A PROJECT REPORT ON WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

SUBMITTED BY VIRAJ ASHOK PATIL

FOR THE DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF: NEERA KUMARI

S.I.E.S COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE NERUL, NAVI MUMBAI-400706

ACADEMIC YEAR 2008-2009

1

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that VIRAJ PATIL student of S.I.E.S COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE, NERUL has completed the project report on WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS in the academic year 2009-2010.

The information submitted in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

Prof. Neera K

Prof. Smita R

Dr. Minu Thomas

Project guide

BMS Coordinator

Principal

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DECLARATION

I VIRAJ PATIL studying in TYBMS, of SIES COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE &COMMERCE, NERUL hereby declare that I have completed this project report on WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS in the year 2009-2010 as per the requirement of Mumbai University as a part of Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS) programme.

The information presented through this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge.

Date: Place: Navi Mumbai VIRAJ PATIL

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI Viraj patil would take this opportunity to thank the University for providing me an opportunity to study water quality analysis. This has been a huge learning experience for me. With a great pleasure I take this opportunity to acknowledge the people who have made this project work possible. First of all I would sincerely like to thank Prof. Neera k for helping me to gather information and guiding me for doing this project. I would also like to thank my BMS coordinator Prof. Smita and the teaching staff of my college, my colleagues and librarians and other people for providing their help as and when required to complete this project.

VIRAJ PATIL.

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SR.NO 11.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

TOPICCHAPTER 1 Introduction

PAGE NO.

Water requirements Water pollution and human health Contaminants in water causing diseases Water- the problem of purity Water borne diseasesChapter 2 Identification for justification of project work

8 8-9 10-11 12-13 13

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Identification for justification of project work Tables Types of impurities General qualitative identification Specific impurities Standards of water qualityChapter 3 Test on water

15 15-18 19-20 21-23 23-25 25-26

3.1 3.2 3.3

Physical test Chemical test Biological testChapter 4 Results Bibliography

28-29 29-33 34-36 38-43

455

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INTRODUCTION1.1 WATER REQUIREMENTS:SUPPLY OF WATER FOR DOMESTI C NEEDS I NCLUDES WATER FOR DRI NKI NG, WASHI NG, BATHI NG, FLUSHI NG OF TOILETS, GARDENI NG AND OTHER PURPOSE. THE QUALI TY OF WATER REQUI R ED DEPENDS UPON THE HABI TS OF THE PAOPLE SER VED. ACCOR DI NG TO IS 1172-1983 THE MI NI MUM R EQUI REMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTI ON IS 135 LI TERS. THIS INCLUDES THE WATER FOR DOMESTI C PURPOSE SUCH AS DRI NKI NG, WASHING, BATHI NG, FLUSHI NG OF TOILETS, WASHI NG FLOORS, UTENSILS ETC.

1.2 WATER POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH:NEXT TO AI R, WATER IS THE SUBSTANCE WHI CH A HUMAN BEING NEEDS MOST. I T IS WELL KNOWN THAT CLEAN WATER IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL FOR LI VI NG. ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF THE FRESH AND CLEAN DRI NKI NG WATER IS A BASI C NEED OF ALL HUMAN BEI NG ON THE EAR TH. IT HAS BEEN OBSER VED THAT MILLI ONS OF PEOPLE I N THE WOR LD AR E DEPRI VED OF THE SAME. MEDI CAL COR E FR OM ANCI ENT I NDIA ADVISED THAT WATER SHOULD BE FILTER ED THR OUGH SAND BED TO GET CLEAR WATER. FOR THOUSANDS OF YEAR S PEOPLE HAV E TR EATED THEIR DRI NKI NG WATER TO MAKE IT LOOK CLEANER AND8

TASTE BETTER. HISTORI CALLY BOILING WATER HAS BEEN MAJ OR WAY TO DISI NFECT WATER FR OM MI CR O OR GANISI MS. EARLY IN 1800 S SCIENTIST BEGAN TO SUSPECT THAT DISEASES COULD BE TRANSMI TTED THR OUGH DRINKI NG WATER. DISCOV ERY OF BACTERI A IN THE 1870 S AND TR EATMENT OF WATER TO ELI MI NATE MI CR OOR GANISMS CAUSING DISEASES WAS ALSO DISCOVERED. OVER THE YEAR S, MAN DISCOV ER ED THAT MANY WATER BOR NE DISEASES SPR EAD PRIMAR ILY THR OUGH CONTAMI NATED WATER. THOUGH THESE DISEASES AR E SPREAD DIR ECTLY OR THR OUGH FILES OR FILTH, WATER I S THE CHI EF MEDI UM FOR SPR EADI NG THESE DISEASES. HENCE THEY AR E TERMED AS WATER BOR NE DI SEASES. MOST INTESTI NAL AR E TRANSMI TTED THR OUGH FAUCAL WASTE. HEPATITIS, CHOLERA, DYSENTERY AND TYPHOID AR E THE MOST COMMON DISEASES THAT AFFECT LAR GE POPULATI ON IN THE TR OPI CAL REGI ONS.

