skem ulvsef bls

ajqj elddfeqkln.

Ulif ulvsefu bls ajqj elddfeqkln bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

knedvaf qmf blddlxknh7

Ajqj Ulvsefu bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

-Jajpqfa bsli Cslwl$ 3?::+

56

Jsqkbjequ Lcufsrjqklnu Knzvks{

Qfjemfsijaf qfuqu

Bkfda nlqfu Knqfsrkfxu xkqmuqvafnqu. pjsfnqu$

qfjemfsu

Uqjnajsakwfaqfuqu

Jnfealqjdsfelsau

Blevuhslvpu

Xskqqfnjuukhnifnqu

Emfe`dkuqu Uvsrf{u,zvfuqklnnjksfu

_slgfequ Rkaflsfelsaknhu

Jqqkqvafuejdfu

Uqvafnqsfelsau

Jvaklsfelsaknhu

Ufdb juufuuifnqu

Dfuulnpdjnu

Iffqknh nlqfujna jhfnaju

Uqvafnqplsqbldklu

Sfelsau$jqqfnajnef$

sfplsq ejsau$

qfuq sfplsqur



Knqfsrkfxu jna blevu hslvpu ij{ qj`f pdjef xkqm

uqvafnqu$ qfjemfsu$ jaiknkuqsjqlsu$ ls pjsfnqu. [lv

ij{ `ffp lcufsrjqkln sfelsau ls emfe`dkuqu lb

sfulvsefu$ knqfsjeqklnu$ u`kddu$ ls edjuuslli psjeqkefu.

Jnfealqjd sfelsau$ ls knblsijd nlqfu ln uqvafnq

cfmjrkls jna knqfsjeqkln$ xkdd cf mfdpbvd ju xkdd cf

sfbdfeqkrf glvsnjdu xskqqfn c{ qmf qfjemfs$ uqvafnqu$ ls

jaiknkuqsjqls. Ij`knh jvakl ls rkafl sfelsaknhu lb

dfuulnu$ iffqknhu$ knqfsrkfxu$ jna pdjnnknh ufuuklnu

xkdd fnuvsf jeevsje{ jna ij`f bls fjukfs

alevifnqjqkln xmfn {lv jsf sfja{ ql sfplsq {lvs

bknaknhu. J ufdb)juufuuifnq c{ uqvafnqu jna c{ qmf

qfjemfs-u+ ejn jaa rjdvjcdf knblsijqkln ql {lvs

bknaknhu.

Sfdkjckdkq{ jna Rjdkakq{ lb Ajqj

Sfdkjckdkq{ sfbfsu ql qmf elnukuqfne{ ls uqjckdkq{ lb qmf

ajqj. Qmku ku ilsf kiplsqjnq xkqm zvjnqkqjqkrf

Jeqkln Sfufjsem$ fupfekjdd{ kb uqjnajsakwfa ajqj

hjqmfsknh qlldu jsf vufa. Elnukuqfne{ lbbfsu qmf

pluukckdkq{ lb sfpdkejqknh qmf sfufjsem jna

hfnfsjdkwknh qmf bknaknhu0 mlxfrfs$ uknef Jeqkln

Sfufjsem ku hfnfsjdd{ ejuf upfekbke$ hfnfsjdkwknh qmf

bknaknhu ku nlq nfefuujskd{ qmf hljd. Rjdkakq{ ku qmf

zvjdkq{$ xmkem afekafu kb xmjq {lv jsf sfufjsemknh ku

lb rjdvf. Rjdkakq{ sfbfsu ql qmf jeevsje{ jna

ifjnknhbvdnfuu lb xmjq ku elddfeqfa ju frkafnef kn

sfufjsem. Xj{u ql knesfjuf qmf rjdkakq{ lb frkafnef

knedvaf qskjnhvdjqknh ajqj$ ificfs emfe`knh$ jna

elddjclsjqkln.

-Cslwl$ 3?::+

Xmfn afekaknh ln xmjq ajqj ql elddfeq jna vuf$ ufdfeqqmjq xmkem ku iluq jppslpskjqf bls qmf pslcdfi ls

elnefsn {lv mjrf kafnqkbkfa ql sfufjsem. Elnukafs

xmfqmfs ls nlq qmf ajqj jsf fju{ ql lcqjkn jna vuf.

Afqfsiknf kb qmf ajqj jsf sfdkjcdf jna rjdka. Qmfn

afekaf mlx {lv xkdd lshjnkwf qmf ajqj {lv mjrf

Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq Ajqj

52

Sfbdfeqkln

F}jiknf qmf Ajqj Ulvsefu emjsq ln qmf psfrklvu pjhf. Qmkn` jclvq {lvs kafju bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn {lvs uemlld ls edjuuslli.

Xmjq jsf ulif lqmfs ulvsefu lb ajqj {lv qmkn` ij{ knblsi {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem zvfuqkln< Jaa qmfi ql qmf emjsq.



Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq Ajqjelddfeqfa ul qmjq {lv ejn jnjd{wf kq fjukd{. Lshjnkwf

qmf ajqj kn j xj{ qmjq fnjcdfu {lv ql kafnqkb{ qsfnau$

cfmjrklsu$ jna qmfifu.

Qmf Qskjnhvdjqkln Ifqmla

Jeqkln Sfufjsemfsu bjef j zvjdkq{ kuuvf avsknh qmf

ajqj elddfeqkln. Kq qj`fu j hsfjq afjd lb qkif jna

fnfsh{ ql cfelif f}pfsqu kn sfufjsem ifqmlaldlh{

jna knuqsvifnq afrfdlpifnq. Mlx ejn qfjemfs

sfufjsemfsu cf uvsf qmjq qmfks ajqj elddfeqkln ifqmlau

jsf rjdka<

Sfjdkuqkejdd{$ qmfsf ku nl pfsbfeq uldvqkln$ cvq qmf

qskjnhvdjqkln qfemnkzvf ij{ mfdp vu ql kipslrf qmf

zvjdkq{ lb lvs bknaknhu. Ukipd{$ qskjnhvdjqkln ku qmf

pslefuu lb elddfeqknh ivdqkpdf q{pfu lb ajqj ql

knesfjuf elnbkafnef kn qmf bknaknhu. Qskjnhvdjqkln

mfdpu ql fnuvsf cjdjnefa ajqj elddfeqkln jna

elipfnujqfu bls jn{ xfj`nfuu ls knjeevsje{ kn jn{

lnf lb qmf ajqj ulvsefu. Clqm zvjnqkqjqkrf jna

zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj ejn cf qskjnhvdjqfa ql knesfjuf qmf

rjdkakq{ lb qmf sfufjsem bknaknhu.

Qskjnhvdjqkln ku j pslefuu lb rfskbkejqkln Pemfe`knhbls qsvqmY qmjq knesfjufu rjdkakq{ c{ knelsplsjqknh

qmsff akbbfsfnq rkfxplknqu jna `knau lb knblsijqkln.

Ajqj qskjnhvdjqkln knrldrfu elddfeqknh knblsijqkln

bsli akbbfsfnq pjsqkekpjnqu jna ulvsefu$ jna bsli

akbbfsfnq uqjhfu kn qmf pslgfeq. -Cjnkuqfs$ Cvsijn$

_js`fs$ Qj{dls " Qknajdd$ :;;1+. Kq jdul ifjnu

esluu)emfe`knh qmf elnukuqfne{ lb upfekbke jna bjeqvjd

ajqj kqfiu bsli rjsklvu ulvsefu rkj ivdqkpdf

ifqmlau jq akbbfsfnq qkifu -Hvcj " Dkneldn :;=;+.

Qskjnhvdjqkln ku csljad{ afbknfa c{ Afnwkn -:;8=+ ju

#qmf elicknjqkln lb ifqmlaldlhkfu kn qmf uqva{ lb

qmf ujif pmfnlifnln.# Jeqkln Sfufjsemfsu kipslrf

qmf jeevsje{ lb qmfks gvahifnqu c{ elddfeqknh

akbbfsfnq `knau lb ajqj jclvq qmfks pslgfequ. Qmf

fbbfeqkrfnfuu lb qskjnhvdjqkln juuvifu qmf xfj`nfuufu

kn fjem uknhdf ifqmla lb ajqj elddfeqkln xkdd cf

elipfnujqfa c{ qmf uqsfnhqmu lb jnlqmfs.

Ilsf upfekbkejdd{$ qskjnhvdjqkln ku afbknfa ju vuknh jq

dfjuq qmsff knafpfnafnq xknalxu ql lcufsrf jn{

pmfnlifnln$ xmkem mfdpu ql fnuvsf zvjdkq{.

Qskjnhvdjqkln pslrkafu qmf blddlxknh cfnfbkqu7

K Kq elipfnujqfu bls qmf kipfsbfeqkln lb ajqj)

hjqmfsknh qlldu.

K Xmfn ivdqkpdf qfemnkzvfu hkrf qmf ujif

sfuvdqu$ kq ejn knesfjuf elnbkafnef kn sfuvdqu.

K Xmfn ivdqkpdf sfulvsefu bjkd ql hkrf ujif

sfuvdqu$ kq ejn sjkuf blddlx)vp zvfuqklnu.

Elddfeqknh Ajqj ql Uqva{ qmf _djn7

Alevifnqknh Xmjq [lv‛dd F}pfeq ql Uff

Lcufsrjqklnu _slavequ

Knqfsrkfxu

:. Ql uff \\\\\\\\\\ K xkdd lcufsrf \\\\\\\\\\ jqqmfuf qkifu7 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ jna

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\. K‛dd sfelsa i{ lcufsrjqklnu

kn j \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ .

3. Ql uff \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ K xkdd elddfeq

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ jq qmfuf qkifu7

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ jna \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\.

5. Ql bkna lvq \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ K xkdd knqfsrkfx

qmfuf uqvafnqu \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ jq

qmfuf qkifu7 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ jna

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\. K‛dd pvq nlqfu

jclvq xmjq qmf{ ujka kn i{ sfbdfeqkrf glvsnjd.

58



Ujnasj Mlddknhuxlsqm afilnuqsjqfu mlx ql

qskjnhvdjqf afedjsjqkrf `nlxdfahf$ pslefavsjd

`nlxdfahf$ jna elnakqklnjd `nlxdfahf ju j xj{ ql

rjdkajqf ajqj bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem. [lv ij{ qmkn` lb

afedjsjqkrf `nlxdfahf ju xmjq {lv mjrf dfjsnfa.

_slefavsjd `nlxdfahf ku vuknh xmjq {lv mjrf

dfjsnfa$ jna elnakqklnjd `nlxdfahf ju `nlxknh

xmfn ql vuf xmjq {lv mjrf dfjsnfa.

Qskjnhvdjqknh qmfuf qmsff q{pfu lb `nlxdfahf

kipslrfu qmf rjdkakq{ jna qsvuqxlsqmknfuu lb {lvs

zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj. Qmf blddlxknh akjhsji$ afrfdlpfa

c{ Ujnasj Mlddknhuxlsqm -Mlddknhuxlsqm U. jna Ajs

B.$ 3??1+$ kddvuqsjqfu qmf sfdjqklnumkp jilnh qmfuf

qmsff q{pfu lb `nlxdfahf.


5=

Qskjnhvdjqkln IlafdAfedjsjqkrf$ _slefavsjd jna Elnakqklnjd @nlxdfahf

-Kipslrfu Qsvuqxlsqmknfuu lb Zvjdkqjqkrf Ajqj+@nlx,Sfificfs

-Afedjsjqkrf @nlxdfahf7 K ejn sfekqf xmjq K‛rf dfjsnfa.+

Uqjnajsakwfa Qfuqu -nlsi)sfbfsfnefa jna eskqfskln+

Uvsrf{u$ Zvfuqklnnjksfu$ Xskqqfn Sfuplnufu$ Lsjd Sfqfddknhu

_fsblsi,Jeq Akuevuu,F}pdjkn

-_slefavsjd @nlxdfahf7 K ejn vuf xmjq -Elnakqklnjd @nlxdfahf7 K nlx xmfn K‛rf dfjsnfa.+ ql vuf xmjq K‛rf dfjsnfa sjqmfs qmjn

ulifqmknh fduf.+

_fsblsijnef Lcufsrjqklnu jna Svcskeu Knqfsrkfxu -jdlnf,hslvp+

Afrfdlpifnqjd Emfe`dkuqu Qjpfu -rkafl,jvakl+

Ufdb)ilnkqlsknh Emfe`dkuqu Jnfealqjd Sfelsau lb Knqfsjeqklnu

Jnfealqjd Sfelsau Qfjemfs,Uqvafnq Elnbfsfnefu





5;

Jnlqmfs rkfx lb qskjnhvdjqkln lb ajqj ku psfufnqfa c{ Xkddkji Cslwl7

Qskjnhvdjqkln

Qmku f}jipdf umlxu qmf qskjnhvdjqkln lb ajqj bls jn Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq ln Dkqfsjqvsf Eksedfu.

