A Project Report on Three Phase Voltage Regulation using SCR and Micro-Controller.doc

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A Project Report on Three Phase Voltage Regulation using SCR & Micro-Controller.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT




EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

In our day to day life we use a lot many devices to satisfy our needs or to make

our life comfortable and luxurious. Every device needs a power supply, to work on. And

for the optimum functioning of the device it is necessary that the supply should be

reliable. That is, it should provide a constant voltage.

But this is not possible always. There are many reasons due to which there is a

fluctuation in the supply voltage. This change in the supply voltage may cause the

device to damage or make it work in an undesired way, which no one would desire.

ence the best alternative is to regulate the supply voltage. This is what we have

tried to achieve here. !ur pro"ect is supply voltage regulation, using controller and #$%.

In our pro"ect we provide the load with a constant voltage of &'( ) ac., in spite of

any variation in the input voltage. The voltage regulation is achieved by controlling the

firing angle of the #$% so precisely that the load receives a constant supply. Thevoltage across the load is stepped down and provided to A*$. A*$ will produce a

digital signal corresponding to the input analog signal. This digital signal from A*$ is

then processed by the controller and generates a firing pulse for #$%, hence controlling

the load current.




INDEX

1. INTRO!CTION ."""""""""""""""""".#

$. AIM & O%'CTIV'S ...."""""""""""""""...

(

). PRO'CT P*ANNIN+ ."""""""""""""""".

,

#. %*OC IA+RAM ...""".."""""""""""""

1$

. %*OC IA+RAM 'SCRIPTION ."""."""""""

1#

/. COMPON'NT S'P'CI0ICATIONS ."""""""""". 1

(. CIRC!IT IA+RAM ."""""""""""""""".

#(

. 0!NCTIONA*IT2 .""""""""""""""""". #,

,. SO0T3AR' 0*O3 C4ART .""""""""""""". 1

15. R'S!*TS & CONC*!SION .""""""""""""".

11. %I%*IO+RAP42 ."""""""""""""""""... /5




CHAPTER 1

Introduction




INTRODUCTION

In our day to day life we use a lot many devices to satisfy our needs or to make

our life comfortable and luxurious. Every device needs a power supply, to work on. And

for the optimum functioning of the device it is necessary that the supply should be

reliable. That is, it should provide a constant voltage.

But this is not possible always. There are many reasons due to which there is a

fluctuation in the supply voltage. This change in the supply voltage may cause the

device to damage or make it work in an undesired way, which no one will desire.

ence the best alternative is to regulate the supply voltage. This is what we have

tried to achieve here. !ur pro"ect is supply voltage regulation, using controller and #$%.

#ilicon $ontrolled %ectifiers also called Thyristors controller, employing novel

technology, which is designed to provide a price effective solution for applications that

re+uire power, current or voltage regulation with some power factor correction and a

smother process control. Traditional phaseangle control causes lots of harmonic

current distortion on the main power supply. This in turn creates voltage distortion which

affects power +uality. There is no simple accessory available for reducing this problem.

owever, when simple voltage or current regulation is re+uired often phaseangle

control is the most cost effective solution.

Thyristors and triacs are switched on by using a gate. They automatically switch

off again when the conducted current reaches -ero.




Therefore, these devices can be used in power regulators and by switching at a

predetermined position on the A$ sine wave the phaseangle/ the effective voltage can

be reduced or increased. This can be used to regulate voltage or power to a load.

In our pro"ect we provide the load with a constant voltage of &'( ) ac., in spite of

any variation in the input voltage. The voltage regulation is achieved by controlling the

firing angle of the #$% so precisely that the load receives a constant supply. The

voltage across the load is stepped down and provided to A*$. A*$ will produce a

digital signal corresponding to the input analog signal. This digital signal from A*$ is

then processed by the controller and generates a firing pulse for #$%, hence controlling

the load current.




CHAPTER 2

Aim & Objective




AIM & OBJECTIVE

AI01

To develop a system for controlling fluctuation in the three phase )oltage supply

using #$% and $ontroller.