WATER SUPPLY THROUGH WATER TANKERS9

1.3 CONTAMINANTS IN WATER CAUSING DISEASES:INDUSTRI AL GR OWTH, UR BANIZATI ON AND I NCREASI NG USE OF SYNTHETI C OR GANI C SUBSTANCES HAV E SERI OUS AND ADVERSE IMPACT ON FRESH WATER BODI ES POLLUTANTS OR CONTAMI NANTS I N WATER FALL I N TWO CATEGORI ES NAMELY NATUR ALLY OCCURRING AND I NTR ODUCED BY HUMAN INTERFER ENCE WHI CH CAN HAV E SERI OUS HEALTH EFFECTS. THE MAI N SOUR CES FOR POLLUTI ON OF FRESH WATER CAN BE ATTRI BUTED TO DISCHAR GE OF UNTR EATED WASTE: DUMPI NG OF I NDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND UN-OFF PESTICIDES AND FERTI LIZERS FR OM AGRI CULTURAL FI ELD.

1) PESTICIDES:OR GANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBONATES PR ESENT IN PESTI CI DES AFFECT AND DAMAGE NERV OUS SYSTEM AND CAUSE CANCER. SOME PESTI CIDES CONTAI NS CHLORI DES MAY CAUSE REPR ODUCTIV E AND ENDOCRI NAL DAMAGE.

2) FLUORIDES:EXCESS OF FLUOR IDES CAN CAUSE DAMAGE OF SPI NAL CHOR D, YELLOWI NG OF TEETH AND OTHER CR IPPLE DISEASES.

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3) LEAD / ARSENIC:THESE CONTAMI NATES ARE GENERALLY OCCUR R ED I N THE WATER THR OUGH EAR TH. SOME OF THE WATER TREATMENT CHEMI CALS MAY CONTAI NS SUCH I MPURITI ES, PER HAPS DUE TO I MPR OPER SELECTI ON OF R AW MATERI AL. ACCUMULATI ON OF LEAD I N THE BODY IS HAZAR DOUS AS I T AFFECTS THE CENTRAL NERV OUS SYSTEM. CHILDR EN AND PREGNANT WOMEN AR E MOST AT RISK.

4) NITRATES:THE NITRATES COME MAI NLY FR OM FER TI LIZER S A DDED TO THE FI ELD. I T MAY DIR ECTLY ENTER I N THE TR EATED WATER THR OUGH THE WATER TR EATMENT CHEMI CALS BY NEGLI GENCE OF MANUFACTUR ES. DRI NKI NG WATER THAT GETS CONTAMI NATED WITH NITRATES CAN PR OVE FATAL ESPECIALLY TO I NFANTS THAT DR INK FOR MULA MI LK AS I T RESTRI CTS THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN THAT R EACHES THE BR AI N CAUSI NG THE BLUE BODY SYNDR OME. I T CAUSES ALGAE TO BLOOM AND LI NKED TO DI GESTIV E TR ACK CANCERS.

5) CHLORINATED SOLVENT:THESE CAUSES REPR ODUCTIV E DISOR DER OR CANCER. FOR MOR E THAN 30 YEAR S THERE HAS BEEN REMAR K.

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1.4 WATER THE PROBLEM OF PURITY:IN I TS PURE STATE WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST AGGRESSIV E SOLV ENTS KNOWN, CALLED THE UNIV ERSAL SOLVENT WATER, TO A CER TAI N DEGR EE, WILL DISSOLVE VI RTUALLY EV ER YTHI NG TO WHICH I T IS EXPOSED PUR E WATER HAS A VER Y HI GH ENER GY STATE AND LI KE EVERYTHING ELSE I N NATUR E, SEEMS TO ACHI EVE ENER GY EQUI LI BRI UM WITH I TS SUR R OUNDI NGS, IT WI LL DISSOLV E THE QUANTI TY OF MATERI AL AV AILABLE UNTI L SOLUTI ON R EACHES SATUR ATI ON, THE POI NT AT WHI CH NO HI GHER LEVEL OF SOLI DS CAN BE DISSOLV ED CONTAMI NANT FOUND IN WATER I NCLUDE ATMOSPHERI C GASES, MI NER ALS ORGANI C MATERI ALS PLUS ANY MATERIALS USED TO TRANSPORT OR STORE WATER. THE HYDR OLOGI C CYCLE I LLUSTR ATES THE PR OCESS OF CONTAMI NATI ON AND NATUR AL PURI FI CATI ON.

WATER SUPPLIED TO CO MMUNITY SHOULD BE TREATED TO MAKE IT FIT TO DRINKING PURPOSE FOR T HE FOLLOWING REASONS.

1 . THE WATER I N THE RI VERS IS OFTEN POLLUTED BY PEOP LEINHABITI NG THE WATERSHED. THIS WATER CARRIED BACTERI A, SOME OF WHI CH ARE PATHOGENI C AND CAUSE WATER BOR NE DISEASES SUCH AS CHOLER A, DYSENTER Y; TYPHOI D ETC. WHEN SUCH WATER IS CONSUMED BY HUMAN BEING, THER E MAY BE EPI DEMI C OUTBR EAK OF DISEASEA.

