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A preliminAry survey o pArAnormAlexperiences with psychoActive drugs
By David p. Luke andMariosKittenis
AbstrAct: the ouene o anpeonal expeiene wih pyhedeliuane i well aeed, and eveal uvey have onienly ound a mallelaionhip eween paanomal expeiene and he ue o uh dug in geneal.Iolaed inveigaion o expeiene wih peif dug exi, u no uvey haveyemaially examined whehe paiula expeiene elae o paiula dug.In an online uvey, 139 eponden wee euied hough paapyhology o
pyhedeli inee goup and ompleed a queionnaie deailing pyhoaivedug-ue ehaviou and he equeny o ouene o a nume o paanomal,hamani, and myial ype expeiene. Paen o dug-indued anpeonalexpeiene epoed elewhee wee moly oooaed, paiulaly he
poliviy o elepahi expeiene wih annai, ou-o-ody expeiene wihkeamine, eniy enoune expeiene wih N,N-dimehylypamine (DMt), and
plan-pii enoune wih a ho o pyhedeli plan. seveal mall oelaionwee ound eween dug-ue equeny and expeiene equeny wih eain dugand expeiene ype, paiulaly hoe emed myial. A expeed, alohol andopiae/opioid-ue did no oelae wih any anpeonal expeiene alhough,upiingly, no izale oelaion wee ound o pi expeiene and he ue oany one ype o dug, poily due o he high ae o ouene o pi expeieneamong oh dug ue and non-dug ue wih hi paiula ample.
s a aa ba a aa a a aa, a, aa (.., s & ha, 1992), a b a aab ba a aaa a. a lsd b Ab ha 1943a bq b -a ba,
a b aa aaa ba aa a (lk, 2006) a, b 1950, aa a j a esp ( a lk, aa). a, a
, a a a, a,aj a ba, , a, aa, ab , ,
a a a a a, a a aa,a a , a a .(g & Bakaa, 1998, . 9)
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306 The Journal o Parapsychology
t a a a a b a ba aa a a b a a a ( sa, 2003). t aaa, a f,
a b aa a b f aaa a a b aa a (esp,k), a, --b (oBe), a a-a (nde). sa aa a a aa b a a a b a , aa, a- , a a a-.
a a a a az
a, b 1970 a a aa a a ba , ab .cq, a a a b ba a b aaa a b a , a a j a -aab aaa .
c a a aaa , pa(1979) a a qa a a a , a a b a va.
t qa a bq aa b Aa ra a e (K, 1980) a ia (ua & paa, 1989a, 1989b). pa a ab -a a b a espa, a a k (rspK) a a, a aa , a a oBe, b a a. t a a b K a a, k a , a ia a
, a pa, a aa esp a oBe,a aa aa a j . , 18% ia a a 28-29% va a a a .
m , Ka, pkaa, a gaa (1994) a- a a aaa b, ab,a , a a a a aaa, b a Aa e i (Aei).A b bq
a a a b aka b - ba a Aei ba, aaa (r= .13 .29) a aaa b(r = .16 .25) (gaa, Ka, & pkaa, 1994; ha & wa,1998; pkaa, Ka, & maa, 1995a, 1995b; s & r, 2000;
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307A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
tab, 2001). ta a a, a fa,a b a az a - Aei, z a - a a a a a. Aa, Aei - ba b a
, a, a a, a (lsd a ajaa). y, f, ab aaa a b a a a fa, , , a a a (gaa a., 1994).
A a a a a , ba a. t a a b w (1997) a a
a q ak q (AQ) aab a aa , a (dxm), a a a a . w a aaa dxm, a a , a a a a b , a a b a a-a b (p & lb, 2000). dxm oBe a ande, a a aa, a a a , , a aa
esp b pK.i a 1970 caa ajaa (a a
aab) , a a lsd, ta (1993) a aj aab, a (69-83%) (32%) baa pK (13%). t a f q ta . saa a b 50% ,a 44% a oBe, a a .e, a ka-
a , , aa a a (dgaa, 1995). i a a , oBe, a, a a, a a, a a , a a (Kj & na,2000-2001).
s a a oBe ak b a a , alsd a aab, 18-37% oBe
(Bak, 1982, 1984; Bak & ha, 1983). t fa b aa a Bak (1992) a a a b oBe a a (.., a, aqz, a, a a).