F}jipdf7 Qskjnhvdjqknh Ajqj bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem ln Dkqfsjqvsf Eksedfu

-Jajpqfa bsli Cslwl$ 3?::+

Xmjq al K uff<

Lcufsrjqkln

Xmjq alfu uqvafnq xls` qfdd if<Juufuuifnqu$ Qfuqu

Xmjq al i{ uqvafnqu qfdd if<Knqfsrkfxknh$ Glvsnjdknh

Lcufsrjqkln nlqfu lb lnf

hslvp lb bkrf uqvafnqu

pjsqkekpjqknh kn j dkqfsjqvsf

eksedf xkqm j nlrfd

Fna)lb)nlrfd elipsfmfnukln qfuq ql

alevifnq jemkfrfifnq sfdjqfa ql

dkqfsjqvsf eksedf pjsqkekpjqkln

Knqfsrkfxu xkqm qmf bkrf uqvafnqu jna

jnjd{uku lb qmfks sfjaknh glvsnjdu



Ificfs emfe`knh ku qmf pslefuu lb rjdkajqknh

lcufsrjqklnu jna knqfspsfqjqklnu bsli qmluf xml jsf

cfknh lcufsrfa ls knqfsrkfxfa. Qmku ejn mjppfn jq

qmf qkif qmf ajqj jsf elddfeqfa ls djqfs xmfn qmf

Jeqkln Sfufjsemfs mju lshjnkwfa ajqj jna blsifa

knqfspsfqjqklnu. Bls f}jipdf7

K Xmfn {lv ujka qmku$ aka {lv ifjn \\\\\\\\\<

K Xmfn K ujx {lv \\\\\\\\\\$ xfsf {lv qs{knh

ql \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\<

Elddjclsjqkln jddlxu qmf sfufjsemfs lnhlknh

rjdkajqkln lb qmf ajqj qmslvhmlvq qmf Jeqkln Sf)

ufjsem pslefuu. Zvfuqklnu ju`fa ql rjdkajqf qmf ajqj

ij{ knedvaf7

Jsf xf uqkdd blevuknh ln lvs lskhknjd elnefsn<

Alfu qmf ajqj elddfeqkln ifqmla pslrkaf qmf

knblsijqkln xf nffa ql jnuxfs lvs zvfuqkln<

K Aka {lv uff xmjq K ujx<

K K qmkn` qmku ifjnu \\\\\. Xmjq al {lv qmkn`<

-Cslwl$ 3?::+

F]JI_DF7 Qxl)Eldvin Nlqfu Lcufsrjqkln

_jsqnfs Edjuuslli Lcufsrjqkln Hvkaf

Kn pjksu$ lnf lb {lv xjqemfu xmjq qmf qfjemfs alfuju qmf ufelna pjsqnfs xjqemfu uqvafnqu.

Qj`f nlqfu xjqemknh qfjemfs ls uqvafnq ln xmjq

ku mjppfnknh kn qmf dfuuln.

Xmjq xju uqslnh kn qmf dfuuln<

Xmjq xlvda {lv uvhhfuq ql mfdp qmf qfjemfs<

-Mlddknhuxlsqm U. jna Ajs B.$ 3??1+

Knqfsrkfx Qfemnkzvfu

Knqfsrkfxu mfdp kn hjknknh j edfjs vnafsuqjnaknh lb

pflpdf‛u qmlvhmqu$ jeqklnu jna rkfxu. Hdfunf -:;;3$ p.

21+ mju ujka qmjq kn zvjdkqjqkrf knzvks{$ jn knqfsrkfx

hkrfu lnf lpplsqvnkq{ ql dfjsn jclvq qmluf qmknhu

qmjq ejnnlq cf uffn.

Knblsijqkln ejn cf lcqjknfa bsli uqvafnqu fkqmfs

knakrkavjdd{ ls kn uijdd hslvpu qmslvhm jn knqfsrkfx.

Ju xkqm zvfuqklnnjksfu$ kq ku kiplsqjnq ql xskqf

knqfsrkfx zvfuqklnu jmfja lb qkif jna `ffp qmfi

uqsjkhmqblsxjsa jna aksfeqfa qlxjsa qmf zvfuqkln blsxmkem jnuxfsu jsf ulvhmq. Avsknh qmf knqfsrkfx

pslefuu kqufdb$ kq ku kiplsqjnq ql sfjuuvsf uqvafnqu qmjq

qmf{ xkdd nlq cf pvnkumfa bls cfknh ejnaka$ ql

fipdl{ hlla dkuqfnknh u`kddu$ jna ql fipmjukwf mlx

kiplsqjnq qmfks kafju jsf ql {lv. Qmf akujarjnqjhfu

lb vuknh knqfsrkfxu jsf qmjq qmf{ jsf qkif)

elnuviknh. Qmf qkif bjeqls ejn cf sfavefa kb

uqvafnqu jsf knqfsrkfxfa kn uijdd hslvpu. Kq ku jdul

bsfzvfnqd{ akbbkevdq ql hfq uqvafnqu ql f}psfuu qmfks

qsvf bffdknhu jna lpqklnu ejnakad{.

Mlddknhuxlsqm -3??:)3??6+ uvhhfuqu qmf blddlxknh

knqfsrkfx plknqfsu ql mfdp {lv hfq qmf iluq

knblsijqkln bsli {lvs knqfsrkfxu7

Qkif Xmjq {lv ujx7Lcufsrjqklnu

Xmjq {lv qmlvhmq7Jnjd{uku

;75?);716

:?716)::7:6

Uqvafnqu jsf qllum{ ql hkrf fjemlqmfs bffacje` jclvq qmfks

xskqknh.

Qmfks xskqknh uffiu ql cf

kipslrknh cfejvuf lb qmf

bffacje`

K ij{ nffa ql sldfpdj{ xmjq kq dllùdk`f ql hkrfbffacje`.

Hslvpknh qlkipslrf xskqknh

xlsù lnd{ kb K umlx qmfiaksfeqd{ mlx ql

al kq.


1?



Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq AjqjKnakrkavjd Knqfsrkfxu

:. Uqjsq knblsijdd{$ xkqm j dkqqdf knblsijdelnrfsujqkln.

?3. @nlx {lvs zvfuqklnu ul {lv ejn —qjd` qmfi$’ nlq

sfja qmfi.

?5. Ju` —xm{’ zvfuqklnu ql hfq hsfjqfs afpqm jna

afqjkd.

?1. Ju` —umlvda’ zvfuqklnu ql hfq rjdvfu jna cfdkfbu.

?6. Ju` —Xmjq al {lv qmkn` jclvq•.’ zvfuqklnu ql

hfq jq ejnaka sfuplnufu.

?2. Sfejdd zvfuqklnu jka kn sfificfsknh frfnqu jna

knblsijqkln.

?8. Elipjsjqkrf zvfuqklnu ij{ {kfda nfx knukhmq.

?=. F}pfskfnef,cfmjrkls zvfuqklnu fdkekq xmjq qmf

knqfsrkfxff ejn al ls mju alnf.

?;. Afilhsjpmke zvfuqklnu mfdp ql bkna lvq mlx qmf

knqfsrkfxff afueskcfu mfsufdb,mkiufdb.

:?. Lpfn)fnafa zvfuqklnu jsf ilsf dk fd{ ql hkrf

hfnvknf knblsijqkln.


Jn jdqfsnjqkrf ql knakrkavjd knqfsrkfxu ku Blevu

Hslvp Knqfsrkfxu. J Blevu Hslvp f}pdlsfu j qlpke

qmslvhm hslvp akuevuukln. Qmf hslvp ku elipskufa lb

2):? pjsqkekpjnqu ufdfeqfa ju sfpsfufnqjqkrf lb j edjuu.

Qmf bjekdkqjqls pslilqfu akuevuukln qmjq xkdd csknh

lvq knblsijqkln nlq qjppfa qmslvhm j zvfuqklnnjksf

ls knakrkavjd knqfsrkfxu. Vuf qmf hvkafdknfu ln qmf

blddlxknh pjhf ql elnaveq j uveefuubvd blevu hslvp

ufuukln7

1:

Sfbdfeqkln

Xmjq jsf bkrf akbbfsfnq xj{u lb elddfeqknh zvjnqkqjqkrf jna zvjdkqjqkrf ajqj bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem<

Hkrfn qmf zvfuqklnu {lv mjrf kafnqkbkfa bls j pluukcdf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq$ esfjqf j ajqj elddfeqkln pdjn bls jeqkln sfufjsem.



Blevu Hslvp Knqfsrkfxu

:. _vdd qlhfqmfs Blevu Hslvp Uqvafnqu0 csknh j qjpfls akhkqjd sfelsafs.

3. Csknh j ufq lb lpfn)fnafa zvfuqklnu , qlpkeu bls

qmf akuevuukln.

5. Sfikna uqvafnqu qmjq zvfuqklnu jsf ql cf

akuevuufa c{ qmf hslvp$ nlq c{ knakrkavjdu.

1. Ufq qkif dkikqu.

Hjqmfs ajqj bls {lvs sfufjsem c{ knqfsrkfxknh qmf

uqvafnqu jclvq7

K Qmfks dk`fu jna akudk`fu lb qmf nfx qfjemknh

ifqmla.

K Xmfqmfs qmf qfjemknh ifqmla mju mfdpfa

qmfi dfjsn ilsf elnqfnq.

K Xmfqmfs qmf qfjemknh ifqmla mju ijaf qmfi

ilsf knqfsfuqfa kn qmf uvcgfeq,uemlld.

K Xmfqmfs qmf qfjemknh ifqmla mju ijaf j

akbbfsfnef kn mlx qmf{ xls` xkqm qmfks pffsu.

K Elddfeq elpkfu lb uqvafnq xls` cfblsf jna jbqfs

kipdfifnqknh qmf jeqkln pdjn ql ufsrf ju

frkafnef lb qmfks dfjsnknh.

Lcufsrjqkln Qfemnkzvfu

Lcufsrjqkln ku j xj{ ql edlufd{ dll` jq qfjemfsu‛ jna

uqvafnqu‛ cfmjrkls. Qmf pslefavsfu jna sfelsaknh

afrkefu bls lcufsrjqkln ejn rjs{ jeelsaknh ql qmf

q{pf lb zvfuqkln cfknh ju`fa. Ulifqkifu$ cfqqfs

knblsijqkln ku jezvksfa kb j upfekbke lcufsrjqkln

knuqsvifnq ku afukhnfa jna vufa. Qmfsf jsf

fuufnqkjdd{ blvs xj{u ql elddfeq knblsijqkln qmslvhm

lcufsrjqkln7

K Ju` j elddfjhvf -xml vnafsuqjnau qmf

knuqsvifnqu jna ejn vuf qmfi fbbfeqkrfd{+ ql

lcufsrf edjuuslli knqfsjeqklnu jna elddfeq

nffafa knblsijqkln.

K Ij`f jn jvakl sfelsaknh lb j dfuuln. Xmfn

rfscjd cfmjrkls lb uqvafnqu jna qfjemfs ku qmf

uvcgfeq lb knzvks{$ jvaklqjpfu xls` bknf.

K Ij`f j rkafl sfelsaknh lb j dfuuln. Bls uvcqdfs

nln)rfscjd cfmjrklsu$ rkafl sfelsaknh ku

cfqqfs.

K Vuf 3)eldvin nlqfu. Xmjq aka {lv lcufsrf<

Xmjq alfu kq ifjn<

Jvakl ls rkafl sfelsaknh ku j hlla ulvsef bls ajqj

elddfeqkln cfejvuf kq pslrkafu frkafnef qmjq ejn cf

psfufsrfa jna sfrkfxfa. Ql sfelsa knblsijqkln bsli

{lvs lcufsrjqkln$ xmfqmfs lcufsrfa ls sfelsafa$

qmfuf qxl afrkefu jsf vufbvd7

Sjqknh Uejdf umlxu zvjdkqjqkrf afueskpqkln lb j

dkikqfa nvicfs lb jupfequ lb j qmknh$ ls lb qsjkqu lb j

pfsuln.

Emfe`dkuq ku j psfpjsfa dkuq lb kqfiu. Qmf psfufnef ls

jcufnef lb kqfiu ku knakejqfa c{ emfe`knh {fu ls nl$

ls knufsqknh qmf jppslpskjqf xls` ls nvicfs ij{

knakejqf qmf kqfiu$ q{pf$ ls nvicfs. Qmku ukipdf

afrkef u{uqfikwfu qmf sfelsaknh lb lcufsrjqklnu jna

mfdpu ql juuvsf qmjq qmf kiplsqjnq jupfequ lb qmf

lcgfeq ls jeq lcufsrfa jsf sfelsafa. Jn f}jipdf lb j

emfe`dkuq bls j akuevuukln hslvp ku pslrkafa ln qmf

blddlxknh pjhf.


