A publication of the North American Lake Management ...

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 1

LakeLineA publication of the North American Lake Management Society

NORTH AMERICAN LAKEMANAGEMENT SOCIETY1315 E. Tenth StreetBloomington, IN 47405-1701

NONPROFIT ORG.US POSTAGE

PAIDBloomington, INPermit No. 171

Lakes of the Great Lakes States

Volume 32, No. 4 • Winter 2012

2 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE

PAK™27 is a registered trademark of Solvay Chemicals, Inc. Full EPA registration NSF certified

www.peroxygensolutions.com

336.272.0127peroxygen solutions

peroxygen solutions

Environmentally safe control of

blue-green algae

Algaecide

• Selective for blue-green algae• Reduce costs, improve efficiency• Peroxide chemistry = nontoxic to ecosystem

THE CHOICE IS CLEAR

For drinking and waste water reservoirs, lakes, and ponds


Because you depend on reliable data, we deliver advanced instruments

that simplify how you measure water quantity and quality.

No other measurement technologies are more accurate and hassle-free.

Innovating the technology behind better data

Precipitation MeasurementOTT Parsivel2

Laser precipitation measurement

Water Level MeasurementOTT RLS

Radar level sensor

Water Quality MonitoringHydrolab MS5

Multi-parameter water quality sonde

HACH Hydromet5600 Lindbergh DriveLoveland, CO 80538

Tel: 800-949-3766Fax: 970-461-3921

www.hachhydromet.com

7.5x10 HYDROMET NALMS Lakeline Ad:Layout 1 5/10/11 3:47 PM Page 1


NALMS BookStoreInteractive Lake EcologyThis workbook, created by the New Hampshire Dept. of Environmental Services, introduces students to elements of a lake ecosystem, including basic scientific concepts of water, the water cycle, how lakes are formed, food chains & watersheds and introduces students to problems facing lakes. The workbook also looks at monitoring lakes for water quality.

Appropriate for grades 5-8, but adaptable to lake associations and volunteers.

Student Workbook: $4 NALMS Members / $5 Non-Members Teachers’ Reference: $6 NALMS Members / $7 Non-Members+ $4 Shipping & Handling Receive 1 free Teachers’ Reference with each order of 20 Student Workbooks

Managing Lakes and ReservoirsThird edition of a manual originally titled The Lake and Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual, this 382-page edition builds on and updates the material in the original to include new state-of-the-art information on how to manage lakes and reservoirs. Many of today’s experts in the field of lake management authored chapters in this book.

$45 + $6 shipping & handling

Your Lake & You!This tabloid size NALMS publication has been described as “simply incredible.” The 8-page publication explains how homeowners can do their part to protect their lake. It is also loaded with descriptions of resource publications.

75¢ per copy Bulk rates available. Contact the NALMS Office for details.

How’s the Water?One of the top issues facing our lakes involves recreational use conflicts. With an increase in use comes a growing concern with the quality of the recreational experience. This informative 306-page manual from the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership addresses the relevant issues and research on water recreation and related activities. This text was created as a tool to assist in the process of building a healthy lake and river ecosystem and a strong lake community.

$18 NALMS Members / $22 Non-Members + $6 shipping & handling

Through the Looking Glass...A Field Guide to Aquatic PlantsThis book from the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership contains detailed and highly accurate information needed to identify aquatic plants. This 248-page guide contains over 200 original illustrations of North American aquatic plants. The precise pen and ink drawings that grace these pages combined with detailed descriptions, natural history and folklore of many aquatic plants found in North America make this guide one of a kind.


The Lake Pocket BookThe Lake Pocket Book is a 176-page guide that provides explanations of aquatic chemistry; lake ecology and biology; collecting lake information and how to use it; developing lake management plans and organizing a lake association–all presented in plain English. This easy-to-understand style combined with its in-depth information has made The Lake Pocket Book an extremely popular publication among citizen lake lovers.


Remote Sensing Methods for Lake ManagementRemote sensing holds great promise for lake assessment. While remote sensing cannot, in all cases, replace on the ground sampling it can serve to complement existing sampling programs and often allow for broader extrapolation of existing information. This manual provides detailed explanations of the various platforms currently in use, discusses preferred applications, limitations, costs and other factors that will assist those who are considering the use of remote sensing to select the platform that best suits their data needs.

Manual: $49 + $6 Shipping & HandlingCD w/PDF of Manual: $15 + $3 Shipping & Handling

LAKELINELakeLine Magazine is NALMS’ quarterly lakes information and education

publication. Each issue contains news, views and interesting information on lakes and reservoirs, and their watersheds and tributaries, from around your

neighborhood and around the world.

Lake and Reservoir ManagementLake and Reservoir Management is NALMS’ peer-reviewed journal, which includes

papers on the latest lake and reservoir research issues, as well as case studies reflecting NALMS’ commitment to applied lake management.

Visit www.nalms.org for complete information on back issues of NALMS’ two quarterly publications...


Contents Volume 32, No. 4 / Winter 2012

6 From the Editor 7 From the President8 2012 NALMS Symposium Highlights 12 2012 NALMS Awards 17 2012 Photo Contest Winners 18 2012 Election Results

Lakes of the Great Lakes States

20 An Ice Age Legacy 31 The Birge-Juday Era 35 NLA Results for the Upper Midwest Area 39 East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin 44 Cedar Lake – A Lesson in Persistence 50 Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin56 Student Corner IBC Literature Search

On the cover:Sunset on Genevieve Lake, Wisconsin. Photo by Christopher Noll.

Published quarterly by the north american Lake Management Society (naLMS) as a medium for exchange and communication among all those interested in lake management. Points of view expressed and products advertised herein do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of NALMS or its Affiliates. Mention of trade names and commercial products shall not constitute an endorsement of their use. all rights reserved. Standard postage is paid at Bloomington, in and additional mailing offices.

NALMS OfficersPresident

Ann Shortelleimmediate Past-President

Al SosiakPresident-electTerry McNabb

SecretarySarah PeelTreasurer

Linda Green

NALMS Regional DirectorsRegion I Amy SmagulaRegion II Chris MikolajczykRegion III Nicki BellezzaRegion IV Michael PerryRegion V Sara PeelRegion VI Julie ChambersRegion VII Jennifer GrahamRegion VIII Craig WolfRegion IX Imad HannounRegion X Frank WilhelmRegion XI TBDRegion XII Sharon ReedykAt-Large Julie ChambersStudent At-Large Director Lindsey Wittthaus

LakeLine Staff

editor: William W. Jonesadvertising Manager: Philip Forsberg

Production: Parchment Farm ProductionsPrinted by: Metropolitan Printing Service Inc.

ISSN 0734-7978 ©2012-2013 North American

Lake Management Society4510 Regent Street

Suite 2AMadison, WI 53705

(all changes of address should go here.)Permission granted to reprint with credit.

Address all editorial inquiries to:William Jones

1305 East Richland DriveBloomington, IN 47408

Tel: 812/[email protected]

Address all advertising inquiries to:Philip Forsberg

NALMSPO Box 5443

Madison, WI 53705-0443Tel: 608/233-2836

Fax: 608/233-3186 [email protected]

Advertisers Index

Aquarius Systems, Inc. 11Hach Hydromet 3Morgan & Associates, Inc. IFCNexSens Technology 58PhycoTech 49

LakeLine


From the Editor Bill Jones

LakeLine encourages letters to the editor. Do you have a lake-related question? Or, have you read something in LakeLine that stimulates your interest? We’d love to hear from you via e-mail, telephone, or postal letter.

As many of you know, I’m a Wisconsin native. As such, I spent much of my youth playing along

the shores of local wetlands and lakes – catching pollywogs, looking at aquatic bugs, and generally exploring. These youthful experiences no doubt led me to my career in limnology. So it is with great

anticipation that we finally get to address the lakes of the Great Lakes States in our winter LakeLine that has featured different regions of the United States in recent years, and lakes of Canada and Mexico before that. The landscape of the Great Lakes area was shaped and re-shaped many times by the advancement and retreat of glaciers, as Steve Brown, Don Luman, and Bill Shilts detail in our lead article. Lake genesis is a fascinating topic. There are so very many lake creation forces at work in the world. Limnology in North American is often traced back to the early work of Birge and Juday, largely in Wisconsin. I thought it fitting to include a brief biography of these two limnological pioneers in this issue. For that, I turned to a chronicle of their careers written in 1966 by David Frey in the book, Limnology in north america, published by the University of Wisconsin Press and used with their permission. Teams around the country just completed sampling for the second round of the nationwide survey spearheaded by U.S. EPA called the National Lakes Assessment (NLA). It will be several years before all the samples are processed and the data analyzed. To develop a better

understanding of the lakes of the Great Lakes States, I asked Paul Garrison for help. He and colleagues, Caitlin Carlson, Ralph Bednarz, and Steve Heiskary summarize the 2007 NLA results for Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota in their article. Case studies are effective vehicles for exploring specific topics or lakes in more detail. We have three case studies in this issue. First, Tim Hoyman describes the diagnostic process and the development of an ambitious implementation plan that included an alum application for East Alaska Lake, near Lake Michigan in east central Wisconsin. Next, we turn to a lake very dear to my heart. You never forget your “first lake” and that lake for me is Cedar Lake in Northwestern Indiana. I “cut my teeth” on early diagnostic studies we completed there. Nearly 30 years later, and after many more studies, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers came to the rescue of Cedar Lake with a National Ecosystem Restoration Plan and federal funding to implement it. David Bucaro tells this interesting story of the lake community that just wouldn’t quit. The final case study also comes from Wisconsin and reinforces the truism that “lake management begins in the watershed.” Thomas Slawski, Jeffrey Thornton, and Hebin Lin write about the development of a watershed protection plan that maintains ecosystem services for the Mukwonago River watershed in southeastern Wisconsin.

In our “Student Corner” this issue, Ryan Largura writes about his interest in marl lakes, the use of this mineral, and how marl mining shaped the morphology of many northern Indiana lakes. We get to know new NALMS President Ann Shortelle and learn of her goals for the Society in her first “From the President” column. We also summarize the highlights from the 32nd Annual NALMS Symposium held last November in Madison, Wisconsin. This successful meeting featured outstanding keynote speakers, scores of interesting technical papers, helpful exhibitors, our annual awards banquet, and lots of fun. We finish off this issue of LakeLine with “Literature Search.” Enjoy!

William (Bill) Jones, CLM, is LakeLine’s editor and a former NALMS president, and clinical professor (retired) from Indiana University’s School of Public and Environmental Affairs. He can be reached at: 1305 East Richland Drive, Bloomington, IN 47408; (812) 855-1600; e-mail: [email protected]. x

Have a question about your

membership or need to update

your contact information? Please

contact the NALMS office by

e-mailing: membershipservices@

nalms.org or by calling at

608-233-2836.


Bill JonesFrom the President Ann Shortell

I am writing this at year’s end, and it’s a time of reflection on the past year – what worked and what didn’t, and

what I want to strive to improve in the new year. My professional list includes an exciting job change, with opportunities and challenges to really “make a difference” to the water resources

and citizens in 15 north Florida counties. At the Suwannee River Water Management District (one of five such Districts in Florida), we have responsibilities including water supply, water quality, flood protection, and natural systems. We are balancing the various water needs and uses of our citizens and our water resources: the intensely beautiful springs, rivers, and lakes throughout the District. Florida, on average, receives a lot of rainfall. The problem is that conditions are seemingly never “average,” but rather either very wet (think hurricanes, tropical storms, and flooding) or very dry (think drought). So we have a water storage problem, too. I spend the majority of my time working with diverse groups, listening (hmm… I should work on this skill in the new year) and educating, and encouraging shared, collaborative solutions. Does this sound like the limnologist you know? My technical knowledge remains one of my most formidable assets, but I am playing catch-up with my communication skills for diverse groups. These shared solutions must be understood by all, so plain English, please! But the key answers are often technically and scientifically complicated, and thus challenging for the lunch presentation to a community group.