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2 . WASTAGE FR OM SOME OF THE I NDUSTRI ES IS LET OFF I NTORIV ERS AND POLLUTES THE WATER R ENDERI NG I T UNSAFE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTI ON.

3 . SURFACE R UNOFF DUE TO RAI NFALL PAR TLY PER COLATESINTO THE GR OUND DISSOLVI NG THE SALTS AND MI NERALS PRESENT I N SOI L.

1.5 WATER BORNE DISEASESTYPE1. BACTERIA

DISEASESTYPHOI D, PAR ATYPHOID, CHOLERY AMOEBI C DYCENTRY INFECTI ON DUE TO R OUND AND OTHER WOR MS INFECTI ON, HEPATITIS, POLI OMYELI TIS

2. PR OTOZOAL 3. HELMI NTHI C

4. VIR AL

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2.1 IDENTIFICATION FOR JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT WORKCHAPTER 1 DEALS WI TH THE INFORMATI ON ABOUT V ARI OUS CONTAMI NATES I N WATER CAUSI NG DI SEASE AND V ARI OUS WATER BOR NE DISEASES. PR OJ ECT INCLUDES WATER QUALI TY FEST FOR HOTELS AND DHABAS I N AND GR OUND I N PEN CITY AR EA FOR THE SAME 5 GR OUPS ARE ALLOTTED 3 HOTELS\DHABAS EACH. WATER QUUALITY TEST I NCLUDI NG PHYSI CAL, CHEMI CAL AND BACTERI OLOGI CAL AR E CONDUCTED FOR EACH S AMPLE AND COMPAR ED WITH US STANDAR DS OF WATER QUALI TY. TABLE BELOW SHOWS INFORMATION ABOUT GROUP NO, NAME OF HOTEL OR DHABA, IT S LOCATION, SOURCE ETC. 2.2 TABLE:

GR OUP NO.

NAME OF DHABA OR HOTEL

LOCATI ON

SOUR CE

HOTEL SUHAS 1 R ONIT TEA STALL HOTEL SNEH

NEAR S.T. STAND FR ONT S.T. STAND NEAR S.T. STAND

NAGAR PALI KA NAGAR PALI KA

BOR ING

15

GR OUP NO.

NAME OF DHABA OR HOTEL BHARATI MESS

LOCATI ON

SOUR CE

PEN L.T. NAGAR I.T.I COURT R OAD

NAGAR PALI KA NAGAR PALI KA NAGAR PALI KA

2

I.T.I SAI SI DDHI HOTEL

16

GR OUP NO

NAME OF DHABA OR HOTEL

LOCATI ON

SOUR CE

HOTEL RAMAKANT 3 SHREE DUTTA KR UPA HOTEL

KASAR TALE

NAGAR PALI KA

R.T.O

NAGAR PALI KA

SADANAND HOTEL

CHAV DI NAKA

BOR ING

17

GR OUP NO

NAME OF DHABA OR HOTEL HARI WADAPAV

LOCATI ON

SOUR CE

MIR CHI GALLY GANDHI VACHNALAY MIR CHI GALLY

BOR ING TANKER

4

MAHALAXMI PANI PURI UPHAR HOTEL

NAGAR PALI KA

GR OUP NO. 5

NAME OF DHABA OR HOTEL PATNESHWAR SHRI R AM ZUNKA BHAKER

LOCATI ON

SOUR CE

SHI WAJI NAGAR RAMWADI RAMWADI S.T. STAND

NAGAR PALI KA NAGAR PALI KA BOR ING

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2.3 TYPES OF IMPURITIES:1) SUSPENDED I MPURITIES 2) COLLOIDAL I MPURITIES 3) DISSOLV ED IMPURI TI ES

1) SUSPENDED IMPURITIES :THESE AR E SOLI D PAR TI CLES WHI CH AR E LAR GER ENOUGH TO BE R EMOV ED BY FI LTRATI ON OR SETTI NG. THE PAR TI CLES WHI CH AR E LIGHTER THAN THE WATER FLOAT ON THE SUR FACE AND HEAVI ER ONES SETTLE DOWN E.G. CLAY, ALGEE, FUNGI, OR GANI C AND INOR GANI C MATTER MINERALS. THESE ALL IMPURI TIES AR E MACR OSCOPI C AND TUR BIDI TY I N THE WATER.