13



Fnjeq qmf _djn jna Elddfeq AjqjEmfe`dkuq bls j Akuevuukln Hslvp


F}jipdf7 Lcufsrjqklnu Vuknh 3)Eldvinu Nlqfu


15

Knakejqlsu umlx pjsqkekpjqkln jna knqfsjeqkln.

Uqvafnq7 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ajqf7 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

[ 9 [fu N 9 Nl [ N

:. _jsqkekpjqfa kn akuevuukln \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

3. Xls`fa ellpfsjqkrfd{ \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

5. Elipdfqfa jeqkrkq{ \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

1. Xju jeefpqfa c{ pffsu \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

6. Uffifa ql bffd hlla jclvq mkiufdb \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

2. Xls` kipslrfa \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

Qkif

:?75?):?716

:?716)::7:6

Xmjq {lv ujx.

Uqvafnqu jsf sfjdd{ fnhjhfa kn dfuuln.

Lnf hslvp lb uqvafnqu ku ij`knh

nlkuf. Qmf{ elvdan‛q elipdfqf qmfksxls`.

Xmjq {lv qmlvhmq.

Qmf qfemnkzvf lb ellpfsjqkrf hslvp

xls` uffiu ql xls` xfdd.

Qmfsf jsf uqvafnqu kn qmku hslvp xml

jsf fjukd{ akuqsjeqfa. K xkdd ij`f jemjnhf kn qmku hslvp ql knedvaf qxl

uqvafnqu xml vuvjdd{ uqj{ ln qju`.



Ajqj Elddfeqkln Lvqdknf

Qj`f 3)eldvin nlqfu ln xmjq‛u mjppfnknh jna xmjq {lv qmlvhmq jclvq kq.



11

Qkif Lcufsrjqklnu -Xmjq {lv ujx+ Sfbdfeqklnu,Jnjd{uku

-Xmjq {lv qmlvhmq+



Jnjd{wf jna Knqfspsfq Ajqj7 Ul Xmjq<

Jbqfs elddfeqknh ajqj$ qj`f j edluf dll`$ jnjd{wf qmf

knblsijqkln$ jna umjsf sfuvdqu. F}jiknf qmf ajqj ql

bkna qmfifu jna pjqqfsnu lb cfmjrkls jna

pfsblsijnef qmjq jnuxfs {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

Emfe` xkqm uqvafnqu jna pffsu ql uff kb qmf{ jhsff qmf

ajqj uj{ qmf ujif qmknh. [lv xkdd bkna qmjq {lv ejn

fjukd{ blsi {lvs lpknkln jclvq ulif zvjnqkbkjcdf

ajqj. Lqmfs ajqj$ uvem ju uvsrf{u$ zvfuqklnnjksfu$

emfe`dkuqu$ jna qfuq sfuvdqu$ ejn cf sfelsafa kn qjcdf

ls hsjpm blsi. Lnef jdd {lvs ajqj jsf elddfeqfa$ qmf

`f{ ql ij`knh j ukhnkbkejnq emjnhf kn psjeqkef ku

jnjd{wknh jna sfbdfeqknh ln qmf frkafnef {lv mjrf

elddfeqfa.

Sfbdfeqkrf _sjeqkef

Qmf akbbfsfnef cfqxffn ukipd{ qfjemknh jna

cfeliknh j hsfjq qfjemfs ku sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef. Qmf

Jeqkln Sfufjsem sfplsq ku {lvs lpplsqvnkq{ ql sfbdfeqln {lvs sfufjsem ajqj jna sfuvdqu. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku

—qs{knh lvq jna sfbdfeqknh ln kafju kn psjeqkef ju j

ifjnu lb kipslrfifnq jna ju j ifjnu lb knesfjuknh

`nlxdfahf.’ -@fiiku " IeQjhhjsq$ :;=3+

Uqva{knh lnf(u lxn pslbfuuklnjd xls` ku nl

uqsjkhmqblsxjsa ijqqfs jna jalpqknh qmf

sfbdfeqkrf ilaf ku nlq ukipd{ j efsfcsjd jeqkrkq{.

Ju xf uqva{ lvs qfjemknh$ xf jsf uqva{knh qmf

kijhfu xf mlda lb lvsufdrfu ju qfjemfsu. Xmfsf

qmfuf ufdb kijhfu jsf emjddfnhfa$ zvfuqklnfa jna

pfsmjpu qmsfjqfnfa kn qmf dfjsnknh pslefuu xf

ij{ f}pfskfnef bffdknhu lb knuqjckdkq{$ jn}kfq{$

nfhjqkrkq{$ frfn afpsfuukln. -Ajaau :;;57 3=8+

Sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef ku nlq jdxj{u fju{. Xmjq kb qmf

pslgfeq aka nlq mjrf qmf sfuvdqu {lv f}pfeqfa< Ju

Ajaau ujka$ {lv ij{ f}pfskfnef bffdknhu lb jn}kfq{

jna afpsfuukln. Xmjqfrfs qmf lvqelif$ sfbdfeqkln ku

eskqkejd. @f{ ql fbbfeqkrf sfbdfeqkln ku qmjq {lv jsf

sfbdfeqknh ln {lvs lxn psjeqkef. Sfbdfeqkln ij{ cf

lnhlknh ls j sfjeqkln ql j upfekbke frfnq ls

vnf}pfeqfa leevssfnef.

Kn qmf ejuf lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem$ {lv jsf sfbdfeqknh ln j

zvfuqkln qmjq jskufu bsli {lvs pslcdfi ls elnefsn.

Qmf kiifakjqf jki lb sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef ku ufdb ls

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq. Sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef ku fn)

mjnefa xmfn qmf sfbdfeqkln ku umjsfa jna akuevuufa

xkqm elddfjhvfu xml uvpplsq {lv jna umjsf {lvs

elnefsn. Qmf fna plknq lb sfbdfeqkln ij{ nlq cf

sfuldvqkln lb jn kuuvf$ cvq jqqjknifnq lb j cfqqfs

vnafsuqjnaknh lb kq.

Hlla Qfjemknh ju Sfbdfeqkrf _sjeqkef

Sfplsq Sfuvdqu jna Hfq Bffacje`

16



Xmfn hfnfsjqknh ajqj$ qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsemfs mju ql

ilnkqls mku,mfs lxn jeqklnu. Knqfnqklnu$ ilqkrfu$

jna uvcufzvfnq sfbdfeqklnu umlvda cf edfjs -IeNkbb

3??3+. Blddlxknh jsf f}jipdfu lb zvfuqklnu qmjq xkdd

mfdp {lv edjskb{ {lvs sfbdfeqklnu ln {lvs psjeqkefu7

K Al K fnelvsjhf i{ uqvafnqu ql pjsqkekpjqf kn

edjuu akuevuuklnu<

K Alfu qmf pm{ukejd ufqqknh lb qmf edjuuslli

fnelvsjhf ls knmkckq uqvafnq dfjsnknh<

K Al K vuf j rjskfq{ lb qfjemknh qfemnkzvfu xmkdf

pdjnnknh i{ dfuuln<

KXmjq al K al kn qmf edjuuslli qljeeliilajqf dfjsnfs akbbfsfnefu<

K Mlx al K mjnadf edjuuslli ijnjhfifnq

kuuvfu kn i{ edjuuslli<

K Xmjq ku sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef<

K Xmjq ku j ukqvjqkln kn xmkem {lv vufa

sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef kn qmf edjuuslli<

K Mlx ku sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef sfdjqfa ql hlla

qfjemknh jna Jeqkln Sfufjsem<

Qmf zvfuqklnu {lv vuf ql sfbdfeq ln {lvs Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslgfeq jna psfpjsf {lvs sfplsq xkdd sfdjqf

ql qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem zvfuqkln {lv blsivdjqfa jna

ql qmf ajqj {lv elddfeqfa. Qmkn` lb ulifqmknh

upfekbke ql sfbdfeq vpln$ uvem ju uqvafnq pjsqkekpjqkln$

ilqkrjqkln$ ls knesfjuknh uqvafnq jemkfrfifnq.

Qmknhu ql elnukafs xmfn jnjd{wknh {lvs ajqj jsf7

K Mlx xkdd {lv juufuu xmfqmfs ls nlq {lvs nfx

jppsljem xkdd sfuldrf qmf pslcdfi<

K Xmjq al {lv f}pfeq ql uff<

K Xmjq xfsf uqvafnq sfuplnufu ql {lvs nfx

jppsljem<

K Xjqem jna qjd` xkqm lqmfs qfjemfsu -_ffs

Eljemknh+.

K Sfja qmslvhm qmf ajqj ql bkna qmfifu jna

pjqqfsnu lb cfmjrkls jna pfsblsijnef qmjq

jnuxfs {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqklnu.

K Emfe` xkqm uqvafnqu jna pffsu ql uff kb qmf{

jhsff xkqm qmf ajqj knqfspsfqjqkln.

K Xmjq xkdd qmf sfrkukln lb qmf lskhknjd uqls{

jclvq qmf pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln qfdd<

K Xml xkdd {lv qfdd kq ql jna mlx< Xmjq

uvspskufa {lv< Xmjq jsf jdqfsnjqkrf

knqfspsfqjqklnu<


Hfqqknh j Ufelna Dll` Qmslvhm j Eskqkejd Bskfna

Kb {lv knrfuqkhjqf qmf xls` lb jn{ qfjemfs sfufjsemfs

xml mju uvuqjknfa mku ls mfs xls` lrfs qkif$ {lv

zvke`d{ uff jnlqmfs pfsuln$ ls ijn{ lqmfs pflpdf$

uqjnaknh kn qmf umjalxu. Rksqvjdd{ jdd qfjemfs

sfufjsem afpfnau ln j pjsqnfs ls j hslvp xml umjsfu

qmf sfufjsemfsu‛ pjuuklnu jna pslrkafu sfjuuvsjnef

xmfn j pslgfeq clhu alxn -Mvccjsa jna _lxfs$ :;;;+.

Qmf qfsi —eskqkejd bskfna’ elifu bsli qmf xls` lb qmf Jnnfncfsh Knuqkqvqf bls Uemlld Sfblsi jq Cslxn

Vnkrfsukq{. Qmf eskqkejd bskfnau pslefuu blevufu ln

afrfdlpknh elddfhkjd sfdjqklnumkpu$ fnelvsjhknh

sfbdfeqkrf psjeqkef$ jna sfqmkn`knh dfjafsumkp. Eskqkejd

kn qmf elnqf}q lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem ifjnu kiplsqjnq$

`f{$ ls nfefuujs{.

Xls`knh xkqm j eskqkejd bskfna bjekdkqjqfu sfbdfeqkln

qmslvhm pffs lcufsrjqklnu$ sfbknknh j qfjemknh

pslefuu$ ls elnuvdqknh jclvq jn kuuvf ls pslcdfi.

Eskqkejd bskfnau umjsf kuuvfu elnbkafnqkjdd{ jna uff`

uvhhfuqklnu bls plukqkrfd{ lrfseliknh ls ijnjhknh

qmfi. Eskqkejd bskfnau xls` qlhfqmfs ql lrfselif

lcuqjedfu jna cjsskfsu qmjq ikhmq dkikq fbbfeqkrf

jeqkln.


12



Sfplsq Sfuvdqu jna Hfq Bffacje` Jajpqfa bsli Knqfsnfq7

mqqp7,,afpqu.xjumknhqln.fav,eepm,pab\bkdfu,

EskqkejdBskfnau.pab

Hsvna{ -:;;6+ pslilqfu knrldrknh j eskqkejd bskfna

kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Qmf eskqkejd bskfna ku knrldrfa nlq

lnd{ avsknh zvfuqklnknh$ juuvipqklnu$ jna

knqfspsfqjqklnu$ cvq jdul kn uvpplsqknh jna

elddjclsjqknh. Kq nffau ql cf fipmjukwfa qmjq j

—eskqkejd bskfna’ ku nffafa$ nlq jn —fnfi{.’

Ivqvjd sfupfeq jna j afuksf ql uvpplsq fjem lqmfs jsf

fuufnqkjd bls clqm pffsu. Qmf eskqkejd bskfna ku lnf

xmli xf qsvuq jna xmluf xls` ku jdul lpfn qluesvqkn{. Qmku plknq sfiknau vu lb qmf elddjclsjqkrf

njqvsf lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem.