OBJECTIVE:-

To upgrade the existing three phase analog regulatory system, to a three phase,

microcontroller based #$% drive system. #o that if any fluctuation comes in three phase

voltage supply, controller will #ense that fluctuation and accordingly give triggering

pulses to the #$% to get controlled regulated output at the load.




CHAPTER 3

Project planning




PROJECT PLANNING

Exactly what was planned in the pro"ect2

• To design hardware for voltage regulation by using #$% bridge

• To sense fluctuation in the single phase voltage supply.

• To sense -ero crossing of the input sine wave.

• To get correct firing angle of #$% for getting correct control voltage.

• To calculate the correct delay time for giving trigger pulse to #$%.

• To trigger #$% depending upon calculated data and get the regulated

output.

• To implement the same for three phase voltage supply.

3hat is achieved2

• 3e designed hardware for voltage regulation by using #$% bridge

• 3e sensed fluctuation in the single phase voltage supply.

• 3e sensed -ero crossing of the input sine wave.

• 3e got correct firing angle of #$% for getting correct control voltage.

• 3e calculated the correct delay time for giving trigger pulse to #$%.




TIME SCHEDULING

#.4! #$E*56E *A7#8 5nderstanding pro"ect details && 9inali-ing pro"ect modules :: *ata collection ;' #election of 0icrocontroller and its peripherals '< $omponent search 88

= $ircuit *esign <; ardware assembly ;> ardware testing and debugging ;? #oftware coding for calculating correct delay for different

angle/

&

8( @reparing look up table for different A*$ values 8

88 #oftware codingfor voltage fluctuation/ :

8& Testing code on hardware >

8: @ro"ect report presentation :




CHAPTER 4

Block Diagram




BLOCK DIAGRAM

PO3'R

S!PP*2

SCR

%RI+'

CT

$)5V AC

MICRO-

-CONTRO**'R

O6P

7'RO

CROSSIN+

'T'CTOR

C*OC & R'S'T

CT

POT'NTIA*

IVI'R

$#V AC




CHAPTER 5

AC




Block Diagram

Description

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION




• POWER SUPPLY

This is the first block of our system. 3e have used a stepdown centre tap

transformer, with the voltage rating of &'() ac as primary voltage and &'(&')

ac as the secondary voltage. The current rating of the transformer is <((mA.

The steppeddown ac signal is supplied to the rectifier regulator. It consists of a

simple rectifier diode bridge network along with some filtering circuit, for

smoothing out the input signal. This filtered and rectified signal is then regulated

using a positive voltage regulator, to the desired value say < ) dc 8< ) dc/

and also negative voltage regulator to the desired value say 8< ) dc/.9or these

purpose we are using three regulator chips.

60;>(< C<) *$/

0$;>8<$ C8<) *$/

6;?8< 8<) *$/

The basic input re+uirement of the two regulators ;>8< ;?8< is &:v dc. i.e. it

needs at lest this voltage to provide a constant CD8<). This is why we have selected the

centertap transformer of &') dc. But the input voltage re+uirement of ;>(< is "ust about

8:v dc hence we have reduced the voltage of the transformer to 8:) through a resistor

in series.

The input of the regulator is provided with a filter capacitor of 8(u9, <(v. and the

output with (.(8uf, forming a pie filter for better signal to noise ratio.

• ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR

This circuit is containing of !@A0@ 5A ;'8.This is mainly used to detect the

-ero crossing of the input sine wave so that we can get #ynchroni-ation.




The output of $* is given to the @!%T pin &.< of the 0icrocontroller. ere $*

is used so that we can give trigger angle to the #$% at $orrect time.

The opamp in the $* is "ust a sine to s+uare wave generator. It converts in the

input &') ac signal to the s+uare wave of < ) and of the same fre+uency as that of the

sine wave. !pamp 5A ;'8 is provided with a dual supply, obtained from the positive

and negative regulators C8<) 8<) dc/.

The output pin of the $* is provided with a rectifying diode which restricts the

negative signal from reaching the controller pin to avoid any damage to it.