In mulling all of this over, I am struck by parallels to the North American Lake Management Society. NALMS members, whether professionals in the field or a member of a lake or watershed group, are passionate about our water resources and struggle daily with adaptive management options to keep our water resources healthy while providing for the water needs of people. One of the reasons I have always loved working within NALMS is the applied nature of the Society. We come together with a common mission but very diverse points of view – from the highly scientific to the volunteer taking water samples at the end of their dock. As a Society, we have worked together for feasible, effective, realistic solutions to water resource challenges. NALMS strives to “make a difference.” How do we heal an ailing lake? How do we sustain healthy conditions? Many of us who are practitioners strive to bridge new answers from pure research into practical and affordable actions to improve field conditions. Many in lake organizations volunteer to collect data, provide education, and organize forums with local officials. This diversity is our greatest asset and our greatest challenge! How do we effectively communicate with one another and with decisionmakers, to improve or conserve our water resources? Are we doing an effective job in leveraging our diversity to achieve our goals? How do we improve the relevance of NALMS to our affiliates? How do we effectively join like-minded individuals and organizations to more effectively provide solutions for our common challenges? NALMS has the strength of our applied science; we have a lot of tools

in our toolbox to fix lakes. It is time to improve our communication and education and outreach! This is a goal for all of us at NALMS in the new year! It is directly related to the success of NALMS’ mission which states: “The purpose of the Society is to forge partnerships among citizens, scientist, and professionals to foster the management and protection of lakes and reservoirs for today and tomorrow.” By the way, effective communications also promotes the healthy growth of NALMS and mentoring of our growing student membership. Please join us in these efforts, and solution-based suggestions are always welcome!

Ann Shortelle, Ph.D., is executive director of the Suwannee River Water Management District. She has over 25 years of professional experience in lake, riverine, and reservoir management for water quantity and quality, surface water/wetlands restoration enhancing water quality and source water protection, surface water modeling, permitting, and environmental assessments. You can reach Ann at [email protected]. x


Symposium Highlightsby Philip Forsberg

NALMS returned home to Madison, Wisconsin (Figures 1

and 2) for its 32nd International Symposium. NALMS and the

local host committee welcomed approximately 616 attendees

from 41 states, six Canadian provinces, Australia, China,

Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, and Northern Ireland to the

2012 Symposium, held November 7–9.

The Madison skyline at night. Photo: ©BigStock Photography



Thank you to our 2012 symposium sponsors and supporters!Clean Lakes AllianceWisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesAquarius SystemsFreese and Nichols, Inc.The Georgia Lakes SocietyHAB Aquatic SolutionsThe Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesPentair Aquatic Eco-SystemsPhycoTechPrinceton HydroSweetwater Technology, Div. of Teemark

CorporationTennessee Valley AuthorityUniversity of Wisconsin ExtensionUS Geological SurveyWater Resource Services

Thank you to our 2012 symposium exhibitors!Abraxis LLCAll Things WaterApplied BiochemistsApplied Polymer SystemsAquarius SystemsAquatic Eco-Systems, Inc.BioSonics, Inc.Blue Water Satellite, Inc.Clean Lakes, Inc.Contour Innovations, LLCDerma-Safe Company/Lake Bottom BlanketECO Oxygen TechnologiesFluid Imaging Technologies, Inc.For Love of LakesGeneral Environmental Systems, Inc.Golden Sands Resource Conservation &

Development Council, Inc.Great Lakes Bio Systems, Inc.GreenWater Lab/CyanoLabHAB Aquatic SolutionsHach HydrometInternational Lake Environment CommitteeKasco MarineMeasurement SpecialtiesThe Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesPhycoTech, Inc.Princeton Hydro, LLCSePRO CorporationSolarBee, Inc.SonicSolutionsTaylor & FrancisTennant’s Industrial DredgingTurner DesignsVertex Water FeaturesYSI

Thank you to the 2012 symposium host committee!Jeffrey Thornton, ChairThomas Slawski, CochairTim Asplund, Program Committee ChairJennifer Hauxwell, Program Committee CochairJeff Schloss, Conference Advisory ChairPhilip ForsbergGreg ArenzMartha BartonAlison CoulsonMarcia HartwigDon HeilmanSusan JonesPeter NowakEric OlsonDale RobertsonCarroll SchaalLori TateSusan TesarikJames Tye



The week kicked off on Tuesday with eight pre-symposium workshops on a variety of topics including aquatic

plant identification, bacteria monitoring and internal phosphorus loading, among others. The now-traditional Tuesday evening welcome activities included a reception for new NALMS members and first-time NALMS symposium attendees that reconvened at the locally famous, Great Dane Pub & Brewing Company, for the official symposium welcome reception. The theme for this year’s symposium was “Lakes in the Landscape: Values > Visions > Actions,” and was kicked off by a plenary talk by the 2011 laureate of the Stockholm Water Prize and NALMS member, Stephen Carpenter, titled “Global Change in Fresh Waters.” Following the tradition of previous NALMS symposia in Madison, plenary sessions were also held on subsequent days. Thursday’s plenary session featured talks by John Lenters, University of Nebraska and Patricia Soranno, Michigan State University. The symposium program included an impressive array of 54 sessions, with 206 oral presentations and 30 poster presentations. Featured session topics included fisheries, harmful algal blooms, climate change, and integrated basin management, in addition to many other topics.

Figure 1. The Wisconsin State Capitol as seen from the Monona Terrace Convention Center.

Figure 2. The Monona Terrace Convention Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, sits along the shore of Lake Monona. Limnologists should notice the Langmuir circulation visible on the water.

This year’s symposium offered a chance to continue the discussion of the Yahara lakes in the Madison area that began at the 2001 and 2005 symposia. Friday’s program featured a day-long

track of special sessions entitled, “Yahara Lakes: Implementing a Vision,” which kicked off with a breakfast hosted by the Clean Lakes Alliance, followed by an opening plenary session with presentations by Richard Lathrop, recently retired from the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and Jeff Bode of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Friday’s program also featured a day-long special session on the Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, a unique collaboration of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Extension and Wisconsin Lakes (formerly the Wisconsin Association of Lakes). The annual Clean Lakes Classic 5K Run/Walk was held on a route along the shores of Lake Monona and attracted approximately 40 participants. For the second year in a row, Paul Gantzer from Kirkland, Washington, was the overall winner. He bested his time from last year by about 3 minutes with a time of 17 minutes, 25 seconds. Madison’s own Kris Stepenuck led the women with a time of 20:24.



Wednesday evening’s Exhibitors’ Reception and Poster Session gave attendees an extended opportunity to visit the exhibit booths as well as take in the poster presentations and interact with the poster presenters (Figure 3). On Thursday, NALMS’ Annual Awards and Recognition Banquet honored NALMS members and friends for their contributions to the society and to the field of lake management (Figure 4). NALMS’ most prestigious award, the Secchi Disk Award, went to Harry Gibbons. NALMS and the host committee would like to thank all of the companies and organizations that offered sponsorship and support for this year’s symposium. Without their generous support, as well as that of our exhibitors, we would not be able to provide the conference experience that our attendees expect. Thank you to all who attended this year’s symposium! We look forward to seeing you in October at NALMS 2013 in San Diego, California!

Figure 3. The naLMS exhibitor Reception.


12 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE12 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE

A major highlight of this year’s annual symposium in Madison, WI, was the recognition of individuals and

organizations for their contributions to lake management and to NALMS.

OUTGOING DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS The challenge and responsibility for keeping the NALMS ship afloat rests with NALMS officers and board members. We gratefully acknowledge the tremendous contribution each of these individuals has made to NALMS, and while we cannot recognize everyone, it is our tradition to recognize outgoing directors and

officers during our awards ceremony. The following directors and officers whose terms were up were recognized this year:

Past-President Bev ClarkSecretary Reesa EvansRegion 2 Holly WaterfieldRegion 6 Robert MorganRegion 10 BiJay AdamsRegion 12 Sharon ReedykStudent At-Large Dana Bigham

Also, Sara Peel resigned from Region 5 to become Secretary and Julie Chambers resigned as At-Large Director to take the Region 6 position.

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARDS These awards may be selected from five categories.

vSuccessful Projects – for demonstrable success in achieving lasting improvements in water quality or recreational utility through lake and/or watershed management in a cost-effective manner. Projects are evaluated with respect to project success, cost-effectiveness, and benefit duration.

vVolunteer Actions – for individuals or groups involved in documented grass-roots efforts to manage a lake

The 2012 NALMS Awardsby Dick Osgood, NALMS Awards Committee Chair; Ken Wagner, Editor, Lake and Reservoir Management; and Frank Browne, NALMS Student Paper Committee Co-chair

Figure 4. The annual awards Banquet.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 13 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 13

or watershed, with emphasis on local involvement, creative methods of funding and demonstrable success.

vResearch Efforts – for individuals or groups performing research that contributes to the science of lake management. Selection criteria are relevance, approach, and applicability. (Copies of journal papers should accompany Nominations.)

vPublic Education/Outreach – for individuals, groups or programs that have creatively and effectively contributed to the development and dissemination of watershed management and/or related educational programs, materials, and/or assistance.

vJim LaBounty Award – This award is to be given for the best paper published in Lake and Reservoir Management as determined by the editor and associate editors of the Society’s technical journal.

This year’s technical merit awards are:

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR SUCCESSFUL PROJECTSParadox Lake and Adirondack Ecologists LLC Paradox Lake is a beautiful and relatively pristine body of water located in the Adirondack Park of New York State. Paradox Lake possesses a diverse aquatic plant community, including a number of rare and threatened species. A partnership was developed between Adirondack Ecologists and The Paradox Lake Association in 2000 to administer a two-pronged approach to the management of exotic species – regular professional surveys were complemented by volunteers (“scouts”) to conduct kayak or canoe surveys along specific stretches of the shoreline. In the summer of 2008, a small patch of Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM) was identified by both teams. A rapid response protocol had been established and within a few weeks of the report and confirmation, hand harvesting operations began. These steps have resulted in a successful battle against nuisance aquatic

invaders. Since the initial discovery, several more relatively small sites of infestation, including curly-leaf pond weed, were identified, but were immediately controlled before they became major problems. Many of the sites harvested remain invasive-free since the first or second year of control. In addition, exotic species such as zebra mussels and water chestnut have been identified on incoming boats and have been removed prior to launching as a result of the launch ramp steward program. This partnership has been critical for preventing Paradox Lake from succumbing to the same fate that unfortunately many other lakes in the region have encountered. Due to proactive monitoring, a rapid response protocol, and a progressive and coordinated education and prevention program, this body of water stands a very good chance of staying healthy for many years to come (Figure 5).

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR RESEARCH EFFORTSThere were no research efforts nominated this year.

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR VOLUNTEER ACTIONSLake of the Woods Water Sustainability Foundation Lake of the Woods is the sixth-largest transboundary lake in North America, spanning the borders of Minnesota, Ontario, and Manitoba. In recent years, there have been concerns regarding the water quality of the lake, including anecdotal evidence that algal blooms have increased in severity over the past decade. In response to a call for further action and improved management of this unique aquatic resource, the Foundation was established in 2005 by concerned citizens. Its mission is to enhance and protect and sustain the water quality of Lake of the Woods for generations to come (Figure 5). Over the past eight years, the Foundation has set a precedent for grassroots organizations worldwide by developing an internationally coordinated effort to protect the Lake of the Woods’ water quality. They have succeeded in elevating the lake onto provincial, state, national, and international policy platforms, and have initiated and coordinated partnerships to complete the baseline research necessary to address the water quality problems of this lake.

Figure 5. Steve LeMere (left) accepts the Successful Project Technical Merit award for the Paradox Lake association and Todd Sellers (right) accepts the Volunteer actions Technical Merit award for Lake of the Woods.


Among its accomplishments, the Foundation has been the catalyst to building partnerships for:

• establishment of a bi-national consensus among communities and governments to create a permanent, international framework for managing pollution and water quality

• completion of a State of the Basin Report for the Lake of the Woods and Rainy River Basin, providing a comprehensive, baseline assessment of the water quality and ecology for assessing future progress

• completion of the first total phosphorus budget for the Lake of the Woods and the Rainy River

• organizing the International Lake of the Woods Water Quality Forum, an annual international conference that has provided a platform for collaborative research and policy initiatives throughout the watershed

• co-founding the International Multi-Agency Arrangement. Signed by seven government agencies, the foundation, and one American tribe

• Establishing an International Watershed Coordinator for the Lake of the Woods and Rainy River watershed

As the Foundation approaches its second decade, its members will continue to be important advocates for environmental protection in the Lake of the Woods and the Rainy River watershed. The Foundation is a trusted voice, essential partner, and champion for Lake of the Woods and water quality issues. We believe their contribution to sustaining the water quality and health of this important water resource make them a well-deserving nominee for this award.