Kq ku vufbvd ql mjrf jn lcgfeqkrf lcufsrfs juukuq kn qmf

lcufsrjqkln. Qmku eskqkejd bskfna ejn pslrkaf jn

vnckjufa dll` jq {lvs edjuuslli ukqvjqkln jna

vnelrfs knblsijqkln {lv ij{ mjrf ikuufa. Mf ls umf

mfdpu {lv sfbdfeq ln {lvs frkafnef jna blevu ln {lvs

pdjn xkqmlvq hkrknh {lv jnuxfsu. Xmfn {lv xls`

xkqm j eskqkejd bskfna$ {lv nffa ql edjskb{ mlx {lv xkdd

xls` qlhfqmfs$ cfejvuf j eskqkejd bskfna sfdjqklnumkp

sfzvksfu sfjd eliikqifnq.

J mfdpbvd eskqkejd bskfna xkdd pluf zvfuqklnu$ nlq

—lnf)vp’ {lv c{ qfddknh lb mku ls mfs lxn ukikdjs

f}pfskfnefu. Afupkqf qmf njif$ j eskqkejd bskfna alfu

nlq eskqkekwf ql qmf plknq lb blseknh {lv ql afbfna

{lvs jeqklnu. J eskqkejd bskfna ku nlq qmfsf ql lbbfs

uldvqklnu ql {lvs pslcdfiu$ cvq ql dkuqfn ql {lvs

uldvqklnu. Mf ls umf umlvda ju` {lv bls elnesfqf

f}jipdfu jna qmfn bls qmf sfjulnu jna ilqkrfu bls {lvs jeqklnu. J eskqkejd bskfna xkdd mfdp {lv csljafn

{lvs qmkn`knh c{ ju`knh kb qmfsf jsf lqmfs bjeqlsu {lv

mjrf nlq elnukafsfa.

Sfplsqknh

Sfificfs$ qmf iluq kiplsqjnq uqjhf lb {lvs JeqklnSfufjsem ku umjsknh kq xkqm lqmfsu ql hfq rjdkajqkln lb

{lvs rkfxu jna jdul j akbbfsfnq pfsupfeqkrf ln {lvs

knqfspsfqjqklnu lb {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Mlx xkdd

{lv umjsf {lvs uqls{ xkqm lqmfsu<

_sfpjsf j xskqqfn sfplsq$ nl ijqqfs mlx umlsq$ qmjq

uviijskwfu {lvs elnefsn$ {lvs jeqkln$ {lvs

frkafnef$ jna {lvs knqfspsfqjqkln lb qmf frkafnef.

Afueskcf mlx {lv kipdfifnqfa {lvs pdjn. Lshjnkwf

qmf sfplsq kn j xj{ qmjq xkdd f}pdjkn xmjq mjppfnfa$

xmjq uvspskufa {lv$ jna xmjq qmku ifjnu bls bvqvsf

dfuulnu.

Qmfn iffq xkqm lqmfs qfjemfsu ql knrkqf qmfi ql

eliifnq ln {lvs sfplsq$ ql lbbfs uvhhfuqklnu bls

hlknh bvsqmfs$ jna ql lbbfs jaakqklnjd knqfspsfqjqklnu

lb {lvs frkafnef. Qmku ku pfsmjpu qmf iluq

emjddfnhknh uqfp$ cvq {lv ejn uff mlx qmku `kna lb

pffs sfrkfx kn uemlldu elvda kipslrf {lvs Jeqkln

Sfufjsem fbblsqu.

Xskqknh elnedvuklnu jna kipdkejqklnu lb qmf sfufjsemmfdpu {lv ql qmkn` qmslvhm {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem.

Xmjq aka kq ifjn bls {lv jna {lvs qfjemknh

psjeqkefu< Xmjq ku {lvs frkafnef qfddknh {lv jclvq

{lvs knuqsveqkln< Xmjq jsf {lv hlknh ql al jclvq kq<

Xmjq jsf qmf nf}q uqfpu<

Xkqm xmli xkdd {lv umjsf {lvs sfuvdqu< _lqfnqkjd

jvakfnefu ij{ knedvaf {lvs elddfjhvfu$

jaiknkuqsjqlsu$ pjsfnqu$ jqqfnaffu jq elnbfsfnefu$ ls

frfn sfjafsu lb j glvsnjd. Xml xjnqu ql mfjs qmf

sfuvdqu lb {lvs sfufjsem< Ij`f {lvs psfufnqjqkln bkq

{lvs jvakfnef.

18

http://depts.washington.edu/ccph/pdf_files/CriticalFriends.pdf




Ju {lv psfpjsf {lvs sfplsq$ {lv xkdd jdul cf sfbknknh

{lvs blevu. Xknqfs -:;=;+ uvhhfuqu ulif xskqknh

uqsjqfhkfu qmjq xkdd mfdp {lv psfpjsf bls {lvs

sfplsqknh7

K csjknuqlsiknh kafju0

K dll`knh bls pjqqfsnu jna sfevssknh kafju0

K `ffpknh j sfbdfeqkrf dlh0

K xskqknh j dfqqfs jclvq {lvs elnefsn0

K xskqknh j uqls{ sfbdfeqknh ln qmf ukqvjqkln.

-Xknqfs$ :;=;+

Xmjq aka {lv bkna lvq< Qs{ ql cf ju afueskpqkrf ju

pluukcdf mfsf. Qfdd j uqls{. Afqfsiknf xml {lv xkdd

qfdd kq ql jna mlx. Qj`f ulif pkeqvsfu. Qmfsf jsf

ijn{ zvfuqklnu ql ju` {lvsufdb ju {lv psfpjsf {lvs

sfplsq7

K Aka jn{lnf xls` xkqm {lv ellpfsjqkrfd{ kn

{lvs pslgfeq< Kb ul$ xml jna mlx<

K Xmkdf {lv xfsf kipdfifnqknh {lvs jeqkln

pdjn$ xmjq emjddfnhfu,elnuqsjknqu aka {lv bjef

jna mlx aka {lv lrfselif qmfi<

KXmjq xfsf {lvs f}pfeqjqklnu, lcgfeqkrfu bls

{lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq<

K Xfsf qmf{ jemkfrfa< F}pdjkn.

K Aka {lvs sfufjsem zvfuqkln emjnhf avsknh qmf

pslgfeq< F}pdjkn.

K Aka {lv elipdfqf {lvs jeqkln pdjn jeelsaknh

ql qmf qkifdknf$ ls aka {lv mjrf ql ilakb{ kq<

F}pdjkn.

K Xmjq aka {lv uff {lvsufdb alknh xmfn {lv

jeqvjdd{ hjrf qmf juukhnifnqu<

K Xmjq aka qmf uqvafnqu al<

K Xmjq xfsf qmf sfuvdqu ln qmf juukhnifnq dk`f<

K Xmjq aka {lv bkna lvq sfdjqfa ql {lvs lskhknjd

zvfuqkln<

K Xmkdf {lv xfsf kipdfifnqknh {lvs jeqkln

pdjn$ xmjq emjddfnhfu,elnuqsjknqu aka {lv bjef

jna mlx aka {lv lrfselif qmfi<

K Xmjq pluukckdkqkfu aka {lv akuelrfs qmjq {lv

akan‛q sfjdkwf cfblsf<

K Xmjq uvspskufa {lv<

K Xmjq alfu qmf ajqj dll` dk`f<

K Xmjq alfu qmf ajqj uj{ jclvq xmjq ku

mjppfnknh kn {lvs edjuuslli<

K Mlx ji K lshjnkwknh$ uviijskwknh$ jna

eliivnkejqknh qmf ajqj<

K Xmjq jsf ulif jdqfsnjqkrf knqfspsfqjqklnu<

K Mlx alfu qmf zvfuqkln dll` nlx<

K Xmjq emjnhfu mjrf {lv nlqfa kn {lvs qfjemknh

jq qmf fna lb {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq<

K Xmjq aka {lv dfjsn jclvq {lvs uqvafnqu jna

qmfks dfjsnknh avsknh {lvs sfufjsem pslgfeq<

Mlx elvda {lv qfdd<

K Mlx xkdd qmku emjnhf i{ qfjemknh kn qmf

bvqvsf<

K Xmjq aka {lv dfjsn jclvq {lvsufdb avsknh

{lvs sfufjsem pslgfeq<K Xmjq elnedvuklnu ejn K asjx bsli qmf ajqj<

K Xmjq pkeqvsf lb qmf pslcdfi ls emjnhf ku

psfufnq<

K Xlvda {lv dk`f ql elnqknvf Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn

{lvs edjuuslli,uemlld< Xm{ ls xm{ nlq<

K Mlx xkdd K sfrkukq qmf kuuvf ql hfq ilsf

knblsijqkln<


Xskqknh jclvq {lvs sfufjsem mfdpu {lv ql qmkn` jclvq

{lvs frkafnef jna kafju. [lv ejn f}psfuu {lvs

sfbdfeqklnu jna elnukafs {lvs bvqvsf psjeqkefu kn {lvs

edjuuslli. Sfbdfeqknh$ sfplsqknh$ jna umjsknh xkdd

mfdp {lv ql edjskb{ qmf kuuvf jna afekaf xmjq {lvs

nf}q uqfp ku hlknh ql cf.


1=



Jeq ln qmf frkafnef7 ilakb{ qmf pdjn$qs{ kq jhjkn$ jna uqva{ kq jhjkn

J e{edf lb jeqkln jna sfbdfeqkln ku qmf mfjsq lb

Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Lnef {lv mjrf elddfeqfa qmf ajqj

jna jnjd{wfa kq$ {lv xkdd nffa ql jeq ln qmf

knblsijqkln. Aka {lvs pdjn jemkfrf qmf afuksfa

sfuvdqu< Al {lv nffa ql ilakb{ qmf pdjn ql ij`f

jnlqmfs emjnhf jna uqva{ qmjq emjnhf< Kb ul$ cf

uvsf ql jdqfs lnd{ lnf rjskjcdf cfejvuf kb qll ijn{

emjnhfu jsf ijaf jq lnef$ kq xkdd cf mjsa ql `nlx

xmkem jeqkln ku sfuplnukcdf bls {lvs sfuvdqu. Xmfn

{lv ilakb{ qmf pdjn$ {lv xkdd elnqknvf ql elddfeq

jna jnjd{wf ajqj.

Kq ku kiplsqjnq ql sfificfs qmjq Jeqkln Sfufjsem

psleffau qmslvhm ilifnqu lb jeqkln jna

sfbdfeqkln. Kq alfun‛q fna -ju pslcdfi uldrknh alfu+

xkqm j uknhdf pdjnnknh jna jeqknh e{edf cvq

elnqknvfu ln j upksjd lb jeqkln jna sfbdfeqkln.Qmf ufelna jna uvcufzvfnq Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edfu

xkdd cf cjufa ln qmf sfbdfeqkln lb qmf psfrklvu

e{edf-u+. Xmjq zvfuqklnu xfsf sjkufa c{ qmf ajqj<

Mlx ejn {lv pdjn bls jaakqklnjd kipslrfifnqu<

Cfejvuf Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku elddjclsjqkrf kn njqvsf$

elnukafs mlx {lv xlvda elnqknvf ql knrldrf lqmfsu

kn qmku Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslefuu. Mlx xkdd {lv pdjn

bls qmf ufelna Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf< Xmjq xkdd {lv

jeqvjdd{ al< Mlx {lv xkdd lcufsrf qmf sfuvdqu lb

{lvs jeqkln jna elddfeq frkafnef<

Jeq ln qmf Frkafnef

1;

Sfbdfeqkln

Xm{ ku Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edkejd -Xmjq jsf qmf jarjnqjhfu+<

Xlvda Jeqkln Sfufjsem xls` kb kq xfsfn‛q e{edkejd kn njqvsf< Xm{ ls xm{ nlq<

Jsf ulif fdfifnqu ilsf e{edkejd qmjn lqmfsu< Kb ul$ f}pdjkn xmkem lnfu jna xm{.



_vqqknh qmf Uqfpu QlhfqmfsNlx qmjq {lv mjrf f}jiknfa qmf pslefuu lb Jeqkln

Sfufjsem$ kq ku qkif ql pvq qmf uqfpu qlhfqmfs.

Sfificfs$ jdqmlvhm akbbfsfnq sfufjsemfsu ij{

afueskcf qmf pslefuu udkhmqd{ akbbfsfnqd{$ qmfuf jsf qmf

fuufnqkjd uqfpu lvqdknfa kn qmku mjnacll`7

K Kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi jna ju` j zvfuqkln.


K Fnjeq qmf pdjn.

K Uqva{ qmf pdjn kn jeqkln -elddfeq jna jnjd{wf

ajqj+.

K Sfplsq sfuvdqu jna hfq bffacje`.