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308 The Journal o Parapsychology
A a a a a a aa a aa aaa , a a a a a . h,
aa, a, a a a a b a bj aaa ba b . a, oBe a aa (lk, aa) a a ab a a ka (da ha, 2004; Ja, 2001). i ka nde, Ja (1997) a a a a aa a nde. Aa, saa (2001) a
a n,n-a (dmt) aa nde. n, nde a 5--dmt (r-da, 2001; s & s,1997), a a a a dmt. t nde a a b ka, a dxm (w,1997). t a a aa aa -aa a- a aa. t a a a, a lsd, b
a dmt a a ba.t a a a b k a f-
a -a l(2004) a aaa- aa a a Psilocybe, Salvia divinorum, a , a a ( .., Ak, 2004; l, 2004; lk, 2005; va, 2001).sa, a a, a aa a b Solanaceaea, a -- a aaaa, a dmt--ak k ab a a.
Aaaa, k a a (dbk r, 1972), a a aa a-b a a a, aa, a oBe. , r-da(1991, 2001) a a a aaa aka a aaaa, a aa ( a a), ab esp-k . h, , r-da (2001) b a a b dmt a b a esp ( a a, lk, aa).
t a a b b af a a a a ba aa bj aaa . pa, k b - ba a ba a ab a k a f- a.
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309A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
Method
Participants and Recruitment
t 139 - qa . r a a , a a q a qa b b a a a a aaa a ak a ,a aa b b a. A q a a a ab a a aaa a b B ma Aa p s (mAps) (lk, 2004b). rq a a ak a a c
(lk, 2004) a a a a s para (lk, 2004a), b uK. , aa -a ( paa ra , p s, paa s, a pb), (pa uK), a a a -a (p-). A k qa a a a aaab paa Aa wb . o (48) a a f ,a a a , aa a
(45) q a a a b q aa (31) fab (15). r b J 2004 a ba 2005 b . t aa a 32 a, 62% a a 35% a (3% a).
Questionnaire
s a a q a b q 10 a a , a a 7- a ( A). p-a a, , a, a,a - b a aab, aa (..,ghB), a (ba-a a a 2cB,2ci, a mdmA, k a a-a a aaa b a ), a, a .A 18 (1 a aa a a a,
a 17) aaa, aa, a a- , a 7- a q a a q . t a a b a k , ba a (.., ta, 1993;
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310 The Journal o Parapsychology
w, 1997). ea aa aaa b a q a a a q , aa a 7- a. A fa -
q ak a a ak a ba baa .
Procedure
d a aa a a aa b a, qa a a aaab , , a, a a
a (h, 2003). t qa a a a a a ab a a aaa a a aaa mAps B (lk, 2004b), a a -aa a a aaab a. B qa, a a a a afa.
Results and Discussion
Data Treatment
t aa a qa a b a, aa a , a q af. n aa a. o 10 a ( A a), a a a a.
tab 1 a a a q. A a b a , b aab a b , aa b ab a a. r a , q a aab (pa r> .4) a a a
- a aab, , a-a a, a a ba a a. t a (r>.7) q b ab a a aab.
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311A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
Table 1
The Useof DrUgsof DifferenT Types among responDenTs
pa (N= 139)A a m a o
q
A 90.6 87.1 42.4caab 77.7 69.8 43.2p 56.8 49.6 28.8sa 51.1 40.3 12.2ea 43.9 36.7 16.5p 36.0 29.1 12.2da 35.3 24.5 7.9oa/ 31.7 16.5 5.8raa 27.3 20.9 7.2
tab 2 a a - a 17 aa . t a a a f - a a f aa a a a a a aab a j aa, a a a. n- a.e , a a a a a a - , aa oBe,
a, b a , a a- ., a a a zab - a , a a a - , ajaa aa q,a/ a . t a a b b, a, b a a , a aa . ca a a a a a
a a a a, a, b a a b a - a a a ( sk, 1997).
t a a a (N= 110) a a (47%) a a a 28-29% a 18% (pa,1979; ua & paa, 1989a, 1989b), a b a.i a b ta (1993) aaa a aab,
a a aab ( q, N = 60) a ta a(20%), (12%), k (12%), a aa (22%) . y, b oBe aab (62%) a a a ta (44%).