TECHNICAL MERIT AWARD FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION/OUTREACH EFFORTSExtension Volunteer Monitoring Network The Extension Volunteer Monitoring Network is an outgrowth of the USDA/CSREES-funded, National Facilitation Project in Volunteer Water Monitoring. The Network has a primary focus on supporting programs initiated by, or in

partnership with, Extension Services and Systems of the nation’s Land Grant Universities. Secondarily, it provides support to all citizen volunteer water monitoring programs (Figure 6). The Network has a steering committee with members who are directly involved in volunteer monitoring from several states. The committee meets by conference call 10-12 times per year to discuss ways to support volunteer monitoring, develop outreach materials, plan conference presentations, enhance the website, etc. The Network maintains a website with relevant information for volunteer groups, including factsheets that provide concise descriptions of how to recruit, serve and maintain groups; how to collect, process and disseminate valid water data; and how to put the information to work for improved watershed quality and water policy. Network leadership and steering committee members regularly attend water-related conferences at national, regional, and local scales to promote volunteer water monitoring and share success stories and challenges of groups. They also frequently publish articles in various newsletters and journals to educate the public and professional community about the importance of

Figure 6. kris Steppenuck, Linda Greene, and elizabeth Herron accept the Technical Merit award for the extension Volunteer Monitoring network.

locally generated water data for use in watershed management. As sources of federal funding for support of volunteer water monitoring have been decreasing, the Network provides an important support base for community groups to gain information and stay connected. Scores of statewide volunteer monitoring programs and hundreds of local groups have benefitted by The Network’s outreach efforts. The data gathered by these volunteers has made a lasting, positive impact on watershed management nationwide.

Jim LaBounty Best Paper Award The list of nominees for the annual Jim LaBounty Best Paper Award published in the NALMS journal was as follows:

• Tillmanns and Pick. 2011. The effect of sampling scales on the interpretation of environmental drivers of the cyanotoxin microcystin. LRM 27:183-193.

• Kraus, Bergamaschi, Hernes, Doctor, Kendall, Downing and Losee. 2011. How reservoirs alter drinking water quality: Organic matter sources, sinks and transformations. LRM 27:205-219.

Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 15 Winter 2012 / LAKELINE 15

• Huser, Brezonick and Newman. 2011. Effects of alum treatment on the water quality and sediment in the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes, Minnesota, USA. LRM 27:220-228

• Olds, Peterson, Koupal, Farnsworth-Hoback, Schoenbeck and Hoback. 2011. Water quality parameters of a Nebraska Reservoir differ between drought and normal conditions. LRM 27:229-234.

• Chraibi, Bennett and Gregory-Eaves. 2011. Conservation of a transboundary lake: Historical watershed and paleolimnological analyses can inform management strategies. LRM 27:355-364.

• Lehman, Bell, Doubek and McDonald. 2011. Reduced additions to river phosphorus for three years following implementation of a low fertilizer ordinance. LRM 27:390-397.

• Bachmann, Bigham, Hoyer and Canfield. 2012. Phosphorus, nitrogen and the designated uses of Florida Lakes. LRM 28:46-58.

• Johnson and Martinez. 2012. Hydroclimate mediates effects of a keystone species in a coldwater reservoir. LRM 28:70-83.

• Wehrly, Breck, Wang and Szabo-Kraft. 2012. Assessing local and landscape patterns of residential shoreline development in Michigan lakes. LRM 28:158-169.

Choosing a winner was very difficult, and we narrowly averted a multi-way tie over several ballots. All the nominees are commended for their outstanding contributions to the lake management literature represented by LRM. The 2012 winner of the James LaBounty Best Paper Award was Bachmann, Bigham, Hoyer, and Canfield (Figure 7), 2012, really a three-paper set on the relation between nutrients, support of designated uses, and setting nutrient criteria for Florida. In this set of papers, the authors explored the sources of phosphorus in Florida lakes, evaluated the common occurrence of naturally fertile lakes, examined how increased algal abundance relates to the complete range of uses, and discussed the difficulties of setting

Figure 7. Mark Hoyer, Dana Bigham, and Roger Bachman accept the Jim LaBounty Best Paper award.

nutrient standards that protect all uses. An alternative approach was developed. This paper sparked considerable discussion during the review process, covering the difficulty of sorting out historical natural vs. anthropogenic influences, the incompatibility of common lake uses, and certain unusual features of Florida lakes within the continuum of North American water bodies, leading to serious complications when trying to set standards that will drive regulatory action and rehabilitation initiatives. Yet these papers provide considerable food for thought in standard setting beyond nutrients and the boundary of Florida, and show how science should be applied to practical problems. The regulatory community could benefit by reading and carefully considering these papers.

FRIEND(s) of NALMS AWARD“Awarded to individuals or corporations making major contributions to NALMS. Recipients do not have to be NALMS members, and ‘contributions’ extend beyond monetary donations.”

Doug Knauer Doug Knauer was recognized for practical research in a successful career.

Doug spent his career with the Wisconsin DNR and was on the ground floor of establishing lake management as a science and profession. Doug was always active in lake management. Doug’s practical work with lake assessments and aluminum treatments in the early years of NALMS and lake management in general were important building blocks (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Doug knauer with his Friends of naLMS award.


2012 SECCHI DISK AWARD The Secchi Disk Award is given annually to recognize and honor the NALMS member who has made the most significant contributions to the goals and objectives of the Society. The 2012 Secchi Disk Award was presented to Harry Gibbons (Figure 9). Dr. Gibbons received his Ph.D. in limnology from Washington State University, after receiving an undergraduate degree in biology from Gonzaga and a master’s in environmental engineering, also at WSU. Harry has 37 years of experience in applied limnology, lake, reservoir, river, stream, and wetland restoration. Harry has specifically planned/designed management and restoration programs for over 232 lakes/reservoirs and 33 stream/river systems. His expertise includes lake and watershed management, lake restoration, integrated aquatic plant management, aquatic invasive species management, stream assessment, fish passage, aquatic habitat assessment, wetland restoration, and stormwater management. Harry is a recognized leader in the development and implementation of in-lake activities for techniques like phosphorus inactivation (alum), dredging, hypolimnetic aeration, aeration and complete circulation, AIS management, and integrated aquatic plant management. In addition, he has conducted comprehensive river and reservoir limnological studies in several major river systems. Harry’s service to NALMS and similar organizations is substantial. Here is a summary of many of his elected and volunteer positions:

• North American Lakes Management Society, Immediate Past President 2010

• President 2009• President Elect 2008• Director 2004-2006, 1992-1994• Served on several Society

Committees• Washington State Lake Protection

Association, Past President• Western Aquatic Plant Management,

Past Director• American Society of Limnology and

Oceanography

• Aquatic Plant Management Society Harry has also actively mentored students and has presented numerous NALMS workshops.

JODy CONNOR STUDENT AWARDS – 2012 Each year NALMS presents student awards to the best student presentation and best student poster at the annual NALMS symposium. The awards are sponsored by Hach International. The NALMS Board renamed the student award as the Jody Connor Student Award in memory of Jody Connor, a long-time friend of NALMS who was active on the Education Committee and participated in the reviews of student presentations and posters. The first-place winner receives a check for $200 and a plaque. Honorable mention or second-place winners receive a plaque. The Student Awards Committee is co-chaired by Alex Horne and Frank Browne. Members of the committee include Amy Smagula, Harry Gibbons, and Dana Bigham. The awards are based on scientific merit, research design, visual aids, clarity, and presentation. The 2012 first-place winner of the student presentation award was Ellen Preece from Washington State University for her paper “Detection and Quantification

of the Cyanotoxin, Microcystin, in Fish Muscle Tissues.” The 2012 honorable mention award winner is Maureen Ferry from the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit for her paper “Examining Zebra Mussel Habitat Preference and Population Dynamics within and among Lakes in Northeast Wisconsin and Upper Michigan.” The 2012 first-place winner of the student poster session was Laura Sefton from the University of Wisconsin for her poster “Rapid Response to Control Myriophyllum spicatum in Blackhawk Lake, Wisconsin.” Laura is the daughter of long-time NALMS member Donna Sefton. Donna used to bring Laura to NALMS conferences when Laura was just a baby. Honorable mention for the poster session was Jania Chilima from the University of Saskatchewan for her poster “Applying Community-Based Participatory Research Approach to Water Resources Management: The Case of Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, Canada.” Students are encouraged to present scientific papers at the NALMS symposium; it provides an excellent way to present research data and maybe win an award. We thank Hach International for sponsoring the student awards. x

Figure 9. Harry Gibbons accepts the 2012 Secchi Disk award from 2011 winner, Dick Osgood.


The 2012 NALMS Photo ContestThe annual NALMS Photo Contest showcases not only many beautiful lakes from around North America but also the talents of our

member photographers. Eleven photographers submitted entries. We awarded prize money in two categories:

1. Delegates’ Choice – as voted on by delegates attending the Annual NALMS Symposium.

2. Editors’ Choice – chosen by LakeLine Editor-in-Chief Bill Jones and LakeLine Production Editor Cynthia Moorhead for the entry that would make the best cover for LakeLine. We considered composition, image and color quality, and general aesthetics. This year’s winners are show here.

We thank all the great photographers who submitted this year and encourage all NALMS members to keep their cameras with them as they work, recreate, and travel.

Delegates’ Choice First Place – “Morning Mist” by Bev Clark Delegates’ Choice Second Place –

“Mintz Pond” by Wendy Dunaway

Delegates’ Choice Third Place –“Sunlight Streak” by David Rosenthal Editors’ Choice –

“Duck Parade” by Amy Smagula



The 2012 NALMS Election Results

The annual election for officers and directors is an important way for NALMS members to provide input

in the management of the Society. Our officers and directors are all volunteers who serve without pay. Thank you to all of the candidates for their dedication to NALMS and thank you to all NALMS members who participated in this year’s election!

PRESIDENT-ELECT – TERRy MCNABB Terry McNabb was born in Madison, Wisconsin in 1954 as his father was completing his Ph.D. in aquatic botany at the University of Wisconsin. Being the son of a limnologist, McNabb worked summers on the lakes in Wisconsin, the Mississippi River near Winona, Minnesota, and on the lakes in Michigan during his time at UW-Whitewater, the UW Pigeon Lake Limnology Camp, St. Mary’s College in Winona, Minnesota, and finally Michigan State University. In 1970 Eurasian watermilfoil was making inroads in Michigan and he began working on the management of this and other noxious aquatic weeds on research and operational programs in the region. He completed a degree in water resource management from Michigan State University and has run a lake management business in the years since based in the Western United States. He has over 40 years of experience mitigating the impacts of eutrophication and managing invasive aquatic species for clients in the West. In addition to managing a successful business during this timeframe, he was selected to serve as the first president of the Western Aquatic Plant Management Society and managed the formation and start of that professional society. He was asked to serve again as president in 2004. The International Aquatic Plant Management Society appointed him the chair of their finance committee in 1988 when that group was having financial

difficulties and he was instrumental in bringing their financial condition back into the black and helped form their successful student endowment program that now offers $40,000 scholarships every two years. He then served three years on their board of directors and was elected the president of that professional society in 1996. He has served at the invitation of the Washington and Minnesota State Legislatures on select committees to help formulate statewide programs for management of invasive aquatic species. He taught the Lake and Aquatic Plant Management Seminar for the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America from 1996 through 2006. He is an honorary member of the Washington Weed Association and a past member of their board. He is an appointed member of the Klamath Basin Water Quality Working Group to Evaluate Nutrient Reduction Strategies. He just completed serving two four-year terms as a member of the Whatcom County (WA) Noxious Weed Control Board. He has for years participated in NALMS conferences, sparked a program of giving NALMS memberships to key lake association clients at Christmas and has sponsored the annual hockey game for a number of seasons.

SECRETARy –SARA PEEL Sara Peel, CLM, currently serves as the Region 5 Director on the NALMS Board of Directors. Sara is the director of watershed projects for the Wabash River Enhancement Corporation, a nonprofit focused on improving ecological, economic, and social conditions within the Wabash River basin. Sara received her B.S. in biology and chemistry from Alma College and her M.S. in environmental science from the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA). Sara has over 14 years of water quality and watershed management experience.

She currently serves as the president of the Indiana Lakes Management Society (ILMS), is a board member on the Indiana Water Monitoring Council, and is a representative to the Indiana Lakes Nutrient Criteria Work Group.

REGION 2 DIRECTOR – CHRIS MIKOLAJCzyK Chris Mikolajczyk has been a senior project scientist for the past 13 years for Princeton Hydro, LLC, a water and wetland resource firm located in New Jersey. Prior to that, Chris spent nearly nine years managing an environmental water and wastewater laboratory. He is also currently certified as a NALMS Certified Lake Manager, a duty that sees him manage New Jersey’s two largest public recreational waterbodies on a day-to-day basis. Chris possesses an associate’s degree in ecology and environmental technology (limnology) from Paul Smiths College, as well as bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Rutgers University in geography. In both programs at Rutgers University, Chris focused on water quality issues, as well as watershed land use planning.