• SCR BRIDGE NETWORK

This block consists of a pair of #$% diodes. Input to the #$% Bridge circuit is

fluctuated #ingle phase voltage supply, which is given to anode of both the #$%s and

cathode of both the diodes. $athode of both the #$%s and Anode of both the diodes

are provided to the load. 3e have assumed a resistive load of 8(F ohm. 9rom this load

resistor one voltage signal will go to the @otential divider for feedback purpose. This will

act as the input signal to the A*$.

The gate of the #$% is connected to the @!%T&.( and @!%T&.8. A specific

triggering pulse is provided to the gate of the #$% of sufficient time delay so as to keep

the load voltage constant.

• POTENTIAL DIVIDER

To get controlled output we need to give feedback signal from the #$% bridge

circuit to A*$. But here feed back signal is nearer of &'(). #o, we re+uired to step it

down to the C<).

Because of this, here we have used potential divider network. 9rom this potential

divider network we will get voltage signal around C<). To obtain the voltage of <) ac

from &'() ac we have used the network ratio of <?18. The upper <?F resistor is fix while

the lower 8F is a pot of 8(k. Then after this voltage signal is given to A*$(>(>.




• ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC 0808)

ere we get input from potential divider network which is around C<). Then this

analog value is converted to digital data and is given to 0icrocontroller. A*$ (>(> has

four channels but we need only one, hence we have selected channel ( for input. The >

bit digital output of A*$ is provided to the port 8 of controller.

• MICROCONTROLLER 89C5RD!

This block is the only decision making block, which decides whether any

fluctuation in the supply line has occurred or not. It continuously compares the signal

with the reference described in the software. If there is no change then #$% will be fired

by it at phase angle ( deg. But if it finds some fluctuation, then it will generate the pulse

at a measured time delay to provide the firing angle of the #$% through gate/ such that

the fluctuations will be nullified, and the supply to the load remains unaffected, inspite

the fluctuations.




CHAPTER 6

ComponentsSpecifcation




COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

• POWER SUPPLY

#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 I$ 60;>(<1

G :Terminal %egulators

G !utput $urrent up to 8.< A

G Internal Thermal!verload @rotection

G igh @ower*issipation $apability

G Internal #hort$ircuit $urrent 6imiting

G !utput Transistor #afeArea $ompensation

D"#$%&'&* &*+%,&*

This series of fixedvoltage integratedcircuit voltage regulators is designed for a

wide range of applications. These applications include oncard regulation for elimination

of noise and distribution problems associated with singlepoint regulation. Each of these

regulators can deliver up to 8.< A of output current. The internal currentlimiting and

thermalshutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to

overload. In addition to use as fixedvoltage regulators, these devices can be used with

external components to obtain ad"ustable output voltages and currents.

A.#/" ,1&,, %&*2# 3"% 3&%/ 4*$&* ",'"%%" %*2" (*/"##

"%6&#" *"7)

Input voltage, )I1 A;>&'$ '( )/

All others :< )

!perating virtual "unction temperature, TH 8<($

6ead temperature 8,= mm 8D8= inch/ from case for 8( seconds &=($

#torage temperature range, Tst =<$ to 8<($




The 60;>(< series of three terminal regulators are available with several fixed

output voltages. The voltages available allow regulators to be used in logic systems,

instrumentations, i9i and other solid state electronics e+uipment without any external

feedback components.

These I$s are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with ade+uate heat

sinking can deliver output currents in excess of 8A.The input capacitor $i(.::J9 is

used, if regulator is located far from the power supply filter capacitor. It filters out the

effect of stray inductance of wire, ceramic or tantalum capacitor may be used. To

improve the transient response of regulator capacitor of (.8J9 is connected at output. It

utili-es common ground fir input and output and has dropout voltage )in K )o/ of & ).

Device type

with input

voltages

Output

voltage

(V)

Output

current

Quiescent

Current

(mA)

Line

regulation

(mV)

Load

regulation

(mV)

Ripple

rejection

(d)

(88C

9):

1$

1

1A $

/5

(

5

1$5

15

5

($

(5

(*88AC

9):

1$

1

155Ma ) to

) to

).1 to

15

$5

$

15

1$

/$

#

1

(*88C

9):

1$

1

155;A ) to /

) to /.

).1 to /.