2) COLLOIDAL IMPURIT IES:THESE AR E FI NALLY DIVIDED. THESE PARTI CLES ARE NOT VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE AND CANNOT BE R EMOV ED BY ORDI NAR Y FI LTERS. ALL COLLOIDAL I MPURI TI ES AR E ELECTRI CALLY CHAR GED AND R EMAI N I N CONTI NUOUS MOTI ON. THE ELECTRI C CHAR GE I S DUE TO PR ESENS OF ABSOR BED I R ON ON THE SUR FACE OF THE SOLI D. ACI D OR NUTERAL MATERIAL AQUIR ES NEGATI VE CHAR GED WHILE BASIC MATERIAL ARE POSSI TIV ELY CHARGED. DUE TO THUSE CHAR GED COLLOI DAL IMPURI TI ES AIWAYES REMAI NS I N MOTI ON. SO THERE REMOVAL IS V ER Y DI FFI CULT. MOST OF THE COLOUER OF THE WATER IS DUE TO COLLOI DAL IMPURI TI ES.19

3) DISSOLVED IMPURIT IES:SOME I MPURI TI ES GETS DISSOLV ED I N WATER WHEN IT MOV ES OVER THE R OCK, SOIL ETC. THESE DISSOLV ED IMPURI TI ES

MAY CONTAI N ORGANI C COMPOUNDS I NOR GANI C SALTS AND GASES ETC.

TABLE BELOW SHOWS VARIOUS SUBSTANCES GENERALLY FOUND IN NATURAL WATER: SUSPENDED IMPURITIES :SAND, CLAY, ALGI, FISH, MINUTES ANI MAL AND OR GANI C MATTER. EFFECTS; - ODOUR, TUR BI DI TY, COLOUR OF WATTER.

COLLOIDAL IMPURITIES :SILI CA, I R ON OXI DE, MANGNESI UM OXI DE, BACTERIA ETC. EFFECTS: - COLLOUR OF THE WATER.

DISSOLVED IMPURIT IES:-

GASSES LI KE CAR BON DI OXIDE, NI TR OGEN, METHANE, AMMONI A, + V E IR ON, C A ++, OH- ETC EFFECTS:- HARDNESS ALKALI NITY.

20

2.4 GENERAL QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION: QUALI TATI VE I DENTIFICATI ON IS USUALLY USED TO DESCRI BE THE VISI BLE OR AESTHETI C CHAR ACTERISTI CS OF WATER . AMONG OTHER THESE I NCLUDE: 1) TUR BI DITY 2) TASTE 3) COLOUR 4) ODOUR

1) TURBIDITY: TUR BI DI TY CONSIST OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL IN WATER, CAUSING, A CLOUDY APPEAR ANCE. THIS CLOUDY APPEARANCE IS CAUSED BY THE SCATTERI NG AND ABSORPTION OF LI GHT BY THESE PARTI CLES.

2) TASTE: THE TASTE SENSE IS MODER ATELY ACCUR ATELY AND ABLE TO DEFECT CONCENTR ATI ON FR OM A FEW TENTHS TO SEVERAL HUNDR ED PPM (PARTS PER MILLI ON).

3) COLOUR:COLOUR I S CONTRI BUTED PRILI MANAR Y BY ORGANI C MATERI AL, ALTHOUGH SOME METAL I ONS MAY ALSO TI NT WATER.21

4) ODOUR:THE HUMAN NOSE IS THE MOST SENSI TIV E ODOUR DEFECTI NG DEVI CE AV AI LABLE. I T CAN BE DEFECTED ODOUR I N LOW CONCENTRATI ON DOWN TO PAR TS PER BI LLI ON (PPB) SMELL IS USEFUL BECAUSE IT PROVIDES AN EARLY INDICATI ON OF CONTAMI NATI ON WHI CH COULD BE HAZAR DOUS OR AT LEAST REDUCE THE AESTHETI C QUALI TY OF THE WATER.

# TOTAL SOLIDS: TOTAL SOLIDS (TS) IS THE SUM OF TOTAL DISSOLV ED SOLI D (TDS) AND TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) I N WATER. I N THE FILED, TDS IS COMMONLY MEASUR ED BY CONDUCTI VI TY METER WHI CH I S COR RELATIV E TO A SPECI FI C SALT SOLUTI ON HOWEV ER, THIS MEASURED IS ONLY AN APPR OXIMATE MOST OFTEN BASED ON A MULTIPLI CATI ON FACTOR OF 0.66 OF THE ELECTRI CAL CONDUCTVITY.

# BACTERICAL CONTAMINATION:BACTERI AL CONTAMI NATI ON IS QUALIFIED AS COLONY FOR MI NG UNI TS (CFU) A MEASUR E OF THE TOTAL BACTERI CAL POPULATI ON. CFU S ARE TIPPICALLY DETER MINED BY INCUBATI NG A SAMPLEON A NUTR ITI ON MEDI UM AND COUNTI NG THE NUMBER OF BACTERI AL COLONI ES THAT GR OW.

# BOD:IT IS MEASURI NG SYSTEM OF OR GANI C MATERIAL CONTAMI NATI NG WATER, SPECIFI ED IN MG/LI T BOD IS THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLV ED OXYGEN R EQUIR ED FOR THE BI OCHEMI CAL DECOMPOSI TI ON OF ORGANI C COMPOUND AND22

THE OXIDATI ON OF CERTAI N OR GANI C MATERIALS. TYPI CALLY THE TEST FOR BOD IS CONDUCTED OVER A FIVE DAYS PERI OD.