REGION 6 DIRECTOR – JULIE CHAMBERS Julie Chambers has worked in the Water Quality Division of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board since 1999. As the Lakes Monitoring Coordinator for the Board, she manages all activities related to the statewide lake monitoring and assessment program, which assesses the health of approximately 130 of the state’s largest lakes and reservoirs. Julie also serves on several state technical

(election Results continued on page 49 . . . )



Great Lakes States’ Lakes

An Ice Age LegacySteven E. Brown, Donald E. Luman, & William W. Shilts

Introduction

Among the most striking geographic features of North America are the Great Lakes. Any map of the

Midwestern region of the United States prominently displays their shape. For example, the distinctive mitten shape of Michigan with the thumb is a product of the Ice Age, created during a time called the Quaternary Period. Cycles of glaciation, coinciding with cycles of cool and warm periods, occurred a number of times during the Quaternary Period, roughly the last 2 million years. Just as the Great Lakes are a legacy of the Ice Age, so are most of the natural lakes within the Great Lakes states (Figure 1). Nearly all the lakes of the Great Lakes states have an evolutionary relationship to the history of glaciation. Most of the natural lakes are located within the limit of continental glaciation and have a natural history seated in the Ice Age. The geometry and physical characteristics of lakes, and, in many cases, the ecosystems that have established plant and wildlife communities within and around them, are related to geologic processes that occurred when glaciers occupied the landscape or because of landscape evolution in response to glaciation.

The Landscape Before and After the Ice Age Rewinding the geologic time clock to preglacial times would present a very different view of the Great Lakes region: The Great Lakes would not have existed. The landscape of eastern Wisconsin, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of Illinois and Indiana, and most of northern, western, and northwestern Ohio would have looked much like Kentucky, Tennessee, and southwest Wisconsin. These areas are underlain by nearly flat-

lying beds of Paleozoic age – sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite – that, through time, have eroded into a dendritic drainage pattern (Figure 2). In this well-developed drainage pattern on bedrock, there would have been no or very few lakes. In northern Minnesota and part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Precambrian bedrock – hard igneous and metamorphic rocks – may have formed rugged hills and even small mountain ranges. River systems forming the upper reaches of the ancestral Saint Lawrence River probably existed in the areas now occupied by the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes occupy areas where rock was more easily eroded, and their present-day shapes are related directly to the regional bedrock geology of adjacent states and Canada. Glaciation changed the preglacial landscape and its drainage pattern in two profound ways: (1) the underlying bedrock of much of the area of the Great Lakes states was eroded to varying degrees, and (2) the eroded debris was transported and deposited by the glaciers and meltwater streams and then redistributed across the landscape in hills, plains, river valleys, and glacial lake bottoms. In the most simplistic view, glaciers eroded rock, ground it up, and moved it south. The erosion processes and the creation of a completely new landscape had the effect of creating a new hydrologic system. Unlike the organized drainage patterns in unglaciated regions, the drainage patterns in glacial landscapes are typically chaotic because not enough time has elapsed since the last glaciers melted away for erosion to undo the disruption of the preglacial landscape by glacial deposits. The processes of glacial erosion and sediment deposition created enclosed depressions, wide valleys that

now have small, narrow streams, and vast lowlands that house wetlands. Within this landscape are many different types of lakes.

Lake Types Glacial processes resulted in the creation of tens of thousands of lakes in the Great Lakes area. Most of these lakes can be classified into categories that reflect their origin and, in many cases, their shape and size. In many ways, the types of lakes influence how we interact with them as we exploit their recreational, natural resource, or industrial value. Types of natural lakes include bedrock erosion, kettle or ice-block depression, enclosed depression, landform-controlled, raised-beach, and karst lakes. In the parts of the Great Lakes area that remained unglaciated, such as the Driftless Area of southwest Wisconsin (Figure 1), or in glacial terrain remnants from the earliest part of the Ice Age, such as southern Illinois, artificial impoundments, such as farm ponds and reservoirs, are abundant. Areas that have been developed by humans have borrow pits (for sand and gravel extraction) and detention basins or ponds, many of which are a significant component of the suburban landscape. Finally, the glacial landscape includes remnants of ancient glacial lakes, ones that no longer exist, and there is abundant geologic evidence that ancestors to the modern Great Lakes once existed.

Ancient and Ancestral Lakes Lakes that no longer exist occupied parts of the landscape during the Ice Age. Some of these lakes were ancestors to modern lakes, which are now remnants of once larger lakes (Figure 3). These former lakes owe their existence to their direct



Figure 1. Shaded relief image map of the Midwestern region of the United States, emphasizing lakes and streams (shown in blue) in the Great Lakes states. The extent of continental glaciation is shown by red lines; note the Driftless area, or unglaciated area, of southwest Wisconsin. Parts of southeastern-most Minnesota and northeastern-most iowa have a highly dissected topography and appear unglaciated. Red numbers with adjacent red shaded boxes refer to subsequent figure numbers and geographic areas, respectively.


Figure 2. Dendritic drainage pattern and oxbow (meander cutoff) lakes, southwest Wisconsin. Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of Lafayette County (see Figure 1 for location). The Pecatonica River is shown in blue. The light blue part of the river is the segment shown in the photograph below. Perspective of photo outlined by red line. Lower panel: Low-angle, oblique photograph of the Pecatonica River and oxbow lakes, viewpoint from the southeast viewing northwest. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr.

interaction with glaciers. The shape of some lakes was constrained by the shape of the ice margin and a pre-existing high topographic position on the landscape, such as a glacial moraine (a glacial ridge that formed along the edge of the glacier). Typically, they formed when the advancing glacier front or margin blocked water that drained an existing watershed. In addition, these ancient and ancestral lakes grew in size as they were fed by

glacial meltwater. The ancient lake beds can form unique ecological environments. They typically occur in low places in the landscape, are flat or have low local relief, and are typically underlain by silt, clay, sand, or water-scoured glacial till (unsorted mixture of gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited by a glacier). Because of their low relief and low landscape position, they may be occupied by wetlands.

Ice-walled lake plains are remnants of lakes that formed on top of a glacier or on a remnant piece of the glacier left on the landscape. The top of the glacier remnant would have appeared like the surface of Swiss cheese, with many circular depressions filled with water, similar to the landscape developed at the end of the Bering Glacier in Alaska today. The lakes melted downward until the lake bottom became connected with the ground surface under the glacier; the size of the lakes grew as the ice that formed their shores melted. Today, evidence of these former glacial lakes consists of flat-topped, circular-shaped hills that typically have steep surrounding hillslopes and that are composed of the sediments deposited in the vanished lakes. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of these landforms in the Great Lakes region. They can occupy any position in the glacial landscape and many are in high places, such as the tops of moraines. Slack-water lakes formed when large volumes of meltwater loaded with glacial sediment occupied large river valleys, such as the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, and Wabash valleys. The aggrading sediment and high glacial flood stages dammed water in tributary valleys, causing water to back up and flood the tributary valleys. Remnants of these lakes are revealed today as high and, in places, expansive flat terraces adjacent to smaller tributary rivers and streams. Commonly, they are underlain by sand, silt, clay, or a combination thereof. In southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, they also occur beyond the glacial limit (Figure 3). Ancestral glacial lakes are those that were formed during glaciation but have a modern lake in the same or an adjacent place. The ancestral lake or lakes typically had a different shape or size from their present configuration, and some extended many miles inland of their modern extent. All the Great Lakes had ancestral counterparts. Through many advances and retreats, glacial ice filled all or parts of the Great Lakes basins, blocking the connections they have today to the Saint Lawrence River and causing them to overflow southward into the Mississippi and the Susquehanna and Hudson River systems. The sizes of the lakes were controlled by the position of ice margins,


Figure 3. Distribution of sediment in former lake beds of ancient and ancestral glacial lakes. The red lines represent the limit of glaciation. The geology shown is from Fullerton et al. (2003), Gray (1989), and Lineback (1979).

the volume of meltwater filling the proglacial lake areas, and the elevation of outlets. As the ice margins melted northward, or as outlets were cut through rock or sediment, the height of lake levels changed. At times, when glacier margins fluctuated northward, the Great Lakes drained to lower levels than they are today. The altitudes of lake outlets, and therefore lake levels, were also controlled by isostatic depression as the weight of the glacial ice pressed the crust of the earth downward, then rebounded as the ice melted off the landscape.

Bedrock Erosion Lakes Bedrock erosion lakes occupy depressions carved into solid rock by glaciers, with the most prominent being the Great Lakes. Glacial ice flowed radially away from ice caps in Canada, and in the area of the Great Lakes, the southward-flowing ice first

moved through the lowest parts of the preglacial landscape. The shapes of the Great Lakes, and of the many lakes in bedrock depressions around them, were controlled by the distribution and type of solid bedrock Thus, the advancing glaciers followed the path of least resistance – through old river valleys or lowlands where the bedrock was most easily eroded. Geologists speculate that the process of glacial advance and erosion through the Great Lakes basins occurred many times throughout the cycles of glaciation during the Ice Age. A large number of smaller bedrock erosion lakes are very common in northeastern Minnesota and Canada, where the cover of glacial debris is thin or absent and where the underlying bedrock is composed of very old and structurally complex igneous and metamorphic rocks (Figure 4). Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota, Quetico Provincial Park

in Ontario, and parts of the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota share the Boundary Waters international area, where more than 4,000 of these lakes are located in Minnesota alone!

Kettle Lakes Kettle lakes are named after their typical shape, that of a circular kitchen kettle. Also named ice-block depressions, they are typically round with a bowl shape, are steep-sided, and can be very deep. Kettle lakes range in size and can be large or very small (e.g., fewer than 5 acres). These lakes occupy space created by blocks of ice that were buried by glacial sediment, so their shape mimics the shape of the former block of glacier ice. Blocks of ice can become detached from the glacier by a variety of processes. One way occurs when a glacial outburst of meltwater happens very quickly. Blocks of ice can be carried


away from the glacier margin, then buried by sand and gravel carried by the meltwater. Larger tracts of ice may detach along thrust planes in the ice or become separated from the glacier when the ice begins to flow in a different direction. In some places, the glaciers readvanced over blocks of ice and encased them in finer-grained glacial till. Kettle lakes encased in sand and gravel may be connected to the groundwater flow system, whereas kettle lakes encased in clayey glacial till may be perched and receive water primarily from rainfall and snowmelt. In addition, depending on the local hydrology, a kettle may be dry with no lake at all. Although kettle lakes occur throughout the glaciated terrain surrounding the Great Lakes, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and northern Wisconsin (Figure 5) have the greatest concentrations, with some counties having hundreds of these lakes. The Kettle Moraine region in eastern

Figure 5. example of kettle lakes. Upper panel at right: Shaded relief image map of a part of Vilas County, Wisconsin (see Figure 1 for location) with abundant ice-block depressions. note that many depressions contain smaller lakes or no lakes at all. Lower panel: Complex ice-front environment around a retreating glacier margin on Bylot island, nunavut, Canada. Small kettle lakes are ice free, and a large, ice-covered lake dammed by morainic deposits rests against the front of the glacier. Location: 73°12’13’’n; 79°44’37’’W. Photograph courtesy of William W. Shilts.

Figure 4. Shaded relief image map of a part of northeastern Minnesota adjacent to the U.S.-Canada border (see Figure 1 for location), emphasizing lakes in glacially eroded bedrock depressions. The linear pattern of the hills and low-lying areas is an expression of the varying resistance of various types of bedrock to glacial erosion.


Figure 6. a small lake, or “pan,” surrounded by dunes within the indiana Dunes national Lakeshore. The surrounding area has been greatly affected by urban and industrial development. Photograph courtesy of Steven E. Brown.

Wisconsin, an area formed between two ice lobes, takes its name from the abundant kettles, both with and without lakes.

Enclosed Depression Lakes Many lakes and small bodies of water are contained within shallow, enclosed depressions or basins that are not kettles. Different from kettles, the land surrounding these lakes may have gentle relief and roll. These lakes occur in landscapes formed by varying accumulations of debris that melted directly out of the glaciers, called glacial till, which can range from impermeable to slowly permeable.