15

$5

$

15

1$

/5

$

#,

(M88

9):

1$

1

5.A # to 15

# to 15

# to 15

5

1$5

15

155

$#5

)55

(

(1

/,




#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 0$;>8< C8<) %EL56AT!%/

These voltage regulators are monolithic integrated circuits designed as fixedK

voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, onKcard regulation.

These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safeKareacompensation. 3ith ade+uate heat sinking they can deliver output currents in excess of

8.( A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be

used with external components to obtain ad"ustable voltages and currents.

M !utput $urrent in Excess of 8.( A

M 4o External $omponents %e+uired

M Internal Thermal !verload @rotection

M Internal #hort $ircuit $urrent 6imiting

M !utput Transistor #afeKArea $ompensation

M !utput )oltage !ffered in &N and 'N Tolerance

M Available in #urface 0ount *&@AF and #tandard :K6ead Transistor @ackages

M @revious $ommercial Temperature %ange has been extended to a Hunction

Temperature %ange of K'(O$ to C8&<O$.







SPECIICA!IO" O #$%' ()'* +E,-#A!O+.

• !5T@5T $5%%E4T 5@ T! 8.<A

• !5T@5T )!6TALE# !9 < = > 8& 8< 8> &( &')

• TE%0A6 !)E%6!A* @%!TE$TI!4

• #!%T $I%$5IT @%!TE$TI!4

• !5T@5T T%A4#ITI!4 #!A @%!TE$TI!4




The 6;?(( series of threeterminal negative regulators is available in T!&&(,

T!&&(9@, T!: and *&@AF packages and several fixed output voltages, making it

useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local oncard

regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation

furthermore, having the same voltage option as the 6;>(( positive standard series, they

are particularly suited for split power supplies. If ade+uate heat sinking is provided, they

can deliver over 8.<A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage

regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain ad"ustable

voltages and currents.




#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 84'((; *I!*E

M 6ow forward voltage drop.

M igh surge current capability.







• ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR

#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 5A;'8!@A0@/

• 6A%LE I4@5T )!6TALE %A4LE

• 4! 6AT$5@

• IL LAI4

• #!%T$I%$5IT @%!TE$TI!4

• 4! 9%EP5E4$7 $!0@E4#ATI!4

• #A0E @I4 $!49IL5%ATI!4 A# TE 5A;(?

The 5A;'8 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed on

a single silicon chip. It is intended for a wide range of analog applications.

#umming amplifier

)oltage follower

Integrator

Active filter

9unction generator




The high gain and wide range of operating voltages provide superior

performances in integrator, summing amplifier and general feedback applications. The

internal compensation network =dBDoctave/ insures stability in closed loop circuits.

PIN CONNECTIONS







• MICROCONTROLLER

SPECIICATION O MICROCONTROLLER 89C5RD!

• The >?$<8%B&D%$&D%*& device contains a nonvolatile 8=kBD:&kBD='kB 9lash

• @rogram memory that is both parallel programmable and serial In#ystem and In

Application @rogrammable. In#ystem @rogramming I#@/ allows the user to

download new code while the microcontroller sits in the application. In

Application @rogramming IA@/ means that the microcontroller fetches new

program code and reprograms itself while in the system. This allows for remote

programming over a modem link. A default serial loader boot loader/ program in

%!0 allows serial In#ystem programming of the 9lash memory via the 5A%T

without the need for a loader in the 9lash code. 9or InApplication @rogramming,

the user program erases and reprograms the 9lash memory by use of standard

routines contained in %!0. This device executes one machine cycle in = clock

cycles, hence providing twice the speed of a conventional >($<8. An

!T@configuration bit lets the user select conventional 8& clock timing if desired.

This device is a #ingle$hip >Bit 0icrocontroller manufactured in advanced

$0!# process and is a derivative of the >($<8 microcontroller family. The

instruction set is 8((N compatible with the >($<8 instruction set. The device

also has four >bit ID! ports, three 8=bit timerDevent counters, a multisource,

fourprioritylevel, nested interrupt structure, an enhanced 5A%T and onchip

oscillator and timing circuits. The added features of the @>?$<8%B&D%$&D%*&

make it a powerful microcontroller for applications that re+uire pulse width

modulation, highspeed ID! and upDdown counting capabilities such as motor

control.