K Ilakb{ qmf pdjn0 jna


Ql sfrkfx qmf uqfpu$ bksuq$ kafnqkb{ j pslcdfi jna ju` j

zvfuqkln. Xmjq ku {lvs zvfuqkln< Kb qmfsf jsf ivdqkpdf

zvfuqklnu$ xmkem ku qmf iluq kiplsqjnq lnf bls {lvsknrfuqkhjqkln< Xmkem lnf ku aljcdf jna xkdd kipjeq

qmf qfjemknh jna dfjsnknh kn {lvs edjuuslli<

Nf}q$ fuqjcdkum jn jeqkln pdjn. Knedvaf mlx {lv xkdd

elddfeq ajqj. Mlx xkdd {lv vuf qmjq ajqj ql knrfuqkhjqf

{lvs zvfuqkln< Xml xkdd pjsqkekpjqf kn {lvs pdjn<

Mlx dlnh xkdd qmf pdjn qj`f< Xmfn qmjq mju cffn

afqfsiknfa$ {lv jsf sfja{ ql fnjeq {lvs pdjn.

Xmfn qmf pdjn ku fnjeqfa$ elddfeq jna uqva{ {lvs

ajqj. Qmkn` jclvq mlx {lv xkdd lshjnkwf qmfknblsijqkln. Jnjd{wf {lvs ajqj ql uff mlx {lvs

sfufjsem zvfuqkln xju jnuxfsfa. Xmjq uqsjqfhkfu ls

uldvqklnu xfsf akuelrfsfa kn qmf ajqj< Mlx ejn {lv

kipdfifnq qmfuf uqsjqfhkfu ql cfelif pjsq lb {lvs

qfjemknh slvqknf<

Qmf bkbqm uqfp ku sfplsqknh {lvs sfuvdqu7 Mlx xkdd {lv

umjsf qmf sfuvdqu xkqm lqmfsu< Xkdd {lv umjsf {lvs

knblsijqkln kn j blsijd ls knblsijd xj{< Kq ku

kiplsqjnq ql xskqf alxn {lvs sfplsq kn lsafs ql

sfbdfeq ln xmjq mju mjppfnfa jna edjskb{ {lvs

qmlvhmqu. Qmfsf jsf ijn{ xj{u ql umjsf {lvs sfplsq$

knedvaknh j xskqqfn jsqkedf ls jn lsjd ls ivdqkifakj

psfufnqjqkln. F}jipdfu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq

sfplsqu jsf ejn cf blvna xkqmkn qmf emjpqfsu lb qmkumjnacll` ju xfdd ju kn qmf jppfnakefu.

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku e{edkejd$ ul qmf nf}q uqfp ku

pdjnnknh qmf nf}q uqfpu. Xmfsf al {lv hl bsli mfsf<

Aka qmku Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq csknh vp j nfx

sfufjsem zvfuqkln< Al {lv xjnq ql elnbksi qmf

emjnhfu< Ilakb{ qmf pdjn$ qs{ kq jhjkn$ jna uqva{ kq

jhjkn.

J Ujipdf _djn

Uqfp :7 Kafnqkb{ qmf pslcdfi jna ju` j sfufjsemzvfuqkln jclvq xm{ kq ku leevssknh.

Kipslrf dkqfsje{ qfjemknh psjeqkef ql kipslrf uqvafnq

uveefuu.

Uqfp 37 Esfjqf jn Jeqkln _djn.

Uff` `nlxdfahf jclvq mlx ql sjkuf uqvafnq

pfsblsijnef kn sfjaknh. Sfja glvsnjd jsqkedfu jna

pslbfuuklnjd cll u0 qjd` ql qfjemknh uvpplsq uqjbb jna

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpfsu.

Uqfp 57 Fnjeq qmf _djn

Kipdfifnq j nfx knuqsveqklnjd jppsljem vuknh

u{uqfijqke knuqsveqkln. Elipjsf uqvafnq fnhjhfifnq

xkqm jnlqmfs edjuu nlq vuknh qmku ifqmla.

6?



_vqqknh qmf Uqfpu QlhfqmfsUqfp 17 Uqva{ qmf _djn kn Jeqkln

Elddfeq ivdqkpdf ulvsefu lb ajqj. Vuf psf,pluq uvsrf{u lb uqvafnq‛u jqqkqvafu$ uqvafnq knqfsrkfxu$ jna sfjaknh

elipsfmfnukln.

Uqfp 67 Sfplsq Sfuvdqu$ Uvspskufu jna Hfq Bffacje`

Jnjd{wf ajqj jna sfplsq qmf sfuvdqu. Alevifnq emjnhf

kn uqvafnq jqqkqvafu$ afqfsiknf sfjulnu bls uqvafnqu‛

jqqkqvafu bsli knqfsrkfxu$ jna elipjsf nfx sfjaknh

elipsfmfnukln uelsfu ql uelsfu cfblsf qmf pdjn xju

fnjeqfa. Umjsf qmf sfuvdqu. Esfjqf j xskqqfn psfufnqj)

qkln ls j ifakj psfufnqjqkln xkqm qjcdfu jna emjsqu ql

psfufnq ql elddfjhvfu$ dfja qfjemfsu$ eljemfu$ ls

jaiknkuqsjqlsu.

Uqfp 27 Ilakb{ qmf _djn

Sfrkuf jna sfbknf {lvs pdjn. Cjufa ln {lvs bknaknhu

bsli {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq$ xmjq ejn {lv al ql

sjkuf uqvafnq knqfsfuq kn sfjaknh knafpfnafnqd{<

Uqfp 87 Elnqknvf qmf E{edf xkqm j Sfrkufa _slcdfi

Jeqkln Sfufjsem ku sfevsukrf jna sfbdfeqkrf kn njqvsf.

Hlla qfjemknh ejn jdxj{u cfelif cfqqfs. Qmf uqfpu kn

qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem e{edf jsf knqfnafa ql cf sfpfjqfa.

6:



Hfqqknh UqjsqfaNlx qmjq {lv mjrf f}jiknfa qmf cfnfbkqu jna

pslefuu lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem$ {lv mjrf qmf qlldu ql

cfhkn {lvs lxn Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq. Ulif

zvfuqklnu ql elnukafs cfblsf vnafsqj`knh {lvs

Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq jsf pslplufa c{ @jnv$

Ejsuln$ jna Uqsjnu`{7

K Xmjq ku qmf vnafsd{knh sjqklnjdf bls

jqqfipqknh ql esfjqf qmf emjnhf qmjq qmf

Jeqkln Sfufjsem hslvp ku xls`knh ln<

K Xmjq al {lv uff ju pluukckdkqkfu jna qmf

kipluukckdkqkfu bls kipslrfifnq kn qmku jsfj<

-Kn jnuxfsknh qmku zvfuqkln$ `ffp kn ikna qmf

knuqkqvqklnjd elnuqsjknqu jna uqsfnhqmu.

Elnukafs kqfiu uvem ju uqjbb$ ilnf{$ qkif$

knqfsfuq$ jna psklskq{ lb qmf zvfuqkln bls jdd

elnefsnfa.+

K Xkqm xmli xkdd {lv xls` ln qmku kuuvf<

-pffsu,elddfjhvfu$ uqjbb$ uqvafnqu$ pjsfnqu$uvpplsqknh uqjbb$ fqe.+ Qmku zvfuqkln nffau

ivem elnukafsjqkln$ ju ulifqkifu Jeqkln

Sfufjsem pslgfequ svn knql akbbkevdqkfu cfejvuf

qmf{ f}pjna cf{lna qmf jeqvjd pdjn jna

knedvaf pflpdf xml xfsf nlq j pjsq kn qmf

lskhknjd afrfdlpifnq lb qmf pslgfeq. Qmku

ukqvjqkln ij{ dfja ql akbbkevdqkfu jna

ikuvnafsuqjnaknhu.

K Ql xmjq afhsff al qmf lqmfs qfji ificfsu

vnafsuqjna jna umjsf {lvs pfsefpqkln lb qmf

kuuvf cfknh sfufjsemfa<

K Xkqm xmli ikhmq qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem hslvp

mjrf ql nfhlqkjqf jq rjsklvu uqjhfu qmslvhmlvq

qmf pslgfeq jna mlx xkdd qmku cf jeelipdkumfa<

K Mlx xkdd qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq cf

alevifnqfa<

K Xml xkdd lxn,elnqsld qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem

pslgfeq< Xkdd kq qsvd{ cf elddjclsjqkrf ls

aliknjqfa c{ dfjafs-u+ xmluf knbdvfnef xkdd

cf hsfjqfs qmjn lqmfs ificfsu lb qmf hslvp<

K Kn uvem ukqvjqklnu$ xlvda qmf sldfu jna

sfuplnukckdkqkfu nffa ql cf xls`fa lvq<K Mlx xkdd qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem hslvp jsskrf jq

ijgls afekuklnu< Xkdd {lv vqkdkwf j elnufnuvu

ilafd$ j ijglskq{ svdfu ilafd$ ls cf

knbdvfnefa c{ qmf iluq plxfsbvd<

K Xmjq jsf qmf fqmkejd kuuvfu qmjq ij{ bjef qmf

hslvp< -f.h.$ kuuvfu afjdknh xkqm elnbkafnqkjdkq{

jna qfjemfsu‛ elaf lb fqmkeu+< Mlx xkdd qmfuf

fqmkejd kuuvfu cf jaasfuufa<

K Mlx xkdd qmf sfuvdqu lb qmf sfufjsem cfakuufiknjqfa jna umjsfa xkqm lqmfs

elddfjhvfu, knuqkqvqklnu<

Jajpqfa bsli -@jnv$ Ejsuln " Uqsjnu`{$ :;;1+

Mfsf jsf qfn uqsjqfhkfu ql uqjsq {lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

?:. Uqjsq uijdd. Esfjqf j uijdd qfji ql elddjclsjqf ln

lnf jdsfja{)kafnqkbkfa kuuvf.

?3. Al nlq juukhn upfekbke jsfju lb sfufjsem bls

Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfequ. Qfjemfs)sfufjsemfsu

xkdd cf ilsf eliikqqfa kb qmf{(sf xls`knh ln j

pslcdfi xkqm xmkem qmf{ kafnqkb{ uqslnhd{.

?5.Cf psfpjsfa ql lbbfs uvpplsq bls emjnhf. Kb {lv

vdqkijqfd{ al nlq pdjn ql emjnhf {lvs knuqkqvqkln

ls edjuuslli$ aln(q fnhjhf kn ls sfzvfuq qmjq

lqmfsu fnhjhf kn Jeqkln Sfufjsem.

63





Jppfnak} JF}jipdfu lb Edjuuslli JeqklnSfufjsem Vuknh Rjsklvu Qfjemknh Uqsjqfhkfu

Mfsf ku j sfrkfx lb ivdqkpdf qfjemknh uqsjqfhkfu qmjq

umlxu mlx Jeqkln Sfufjsem ejn cf vufa ql ilnkqls

uqvafnq dfjsnknh vuknh ivdqkpdf uqsjqfhkfu kn rjsklvu

ukqvjqklnu.

Jaasfuuknh Akbbfsfnefu kn Dfjsnknh Uq{dfu_slcdfi7 J qfjemfs nlqkefa qmjq xmfn sfrkfxknh bls

j qfuq$ ulif uqvafnqu sfuplnafa sjpkad{$ xmkdf lqmfsu

sfijknfa zvkfq. Umf m{plqmfukwfa qmjq ulif

uqvafnqu nffafa dlnhfs ql qmkn` jclvq qmf zvfuqklnu.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna Jeqkln _djn7 Kb K emjnhf i{

psjeqkef ql al qxl slvnau lb zvfuqkln sfrkfxu$ j

upffa slvna kn xmkem zvfuqklnu jna jnuxfsu xfsf

psfufnqfa kn j sjpka)bksf blsijq$ jna j ufelna slvna

ejddfa —qkif)ql)elnukafs’ xmfsf uqvafnqu mja ql xjkq

lnf bvdd iknvqf cfblsf sfuplnaknh$ xkdd ilsf

uqvafnqu pjsqkekpjqf kn qmf sfrkfx<

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf qfjemfs emfe fa qmf nvicfs lb

qkifu fjem uqvafnq rldvnqffsfa ql sfuplna.

Sfuvdqu7 Qmf uqvafnqu xml mja psfrklvud{ sfijknfa

zvkfq cfhjn ql rldvnqffs.

Akbbfsfnq @knau lb Bffacje`

_slcdfi7 J qfjemfs nlqkefa qmjq uqvafnqu xfsf nlq

qs{knh ql kipslrf qmfks xls`.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna Jeqkln _djn7 Kb K emjnhf qmf

`kna lb bffacje` K vuvjdd{ hkrf uqvafnqu bsli

nfhjqkrf ql plukqkrf jna aksfeq qmfi ql akbbfsfnq xj{u

qmf{ elvda sfrkuf qmfks xls`$ xlvda qmf{ ij`f ilsf

fbblsq ql kipslrf<

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf qfjemfs elipjsfa sfuvdqu lb

qfuqu jna juukhnifnqu cfblsf jna jbqfs qmf pdjn xju

fnjeqfa.