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Table 2
The percenTageof DrUgUsersanD non-DrUgUsers reporTing
Transpersonal experiences
r
d * (N = 85) n- (N = 54)
%
%
**
%
%
***
oBe(a) oBe1 -
aa a64.7 44.7 40.7 9.3
(b) oBe2 a a 52.9 43.5 27.8 3.7
esp() ta 67.1 50.6 46.3 1.9
() caa 61.2 36.5 55.6 1.9() p 48.2 21.2 51.9 1.9() ca
a 36.5 18.8 33.3 3.7
pK()i
41.2 22.4 25.9 1.9
caa() l
aa37.6 35.3 18.5 1.9
da() da, b,
a 50.6 31.8 29.6 1.9
e(j) e 38.8 31.8 14.8 1.9
(k)ma b 27.1 18.8 5.6 1.9
ma() pa/ba
45.9 42.4 7.4 0.0
() d b 40.0 28.2 18.5 0.0
() p
aak48.2 38.8 25.9 1.9
() s a aa 60.0 45.9 35.2 1.9
() ua 65.9 56.5 27.8 3.7
(q) d 48.2 42.4 14.8 3.7
A a
95.3 83.5 77.8 29.6
* d f a a a , a a , a , ajaa a j aa.
** d a .*** i a, , aa ajaa , a lsd .
h, ta a a 1970 acaa aab- , z
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313A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
a , a a . n,a ta , a, aa, a oBe aaa aab (tab 3).
ia f aa aa , b a a q aa a a q a aa . t ba a a b a a a q a . ca a a a aab, fbak a aaab , a b a a b. a
bf a a q a a a a a a b ab , q a .
tab 3 a aa a b a a . w a a aab, a a a a aa , a a a a a aa ( a
a a ) b a a (.., a a a ). h, a a a q , b a a a a aa (f ) b a, a aq aa . t a ak a ak a aa q b 4 a 5, b a a.
i aa a aj f aa afa a, a, a, a . i a a a ba aa , a a. A b a a j ba tab 3, a a 2ct7, 2cB, a 2ci ( s & s, 1991), aa a; aa, , , ba,
, a 5-meo-dpt, b a ; a fa aa, aa a a a a.
c a lsd a Psilocybe a ba , a
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314 The Journal o Parapsychology
a a a ba aab a b qa a b a , a ba . o a, a a
ba dmt a b a 5-meo-dmt q a , bab a ab ba.
c a a aa , a ba a ba a a. la saa(2001) ba, dmt a a a a oBe, a a , a k5-meo-dmt, dmt a a
a . t a dmt aa nde(saa, 2001) a aa b b a a a-k (, b, a a) a b a a 5-meo-dmt, a b (lk, 2005; r-da, 2001;s & s, 1997). h, a- a a az, a a f a nde a .
n, dmt, a 5-meo-dmt, a aaaa,
dmt , a a a aaaa a, a a aaaa a a/ba a fa , a b ba a a a, (.., ha, 2005).