# COD:COD IS ANOTHER MEASURI NG SYSTEM OF ORGANI C MATERIAL CONTAMI NATI NG WATER, SPECIFI ED IN MG/LI T. COD IS THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLV ED OXYGEN R EQUIR ED TO CAUSE CHEMI CAL OXI DATI ON OF THE OR GANI C MATERIAL I N WATER.

2.5 SPECIFIC IMPURIT IES: 1) COMMON I ONS 2) HAR DNESS LEV EL CLASSIFI CATI ON 3) IR ON 4) MANGANESE 5) SULFATE 6) CHLORI DE 7) ALKALI NITY 8) NI TRATE 9) CHLOR AMINES 10) CHLORI NE DI OXI DE 11) SILI CA 12) ALUMI NUM 13) SODI UM 14) POTASSI UM 15) PHOSPHATE

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DISSOLVED GAS:1) OXYGEN 2) CAR BON DI OXI DE 3) HYDR OGEN 4) R ADON

HEAVY METALS: 1) LEAD 2) ARSENI C 3) CADMI UM 4) SELENI UM 5) CHR OMI UM

DISSOLVED ORGANIC COMPOUND:NATUR ALLY OCCURRI NG SYNTHETI C ORGANI C COMPOUND (SOC S)

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND:V OLATI LI TY IS THE TENDENCY OF A COMPOUND TO PASS I NTO THE V APOUR STATE. MOST AR E I NTR ODUCED I NTO THE WATER SUPPLY IN THEI R LI QUI D PHASE. I F INGESTED THEY MAY SUSPECTED CAR CI NOGENS.

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RADIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS: WATER I N I TSELF IS NOT R ADI OACTIV E BUT MAY CONTAIN RADI ONUCLI DE. THEY AR E I NTR ODUCED EI THER AS NATUR ALLY OCCURRI NG ISOTOPES OR R EFI NED NUCLEAR PR ODUCTS FR OM I NDUSTRI AL OR MEDI CAL PR OCESS, RADI OACTI VE FALLOUT OR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

2.6 STANDARDS OF WATER QUALITY: THE FOLLOWING AR E THE STANDARDS OF WATER QUALITY USED FOR DOMESTI C PURPOSE.

I1 2 3

PHYSICALTEMPR ETURE ODOUR COLOUR 10 0 C TO 15.6 0 C 0 TO 4 P VALUE 10 TO 20 (PLATINUM COBALT SCALE) 5 TO 10 PPM (SILI CA SCALE) NO OBJ ECTI ONABLE TASTE

4

TUR BI DI TY

5

TASTE

II1

CHEMICALTOTAL SOLID UPTO 500PPM25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

HAR DNESS CHLORI DES IR ON & MANGISE PH VALUE LEAD ARSENI C SULPHATE CAR BONATE ALKALI TY DISSOLV ED OXYGEN B.O.D

75 PPM T0 115 PPM UPTO 250 PPM UPTO 0.3 PPM 6.5 TO 8 0.1 PPM 0.05 PPM UPTO 250 PPM UPTO 120 PPM

10 11

5 TO 6 PPM NIL

III1

BIOLOGYCALB- COLI NO B-COLI I N 100 ML ONE NUMBER I N 100 ML

2

M.P.N

IV1

RADIOLOGYCAL1 UC/LIT

2

B

10 UC/LI T

26

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3.1 PHYSICAL TEST: 01) COLOUR:TAKE 25 WATER SAMPLE I N TEST TUBE.

THEN SAMPLE I S COMPARED WI TH THR EE SAMPLES HAVI NG THE STANDAR D UNI T OF COLOUR : WHI CH IS PR ODUCED BY ONE MILLI GR AM OP PLATI NUM COBALT DISSOLV ED I N ONE LI TER AT DISTI LLED WATER OF 5, 10 AND 15. GIV EN SAMPLE WILL MATCH WITH ONE OF THEM THAT WILL BE THE COLOUR TO GI VEN SAMPLE ON PLATI NUM COBALT SCALE.

02) TASTE:DRI NK THE GIV EN SAMPLE. IT SHOULD NOT OBJECTI ONABLE THEN ITS OK.

03) ODOUR:TAKE WATER SAMPLE. TAKE SMELL OF GIV EN WATER SAMPLE. IT SHOULD COME ODORL ESS ALWAYS.

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04) TURBIDITY:TAKE WATER SAMPLE I N THE TUR BI DITY METERS BOTTLE. PUT THIS BOTTLE I N TUR BI DITY METER. AFTER 2-4 MI NUTE WE GET READING ON TUR BI DITY METER SCREEN.

3.2 CHEMICAL TEST: 01) CHLORIDE CONTENT:PR OCEDUR E: CLEAN THE BUR ETTLE AND PI PETTE WI TH WATER. THEN RI NSE WITH 0.01 SOLUTI ON.

FILL THE BUR ETTE, UP TO ZER O MAR K, WI TH GIV EN SOLUTI ON.