Landform-Controlled Lakes Landform-controlled lakes are dammed naturally by glacial or postglacial landforms or are created by other geomorphic processes. Some of these processes are ongoing today and may not be directly related to activity of the former glaciers. Oxbow lakes (Figure 2) form in the former channel of a river. When a river meander loop closes on itself, a cutoff occurs: The meander loop is abandoned, and the river segment is shortened. Oxbows can be ephemeral, filling with water seasonally or in response to weather events. The most notable oxbow lakes are those in large river valleys with low gradient rivers, such as the Mississippi River in Illinois or the Wabash River in Indiana. The Great Lakes states host some of the most distinctive dune systems in the world. For example, dune fields can characterize large segments of the Lake Michigan shoreline (Figure 6). Migrating dunes can create enclosed basins that contain wetlands or small dune-controlled lakes, which, in some instances, have been described as “pans.” The lakes can be very short-lived, depending on dune activity. Many of the dune fields are active today, with ongoing blowouts accompanied by dune migration. Although they continue forming as a modern geologic process, their geologic history typically relates to landscape conditions established by glaciers. Three important qualities are necessary: (1) an available sand-rich sediment source; (2) accommodation space; and, of course, (3) wind. Glacial deposits provide the

sediment supply because rock fragments that have been ground to silt and sand are abundant. Less common, although distinctive, are lakes that occupy long, linear troughs sculpted into rock, older glacial deposits, or both. Instead of ice, the sculpting agent has been suggested to be subglacial meltwater. Because the subglacial water would have been under pressure, the lake bottoms do not follow a gradient. In addition, these types of lakes are typically very deep. Examples of lakes in these meltwater-sculpted lake basins include the Finger Lakes of New York State (Figure 7). Sedimentation lakes form when sediment transported by flowing water or wind fills in a space where a river would flow. Common along the Michigan coast of Lake Michigan, these lakes are found at the mouths of many of the major rivers that end at Lake Michigan. Two geologic processes created these lakes. First, during low stages of the ancestral Great Lakes, rivers incised their channels downward to adjust to the lower lake level. The postglacial rise of lake levels flooded the incised river mouths, creating drowned estuaries. Second, in some cases, these drowned estuaries became closed from Lake Michigan when longshore currents and dune migration filled the connection with sand (Figure 8).

Other lakes are dammed between positive relief landforms. Opposite of kettle lakes, these lakes are not in depressions made by ice, but are in places between high landforms constructed by the glacier. For example, “drumlins” are one of the most distinctive glacial landforms in the Great Lakes area. Notable in Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York, the teardrop-shaped hills typically occur in large belts. Lakes may occupy the low places between drumlins (Figure 9).

Raised-Beach Lakes Raised-beach lakes (Figure 10) occur in the low areas, or swales, between beach ridges that represent former shorelines of the ancestral Great Lakes and where the land has risen because of the release of the weight of glaciers (isostatic rebound). Karst Ponds or Lakes The term “karst” applies to landscapes that are underlain by soluble carbonate rock, limestone, or dolomite, that have distinctive landforms shaped by the dissolution of rock. Figure 11 (left panel) shows potential karst areas in the Great Lakes region. The fracture system in the rock, combined with the ability of the rock to dissolve with slightly acidic rainwater, creates a network of land


Figure 8. Lakes dammed by coastal dunes adjacent to Lake Michigan. Left panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of the Lake Michigan coast, approximately 7 miles north of Muskegon, Michigan (see Figure 1 for location). White Lake (dark blue, top) and Duck Lake (light blue, bottom) are adjacent to Lake Michigan (dark blue, left). Right panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of the Lake Michigan coast and Duck Lake. note that sand dunes block the connection of Duck Lake to Lake Michigan. Viewpoint from slightly north of west to slightly south of east. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr.

Figure 7. Shaded relief image map of a part of the Finger Lakes region of new York State. The distinctive linear troughs in which the lakes are situated may have been carved by meltwater flowing under the glacier with tremendous pressure. The fields of linear features are the famous New York drumlin fields (see Figure 1 for location).

surface sinkholes or circular depressions linked to underground cave systems. In areas where karst has been overridden by glaciers, the glacial deposits may create an impermeable or semi-impermeable layer within the sinkhole. A karst pond or karst lake may then form in the sinkhole (Figure 11, right panel). Some of these have been artificially modified and may

more appropriately be classified as farm ponds.

Reservoirs, Farm Ponds, Detention Basins, Borrow-Pits, Quarries, & Mines Reservoirs are large engineered structures that have been designed to control flooding, capture surface water runoff for use as a consumptive water

supply, and provide water for generation of electric power. The reservoirs created for use as a water supply are typically built where groundwater resources are scarce or not available. Typically, these are in the public domain and also serve a secondary purpose for recreation. Many include public access through a state or federal park or designated recreation area.


Figure 9. Lakes located in low places between drumlins. Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of Charlevoix and antrim Counties, Michigan, east of U.S. Route 31 and north of County Highway C-48 (see Figure 1 for location). The teardrop-shaped hills are glacial drumlins and trend north-northwest to south-southeast. The lakes shaded in light blue are Cunningham Lake (left) and Skinner Lake (right). Lower panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of drumlins and Cunningham (closer) and Skinner (farther) Lakes in depressions between drumlins. Viewpoint is from northwest to southeast. Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher,Jr.

Farm ponds are typically very small ponds or lakes that have been created to hold water for livestock or small-scale irrigation. They may or may not be connected to groundwater flow and typically rely on surface water runoff to sustain their level. In glaciated areas, they may be constructed in a pre-existing enclosed depression in glacial till. In

unglaciated areas or areas covered only by the oldest glacial deposits where there is more incision of the landscape, they may have been created by dams across gullies. These also rely on surface water runoff for replenishment. Some are located near a natural spring or seep and are fed by both surface water runoff and groundwater. Detention basins are constructed for

storm water runoff in urban areas (Figure 12). Increasingly, these have become havens for unwanted wildlife, such as large populations of Canada geese. Borrow-pit lakes are minor elements of the landscape and are typically very small. Created from the excavation of material for construction fill, these are common along the interstate highways. Quarry or gravel pit lakes and surface coal mine lakes (Figure 13) are prominent in excavations for the extraction of sand and gravel aggregate or coal. After the resource is extracted, they are often remediated to form major recreation areas and support ecosystems that formerly did not exist in that location. The locations of gravel pit lakes are directly related to regions where sand and gravel, deposited by glacial meltwater rivers, were thick enough to mine. Lakes in quarries are generally, though not always, near urban areas, and coal mine lakes are found in areas where geologic processes have brought coal seams very close to the land surface. More than 100 surface coal mine lakes in western Indiana, where there are few natural lakes, are now managed for public use by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

Lakes – Shaping Midwestern History and Culture Lakes are a significant part of the geography of the Great Lakes region: The cultural characteristics of the region are linked to the physiography of the glacial landscape and the lakes within that landscape. The exploration and settlement history of the Great Lakes region is tied to the unique characteristics of the Midwestern glacial landscape. The Great Lakes themselves provided the earliest transportation route from the Atlantic Ocean to the continental interior. Exploration of the Great Lakes coastal areas and later discoveries of connections to major rivers and water bodies, such as the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, opened trading routes and access to midcontinent natural resources long before western population expansion. The discovery of natural resources, such as copper and iron ore, and opportunities for wealth facilitated early occupation by Europeans. As major strategic, trading, and transportation centers such


Figure 10. Raised beach lakes between beach ridges near the north shore of Lake Michigan about 10 miles northwest of St. ignace, Michigan. The ridges and lakes have risen because of glacial isostatic rebound. Viewpoint is from west to east. U.S. Route 2 parallels the shoreline, adjacent to Pointe aux Chenes Bay (see Figure 1 for location). Photograph courtesy of Louis J. Maher Jr.

Figure 11. area of potential karst and karst lakes. Left panel: Distribution of carbonate rocks susceptible to karst in the Great Lakes states (geology from Tobin and Weary 2004). Location of the photograph is shown as the pink box. Right panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of karst ponds about 5 miles west of Waterloo, illinois (see Figure 1 for location). a veneer of glacial sediment covers the landscape and the sinkholes in the karst landscape. Viewpoint is from southwest to northeast. Photograph by Joel Dexter. ©2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees; used courtesy of the Illinois State Geological Survey.

as Chicago and Detroit grew, so did the importance of the Great Lakes for commerce and industrial development. During the Industrial Revolution, steel mills and related factories were built in protected coastal harbors, and in some areas, such as the vast steel mill complex in northwestern Indiana, harbors were built to connect the Great Lakes shipping industry to the land-based railroad network. The lakes and their tributaries

have provided efficient transportation of the raw materials that fed the industrial complexes that grew on the shores of the lakes of the Midwest. The prairie soils of the southern Great Lakes states, rich with minerals from rocks pulverized by glaciers and nutrients derived from the extensive prairie vegetation, attracted farmers, who developed a thriving agricultural industry. They traded food for timber from the forests of the northern

Great Lakes states via the Great Lakes shipping industry. The growth of mining, manufacturing, and agriculture brought hundreds of thousands of people to the Midwest during the 19th and early 20th centuries. By the middle of the 20th century, inland lakes became increasingly important for their recreational and wildlife value. The “lake country” states of Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin became popular summer recreation areas. By the 1950s and 1960s, accessible inland lakes, particularly those close to cities, were populated by shoreline cottages. In the early and middle parts of the 20th century, many of the state and national park and recreation areas in the Midwest were established around both natural and human-constructed lakes, facilitated by a growing recognition of their significant natural heritage. Today, many lakes provide places for fishing and hunting, and states depend on the tourism value of lakes for their economies. On many lakes that are near major population centers, such as Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Detroit, lake communities have year-round residents. To some extent, all the lakes in the Great Lakes region face ongoing challenges related to intense human use, including pollution, nutrient loading, and degradation or displacement of natural flora and fauna, particularly by invasive plant and animal species.


The origin and location of lakes in the Great Lakes region are intricately tied to their Ice Age legacy. Indeed, our interaction with the lakes and their landscapes has been profoundly shaped by this legacy. Understanding the complexities of lake formation can only lead to better stewardship of our lake environments, and to leaving an additional legacy for future generations.

ReferencesFullerton, D.S., C.A. Bush and J.N.

Pennell. 2003. Map of Surficial Deposits and Materials in the Eastern and Central United States (east of 102 degrees west longitude). U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Series Map I-2789, scale 1:2,500,000.

Gray, H.H. 1989. Quaternary Geologic Map of Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Map 49, scale 1:500,000.

Lineback, J.A. 1979. Quaternary Deposits of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, 1:500,000-scale map.

Maher Jr., L.J. 2001. Geology by Lightplane [a website of more than 350 geological aerial photographs from the central and western United States, with comments and references and the means to download high-resolution digital copies that can be used free for noncommercial educational purposes]. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~maher/air.html, accessed November 15, 2012.

National Atlas of the United States. 2012. national atlas Data Download [a website that provides data access and download of broad subject categories that correspond to the chapters of the national atlas: Agriculture, Biology, Boundaries, Climate, Environment, Geology, Government, History, Map Reference, People, Transportation, and Water]. http://www.nationalatlas.gov/atlasftp.html, accessed December 4, 2012.

Tobin, B.D. and D.J. Weary. 2004. Digital Engineering Aspects of Karst Map: A GIS Version of Davies, W.E., Simpson, J.H., Ohlmacher, G.C., Kirk, W.S. and Newton, E.G., 1984, Engineering Aspects of Karst. U.S. Geological Survey, National Atlas of the United States of America, Scale 1:7,500,000. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2004-1352. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1352/, accessed November 21, 2012.

United States Census Bureau. 2012. 2010 Census TIGER/Line® Shapefiles [a website that provides data access and download to geographic and cartographic information from the Census Bureau’s MAF/TIGER® (Master Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) database]. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010.html, accessed December 4, 2012.

United States Geological Survey. 2012. The national Map Viewer and Download Platform [a website that provides data access and download to the national Map primary data themes: Elevation, Orthoimagery, Hydrography, Geographic Names, Boundaries, Transportation, Structures, and Land Cover]. http://nationalmap.gov/viewer.html, accessed December 4, 2012.

Figure 12. Human-made urban lakes are built to capture storm water runoff and add aesthetic value for home owners. Upper panel: Shaded relief image map of a part of the City of Champaign, illinois. Lower panel: Low-angle oblique photo of southwest Champaign, illinois. Suburban development straddles interstate 57. Viewpoint is from northeast to southwest. Photograph by Joel Dexter. ©2012 University of Illinois Board of Trustees; used courtesy of the Illinois State Geological Survey.


Steven Brown is a senior geologist and head of the Quaternary and Engineering Geology Section at the Illinois State Geological Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. He has more than 20 years of experience mapping glacial deposits and landscapes in the Great Lakes states. Over the course of his career, Steven has focused on helping those in the public and private sectors use geologic information and maps to solve societal issues and needs. Recently, he was a presenter in the History Channel’s How the Earth Was Made series in the episode “America’s Ice Age.” He can be contacted at [email protected].