r a a aa a aaaa, a . i, 3 a ba aa aa b -
a dmt, a f a r-da (2001) a a dmt esp a aaaa. , a esp aaaa a a a ( lk, aa), a qr-da (1991) a a aaa aka aaaa esp a . i, f a aaaa , a, a ak a, f a b a
ba a a ba.vaa b a b a a a a ( ), ( ), a,, a , a a a
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315A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
Tabl
e3(a)
ThesUm
ofresponDenTsreporTin
gexperiencesWiTh
DifferenTDrUgs
Psyched
elictryptamines
Dissociatives
lsd
Psilocybe
mh
dmt
5-m
eo-
dmt
Ayahaa
Kai
dxm
ni
oi
u
iy21
A
a21
t14
ca14
oB
e1
14
rig13
oB
e2
12
e
g11
d
ah9
cai8
pK
5
pg4
divi4
my
h4
e
iy3
pa
3
m
i2
*pa20
uiy17
rig14
*Aa13
eiy12
divi10
*cai10
tah9
oBe
18
oBe
27
myh7
pg7
dah7
egy7
mi5
pK5
ca5
oBe
214
eiy13
eg10
divi7
pa7
rig7
ca7
dah6
uiy6
mi3
oBe
13
myh2
cai2
tah1
pg1
egy4
dah3
ca2
oBe
22
oBe
11
mi1
eiy1
myh1
uiy1
rig1
pa5
eiy3
mi3
dah2
myh2
uiy2
oBe
22
oBe
11
egy1
divi1
rig1
oBe
29
oBe
16
dah4
ca4
uiy4
egy
4
cai2
pK2
rig2
divi
1
t2
cai1
pK1
oBe
11
uiy1
egy1
rig1
oBe
13
oBe
21
uiy1
*affqyf
4
(f)whN5
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Table
3(b)
ThesUmo
fresponDenTsreporTing
experiencesWiTh
DifferenTDrUgs
ohyhia
oh
g
c
aabi
Salvia
Divinorum
mai
cai
Amanita
Muscaria
mdmA
Ah
cai
pib
dg
*
t14
c
ai8
o
Be
18
*
mi6
*
pa6
e
gy6
*
uiy6
A
a6
d
ah4
d
ivi4
c
a4
r
ig3
p
g3
p
K3
e
iy2
m
yh2
o
Be
22
pa10
eiy3
ca2
oBe
12
oBe
22
uiy2
divi1
myh
1
rig1
dah1
tah1
*Aa6
*pa5
*uiy5
egy3
rig3
cai2
pK2
eiy2
divi2
caaiy2
oBe
12
oBe
22
t1
pg1
dah1
pa1
dah1
oBe
21
*Aa8
*t6
*uiy5
egy4
rig4
oBe
23
oBe
12
cai2
dah2
pK1
divi1
eiy1
ca1
mi2
t1
pK1
oBe
11
ca1
mi1
cai1
pK1
oBe
11
ca1
mi1
pg1
pK1
oBe
11
oBe
21
dah1
eiy1
*affqy
f4
(f
)whN5
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317A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
b b aa a (la, l, & mz, 1963).
ea aa ka, aoBe b k, b aa ,
a, a a b (.., da ha,2004). , a Ja (1997) ka nde, a-a q a a qa nde ba a . n, a- a q dmt ba, a aa , a lsd , a a b g (1990).
i a (.., Ak, 2004; l, 2004;lk 2005; va, 2001), a b
a a ba b a a ba: b-a , aaaa (a a), a-a a, a Amanita muscaria, b a Salvia divinorum.s a- a aab a,a a aaa oBe a a, a, a, ak ba a aa esp a, a a aa b aa b ta(1993) a b a. t a dxm a a a
aa esp a, b , ab f , a (p &lb, 2000; w, 1997). t a a a a lsd a aa mdmA, a a aazb aa a a a a b a (e, 1989; sa, 1993).Psilocybe a a a aa aa a k, aa aa b pK . h, b ba q
pK, b a ba a aa , b Psilocybe, a,a lsd, a .
A (.., s, 2000), ( a) a a a a- , aa , b aa aak a . s aa a a q aa q a b , aa
a a (a a b ta, 1972) a mdmA, b a lsd a a aab a Psilocybe. taaa a a dmt ba ba b , a aa 5-meo-dmt aaaa .
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r (N= 139)
d oBe esp pK caa da e ma
A .05(.548)
-.14(.104)
-.07(.427)
.09(.307)
.00(.963)
-.01(.869)
.06(.501)
p .02(.801)
-.03(.692)
-.05(.576)
.10(.231)
.19(.026)
.02(.821)
.09(.278)
sa .20(.016)
.11(.182)
.09(.317)
.24(.004)
.16(.066)
.19(.028)
.26(.002)
oa/ .07(.442)
.02(.786)
.09(.282)
.19(.028)
.07(.399)
.11(.195)
.19(.024)
caab .17(.048)
-.02(.812)
.05(.530)
.11(.187)
.035(.679)
.17(.051)
.30(.0003)*
raa .36(.0001)*
.20(.016)
.21(.011)
.25(.003)
.22(.098)
.33(.0001)*
.35(.0001)*
ea .25(.003)
-.10(.226)
.13(.125)
.22(.009)
.11(.194)
.12(.175)
.26(.002)
da .26(.002)
.05(.524)
.19(.023)
.20(.018)
.24(.004)
.23(.006)
.29(.0006)*
p .30(.0004)*
.03(.689)
.20(.017)
.23(.008)
.19(.026)
.20(.020)
.44(.0001)*
p< .05; p< .01; *p< .0008 a bab f ( a) a -a
tab 4 pa a q a q . a aa aa , 17 aa aaaa a oBe (a, b), esp (, , , ), pK (), -caa (), da (), e (j, k), a ma (, , , , , q) (A a-q). t j a, -a q a a . B a, esp a a a , aa, a, a a a a b pK, a a b - . e a a b a b ma , a a aab aa e . o , a , a aa q aba b a a a aa .