ADJ UST THE ZER O LEV EL OF THE BUR ETTE. ADD 2 DR OPS OF THEN ADD IN FILTR ATI ON FLASK. FR OM BURETTE, SLOWLY AND DR OP

WISE CONSTANT SHAKI NG TI LL YOU GET PERMANENT BRI CK RED PRECI PI TATI ON.

29

NOTE DOWN THE R EADINGS. TAKE MOR E READINGS I N THE OBSERV ATI ON TABL.

02) HARDNESS:PR OCEDUR E: WASH THE BURETTE WI TH WATER . RINSE THE BUR ETTE WITH O.01 MEDTA SOLUTI ON. FILL THE BUR ETTE WI TH 0.01 EDTA SOLUTI ON.

REMOV E AIR BUBBLE, AND ADJ UST ZER O LEV EL CORR ECTLY. RINSE THE PIPETTE BY SAMPLE WATER, TAKE 50 SAMPLE WATER I N CONICAL FLASK. YOU CAN TAKE 50 A BURETTE OF 50 ADD 10 OF SAMPLE WATER EV EN BY USI NG CAPACITY. OF

OF BUFFER SOLUTI ON OF PH = 10, USI NG

MEASURI NG CYLI NDER, I N CONI CAL FLASK. ADD 2 DR OPS OF I NDI CATOR, IT. THE SAMPLE WATER WILL GET WI NE R ED COLOUR. ERI CHOR ME BLACK T I N

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ADD EDTA SOLUTI ON FROM BURETTE IN THI S WATER, VER Y SLOWY, TILL YOU GET LI GHT BLUE COLOUR I N FILTR ATI ON FLASK.

03) ALKALINITY: PR OCEDURE: TAKE 100 OF YHE GI VEN SAMPLE IN A CONI CAL FLASK.

ADD 3 DR OPS OF METHYL OR ANGE I NDI CATOR . THEN THE SAMPLE TUR NS YELLOW. TI TRATE 0.1 NH2 SO 4 ACI D ON THAT SOLUTI ON TI LL THE COLOUR OF SOLUTI ON TUR NS TO PINK. NOTE DOWN THE TOTAL V OLUME OF NH 2 SO 4 ADDED.

04) PH: PR OCEDURE:TAKE WATER SAMPLE I N FLASK. USI NG PH- METER, DEEP THE PH-METERS R OD I N WATER SAMPLE.

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AFTER 2-3 MI NUTE WE GET READING ON THE PH- METER SCR EEN.

05) CONDUCTIVITY:PR OCEDURE: TAKE WATER SAMPLE I N BEAKER. INSER T THE CONDUCTI VITY METER ( CD 600 SERI ES CONDUCTIVI TY AND TDS METER WITH ATC)

06) TEMERATURE:PR OCEDURE: TAKE WATER SAMPLE I N BEAKER. INSER T THE THERMOMETER I N BEAKER . AFTER 2-3 MI NQTE WE GET R EADI NG ON THER MOMETER.

07) DESOLVED OXYGEN:PR OCEDQR E; 1. COLLECT 250 OF WATER I N GLASS BOTTLE AV OI DI NG

CONTACT WI TH AIR AS PAR AS POSSIBLE.

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2. ADD 2

MANGANOUS SULPHATE SOLUTI ON BY MEANS

OF PIPETTE, DI PPI NG THE END WELL BELOW THE WATER SUR FACE. 3. ADD 2 OF ALKALI NE I ODI DE OZI DE R EAGENT I N THE

SIMILAR MANNER . 4. STOPPER THE BOTTLE AND SHAKE IT THOR OUGHLY. 5. ALLOW THE PRECI PITATE TO SETTLE HALF WAY AND MIX AGAI N. 6. R EPEAT THIS PRESS AND SETTI NG AT LEAST THR EE TI MES. 7. ADD TO IT 2.O CONCENTR ATES H 2 SO 4 AND I NSER T

THE STOPPER AND SHAKE THE BOTTLE AGAIN. 8. ALLOW THE YELLOW SOLUTI ON TO STOND FOR FI V E MI NUTES. 9. WITHDRAW 10 0F SOLUTI ON AND TITRATE IT

AGAI NST 0.01 N SODIUM THI OSULPHATE SOLUTI ON USI NG FR ESHLY PR EPAR ED STAR CH AS AN I NDI CATOR. 10. NOTE THE END POINT AS DISAPPEAR ANCE OF BLUE COLOUR. 11. I F V V OLUME OF THI OSULPHATE USED THEN