Dr. Donald Luman is a principal geologist in the Quaternary and Engineering Geology Section at the Illinois State Geological Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. He has more than 35 years of combined experience in using satellite and airborne remote sensing technologies for natural resource applications, conducting research in remote sensing and GIS, and teaching at the university level. Donald can be contacted at [email protected].

Dr. William Shilts, executive director of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois since 2008, is a native of Hudson, Ohio, and a graduate of DePauw, Miami of Ohio, and Syracuse Universities. Before moving to Illinois in 1995 to become chief of the Illinois State Geological Survey, one of five State Scientific Surveys in the Prairie Research Institute, William was a research scientist at the Geological Survey of Canada, where he specialized in glacial geology, environmental/exploration geochemistry, and the impact of seismic events on lakes. He can be contacted at [email protected]. x

Figure 13. Lakes created during coal surface mining dot the coal mining regions of illinois and indiana. Upper panel: Low-angle oblique photograph of coal mine lakes near Danville, illinois. Viewpoint is from northwest to southeast. Photograph courtesy of Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Abandoned Mine Lands Division. Lower panel: USDa-Farm Service agency national agriculture imagery Program (naiP) aerial photograph of the Danville, illinois area acquired on august 25, 2011. interstate 74 crosses the lower left part of the photo. Perspective of photo above outlined by red line.

Please take a moment to ensure

NALMS has your correct email and mailing address.

Log into the member-only area of www.nalms.org

to view the information we currently have on file.

Send any corrections to [email protected].



The Birge-Juday EraDavid G. Frey

[editor’s note: The following article was adapted from Frey, David G. LIMNOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA. © 1963 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Reprinted courtesy of The University of Wisconsin Press.]

A remarkable chapter in the development of the science of limnology extends from 1875,

when the young E.A. Birge became an instructor at the University of Wisconsin, to the early 1940s. Chancey Juday, who was Birge’s close associate for more than four decades, retired in 1942 and died in 1944. Birge lived until 1950, just 15 months short of his 100th birthday.The accomplishments of these two men and their associates are outstanding. Since a mere listing of their more than 400 publications occupies 21 printed pages, I cannot aspire in a single chapter to give a critical appraisal of this vast effort in terms of its overall impact on the development of limnology. The studies of Birge and Juday, although they are largely what is known today as descriptive limnology, are of interest not merely for their limnological descriptions of Wisconsin lakes but also for their significant contribution to our understanding of limnological processes in general. “To summarize their impact on limnology in a few words is difficult; but I believe he [Birge] will be chiefly remembered because he laid bare the mechanics of stratification, and showed (with Juday) how the living processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decay combine to produce a concurrent stratification of the dissolved gases. The Wisconsin partners will further be remembered for their chemical analyses and crop estimates of plankton;

and for the extensive survey of water chemistry and plankton in northeastern Wisconsin” (Mortimer 1956). To this should be added the pioneering studies of Birge and Juday and their associates on transmission of solar radiation by water. Another important consideration is that Birge and Juday developed a program in limnology in which persons of many different primary interests participated – chemists, physicists, bacteriologists, algologists, plant physiologists, geologists, etc. Most of these persons were staff members and students from the University of Wisconsin, but during the operation of the Trout Lake Laboratory more and more persons from outside the state and even from outside the United States became associated with the program. Hence, the story of limnology in Wisconsin is not merely that of Birge and Juday, although they were the motivating force, but also that of their many associates. A chronological listing of the papers and reports Figure 1. edward Birge, 1928. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives.

arising from this total effort closely parallels the general development of the science of limnology, as reflected by changing rationale, methods of attack, and problems being investigated.

The Men E.A. Birge (Figure 1) was born in 1851 in Troy, New York. He received his A.B. and A.M. degrees from nearby Williams College in Massachusetts,


where he had already started working on Cladocera. “His early interest in the planktonic crustacean and the chance which brought him to the shores of Mendota combined to start him on an exploration of the world in which lake plankton live” (Mortimer 1956). Promotions were more rapid in those times. Birge became a professor at Wisconsin in 1879 after only four years as an instructor, including time off to complete his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1878. During 1880-81 he studied at Leipzig with Carl Ludwig, working on the nerve fibers and ganglion cells in the spinal cord of the frog. On his return to Wisconsin he constituted a one-man department of biology, teaching courses in zoology, botany, bacteriology, human anatomy, and physiology. Later when a separate Department of Zoology was organized, he served as its first chairman until 1906. Birge became more and more involved in administrative work at the university. Among other responsibilities, he was appointed dean of the College of Letters and Science in 1891, and he served as acting president of the university from 1900-05 and as president from 1918-25. His early studies on the plankton Crustacea of Lake Mendota represent the first real beginning of limnology in Wisconsin and of Birge as a limnologist. His earlier studies were primarily faunistic. The study on the seasonal distribution of the plankton in lakes led him directly into an investigation of thermal stratification and chemical changes in the hypolimnion. Fortunately, through the establishment of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey in 1897, of which Birge served as director until 1919, he was able to initiate a broad program of obtaining basic morphometric data on the lakes of southeastern Wisconsin, and he was then able to hire a full-time biologist to help direct and carry out the limnological activities of the survey. This biologist was Chancey Juday. Juday (Figure 2) was born in 1871 at Millersburg along the northern edge of the lake district in Indiana. Very likely as a boy he was stimulated by lakes and by the excitement of discovering the diversity of life they contain. At Indiana University, where he obtained the A.B. and A.M. degrees (in 1896 and 1897) and much later an honorary LL.D., he came into contact with Carl Eigenmann, who in 1895 had

Figure 2. Chancey Juday, ca. 1930-39. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives.

established a biological station on Turkey Lake (now known as Lake Wawasee) only a few miles from Juday’s home. It was perhaps inevitable that Eigenmann and Juday should get together, and that Juday should participate in the summer research program at Turkey Lake. Juday’s first papers are concerned with Turkey Lake and Winona Lake, to which the station was relocated in 1899, and with Lake Maxinkuckee, where he spent some time in 1899 studying the amount of plankton in the water and the diel movements of the plankton Crustacea. Juday was appointed biologist of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey in 1900. His first assignment, appropriately, was to study the diel migration of zooplankton in Mendota and other lakes of southeastern Wisconsin, but after only a year he had to withdraw because of health, and for the next few years he served on the biology or zoology staffs of the universities of Colorado and California. During these years he studied the fishes and fisheries of Colorado and Lake Tahoe and the marine Cladocera and ostracods of the San Diego region. In 1905 he rejoined the Wisconsin Geological Survey as biologist, a position he held until 1931. In 1908 he was appointed lecturer in limnology in the Department of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin, and from this time until 1941 (serving as professor of zoology

from 1931) he taught and directed the training of graduate students in limnology and fisheries. The early efforts of Birge and Juday as a team were concentrated on the Madison lakes, especially Lake Mendota, and on other lakes of southeastern Wisconsin. These studies were either problem-oriented or lake-oriented. The volume on dissolved gases Mortimer (1956) regards as “the most outstanding single contribution of the Wisconsin School.” This study led directly into quantitative studies of plankton standing crops and still later to an investigation of the dissolved organic content of lake waters as a means of studying the differences among lakes in their ability to produce organic matter. After 1917, their effort shifted away from the Madison region. During the period 1921-24 they carried out an intensive chemical and biological investigation of Green Lake, the deepest (72 m) lake in the state and also the deepest lake in the United States (exclusive of the Great Lakes) between the Finger Lakes of New York and the mountain lakes in the West. Unfortunately, the results were never completely analyzed and published. The study on dissolved gases was based mainly on lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, although many lakes in the northeastern and northwestern lake


districts were examined briefly. Birge and Juday believed it might be desirable to shift their base of activities from near Madison to the northern part of the state. Birge had previously spent part of the summer of 1892 in northern Wisconsin and a preliminary survey in August 1924 showed the lakes in the northeastern district to be diversified both in biology and in chemistry. Accordingly, in June 1925 a summer field station was established on Trout Lake (Figure 3) with the close cooperation of the State Forestry Headquarters there. Juday served as the director of this laboratory until his retirement in 1942. The approach here was not so much problem-oriented or lake-oriented, but rather it was concerned with surveying large numbers of lakes for various chemical and biological properties and studying the range of variation of these properties and their presumed controls, especially as related to drainage and seepage categories. Many students, both undergraduate and graduate, were involved in these studies. Many senior investigators from the University of Wisconsin and from other states or nations were attracted to the Trout Lake Laboratory to conduct studies of interest. Some of the persons associated with this period of research are Manning, Pennak, Hasler, Twenhufel, Whitney, Woltereck, Kozminski, Wilson, Potzger, and others. Regardless of one’s opinion concerning the value of survey-type programs, he must admit that a large volume of basic information concerning limnology derived from these efforts. “If the aim of limnology is the better understanding of the environmental control of living processes, it is a debatable point whether, for a given effort, more knowledge is to be gained by concentrating on a problem selected for one lake or organism, or by the wider survey of the kind we are reviewing. Or, stated differently, did Birge [and Juday] advance more on the narrow front on Lake Mendota or in the wider campaigns in northeastern Wisconsin? This is a matter of opinion. . . . No doubt the future will show that both methods of attack, in their time and place, have value” (Mortimer 1956). Although Birge and Juday did most of their research in Wisconsin, separately and together they carried on some short-term studies outside the state. From October 1907 to June 1908 Juday visited various

limnologists and limnological laboratories in Europe and in February 1910 he visited some lakes in Guatemala and Salvador. The resulting paper represents one of the first studies in tropical limnology. Birge and Juday together investigated the Finger Lakes of New York and likewise made a brief study of Lake Okoboji in Iowa. Other studies in which the field work was carried out by their associates, concern lakes of the northwestern United States and Karluk Lake, Alaska. Both men were active in national affairs, serving variously as president of the American Microscopical Society, American Fisheries Society, Ecological Society of America, and the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. Moreover, Juday was one of the persons instrumental in bringing about the birth of the Limnological Society of America, and he was elected president for its first two years. Juday was awarded the Leidy Medal by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1943, and Birge and Juday together were awarded the Einar Naumann Medal by the International Association of Limnology in 1950 in recognition of their important and numerous contributions to the field. They were not summer vacation limnologists; their approach was the opposite of dilettante. They were by no means averse to speculation; but first of all they assiduously collected the facts. The complexity of the questions (in the dissolved gases study) have “become more and more manifest as our experience has extended to numerous lakes and to many seasons. If this report had been written at the close of the first

or second year’s work it would have been much more definite in its conclusions and explanations than is now the case. The extension of our acquaintance with the lakes has been fatal to many interesting and at one time promising theories.” Without such “extension of acquaintance” they might never have achieved that insight into the mechanisms of stratification, interplay of sun and wind, and the quantitative bonds between plankton activities and dissolved gases, which form the unique and really valuable core of their work (Mortimer 1956). These are good words to remember at a time such as the present, when there is so much emphasis on speed of publication and length of personal bibliographies.

References Frey, D.G. (Ed.). 1966. Limnology in

North America. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Mortimer, C.H. 1956. An explorer of lakes, p. 165-211. In G.C. Sellery, E.A. Birge. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

David G. Frey was a doctoral student of Chancey Juday’s at the University of Wisconsin where he earned his Ph.D. in 1940. He was the founding editor of the journal Limnology and Oceanography and was a Professor of Limnology at Indiana University from 1950 until his retirement in 1986. David died in 1992. x

Figure 3. Stillman Wright, e.a. Birge, and Chancey Juday pictured by their state research vehicle at Trout Lake, 1925. Photo courtesy of the UW-Madison archives.


NLA Results for the Upper Midwest AreaPaul J. Garrison, Caitlin Carlson, Ralph Bednarz, & Steve Heiskary


In recent years the U.S. EPA has instituted a National Aquatic Resource Assessment program. The program

assesses aquatic resources on a five-year rotational basis. Lakes were assessed in 2007 followed by rivers and streams in 2008-09, nearshore coastal waters in 2010, and wetlands in 2011. Starting in 2012 the cycle is being repeated. This article presents results from the 2007 lake assessments for the Upper Midwest states. The goal of the lakes survey is to address two key questions about the quality of the nation’s lakes, ponds, and reservoirs:

• What percent of the nation’s lakes are in good, fair, and poor condition for key indicators of trophic state, ecological health, and recreation?