Sfuvdqu7 Iluq uqvafnqu kipslrfa qmfks xls`.

Bsffali ql Emlluf

_slcdfi7 J qfjemfs elipdjknfa qmjq uqvafnqu xfsf

nlq umlxknh knqfsfuq kn sfjaknh.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna Jeqkln _djn7 Kb K pfsikq

uqvafnqu ql emlluf xmjq qmf{‛a dk`f ql sfja$ xlvda

qmfks knqfsfuq kipslrf<

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Uqvafnqu `fpq sfjaknh dlhu jna

glvsnjdu ju frkafnef.

Sfuvdqu7 Uqvafnqu cfhjn ql emlluf ql sfja ilsf

xmfn pslrkafa j emlkef lb ijqfskjdu lb mkhm knqfsfuq

jq qmfks sfjaknh dfrfdu.

Sfaveknh Jn}kfq{

_slcdfi7 Ulif uqvafnqu xfsf f}mkckqknh jn}kfq{ jna

ikuqsvuq xmkdf hlknh qmslvhm dfuulnu.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna Jeqkln _djn7 Kb K emjnhf i{

qfjemknh ql pvq j dfuuln lvqdknf jna pdjn ln qmf

cljsa cfblsf K cfhkn qmf dfuuln$ xlvda kq dfuufn

uqvafnqu‛ jn}kfq{<

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf uqvafnqu `fpq glvsnjdu

sfbdfeqknh ln qmfks bffdknhu. Qmfuf glvsnjdu sfbdfeqfa j

hslxknh ufnuf lb ejdi.

Sfuvdqu7 Kq xls`fa xkqm ulif uqvafnqu$ cvq lqmfsu

ij{ nffa j akbbfsfnq knqfsrfnqkln.

61



Jppfnak} JUm{ Uqvafnqu

_slcdfi7 Qmf qfjemfs nlqkefa qmjq ulif uqvafnquxfsf rfs{ um{ jna aka nlq xjnq ql pjsqkekpjqf kn edjuu

dfuulnu.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln7 Kb K emjnhf qmf uqsveqvsf lb

akuevuukln ifqmlau$ xkdd qmfuf uqvafnqu pjsqkekpjqf

ilsf<

Jeqkln _djn7 Qmf qfjemfs afekafa ql pvq qmf uqvafnqu

kn uijdd hslvpu ql akuevuu qmf dfuuln elnqfnq cfblsf

qmf djshf hslvp akuevuukln. Umf jdul alxnpdj{fa

elipfqkqkln$ jna xfdelifa upfevdjqkln jna

zvfuqklnu jclvq elnbvuklnu ju xfdd ju —skhmq jnuxfsu.’

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf qfjemfs `fpq nlqfu ln uqvafnqu‛

pjsqkekpjqkln. Umf jdul knqfsrkfxfa qmf uqvafnqu.

Sfuvdqu7 Qmf um{ uqvafnqu cfhjn ql pjsqkekpjqf ilsf.

Ilqkrjqknh Dfjsnknh

_slcdfi7 J qfjemfs nlqkefa qmjq uqvafnqu xfsf nlq

rfs{ ilqkrjqfa ql fnhjhf kn qmf uqva{ lb mkuqls{.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna Jeqkln _djn7 Xlvda vuknhpfsulnjd jnfealqfu ls evssfnq sfjd xlsda f}jipdfu

jclvq qmf elnefpqu qmf{ xfsf uqva{knh -uvem ju

elnbdkequ jna elnbdkeq sfuldvqkln+ xlvda ij`f qmf

dfuuln ilsf rjdvjcdf ql uqvafnqu<

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Mf mja uqvafnqu ffp glvsnjdu

jclvq xmjq qmf{ xfsf dfjsnknh bsli qsjakqklnjd

dfuulnu jna qmf ilsf elnnfeqfa dfuulnu.

Sfuvdqu7 Dfjsnknh kipslrfa.

Vuknh Elnqsjequ

_slcdfi7 Lnf uqvafnq ku nlq elipdfqknh sfjaknhjuukhnfa bls mlifxls`.

Sfufjsem _slcdfi jna Jeqkln _djn7 Xlvda vuknh j

elnqsjeq xkqm qmf uqvafnq sjkuf qmf sjqf lb mlifxls`

elipdfqkln< Ln aj{u qmjq umf elipdfqfa mfs

juukhnifnqu$ umf elvda pdj{ hjifu avsknh bsff qkif.

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf qfjemfs `fpq sfelsau lb mlx

ivem mlifxls` xju qvsnfa kn cfblsf jna jbqfs qmf

elnqsjeq.

Sfuvdqu7 Qmf jilvnq lb mlifxls` elipdfqfa c{ qmjq uqvafnq knesfjufa.

Edjuuslli Uqsveqvsf

_slcdfi7 Qmf qfjemfs mja akbbkevdq{ hfqqknh uqvafnqu

fnhjhfa kn edjuuslli akuevuukln.

Sfufjsem Zvfuqkln jna _djn7 Xlvda emjnhknh qmf

ufjqknh jssjnhfifnq fnelvsjhf ilsf uqvafnqu ql

pjsqkekpjqf kn akuevuuklnu< Mf ilrfa uqvafnqu lvq lb

uknhdf slx$ bslnq)bjeknh jssjnhfifnq knql j djshf

eksedf xkqm qmf qfjemfs ju pjsq lb qmf eksedf bls

akuevuukln. Ql hfq akuevuuklnu hlknh$ mf mja ql vuf =

ql:? uqkivdvu zvfuqklnu. Mf m{plqmfukwfa qmjq$ xkqm

hsfjqfs pjsqkekpjqkln$ bfxfs zvfuqklnu xlvda cf

nffafa.

Ajqj Elddfeqkln7 Qmf qfjemfs `fpq nlqfu ln qmf

uqvafnqu‛ pjsqkekpjqkln jna qmf nvicfs lb zvfuqklnu.

Sfuvdqu7 Xmfn mf sfrkfxfa mku ajqj$ mf blvna mf

lnd{ nffafa ql vuf qmsff lb qmf uqkivdvu zvfuqklnu ql

uqjsq qmf 3?)iknvqf akuevuukln pfskla. Mf `fpq qmjq

jssjnhfifnq bls akuevuuklnu.


66



62

Jppfnak} C7 Qlldu jna Sfulvsefu Jeqkln Sfufjsem Xlsùmffq

Njif \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ajqf \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

:. Afueskcf {lvs pslcdfi$ ukqvjqkln$ ls lcufsrjqkln.

j. Xmjq kq ku< Mlx aka kq elif jclvq<

c. Xmjq ejn [LV al jclvq kq< Xmjq emjnhfu {lv ejn ij`f kn {lvs qfjemknh<

e. Kb {lvs pdjn xlsù$ xmjq kna lb emjnhfu jsf {lv dk fd{ ql uff<

a. Xmjq lcuqjedfu ikhmq jskuf ju {lv kipdfifnq {lvs pdjn<

3. Qvsn {lvs pslcdfi jna {lvs pdjn knql j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

j. Kb K emjnhf i{ qfjemknh dk`f qmku \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ mlx xkdd uqvafnqu \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ <

5. Lvqdknf {lvs upfekbke pdjn.

j. Dkuq qmf upfekbke uqfpu jna jeqklnu kn {lvs pdjn ql sfuldrf qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

1. Lvqdknf qmf ifqmla lb uqva{. -Xmjq qskjnhvdjqfa ajqj xkdd {lv elddfeq ql hfq ilsf knukhmq knql {lvs

zvfuqkln ls uff kb qmf knqfsrfnqkln xlsù<

j. xskqqfn pslavequ

c. pfsblsijnef lcufsrjqklnu

e. lsjd knqfsrkfxu

6. Xmfn xkdd {lv al kq< Ij f j qkifdknf. -Xls` cje`xjsau bsli qmf afjadknf.+

2. Uviijskwf mlx {lv‛dd jnjd{wf jna sfplsq qmf sfuvdq lb qmf Jeqkln Sfufjsem pslgfeq.

j. Xmjq aka {lv bkna< Xmjq mvipu$ uvspskufu$ ls pjsjal}fu aka {lv nlqkef< Xmjq ikhmq {lv al

akbbfsfnqd{ nf}q qkif<

c. Mlx xkdd {lv sfplsq xmjq {lv‛rf dfjsnfa< -f.h.$ xskqqfn sfplsq$ psfufnqjqkln$ fqe.+




Elnaveqknh Edjuuslli Sfufjsem

K. Edjuuslli _slcdfi,Zvfuqkln

Xm{ ku kq kiplsqjnq ql {lv< Ql lqmfsu< Xkdd {lv SFJDD[ xls` ln kq<

[lvs _luukcdf Knuqsveqklnjd Emjnhf7 Qmf _DJN

Elnukafs kafju bsli sfjaknhu$ elddfjhvfu$ fqe. Cf upfekbke.

KK. Ifqmla lb Uqva{knh [lvs Nfx Knuqsveqklnjd _djn

Elddfeq ajqj0 qskjnhvdjqf frkafnef

pfsblsijnef lcufsrjqklnu

lsjd knqfsrkfx xskqqfn pslavequ

Jnjd{wf jna knqfspsfq ajqj

Dll` bls qmfifu$ uvspskufu$ jna uqlskfu.

KKK. Uviijs{

F}pdjkn mlx qmf pslcdfi emjnhfa$ akan(q emjnhf‑ls ij{cf cfejif xlsuf‑cfejvuf lb

emjnhfu kn {lvs knuqsveqkln.


68

Jppfnak} C7 Qlldu jna Sfulvsefu




6=

Jeqkln Sfufjsem _djn Uviijs{

:. Afueskcf qmf pslcdfi ls ukqvjqkln.

Ju` zvfuqklnu jclvq {lvs psjeqkef jna xmjq [LV ejn al jclvq qmfi. -Xmjq elnqsld al {lv mjrf

lrfs qmf pslcdfi< Xmjq emjnhfu kn {lvs qfjemknh ejn {lv ij`f ql mfdp uldrf qmf pslcdfi<+

3. Ij`f j pdjn ql sfuldrf qmf pslcdfi kn uqfpu.

Uqfp :. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Uqfp 3. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Uqfp 5. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Uqfp 1. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Uqfp 6. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

5. Jnqkekpjqf lcuqjedfu {lv ikhmq bjef kn elipdfqknh {lvs pdjn jna elnukafs mlx {lv ejn

lrfselif qmfi.

Uqjqf xmjq {lv‛dd f}pfeq ql uff kb qmf pdjn xlsù ju j sfufjsem zvfuqkln.

—Kb K \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ mlx xkdd uqvafnqu \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\<’

1. Xmjq ajqj xkdd {lv elddfeq ql uqva{ qmf pdjn kn jeqkln<

j. Qxl eldvin lcufsrjqkln umffqu< Xmjq xkdd {lv lcufsrf jna xmfn<

c. Emfe`dkuqu< Xmjq xkdd qmf{ knedvaf jna xmfn xkdd {lv vuf qmfi<

e. Uqvafnqu‛< Xls`< Xmjq kna jna xmfn<

a. Knqfsrkfxu< Xmjq xkdd {lv ju` jna xmfn<

f. [lvs lxn glvsnjd< Xmjq xkdd {lv xskqf jna xmfn<



Jppfnak} C7 Qlldu jna Sfulvsefu6. Xmjq ku {lvs qkifdknf bls fnjeqknh {lvs jeqkln pdjn jna elnaveqknh {lvs ajqj elddfeqkln<

-Mlddknhuxlsqm$ 3?::)3??6+

6;

Qkif Xmjq {lv xkdd al<

Uqfp :

Uqfp 3

Uqfp 5

Uqfp 1

Uqfp 6



Bffacje` Emfe`dkuq bls Jeqkln Sfufjsem

:. Alfu qmf sfufjsem zvfuqkln uffi blevufa fnlvhm ql cf —al)jcdf’< Ku kq ulifqmknh qmf

sfufjsemfs ejn jeqvjdd{ elnqsld< Kb nlq$ mlx ejn kq cf ilakbkfa ql ij`f kq ilsf ukipdf jna

elnqslddjcdf<

3. Alfu qmf pdjn uffi ql jaasfuu qmf pslcdfi kn j sfjulnjcdf xj{< Kb nlq$ ij`f uvhhfuqklnu.

5. Jsf jnqkekpjqfa lcuqjedfu jaasfuufa< Mjrf {lv elnukafsfa xj{u ql lrfselif qmfi<

1. Jsf qmf ajqj hjqmfsknh pslefavsfu uvbbkekfnq ql hkrf frkafnef lb xmfqmfs qmf pdjn xlsù ls

nlq<

6. Ku qmf qkifdknf sfjdkuqke< Kb nlq$ ij f uvhhfuqklnu.

2. Xmjq fduf xlvda {lv uvhhfuq<



2?