EATURES

• Q>($<8 $entral @rocessing 5nit.

• !nchip 9lash @rogram 0emory with In#ystem @rogramming I#@/ and In

Application @rogramming IA@/ capability.

• Q Q Q QBoot %!0 contains low level 9lash programming routines for downloading via the

5A%T.

• $an be programmed by the enduser application IA@/

• Q= clocks per machine cycle operation standard/

• 8& clocks per machine cycle operation optional/

• #peed up to &( 0- with = clock cycles per machine cycle'( 0- e+uivalent

performance/ up to :: 0- with 8& clocks per machine cycle

• 9ully static operation

• Q%A0 expandable externally to =' kB

• Q' level priority interrupt

• Q> interrupt sources

• Q9our >bit ID! ports

• Q9ullduplex enhanced 5A%T

9raming error detection

Automatic address recognition

• Q@ower control modes

$lock can be stopped and resumed

Idle mode

@ower down mode

• Q@rogrammable clock out

• Q#econd *@T% register

• Q Asynchronous port reset

• Q6ow E0I inhibit A6E/

• Q@rogrammable $ounter Array @$A/




• @30

• $aptureDcompare

BLOCK DIAGRAM




PIN DIAGRAM:-




PIN DESCRIPTION







OSCILLATOR CARACTERISTICS

RTA68 and RTA6& are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier.

The pins can be configured for use as an onchip oscillator. To drive the device from an

external clock source, RTA68 should be driven while RTA6& is left unconnected.

0inimum and maximum high and low times specified in the data sheet must be

observed.This device is configured at the factory to operate using = clock periods per

machine cycle, referred to in this datasheet as S= clock mode. This yields performance

e+uivalent to twice that of standard >($<8 family devices/. It may be optionally

configured on commerciallyavailable E@%!0 programming e+uipment to operate at 8&

clocks per machine cycle, referred to in this datasheet as S8& clock mode. !nce 8&

clock mode has been configured, it cannot be changed back to = clock mode.

RESET

A reset is accomplished by holding the %#T pin high for at least two machine

cycles 8& oscillator periods in = clock mode, or &' oscillator periods in 8& clock mode/,

while the oscillator is running.

To ensure a good poweron reset, the %#T pin must be high long enough to allow

the oscillator time to start up normally a few milliseconds/ plus two machine cycles.




At poweron, the voltage on )$$ and %#T must come up at the same time for a

proper startup. @orts 8, &, and : will asynchronously be driven to their reset condition

when a voltage above )I8 min./ is applied to %E#ET. The value on the EA pin is

latched when %#T is reasserted and has a further effect.

LOW POWER MODES

S' C/$ M7"

The static design enables the clock speed to be reduced down to ( 0-

stopped/. 3hen the oscillator is stopped, the %A0 and #pecial 9unction %egisters

retain their values. This mode allows stepbystep utili-ation and permits reduced

system power consumption by lowering the clock fre+uency down to any value. 9or

lowest power consumption the @ower *own mode is suggested.

I7/" M7"

In the idle mode see Table &/, the $@5 puts itself to sleep while all of the onchip

peripherals stay active. The instruction to invoke the idle mode is the last instruction

executed in the normal operating mode before the idle mode is activated. The $@5

contents, the onchip %A0, and all of the special function registers remain intact duringthis mode. The idle mode can be terminated either by any enabled interrupt at which

time the process is picked up at the interrupt service routine and continued/, or by a

hardware reset which starts the processor in the same manner as a poweron reset.

P6"%-D6* M7"

To save even more power, a @ower *own mode see Table &/ can be invoked by

software. In this mode, the oscillator is stopped and the instruction that invoked @ower *own is the last instruction executed. The onchip %A0 and #pecial 9unction %egisters

retain their values down to &.( ) and care must be taken to return )$$ to the minimum

specified operating voltages before the @ower down 0ode is terminated.

Either a hardware reset or external interrupt can be used to exit from @ower

*own. %eset redefines all the #9%s but does not change the onchip %A0. An external

interrupt allows both the #9%s and the onchip %A0 to retain their values.