CALCULATE THE DISSOLV ED OXYGEN I N WATER.33

3.3 BIOLGICAAAL TEST:

1] BACTERIOLOGICAL TEST :WATER CONTAI N MANY TYPES OF BACTERI A VISI BLE ONLY UNDER MI CR OSCOP OUT OF THE NUMBERS BACTERIA, BUBLI C HEALTH ENGG IS MORE CONCER NED WI TH ONE GR OUP KNOWN AS CALI FOR M. AEAR OBACKLER AER OGENOUS (A-COLIS) AR E FOUND WUDELY I N NATUR E AER OBACTOR CLOASES (C-COLI S) I S FOUND IN F ORCE 08 MAN ANIMALS AND ESCHERI CHILD COLI (E-COLI ) ARE FOUND I N LARGE NUMBER I N FACES OF MEN AND ANI MAL. PRESENSCE AND COUNT OF COLI FOR MS CAN BE DECI DES BY TESTING COLI FOR MS GR OUP OF BACTERI AL TEST OF PATHOGENI C BACTERIA AR E NOT EASY. THER EFORE, THEY AAR E NOT CARRI ED OUT FOR R OUTI NE WOR K EXCEPT FOR SPECI AL I NV ESTI GATI ON WHICH MAY BE NEEDED. THE MOST COMMON BACTER IA I N THE COLI FORM GR OUP IS (E-COLI) ESCHERI CHIA COLI. THEY AR E USELESS BUT TEIR PRESENCE I NDI CATE THAT PATHOGENI C BACTERI A AR E ALSO PRESENT I N I T.

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2] TOTA COUNT TEST:I THI TE T THE SAMPLE OF WATER I WHI H DELETE IS ADDED I IT IS PLACE I A I CUPATER AT 20 C FOR 48 HOURS OR AT 38 C FOR 24 HOURS. THE BACTERIAL I A WATER GROW AND FROM COLONIES WHICH CAN BE SEEN AND COUNTED. THIS GI ES TOTAL COUNT IN GI ES SAMPLE OF WATER. 1) PRESUMPTI E TEST:2) CONFIRMED TEST:1)P ESUMPTIVE TEST:SAMPLE OF WATER ARE PLACED IN STANDARD PERMANTALI TUBES AND LACTOSE IS ADDED TO THEN THICK TUBES ARE IMPUTES AT 37 C FOR 24 HOURS. IF GAS IS FORMED TEST +VE INTEGRATING PRESENTING BACTERIAL. IF NO GASSES FROM SAMPLE IS AGAIN ABSORD AT THE END

PRESUMPTIVE TEST

NO GAS PRODUCED INCLUBATE FOR ADDITIONAL 24 Hrs

NO GAS COLI FORM ABSENT

GAS PRODUCED TRANSFER TO

GAS PRODUCE

BRILLIANT GREEN BILE BROTH AND INCUBES FOR AS SHOW @ 35 C

NASES COLI FORM ABSENT

GAS PRODUCED PRESENCE OF COLI FORM

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2)CONFORMED TEST:THIS TEST IS CARRIED TO SEE WHETHER THE E-COLI GROUPS PRESENCE IN WATER ARE NOT THEN WATER SAMPLE GIVES POSITIVE IN PRISMATIC TEST, A SMALL PORTION IS TRANSPORT TO OTHER TUBE CONTAINING GREEN LOCATE AFTER HOUR IT GAS IS SEEN PEST IS POSITIVE SHOWING THAT WATER IS UNSET FOR DRINKING.

2)M.P.N. (MOST PROBABLE NO):IT IS NECESSARY TO NOT POSITIVE TEST OBTAINED ON PORTIONS OF A SAMPLE TO KNOWN NUMBER OF COLIFORMED PER 100ML. THE STANDARD SAMPLE CONSIST OF 10 ml. FIVE SAMPLES ARE TESTED AND ALL GIVES NEGATIVE RESULTS THEN MPN IS 2.2 PER 100 ml AND SO ON MPN IS MORE ACCURATE THAT E-COIL INDEX. MPN INDEX COUNTS COLIFORM BY MULTIPLE TUBE FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE, WHEN FIVE 10 ml, FIVE ml AND FIVE 0.1 ml PORTION ARE USE.

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37

REPORT OF GROUP A

SAPLE PARAMETER NO. 1 PH 2 3 4 5 6 7 COLOUR ODOUR TASTE

PREMISSIBLE LIMITS 6.5 TO 8 10 TO 20 (P.P.M) ODOUR LESS

CONCENTRATION A B C 7.44 7.9 8.68 15 O.L 290 0.24 225 14 O.L U.O. 270 0.7 263.7 17 O.L U.O. 380 4 380

UNOBJECTIONABLE U.O.

CONDUCTIVITY 300 .S/CM TURABIDTY DISSOLVED IRON ALKALINITY HARDNESS CHLORIDE CONTAIN TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2.5 TO 5 (N.T.U.) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit} 200 TO 250 (Mg/Lit) 5 T0 8 PPM

8 9 10 11

176

177

394 215.3 26 4.2

142.67 143.2 27 7.6 26 7.8

NTU : NUCLO TURBIDITY UNIT.