• How widespread are major stressors that impact water quality?

The sampling design for this survey is a probability-based network that will provide statistically valid estimates of the condition of all lakes with known confidence. Samples sites were randomly selected throughout the conterminous U.S. A total of 1,028 lakes were sampled. The three states in this article, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, sampled 50 lakes in each state. This number was greater than originally selected by the EPA, but the additional lakes strengthened the statistical inferences for each state. The lakes that were chosen were at least 4 hectares in size and had a maximum depth of at least 1 meter. Typical sampling effort at each site included a variety of samples and measurements collected at a mid-lake index site, which is often at the deepest point in the lake. Samples included a

National Lake Assessment (NLA) Results 2007

two-meter integrated sample for water chemistry, chlorophyll-a, microcystin, and algal identification; dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature profiles; zooplankton tow; and sediment core sample for diatom reconstruction of selected chemical variables, e.g., total phosphorus (based on top and bottom slices from the core) and surface sediment sample for mercury (Figure 1). In addition, ten random near-shore sites were qualitatively assessed for various littoral and riparian habitat-related measures and a sample for a bacterial indicator was collected. In addition to sampling extra lakes, the three states also collected additional parameters to strengthen the individual state assessments. Mercury was analyzed from surface water in all the states. Minnesota analyzed microcystin from a nearshore site in addition to the index site, assessed macrophyte composition at the pHab sites (physical habitat or pHab), and sampled for a complete suite of pesticides at the index site. Wisconsin also conducted detailed

Figure 1. example of the sample collection at the index site. Caitlin has just collected a sediment core.

macrophyte surveys, more detailed shoreline habitat assessments, and sediment cores in additional lakes to analyze the diatom community.

Key Findings for the Upper MidwestLake Condition Stressors The assessment measured a set of key stressors to lake condition to determine their extent across the nation as well as each ecoregion. Each stressor or indicator was assessed as “good,” “fair,” or “poor” relative to the set of reference conditions established for the


NLA assessment. Nationally, the most widespread stressors were those that affect the shoreline and shallow water areas and the highest relative risk was lakeshore habitat disturbance. In the Upper Midwest states (MI, MN, WI) the most widespread stressors were those that affect the shoreline and shallow water areas (Figure 2). In these states, the most widespread stressor was lakeshore habitat. This metric measures how the riparian shoreline has been altered from reference conditions. Based on this metric, 40 percent of the lakes in Michigan and Minnesota were in poor condition. It was lower in Wisconsin – but still over 20 percent. Physical habitat complexity was also in poor condition in about 40 percent of the lakes in all three states. This indicator combines the data from the lakeshore and shallow water interface and estimates the amount and variety of all cover types at the water’s edge. The number of lakes in poor physical habitat condition in the Upper Midwest states was greater than the national average, which was about 35 percent. Wisconsin had many more lakes that had good scores for lakeshore habitat but a smaller number of lakes that had good scores for physical habitat complexity and minimal lakeshore disturbance. In all three states, 25-30 percent of lakes scored poor for shallow water habitat. Michigan had the most lakes that were in good condition for this stressor. This metric measures non-submergent macrophyte coverage and physical substrate. Nutrients as a stressor were much less widespread than nearshore habitat. Nationally, only 20 percent of the lakes were in poor condition. In the Upper Midwest states, fewer lakes were in poor condition. Michigan had very few lakes in poor condition while Wisconsin exceeded the national average for phosphorus but not for nitrogen (Figure 2). Among the three states, Michigan had the highest number of lakes in good condition followed by Wisconsin.

Biological Health The biological condition of the nation’s lakes was assessed using the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the water column as well

Figure 2. Relative extent of stressors nationally and in the Upper Midwest states.

as sediment diatoms. The phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were combined into an observed vs. expected metric (planktonic O/E), while the diatom community was used to develop a lake diatom condition index. Both metrics gave generally similar results and only the planktonic O/E metric will be discussed. Nationally, 24 percent of the lakes were in poor condition while 50 percent were in good condition (Figure 3). Wisconsin had a few more lakes in good condition compared to the national

average, while Michigan and Minnesota had many more lakes in good condition in comparison. Michigan had fewer lakes in poor condition followed by Minnesota. In Wisconsin, one-quarter of the lakes were in poor biological condition, which was similar to the national average.

Trophic Condition Another approach to assessing the condition of the lakes is to look at lakes with respect to their trophic condition. Lakes with the lowest biological


Figure 3. Biological condition determined by the planktonic community.

productivity are classified as oligotrophic while the lakes with the highest productivity are hypereutrophic. The EPA report (U.S. EPA 2009) characterized trophic state with chlorophyll-a. This is a measure of the algal population as all algae possess abundant amounts of this pigment. Nationally, oligotrophic lakes were the least common followed by hypereutrophic lakes (Figure 4). The most common were mesotrophic lakes, although eutrophic lakes were almost as common. In the Upper Midwest states, the largest number of lakes was in the mesotrophic classification. Michigan had the greatest number of these lakes followed by Wisconsin. There were fewer oligotrophic lakes in the Upper Midwest compared with nationally. Michigan had almost no hypereutrophic lakes, while Minnesota was near the national average and Wisconsin was close behind. Minnesota and Michigan had a similar number of lakes in the eutrophic classification as the national average while Wisconsin had less. Another common way to characterize trophic state is phosphorus concentrations. This is the nutrient that most frequently limits algal growth. The phosphorus results were somewhat

different from chlorophyll. There are many more oligotrophic lakes both nationally and regionally and fewer mesotrophic lakes. Wisconsin had fewer hypereutrophic lakes while Minnesota and Michigan have similar numbers whether phosphorus or chlorophyll was used for the classification. Nationally, there are similar numbers of lakes in all four classifications. Why are lakes in the Upper Midwest in better trophic condition than nationally? Part of the reason is that there are far fewer man-made lakes in the Upper Midwest. Nationally, 45 percent of the lakes are man-made while in the Upper

Midwest only 6 percent of the lakes are man-made. The EPA found that man-made lakes tend to be more eutrophic compared with natural lakes. This likely is because man-made lakes usually have larger watersheds, which results in a higher nutrient delivery rate and thus greater biological activity. Another reason may be that fewer lakes are in an agricultural landscape in the Upper Midwest.

Recreational Condition Another aspect of lake condition is the suitability for recreational use. Three indicators were used with respect to recreational condition: (1) microcystin – an algal toxin, (2) cyanobacteria – algal type that often produces toxins, and (3) chlorophyll-a – a measure of algal biomass. The U.S. EPA does not have water quality criteria for these indicators but the World Health Organization (WHO) has established recreational exposure guidelines for these three metrics (Table 1). While microcystin was detected in 30 percent of the nation’s lakes (Figure 5), it was nearly always present in low concentrations. In the Upper Midwest it was detected in more lakes, e.g., over 50 percent in Minnesota lakes, but levels were very low. Part of the reason for the low concentrations was that samples were only taken in the deep area of the lake and not in the nearshore area where algal scums often accumulate. Minnesota analyzed microcystin in the nearshore area of their lakes, as well as the mid-lake site. They found that when Index Site concentrations were above 1 µg L-1 they were higher in the nearshore area, as compared to the mid-lake site.

Table 1. World Health Organization (WHO) Thresholds of Risk Associated with Potential Exposure to Cyanotoxins.

indicator Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk (units) of exposure of exposure of exposure

Chlorophyll-a(µg L-1) <10 10 - <50 >50

Cyanobacteria < 20,000 20,000 – >100,000cell counts (# L-1) <100,000

Microcystin(µg L-1) <10 10 - <20 >20


Figure 4. Trophic status measured by chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations.

Although none of the lakes in the Upper Midwest had microcystin in the high or moderate risk range, both cyanobacteria and chlorophyll metrics were present at the moderate risk range. Minnesota and Wisconsin were above the national average for moderate risk from cyanobacteria but Michigan and Wisconsin were below the moderate risk for chlorophyll.

What are the Data Telling Us? Lakes in the Upper Midwest generally have lower nutrient levels than lakes nationally. This was especially true for nitrogen. Among the three states, Michigan had lower phosphorus concentrations than the other two states. Lakeshore habitat was least disturbed in Wisconsin, although Minnesota has more lakes with good habitat but also more

lakes with poor habitat. Even though lakes in Michigan had greater habitat alteration than Wisconsin and Minnesota and even nationally, the biological condition of Michigan lakes is much better. This implies that nutrients may be a more important stressor of biological condition than nearshore habitat. However, this survey did not assess the fish community and, based on the literature, it is likely shoreline development and habitat alteration does have a direct negative impact on a lake’s fishery. Recreational indicators were much better in Michigan compared with the other two states and nationally. Michigan had no lakes that were at high risk based on chlorophyll. Michigan lakes had lower phosphorus levels, which accounts for the lower chlorophyll values. Of the three states, recreational indicators were worse in Minnesota and were worse than the national average. At least part of the reason that Michigan lakes had lower nutrient concentrations is because nearly all of their lakes are in the forested Upper Midwest ecoregion. In contrast, Wisconsin and Minnesota had several lakes that are in the Temperate Plains ecoregion, which is characterized by cultivated and pastured land uses. These land uses yield higher sediment and nutrient loads which result in more eutrophic lakes.

Figure 5. Recreational condition based on chlorophyll, cyanobacteria, and the algal toxin microcystin.

–

–


How Did These States Benefit from the 2007 Assessment?

Michigan Since this survey was probability- based, it provided a baseline for past and future monitoring. This survey provided a context against which to evaluate other nonrandom state water quality surveys. Another benefit was that this survey provided a biological condition assessment, nearshore physical habitat assessment, and recreational suitability indicators that were not previously available to lake managers. An important result of this survey was that it supported the importance of low impact development since habitat alteration is the major stressor in Michigan lakes.

Minnesota As with Michigan, this probability- based survey provided a complement to targeted data collection programs. This statistically valid dataset allows for the extrapolation of the results statewide and defined regions of the state. This survey also provided a useful perspective for evaluating water quality standards. The survey also provided valuable insights into spatial patterns in microcystin and allowed for the first statewide assessment of pesticide concentrations in lakes.

Wisconsin Several enhancements that were included in the survey benefited state lake managers. Detailed macrophyte surveys were conducted on many of the lakes. This information was used to develop baseline monitoring protocols for macrophytes (Hauxwell et al. 2010; Mikulyuk et al. 2010). The survey also resulted in macrophyte surveys in reference lakes, which strengthened the understanding of the impact of stressors on the macrophyte community and led to the development of impairment metrics. The information in the diatom community from the additional sediment cores was used to develop state phosphorus standards. As with the other states, the statistically valid survey provided broader context for volunteer and satellite monitoring activities. Information for individual lakes in this survey was used to leverage additional state lake grants.

Changes for the 2012 Assessment The lake survey that was conducted in 2007 was repeated in 2012. Several improvements were made in the second survey as a result of the previous experience. For example, microcystin, chlorophyll, and cyanobacteria samples were collected at one randomly chosen nearshore site to better assess the recreational impairment. This may be a better site than the index station since more recreational activities often take place in nearshore areas. To better assess how well the diatom community in the bottom core samples represent pre-settlement conditions, radiochemical analysis is being done on these samples. While analysis will not provide dates, it will enable analysts to estimate if the samples were deposited more than 100 years ago. A more detailed assessment of the macrophyte community was done in 2012. The structure of the macrophyte community was estimated along a transect from at least five of the pHab sites. A pesticide screen was added for 2012 to estimate the occurrence of common pesticides in the nation’s lakes. Water samples were also collected for methane, dissolved carbon, and stable isotopes. The bottom sediment samples will be analyzed for mercury and carbon to estimate changes in mercury deposition during the last century. Zooplankton and phytoplankton analyses are being enhanced to provide more information about these important communities in our nation’s lakes.

ReferencesHauxwell, J., S. Knight, K. Wagner, A.

Mikulyuk, M. Nault, M. Porzky and S. Chase. 2010. Recommended Baseline Monitoring of Aquatic Plants in Wisconsin: Procedures, Data Entry, and Analysis, and Applications. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Science Services. PUB-SS-1068 2010. Madison, Wisconsin. USA.

Mikulyuk, A., J. Hauxwell, P. Rasmussen, S. Knight, K.I. Wagner, M.E. Nault and D. Ridgely. 2010. Testing a methodology for assessing plant communities in temperate inland lakes. Lake and Reservoir Management, 26:54-62.

U.S. EPA. 2009. National Lakes Assessment: A collaborative survey of the Nation’s lakes. EPA 841-R-09-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development. Washington, D.C. April 2010. 103pp.