Jppfnak} C7 Qlldu jna SfulvsefuQfjemfs Ufdb)Juufuuifnq

:. K mjrf qskfa Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn i{ edjuuslli qmku ijn{ qkifu7

@ : @ 3 @ 5 @ 1 Lqmfs7 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

3. K vufa Jeqkln Sfufjsem ql mfdp if uldrf j edjuuslli pslcdfi K xju mjrknh.

@ uqslnhd{ jhsff @ jhsff @ akujhsff @ uqslnhd{ akujhsff

5. K vufa Jeqkln Sfufjsem ql uff kb qs{knh j nfx ifqmla kn i{ edjuuslli xlvda mfdp kipslrf

uqvafnqu‛ dfjsnknh.


1. I{ qfjemknh ku cfqqfs qmjn kq xju cfblsf cfejvuf lb i{ Jeqkln Sfufjsem.


6. Uqvafnqu jsf dfjsnknh ilsf qmjn qmf{ aka cfblsf cfejvuf lb Jeqkln Sfufjsem.


2. K bffd ilsf elnbkafnq ju j qfjemfs cfejvuf K `nlx mlx ql vuf Jeqkln Sfufjsem ql bkna lvq kb

uqvafnqu jsf dfjsnknh bsli i{ dfuulnu.


8. K ji xkddknh ql al Jeqkln Sfufjsem ln j sfhvdjs cjuku nlx cfejvuf -emfe` jdd qmjq jppd{+7

@ kq kipslrfu i{ qfjemknh @ kq kipslrfu i{ elnbkafnef @ uqvafnqu dfjsn ilsf

=. K pdjn ql vuf Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn qmf bvqvsf.


;. Al {lv mjrf lqmfs eliifnqu<


2:



Jppfnak} E7 Hdluujs{ Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 u{uqfijqke f}jiknjqkln -c{

qfjemfsu+ lb qmfks lxn psjeqkef kn lsafs ql kipslrf

qmfks fbbfeqkrfnfuu0 knrldrfu kafnqkb{knh j zvfuqkln ls

pslcdfi jna qmfn elddfeqknh jna jnjd{wknh sfdfrjnq

ajqj.

jeelvnqjckdkq{7 zvjdkqjqkrf jna zvjnqkqjqkrf

ifjuvsfifnq lb uqvafnq jemkfrfifnq lb hljdu0

ifjuvsjcdf psllb qmjq qfjemfsu jsf qfjemknh uqvafnqu

fbbfeqkrfd{.

jeqkln pdjn7 ejsfbvdd{ dkuqknh jdd qmf qmknhu qmjq {lv

nffa ql al ql jeelipdkum j hljd.

jppdkejqkln7 qmf vuf lb jn kafj$ ifqmla$ djx$ fqe.$ kn

j pjsqkevdjs ukqvjqkln ls bls j pjsqkevdjs pvspluf0 qmf

jckdkq{ ql cf vufa bls psjeqkejd pvsplufu.

jvqlnlilvu7 jcdf ql jeq xkqmlvq qmf elnqsld lb

lqmfsu0 knafpfnafnq.

emjddfnhfu7 afijnaknh ls uqkivdjqknh ukqvjqklnu lskuuvfu.

elhnkqkrf7 dfjsnknh kn qmf jsfju lb sfjulnknh$

elipsfmfnukln$ jna gvahifnq.

elddjclsjqkln7 j sfdjqklnumkp cfqxffn knakrkavjdu ls

lshjnkwjqklnu kn xmkem qmf pjsqkekpjnqu xls`

qlhfqmfs ql jeelipdkum hljdu.

elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 u{uqfijqke

f}jiknjqkln lb qmfks lxn psjeqkef c{ j qfji lb

qfjemfsu kn lsafs ql kipslrf qmfks fbbfeqkrfnfuu0elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem elvda jdul leevs

cfqxffn j uemlld jna jnlqmfs lshjnkwjqkln uvem ju j

vnkrfsukq{ ls cvuknfuu.

evsskevdvi7 j xskqqfn pdjn lb xmjq uqvafnqu xkdd cf

qjvhmq0 afqjkdfa aksfeqklnu bls qfjemknh elnqfnq‑

ij{ cf jdd elvsufu lbbfsfa ls jdd elvsufu kn j

pjsqkevdjs elnqfnq jsfj.

ajqj elddfeqkln7 j zvjnqkq{ lb ajqj elddfeqfa qlhfqmfs

bls qmf pvspluf lb jnjd{uku.

ajqj)cjufa afekukln ij`knh7 ij`knh knuqsveqklnjd

afekuklnu cjufa qmf jnjd{uku lb uqvafnq knblsijqkln

-jqqfnajnef$ hsjafu$ qfuq uelsfu$ plsqbldklu$ uvsrf{u$

knqfsrkfxu+ ql ij`f afekuklnu jclvq knuqsveqkln.

akbbfsfnqkjqfa knuqsveqkln7 knuqsveqkln afukhnfa ql

iffq fjem uqvafnq xmfsf mf ls umf ku evssfnqd{

pfsblsiknh jna mfdpknh qmf uqvafnq ql pslhsfuu0

akbbfsfnqkjqkln ij{ cf c{ dfrfd lb akbbkevdq{$ c{ qlpke

ql iffq uqvafnqu( knqfsfuqu$ jna c{ uqvafnqu( psfbfssfa

dfjsnknh uq{dfu.

frjdvjqkln7 j ifqmla lb afqfsiknknh kb uqvafnqu

dfjsnfa xmjq qmf{ xfsf qjvhmq0 vuvjdd{ elnaveqfa jq

qmf fna lb j dfuuln ls elvsuf.

bffacje`7 pslrkaknh knblsijqkln jclvq qmf sfuvdqu

lb j efsqjkn pslefavsf0 sfuplnuf0 eskqkzvf$ eskqkejd

jnjd{uku.

hljd ufqqknh7 fuqjcdkumknh upfekbke$ ifjuvsjcdf$ jna

qkif)qjshfqfa lcgfeqkrfu0 j ijgls eliplnfnq lb

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq jna uemlld kipslrfifnq.

knblsifa emlkef7 -knblsifa afekukln+7 j afekuklnc{ jn favejqls$ uqvafnq$ ls pjsfnq jclvq j pslhsji

ls psjeqkef cjufa ln emlkef$ xmkem sfzvksfu qmf

afekukln ql cf rldvnqjs{.

23



Jppfnak} E7 Hdluujs{knrfuqkhjqf7 pslcf$ f}jiknf$ knupfeq0 elnaveq

afqjkdfa knzvks{ jna zvfuqklnknh.

`nlxdfahf7 qmf bjequ jna ajqj lb j uvcgfeq.

dfja qfjemfsu7 qfjemfsu xml mjrf hsfjqfs dfjafsumkp

sfuplnukckdkqkfu qmjn lqmfs qfjemfsu$ cvq xml

elnqknvf ql xls` xkqm uqvafnqu ju qmfks qfjemfsu.

dfjsnknh uq{dfu7 akbbfsfnq xj{u uqvafnqu dfjsn0

akbbfsfnefu ij{ knedvaf elhnkqkrf -qmf xj{ j pfsuln

qmknù jclvq dfjsnknh+$ ufnuls{ -uffknh$ mfjsknh$

qlvemknh+$ jna lqmfs emjsjeqfskuqkeu$ uvem ju

psfbfssknh ql xls` jdlnf ls xkqm j hslvp.

ifnqls7 lnf xml lbbfsu lnhlknh uvpplsq ql jnlqmfs

pfsuln jna mju `nlxdfahf jna f}pfskfnef ql umjsf

xkqm qmf pfsuln cfknh ifnqlsfa0 bls f}jipdf$ jn

f}pfskfnefa qfjemfs ikhmq juukuq ls ifnqls j nfx

elddfjhvf.

ifqmlaldlh{7 qmf xj{-u+ kn xmkem knblsijqkln ku

umjsfa xkqm ls qjvhmq ql uqvafnqu.

lvqelifu7 sfuvdqu lb knuqsveqkln0 hljdu$ lcgfeqkrfu$

uqjnajsau0 xmjq uqvafnqu jsf uvpplufa ql `nlx jnacf jcdf ql al.

pffs uvpplsq7 ivqvjd uvpplsq lb elddfjhvfu bls fjem

lqmfs.

pslcdfi7 ulifqmknh qmjq ejvufu akbbkevdq{ ls

vnefsqjknq{0 qmf kuuvf ql cf sfufjsemfa.

pslbfuuklnjd7 j pfsuln xml mju ls umlxu f}pfsqkuf kn

j pjsqkevdjs bkfda.

pslbfuuklnjd afrfdlpifnq7 f}pfskfnef qmjq mfdpu

qfjemfsu jna jaiknkuqsjqlsu cvkda `nlxdfahf jna

u`kddu0 jdul `nlxn ju uqjbb afrfdlpifnq.

zvjdkqjqkrf sfufjsem7 sfufjsem qmjq vufu ifqmlau

knedvaknh u{uqfijqke lcufsrjqkln jna knqfsrkfxu0

ikhmq knedvaf lcufsrjqkln lb edjuufu$ qfjemfs

iffqknhu jna elnrfsujqkln$ ju xfdd ju elnaveqknh

uvsrf{u ql qs{ ql kafnqkb{ mlx knuqsveqklnjd afekuklnu

jsf ijaf. Zvjdkqjqkrf sfufjsem ku lbqfn elicknfa

xkqm zvjnqkqjqkrf sfufjsem bls j ilsf elipdfqf

vnafsuqjnaknh lb sfuvdqu.

zvjnqkqjqkrf sfufjsem7 sfufjsem elnaveqfa kn j

uekfnqkbke ijnnfs vuknh uqjqkuqkejd pslefavsfu.

Zvjnqkqjqkrf sfufjsem ku lbqfn elicknfa xkqm

zvjdkqjqkrf sfufjsem bls j ilsf elipdfqf vnafsuqjna)

knh lb sfuvdqu.

sfdkjckdkq{7 jn fuqkijqf lb mlx edlufd{ qmf sfuvdqu lb j

qfuq xlvda ijqem kb qmf qfuq xfsf hkrfn ql qmf ujif

uqvafnqu vnafs qmf ujif elnakqklnu.

sfjdkuqke qkifdknf7 j emslnldlhkejd ufzvfnef lb

frfnqu qmjq ku al)jcdf xkqmkn qmf qkif jddlqqfa.

sfeliifnajqkln7 j elvsuf lb jeqkln qmjq ku

jarkujcdf.

sfelnnjkuujnef7 jeq lb hjqmfsknh knblsijqkln0

uvsrf{$ elddfeqkln lb ajqj0 psfdkiknjs{ knupfeqkln ls

uvsrf{ ql hjkn hfnfsjd knblsijqkln vufbvd bls bvqvsf

pdjnnknh.

sfbdfeqkln7 elnqknvfa elnukafsjqkln$ ifakqjqkln$

elnqfipdjqkln0 qmf hlknh cje` lrfs lb akbbfsfnq jequ

jna kafju.

sfufjsem zvfuqkln7 j zvfuqkln qmjq ku upfekbke jna

sfuvdqu kn jn lcufsrjcdf pslcdfi uldrknh jeqkln0 kq ku

eskqkejd ql Jeqkln Sfufjsem ju kq hvkafu qmf knzvks{.

uemlld edkijqf7 sfbfsu ql qmf uemlldu‛ fbbfeq ln

uqvafnqu jna ku qmf rjdvfu$ evdqvsf$ jna lshjnkwjqkln lb j uemlld qmjq ejvuf kq ql bvneqkln kn j pjsqkevdjs xj{.

uemlld evdqvsf7 sfbfsu ql qmf fbbfeq lb rjdvfu$ evdqvsf$

jna lshjnkwjqkln ln qfjemfsu jna uqjbb ificfsu lb j

uemlld jna mlx kq kipjequ qmf xj{ qmf{ bvneqkln

qlhfqmfs.