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REPORT OF GROUP B

SAPLE PARAMETER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PH COLOUR ODOUR TASTE

PREMISSIBLE LIMITS 6.5 TO 8 10 TO 20 (P.P.M) ODOUR LESS

CONCENTRATION A B C 7.44 15 O.L 7.9 14 O.L U.O. 379 0.3 293.75 7.68 14 O.L U.O. 380 1.9 380.3

UNOBJECTIONABLE U.O. 376 0.66 273

CONDUCTIVITY 300 .S/CM TURABIDTY DISSOLVED IRON ALKALINITY HARDNESS CHLORIDE CONTAIN TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2.5 TO 5 (N.T.U.) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit} 200 TO 250 (Mg/Lit) 5 TO 8 PPM

8 9 10 11

176

178

174 147.3 27 7.3

144.67 142.23 27 7.4 28 7.8

NTU : NUCLO TURBIDITY UNIT.

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REPORT OF GROUP C

SAPLE PARAMETER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PH COLOUR ODOUR TASTE

PREMISSIBLE LIMITS 6.5 TO 8 10 TO 20 (P.P.M) ODOUR LESS

CONCENTRATION A B C 7.44 14 O.L 7.9 15 O.L U.O. 373 0.7 263.7 8.68 17 O.L U.O. 394 2.3 380

UNOBJECTIONABLE U.O. 370 O.2 225

CONDUCTIVITY 300 .S/CM TURABIDTY DISSOLVED IRON ALKALINITY HARDNESS CHLORIDE CONTAIN TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2.5 TO 5 (N.T.U.) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit} 200 TO 250 (Mg/Lit) 5 TO 8 PPM

8 9 10 11

176

177

394 215.31 26 4.2

142.67 142.2 27 7.6 28 7.7

NTU : NUCLO TURBIDITY UNIT.

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REPORT OF GROUP D

SAPLE PARAMETER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PH COLOUR ODOUR TASTE

PREMISSIBLE LIMITS 6.5 TO 8 10 TO 20 (P.P.M) ODOUR LESS

CONCENTRATION A B C 8.68 17 O.L 7.79 16 O.L U.O. 383 2.7 394.3 6.44 14 O.L U.O. 360 O.2 224

UNOBJECTIONABLE U.O. 394 2.3 380

CONDUCTIVITY 300 .S/CM TURABIDTY DISSOLVED IRON ALKALINITY HARDNESS CHLORIDE CONTAIN TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2.5 TO 5 (N.T.U.) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit} 200 TO 250 (Mg/Lit) 5 TO 8 PPM

8 9 10 11

364

377

176 142.67 27 7.6

215.31 242.2 26 4.2 32 4.7

NTU : NUCLO TURBIDITY UNIT.

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REPORT OF GROUP E

SAPLE PARAMETER NO. 1 PH 2 3 4 5 6 7 COLOUR ODOUR TASTE

PREMISSIBLE LIMITS 6.5 TO 8 10 TO 20 (P.P.M) ODOUR LESS

CONCENTRATION A B C 7.44 7.9 8.67 15 O.L 390 0.24 225 14 O.L U.O. 370 0.7 263.7 16 O.L U.O. 382 4 380

UNOBJECTIONABLE U.O.

CONDUCTIVITY 300 .S/CM TURABIDTY DISSOLVED IRON ALKALINITY HARDNESS CHLORIDE CONTAIN TEMPERATURE DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2.5 TO 5 (N.T.U.) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit) 200 TO 600 (Mg/Lit} 200 TO 250 (Mg/Lit) 5 T0 8 PPM

8 9 10 11

176

177

394 215.31 26 4.2

142.67 142.2 27 7.6 28 7.7

NTU : NUCLO TURBIDITY UNIT.

42

CONCLUSION

FROM THE ABOVE RESULT FOLLOWING CONCLUTION CAN BE DRAWN

NAME OF HOTEL OR DHABA HOTEL SUHAS HOTEL SNEH HOTEL ROHIT BHARTI MESS I.T.I COLL. HOTEL SAI HOTEL TANDEL HOTEL LAXMI HOTEL DATTAKRUPA MAHALAXMI PANI PURI UPHAR HOTEL HERRY VADA PAV HOTEL PATANASWAR ZUNKA BHAKAR CENTER SHRI RAM HOTEL

REMARK SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING UNSAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING UNSAFE FOR DRINKING UNSAFE FOR DRINKING UNSAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING SAFE FOR DRINKING UNSAFE FOR DRINKING

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44

WEB SITES VISITEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseases www.springerlink.com/index/WL78V7M76T3DLL4T.pdf www.corecentre.co.in/Database/Docs/DocFiles/drinking_water.pdf

DOCTER S ADVISE:Dr. ANITA SONES. (NERUL) Dr. DESAI (NERUL).

BOOKS REFERED.A) POND AQUA CULTURE WATER QUALITY MANGEMENT BY CLAUDE.E.BOYD B) USING STATISTICAL METHOD FOR WATER QUALITY MANGEMENT BY GRAM.B.MCBRIDE C) IS 1172-1969- INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING.

TESTING LABORATORY:a) MAHARASHTRA STATE PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY, ALIBAG DIST: RAIGAD. b) WATER QUALITY TESTING LABORATORY, WTP JITE. c) CHEMISTRY LABORATORY, ALIBAG.

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