To properly terminate @ower *own, the reset or external interrupt should not be

executed before )$$ is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active

long enough for the oscillator to restart and stabili-e normally less than 8( ms/. 3ith an

external interrupt, I4T( and I4T8 must be enabled and configured as levelsensitive.

olding the pin low restarts the oscillator but bringing the pin back high completes the

exit. !nce the interrupt is serviced, the next instruction to be executed after %ETI will be

the one following the instruction that put the device into @ower *own.

• SCR

#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 0$%8((

I*%7$&*

@4@4 devices designed for high volume, linepowered consumer applications such as

relay and lamp drivers, small motor controls, gate drivers for larger thyristors, and

sensing and detection circuits. #upplied in an inexpensive plastic T!&&=AA package

which is readily adaptable for use in automatic insertion e+uipment.

"%"#

M #ensitive Late Allows Triggering by 0icrocontrollers and !ther 6ogic $ircuits

M Blocking )oltage to =(( )

M !4 #tate $urrent %ating of (.> Amperes %0# at >(O$

M igh #urge $urrent $apability U 8( A

M 0inimum and 0aximum )alues of ILT, )LT and I #pecified for Ease of

*esign

M Immunity to d)Ddt U &( )Dsec 0inimum at 88(O$

M Llass@assivated #urface for %eliability and 5niformity




SYMBOL







V/2" C%%"* C%$"%&#&$ + SCR




• ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

#@E$I9I$ATI!4 !9 A*$ (>(>

G"*"%/ D"#$%&'&*

The A*$(>(> data ac+uisition component is a monolithic $0!# device with an >bit

analogtodigital converter, >channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatiblecontrol logic.

The >bit AD* converter uses successive approximation as the conversion techni+ue.

The converter features a high impedance chopper stabili-ed comparator, a &<=%

voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The >

channel multiplexer can directly access any of >singleended analog signals. The

device eliminates the need for external -ero and full scale ad"ustments. Easy interfacingto microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs

and latched TT6 T%I#TATEV outputs. The design of the A*$(>(> has been optimi-ed

by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several AD* conversion techni+ues. The

A*$(>(> offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent

longterm accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features

make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to

consumer and automotive applications.

"%"#

• Easy interface to all microprocessors

• !perates ratio metrically or with < ) dc or analog span ad"usted voltage

reference.

• 4o -ero or fullscale ad"ust re+uired




• >channel multiplexer with address logic

• () to <) input range with single <) power supply

• !utputs meet TT6 voltage level specifications

• #tandard hermetic or molded &>pin *I@ package

• &>pin molded chip carrier package

K"; S'"$&+&$&*#

• %esolution > Bits

• Total 5nad"usted Error gD& 6#B and g8 6#B

• #ingle #upply < )*$

• 6ow @ower 8< m3

• $onversion Time 8(( ms.

A.#/" M1&,, R&*2# (N"# < !)

If 0ilitaryDAerospace specified devices are re+uired, please contact the 4ational

#emiconductor #ales !fficeD*istributors for availability and specifications.

• #upply )oltage )$$/ 4ote :/ =.<)

• )oltage at Any @in b(.:) to )$$C(.:)/ Except $ontrol Inputs

• )oltage at $ontrol Inputs (.:) to C8<)

#TA%T, !E, $6!$F, A6E, A** A, A** B, A** $/

• #torage Temperature %ange =<$ to C8<($

• @ackage *issipation at TAe&<$ >;< m3

6ead Temp. #oldering, 8( seconds/

• *ualIn6ine @ackage plastic/ &=($

• *ualIn6ine @ackage ceramic/ :(($

0olded $hip $arrier @ackage

•

)apor @hase =( seconds/ &8<$• Infrared 8< seconds/ &&($




• E#* #usceptibility 4ote >/ '(()

BLOCK DIAGRAM










CONNETION DIAGRAM:-




CHAPTER 7

Circuit Diagram




CIRCIUT DIAGRAM




% ;

8 k

* >

*

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CHAPTER 8

unctionalit/

FUNCTIONALITY




• ere, in our pro"ect we are controlling the single phase supply voltage &'() ac

by triggering the #$% from 0icrocontroller.