25



uemlld sfuqsveqvsknh7 j uqsjqfh{ cjufa ln qmf

psfikuf qmjq qmf lshjnkwjqkln lb uemlldu ivuq cf

emjnhfa kn lsafs ql uqfi xkafupsfja jejafike

bjkdvsf jna ql iffq mkhmfs uqjnajsau afijnafa c{

ulekfq{.

ufdfeqkln7 -r+ qmf jeq lb emlluknh ls ufdfeqknh0 -n+ jn

juulsqifnq lb qmknhu bsli xmkem j emlkef ejn cf

ijaf.

qfji qfjemknh7 qxl ls ilsf qfjemfsu xls`knh

qlhfqmfs ql qfjem qmf ujif hslvp lb uqvafnqu.

qskjnhvdjqkln7 j pslefuu lb rfskbkejqkln Pemfe`knh bls

qsvqmY qmjq knesfjufu rjdkakq{ c{ knelsplsjqknh qmsff

akbbfsfnq rkfxplknqu jna `knau lb knblsijqkln. Ajqj

qskjnhvdjqkln ku elddfeqknh knblsijqkln bsli akbbfsfnq

pjsqkekpjnqu jna ulvsefu$ jna bsli akbbfsfnq uqjhfu kn

qmf pslgfeq.

xskqqfn sfelsau7 j xskqqfn alevifnq psfufsrknh

`nlxdfahf lb bjequ ls frfnqu0 jn{qmknh -uvem ju j

alevifnq ls j pmlnlhsjpm sfelsa ls j pmlqlhsjpm+

pslrkaknh pfsijnfnq frkafnef lb ls knblsijqkln

jclvq pjuq frfnqu.

rjdkakq{7 mlx xfdd j qfuq ifjuvsfu xmjq kq ku knqfnafa

ql ifjuvsf.

Jppfnak} E7 Hdluujs{

21



Kn lsafs lb ekqjqkln

Clsh$ :;26$ p. 5:5

Xjqqu$ :;=6$ p. ::=

Hsffnxlla " Dfrkn$ :;;=$ p. 1

Alxndljafa bsli qmf Knqfsnfq$ Ijsem 3?:?7mqqp7,,xxx.bdalf.lsh,fuf,pab,jeqkln)sfu.pab

Kipslrknh Uqvafnq Dfjsnknh qmslvhm Edjuuslli

Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 J Hvkaf ql Cfeliknh jn Jeqkln

Sfufjsemfs $ Bdlskaj Afpjsqifnq lb Fa. ph. 3

Mlddknhuxlsqm fq jd.$ :;;8$ p. 5:3

IeNkbb$ Dlij}$ " Xmkqfmfja$ :;;2$ p. 58

Afnwkn -:;8=$ p. 3;:+

Hdfunf -:;;3$ p. 21+

Ajaau -:;;5$ p. 3=8+

Jppfnak} A7 Fnanlqfu

26





Jppfnak} F7 Ckcdklhsjpm{Jknuelx$ I.$ " Elnnfs$ E. -:;;?+. Uemlld)Cjufa

Knzvks{7 Nlqfu jna Cje`hslvna Sfjaknh.

Ejicskahf7 Ejicskahf Knuqkqvqf lb Favejqkln

Cjnkuqfs$ _.$ Cvsijn$ F.$ _js`fs$ K.$ Qj{dls$ I. "

Qknajdd$ E. -:;;1+. Zvjdkq{ Ifqmlau kn

_u{emldlh{. Cve`knhmji7 Lpfn Vnkrfsukq{ _sfuu.

Clsh$ X. -:;=:+. Jppd{knh Favejqklnjd Sfufjsem7 J

_sjeqkejd Hvkaf bls Qfjemfsu . Nfx [ls`7

Dlnhijn.

Clsh$ X. S. -:;26+. Favejqklnjd Sfufjsem7 Jn

Knqslaveqkln. Nfx [ls`7 Ajrka Ie@j{ El. Kne.

Cslwl$ X.H. -3?::+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem P_lxfs_lknq

udkafuY. Nfxjs`$ AF7 Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh

Juulekjqkln.

Ejdmlvn$ F. -3??3+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem bls Uemlld

Kipslrfifnq. Favejqklnjd Dfjafsumkp . 6;-2+

:=)31.

Ejsl)Csvef$ E. " IeEsfjakf$ G. -:;;1+. —Fuqjcdkumknh

Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn Lnf Uemlld Akuqskeq.’ Kn7

Nlbb`f$ U.$ _sjeqkejdd{ Eskqkejd7 Jn Knrkqjqkln ql

Jeqkln Sfufjsem kn Favejqkln. Nfx [ls`7

Qfjemfsu Elddfhf _sfuu$ Eldvickj Vnkrfsukq{.

Elsf{$ U.I. -:;65+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ql Kipslrf Uemlld

_sjeqkefu . Nfx [ls`7 Qfjemfsu Elddfhf _sfuu.

Eskqkejd Bskfnau7 J _slefuu Cvkdq ln Sfbdfeqkln

-3?}}+. Sfqskfrfa bsli mqqp7,,afpqu.xjumknhqln.fav,eepm,pab\bkdfu,

EskqkejdBskfnau.pab$ Ijsem :2$ 3?:3.

Ajaau$ I. -:;;5+. —Qmf Bffdknh lb Qmkn`knh kn

_slbfuuklnjd Ufdb)uqva{$’ Favejqklnjd Jeqkln $ 3$

3=8)5?5.

Afnwkn$ N. @. -:;8=+. Qmf Sfufjsem Jeq$ -6qm fa.+.

Nfx [ls`7 IeHsjx)Mkdd.

Bfssjnef$ F. -3???+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Nlsqmfjuq jna

Kudjnau Sfhklnjd Favejqklnjd Djclsjqls{ Jq

Cslxn Vnkrfsukq{7 _slrkafnef$ SK.

Bvf{l$ R.$ " @llsdjna$ I. J. -:;;8+. —Qfjemfs ju

Sfufjsemfs7 J U{nln{i bls _slbfuuklnjdkui.’

Glvsnjd lb Qfjemfs Favejqkln 1= -6+$ 552)511.

Hdfunf$ E.$ " _fum`kn. -:;;3+. Cfeliknh Zvjdkqjqkrf

Sfufjsemfsu7 Jn Knqslaveqkln. Xmkqf _djknu$ N[7

Dlnhijn.

Hsffnxlla$ A. G.$ " Dfrkn$ I. -:;;=+. Knqslaveqkln ql

Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 Ulekjd Sfufjsem bls Ulekjd

Emjnhf. Dlnaln7 Ujhf _vcdkejqklnu.

Hsvna{$ U. -:;;6+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem ju _slbfuuklnjd

Afrfdlpifnq. _fsqm$ Jvuqsjdkj7 Jsqu Jeelsa

Jbbkdkjqkln lb Jsqu Favejqlsu.

Hvcj$ F. H.$ " Dkneldn$ [. U. -:;;1+. —Elipfqknh

_jsjakhiu kn Zvjdkqjqkrf Sfufjsem’ kn N. @.

Afnwkn " [. U. Dkneldn -Fau.+$ Mjnacll` lb

zvjdkqjqkrf sfufjsem -pp. :?6)::8+. Dlnaln7 Ujhf.

Hvu`f{$ Q.S. -3???+. Frjdvjqknh pslbfuuklnjd

afrfdlpifnq. Qmlvujna Ljù$ EJ7 Elsxkn

_sfuu.

Mfns{$ E. jna U. @fiiku. -:;=6+. —J _lknq)c{)_lknq

Hvkaf ql Jeqkln Sfufjsem bls Qfjemfsu.’ Qmf Jvuqsjdkjn Jaiknkuqsjqls . 2 -1+.

Mfxkqq$ S. " Dkqqdf$ I. -3??6+. Dfjaknh Jeqkln

Sfufjsem kn Uemlldu . Bdlskaj Afpjsqifnq lb

Favejqkln.

22





Jppfnak} F7 Ckcdklhsjpm{Mlddknhuxlsqm$ U.$ @mjn$ I. U.$ @mlul$ N.J.$ Zvsfumk$

H. I. -3??6+. Vnpvcdkumfa ijnvueskpq ln

Jeqkln Sfufjsem. @jsjemk$ _j`kuqjn7 KSJ,FUSJ

Mlddknhuxlsqm$ U. -3??:)3??6+. Vnpvcdkumfa

ijnvueskpq ln Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 KSJ,FUSJ.

Mlddknhuxlsqm U. jna Ajs B.$ 3??1 Ilavdf bls Jeqkln

Sfufjsem Qsjknfsu. @jsjemk$ _j`kuqjn7 KSJ,FUSJ.

Mlddknhuxlsqm$ U. -Fa.+. -:;;8+. Knqfsnjqklnjd Jeqkln

Sfufjsem7 J Ejufcll` bls Favejqklnjd Sfblsi.

Dlnaln7 Bjdifs.

Mvccjsa$ S. U.$ " _lxfs$ C. I. -:;;;+. Dkrknh qmf Zvfuqklnu7 J Hvkaf bls Qfjemfs)Sfufjsemfsu.

_lsqdjna$ Ijknf7 Uqfnmlvuf.

Jajpqfa bsli @jnv$ [$ Ejsuln " Uqsjnu`{ -:;;1+.

Uqvafnq Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Failnqln$ Ejnjaj7

Vnkrfsukq{ lb Jdcfsqj.

@fiiku$ U.$ " IeQjhhjsq$ S. -:;=3+. Qmf Jeqkln

Sfufjsem _djnnfs . Rkeqlskj7 Afj`kn Vnkrfsukq{

_sfuu.

Djnùmfjs$ E.$ " @nlcfd$ I. -3??1+. J Mjnacll`

bls Qfjemfs Sfufjsem7 Bsli Afukhn ql

Kipdfifnqjqkln . Nfx [ls`7 Lpfn Vnkrfsukq{

_sfuu.

Dfm$ J.U.E. -3??3+. —Jeqkln Sfufjsem ln qmf

Emjnhknh Sldfu lb qmf Knuqsveqlsu jna qmf

Dfjsnfsu.’ QfemQsfnau$ 12 -6+$ 11)18.

Dfxkn$ D. -:;12+ —Jeqkln Sfufjsem jna Iknlskq{

_slcdfiu.’ Glvsnjd lb Ulekjd Kuuvfu 3 $ 51)12.

Dfxkn$ @. -:;1=+. Sfuldrknh Ulekjd Elnbdkequ. Nfx

[ls`7 Mjspfs.

Ddlsfnu$ I. C. -:;;1+. —Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 Jsf Qfjemfsu

Bknaknh Qmfks Rlkef<’ Qmf Fdfifnqjs{ Uemlld

Glvsnjd $ ;6 -:+$ 5):?.

IeBjsdjna$ @._.$ " Uqjnufdd$ G.E. -:;;5+. —Mkuqlskejd

_fsupfeqkrfu.’ Kn D. _jqqfsuln$ E.I. Ujnqj$ E.H.

Umlsq$ " @. Uikqm -Fau.+$ Qfjemfsu jsf

Sfufjsemfsu7 Sfbdfeqkln jna Jeqkln. Nfxjs`$ AF7

Knqfsnjqklnjd Sfjaknh Juulekjqkln.

IeNkbb$ G. -:;==+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 _sknekpdfu jna

_sjeqkef$ Cjuknhuql`f7 Ijeikddjn.

IeNkbb G.$ Dlij} _.$ " Xmkqfmfja G. -:;;2+. [lv jna

[lvs Jeqkln Sfufjsem _slgfeq. Dlnaln7

Slvqdfahf.

IeNkbb$ G. " Xmkqfmfja$ G. -3??3+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem7

_sknekpdfu jna _sjeqkef -ufelna fakqkln+.

Dlnaln$ Slvqdfahf Bjdifs.

IeNkbb$ G. " Xmkqfmfja$ G. -3??2+. Jdd [lv Nffa ql

@nlx jclvq Jeqkln Sfufjsem. Dlnaln$ Ujhf.

Ikddu$ H. F. -3??5+. Jeqkln Sfufjsem7 J Hvkaf bls qmf

Qfjemfs Sfufjsemfs. Vppfs Ujaadf Skrfs$ NG7

Ifsskdd _sfnqkef Mjdd.

Ikqemfdd$ U.$ Sfkdd{$ S. " Dlhvf$ I. -3??;+. —Cfnfbkqu

lb Elddjclsjqkrf Jeqkln Sfufjsem bls qmfCfhknnknh Qfjemfs.’ Qfjemknh jna Qfjemfs

Favejqkln$ 31-3+ pp. 511)51;.

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21-3+$ ;2)::6.

28



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2=

http://www.squidoo.com/actionresearch




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2;


http://www.slideshare.net/Gregwad/action-research?type=powerpoint

http://elementary-education.wikispaces.com/Action+Research


http://www.edu.plymouth.ac.uk/resined/actionresearch/arhome.htm


http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=155276&title=Richard_Sagor_The_Action_Research_Guidebook



http://instep.net.nz/learning_cases

http://ema.sagepub.com/content/38/2/229.abstract

http://ema.sagepub.com/content/38/2/229.abstract

http://instep.net.nz/learning_cases




http://www.slideshare.net/Gregwad/action-research?type=powerpoint




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8?

http://cadres.pepperdine.edu/ccar/define.html


http://www.alliance.brown.edu/dnd/ar.shtml

http://www.alliance.brown.edu/dnd/ar.shtml


http://cadres.pepperdine.edu/ccar/define.html



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8:

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A Practical Guide to Action Research for Literacy Educators- Nugent, Malik & Hollingsworth

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