i a, 61 a aa, aa a a p< .0008 (f b *) k .05 a t 1
Table 4
correlaTions beTWeenThe freqUencyof DrUgUseanDThe freqUencyof
experiencesbyType
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319A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
a. A , a, , a, a a/ fa a a aa ,a, , a ( a,mdmA). ca a, fa a
esp pK, a a fa a b pK a q a,, a aa, a a a a aa esp. A aa a esp- a q aa a a fa a a,r(137) = .26,p= .002 a aa , r(137) = .25,p= .003. h, f a b a a,a ak a a b aa f,
a aa, a a a b a, a b aaa. m k, a aa - a a a f a aa ba 27.3%( tab 1) a a aa ba. aa a a a a aa a aa b aa a a a e- ,r(36) = .33,p< .05, a b a a.
t ak a b a - q a f a a b a, aa, , a pK (tab 2), a a a b b aba, a aab (tab 3). pa k b a a a , a , , a, a a aa a aaaa , a a q , b
a aa. i,- f tab 2 - a (sk, 1997). i a a, a a k b a a a aab a, a a-.
A a , oBe a fa aa a, a-fa a a a, aa aab a a, Bak (1992)
a ab fa a oBe. aa a a a t 2 oBe, a . , a ,ma a fa ,aa, aab, a a a a-fa
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320 The Journal o Parapsychology
a, a, , a . o , a a a-fa a b da, -caa, a e- q aa,a, a . o aa , a a-fa (p
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321A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
a a a a a aaa aa a a .ta a -a ba b a
a a a ba. , a aa a aa , a ba a q q , a a a dmt. s ba, a aab, Psilocybe, dxm,a, a lsd a a esp, a ba, a , ka, 5-meo-dmt a aab a --b aa-a .
n, a a a a ba a aa b afa ba a a ba a a a a a bab a, a , , , a a a aa, a a a . s aaa a a b ab a a , a b f. a a f
a f aa a a aa aaa .
w a bj aaa a k a a a ba ba a a a, a , a a a (lk, aa). wa b f , , a aa a aa a a aa a a a aab a . t
a aab a a - a a a, a b aa, a,a a a a. ra a b a aa ab a , aa a a b ab a a .
References
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322 The Journal o Parapsychology
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Centre or the Study o Anomalous Psychological ProcessesThe University o NorthamptonNorthampton, NN2 7AL, [email protected]
The Koestler Parapsychology UnitUniversity o EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
Author note
t a a b , b a da lk, c s Aa pa p, u na. ta k ak n Ba (...k) ak qa aaab i, a a a bak a a a a.
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Appendix
Paranormal Experience and Drug Use Questionnaire
1. pa a q a a a :[: Never, Once, Occasionally, Oten, Regularly, Extensively, Excessively]
Apa sa (.. a, aa)oa/o (.. , , a)caab (.. ajaa, a, a, kk)
raa (.. kaa kaa, ghB, gBl)ea (.. a, 2-cB, 2-ci)da (.. ka, pcp, dxm, )p (.. lsd, a , a, dmt)o, k a (a )
2. pa a b aa. i a a a a ba a a list ba a
a q ba.[t : ta q (7- a), u ( a), q (7- a)]
w a, a a a aa i a a
(a) b a a b a(b) b a a b a() k a b a k a ba() ba k a a b a () a b k () a a a
() ba bj aa () aa() , b, a a (j) a -aa
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327A Survey o Paranormal Experiences With Psychoactive Drugs
(k) a a b() a b a a ba() a a b() a aak, a a a a
() a , aaa() a a(q)
3. ha , ak a ba a a a ab ? i a aba ( a)
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