• 0ain purpose of our pro"ect is to get constant &'( ) dc at load. To fulfill this task

we have to control the firing angle of #$% trigger pulse. And for control purpose

we have used @hilips >?$<&%*& 0icrocontroller.

• 0ain parts of our circuits are #$% bridge circuit, @ower supply, ero crossing

detector, @otential divider.

• The input to the #$% bridge circuit is &'() ac. 9rom this circuit we get output

which will initially be fluctuating so for controlling purpose we will take a feedback

signal from output.

• 4ow, we have to give this feedback signal to Analog to *igital converter but here

the feedback signal is of around &'() dc. 3hen A*$ (>(> can operates up to

C< ) dc. It will be damaged if we apply &'() dc to it. #o for that we must have to

use some kind of step down circuitry. ere we have used @otential divider

circuitry. By the use of @otential divider we will step it down to around C<) dc

signal. 4ow it is safe to apply that signal to A*$ (>(>.

• ere input to the A*$ (>(> is analog signal which will be converting to the digital

signal. And that digital signal will be fed to the 0icrocontroller.

• 0icrocontroller is the main decision making block of our pro"ect which is used to

control the firing angle of #$%. *igital signal which we get from the A*$ (>(> is

then compared to the values which are stored in look table. And according to that

look table controller will take re+uired value of firing angle. As per firing angle

controller will calculate the delay and according that delay $ontroller will give

triggering pulses to the gate of the #$%. #o that we get controlled output.

• But controller must have to give the triggering pulses at correct time means it

must have be synchroni-ation with input signal. 9or that purpose we have used

-ero crossing detector. #o that when input analog signal will cross -ero voltage

level, then only controller will give trigger pulse to the #$%.




CHAPTER 9

So0t1are lo1)c2art




!low charts" #ain $rogram"

START

Set port P1 as

input port

Rea< output o=

AC

ela> calc. =or

=iring pulse

ela> =or =iring

pulse

Set port pin

P$.5

Pulse ?i<th<ela>

Reset port pin

P$.5

Is7C@

1

A

R

No

2es




A

Set port pin

P$.1

ela> =or =iring

pulse

ela> calc. =or

=iring pulse

Rea< output

=ro; AC

Is

7C@

1

Reset port pin

P$.1

Pulse ?i<th

<ela>

R

2es

No




Read output o% ADC"

Start

Actiate

SOC

Monitor

'OC

Actiate output

enaBle

Actiate

A*'

'n<




$ulse width Calculation"

Start

Reset ti;er

=lag

Stop

ti;er

Start

ti;er

*oa< ti;er

register

Set ti;er in

;o<e ero

Is

T0@1

'n<

2es

No




Delay calculation %or %iring pulse"

Start

+et alue =or

ti;er register

=ro; looD-up

taBle

'n<




Delay %or %iring"

Start

'n<

Set ti;er in

;o<e ero

*oa< ti;er

?ith AC Val.

Start

ti;er

Stop

ti;er

Reset ti;er

=lag

Is

T0@1

No

2es




CHAPTER 10

+esult &Discussion




RESULT AND DISCUSSION

ere by we have designed a device that is capable of detecting the fluctuations

in the input mains supply.

3e designed hardware for voltage regulation by using #$% Bridge, which

senses fluctuations in the single phase voltage supply across the load and nullifies it.ence our device is capable of regulating the single phase mains supply to a

constant dc supply across the load, irrespective of any changes in the supply, hence

providing protection to the load device from getting damaged due to sudden variations

in the mains.




CHAPTER 11

Bibliograp2/




BIBLIOGRAPHY

%E9E%E4$E B!!F#1

• SThe >(<8 0icrocontroller Embedded #ystem by 0a-idi.

• >(<8 0icro controller by Fennith Ayala.

• S@ower Electronics by Fatre.

• S@ower Electronics by Bhimra.

• S!@A0@ Integrated circuits by %amakant gayakwad.

3EB #ITE#1

• www.datasheets'u.com

• www.datasheetcatalog.com

• www.semiconductor.phillips.com

• www.alldatasheet.com

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