Paul Garrison is a research scientist with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. He was in-volved in the 2007 and 2012 National Lake Assessments.

Caitlin Carlson is a research scientist with the Wisconsin Depart-ment of Natural Re-sources and participat-ed in the 2012 National Lakes Assessment.

Steven Heiskary is a long-time member of NALMS, a Past President and recipient of NALMS Secchi Disk Award. He served on the national steering committee for the 2007 and 2012 NLA studies.

Ralph Bednarz is currently working with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Water Resources Division as a senior environmental employment program enrollee. He retired from the DEQ in 2011 after a 35-year career in environmental protection and water resources management in Michigan.Ralph coordinated both the 2007 and 2011 NLA implementation in Michagan. x

East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin Tim Hoyman


East Alaska Lake, Wisconsin Tim Hoyman


Beginning the Process with Baseline Studies and Creating a Management Plan

East Alaska Lake is a 53-acre drainage lake located less than 1.5 miles from the shores of

Lake Michigan in Kewaunee County, WI. In the late 1990s, spurred on by poor lake health as shown by frequent and severe algal blooms, the Tri-Lakes Association was created by a group of concerned citizens. Within a year of its creation, the association teamed with town officials, hired a consultant, and successfully applied for a Wisconsin Lake Management Planning Grant to help fund the creation of a management plan for East Alaska Lake. The management planning project, which focused upon the lake’s water quality, aquatic plants, and watershed, was completed in 1999 (NES 1999). The studies associated with that first planning project confirmed the concerns over poor water quality raised by East Alaska Lake stakeholders, including eutrophic conditions brought on by high nutrient levels that resulted in frequent pelagic and filamentous algae blooms (Figure 1). Documentation of the lake’s poor water quality conditions continued into the 2000s with summer phosphorus levels often exceeding 0.030 mg/L, which is higher than the median value of 0.017 mg/L for deep, headwater drainage lakes in Wisconsin (WDNR 2009). While Wisconsin is home to some of the most beautiful lakes in the world, it is also known as the Dairy State for a reason. So, finding an unnaturally productive lake in one of Wisconsin’s farm-rich eastern counties is about as easy as finding a dairy cow in that

The Path to a Successful Lake Restoration

same area. In fact, Kewaunee County is second only to its neighbor, Brown County, for supporting more concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) than any county in the state. With intense agriculture comes high levels of nutrient loading to lakes, rivers, and streams; therefore, the easy answer to East Alaska Lake’s water quality woes must have been agricultural runoff – right? Well, this really wouldn’t be much of a story if it were just that easy. While dairy-related agriculture unquestionably played a role in the deterioration of East Alaska Lake over the years, run-off from agricultural lands

was not the primary source of nutrient pollution, like so many other lakes in this area of Wisconsin. In fact, during the late 1990s when the first planning studies were being conducted, less than 15 percent of the land in the lake’s 325-acre watershed was in agricultural row crops. Furthermore, all of that acreage drained through the upstream West Alaska Lake, reducing the phosphorus content through sedimentation, before it reached East Alaska Lake. The 1999 studies suggested that East Alaska Lake’s unexpectedly high phosphorus concentrations were not only brought on by external sources that were impacting the lake at the time, but also by the latent affects of historical sources,

Figure 1. algae bloom on east alaska Lake. Photo by Patrick Robinson.


many of which were curbed years before. One intense impact was runoff from a sizeable farm’s feedyard that drained directly to the lake for decades and was finally diverted to a concrete manure storage facility in 1995. An additional significant phosphorus source impacting the lake until approximately 1960 was wash water and whey discharge from an adjacent cheese factory that entered the lake only after flowing through an inline settling tank and gravel filter. And during the mid-1990s, county staff investigated many of the private onsite wastewater treatment systems (POWTS) on East Alaska Lake. Of particular interest were 16 homes along the southern basin of the lake, the majority of whose POWTS were found to be failing. With the exception of two, all of these systems were replaced with a holding tank within five years. The 1999 management plan contained four water quality-related recommendations; (1) divert two stormwater discharge pipes draining a section of county highway to an adjacent ditch and downstream wetland, (2) create a nutrient and pesticide management plan for a golf course partially draining to the lake, (3) create a sedimentation basin to intercept and treat water being discharged to the lake by an agricultural drain tile, and (4) investigate the significance of internal loading on the lake’s phosphorus budget. The latter recommendation was prompted by the historical nutrient loading impacts to the lake, the lake’s long retention time of just over a year, and high hypolimnetic phosphorus values exceeding 300 µg/l.

Implementing the Planand Learning More The first two recommendations were implemented immediately following the completion of the lake management plan, while the second two, being more complicated and costly, took a bit more time. In 2004, the Tri-Lakes Association received a second and a third grant from the State of Wisconsin to complete studies to quantify the phosphorus loading to the lake through its inlet from West Alaska Lake, the agricultural drain tile described above, and internal nutrient loading (Onterra 2005). The project design was essentially an alum treatment feasibility study for East Alaska Lake.

These studies indicated that while both the inlet and the drain tile each delivered approximately 57 lbs of phosphorus to the lake annually, the impact of the drain tile was more severe because basically no flushing of the lake was associated with the drain tile phosphorus input as it discharged only 6 percent of the flow delivered by the inlet. Mass-balance modeling of spring, summer, and fall in-lake phosphorus concentrations indicated that the lake could potentially be receiving over 280 lbs of phosphorus annually via internal loading. While this estimate was believed to be an exaggeration, it was still considered a strong indication that internal loading was a significant source of phosphorus fueling the lake’s production. Although the 2004 studies confirmed internal loading to be significant in East Alaska Lake, the resulting report stopped short of recommending an alum treatment because of the unchecked drain tile load and continued uncertainties associated with impacts of lakeshore POWTS. Instead, it recommended additional septic system inspections and reiterated the need for a sedimentation basin for the treatment of the agricultural drain tile discharge. The Tri-Lakes Association followed through on the recommendations stated in the report and in 2006, with assistance from Kewaunee County and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, completed construction of a 1-acre sedimentation basin on the lake’s west shore to treat water entering the lake from the agricultural draintile. Furthermore, in 2007 the association prompted the county to inspect all POWTS around the lake, with the inspections resulting in 11 corrective actions. Over the course of a decade, the Tri-Lakes Association, with help from private consultants and town, county, and state agencies, discovered that the lake’s poor water quality was not only brought on by existing external loads, but also by the on-going affects of historical external loads that had been shut off years earlier. The association worked to minimize the remaining external loads and by the mid-2000s, had met its objective, leaving only internal phosphorus loading as the primary culprit impacting the lake’s health. At that point, the association set out to implement an alum treatment on the lake.

An Alum Treatment Plan is Developed Following the minimization of external loads the Tri-Lakes Association, in 2010, applied for and received its fourth grant from the State of Wisconsin to fund the development of an alum treatment plan for East Alaska Lake to inactivate sediment phosphorus. The project entailed the extraction of sediment cores to develop an alum dosing plan for the lake, the creation of a cost estimate for the alum application and subsequent water quality monitoring, the presentation of the plan to the association and surrounding community, documentation of their support, and development of a fifth and final grant application to fund the treatment. During the summer of 2010, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resource (WDNR) researchers extracted sediment cores from eight locations within East Alaska Lake (Figure 2). The sediment cores were delivered to Bill James of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Eau Galle Aquatic Ecology Laboratory in Spring Valley, Wisconsin and were analyzed for different fractions of sediment phosphorus. The core analysis results indicated that under anaerobic conditions, all of the sites released phosphorus to the overlaying water with the rates ranging from 0.7-11.5 mg/m2-day. The sediments from the northern basin had the greatest release rates, yet the sites in the southern basin also exhibited significant release. The alum treatment would target two fractions of phosphorus found within the sediment: loose-P, and Fe-P. Loose-P is essentially phosphorus that is loosely bound to other chemicals or particulate matter. Fe-P is iron-bound phosphorus. Together, these two phosphorus fractions are considered Redox-P, or the phosphorus fraction that is susceptible to being released from the sediment into overlaying waters during anoxia. Based upon the sediment core analysis, the application plan was to dose the areas of the lake with depths equal to and greater than 10 feet (33.0 acres) at a rate of 132 g/m2 Al. Following advice provided by Sweetwater Technologies, the contractor chosen to complete the alum application, the treatment area was expanded to include the bottom area between the depths of 5-10 feet (7.6


Figure 2. Sediment coring sites at east alaska Lake. The results of the phosphorus fraction analysis on the core samples lead to the determination of the alum dose used to restore the lake.

acres) at a moderate dose of 40 g/m2. The treatment of depths between 5-10 feet was selected in order to reduce filamentous algae growth, which frequently reaches nuisance levels in East Alaska Lake and is a primary concern of lake stakeholders. In early spring 2011, the alum treatment plan and cost estimate of $165,000 was presented to the members of the Tri-Lakes Association and interested members of the community. However, before that meeting, two press releases were published in local papers describing the issues on East Alaska Lake, disclosing the possible use an alum treatment and announcing the public meeting. In addition to the newspaper exposure, area residents were provided with a factsheet outlining the risks of implementing an alum treatment and how Figure 3. Barge applying alum to east alaska Lake during October 2011.

those risks would be minimized if the treatment were to move forward on East Alaska Lake. As a result, the community was prepared for what they were going to hear at the meeting and achieving their buy-in was assured. The Tri-Lakes Association voted unanimously to proceed with the alum treatment. By mid-summer, the association was notified that their fifth grant application was successful and they would receive 75 percent funding from the State of Wisconsin to complete the alum application and post treatment monitoring.

The Alum Treatmentis Implemented After 20-plus years of study and planning, the East Alaska Lake alum treatment was implemented in mid-October 2011 and included the application of nearly 84,000 gallons of aluminum sulfate over a two-day period (Figure 3). It is quite a spectacle to have a 24-foot stainless steel barge with a 60-foot boom span sweep back and forth across a 53-acre lake. Add in a constant convoy of tanker trucks bringing aluminum sulfate to the lake’s small landing and the characteristic milky turquoise appearance of the lake water during application (Figure 4) and you have something people are likely to go out of their way to see. In anticipation of this possibility, the WDNR notified local news outlets


Figure 4. Treatment monitoring crew on east alaska Lake. notice the milky turquoise water resulting from the alum treatment occurring that day.

and Onterra, the consultant managing the project, mailed a notice to area residents describing the upcoming treatment and what to expect. Further, a sign was posted at the landing two-weeks prior to the treatment to alert transient users (Figure 5). The greatest risk of environmental harm resulting from an alum treatment is when pH values fall below 5.5. Below that level, dissolved aluminum concentrations can reach toxic levels to fish and other wildlife. This risk was explained to the community during the alum treatment planning process along with the fact that pH levels would likely not drop below 6.0 due to the lake’s high alkalinity, which often exceeds 200 mg/L as CaCO3. The alkalinity works to buffer the lake against the pH drop associated with the hydrolysis of aluminum sulfate during the application. Still, to lessen public concern, Onterra staff monitored pH and dissolved oxygen values at numerous sites on East Alaska Lake during the two-day application. The lowest value recorded during the application was 6.3, with most sites remaining at 6.5 or higher. Two days following the treatment, pH values rebounded to 7.1 and greater throughout the lake.

East Alaska Lake – One Year Post-Treatment A single growing season’s data have been collected at East Alaska Lake post alum treatment. Casual observations throughout the summer were positive as no filamentous algae was noted and near surface total phosphorus values were lower than previously measured (Figure 6). During early fall 2012, a core was extracted from the deep hole where the full dose rate of 132 g/m2 was applied, a distinct layer was found near the surface of the sediment, indicating a substantial barrier to sediment phosphorus flux had been created (Figure 7). A phosphorus profile collected during the same October visit is also strong evidence of the success of the treatment, especially when compared to profiles collected the two previous years (Figure 8). During the two years prior to the treatment, total phosphorus concentrations in the anoxic hypolimnion ranged from 0.1 to 1.24 mg/L, while the post treatment samples spanned from 0.040 to 0.088 mg/L.

Figure 5. informational sign posted at east alaska Lake boat landing two weeks prior to treatment.

Figure 6. east alaska Lake summer (June, July, and august) near-surface total phosphorus concentrations from 2002-2012. The alum treatment occurred during October 2011.


Acknowledgments Special thanks to Paul Garrison, WDNR for his valuable guidance and assistance throughout the project. Also, thank you to Bill James, formerly of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, now at University of Wisconsin-Stout, for graciously analyzing the sediment cores and determining the proper treatment dose. Finally, thank you to my staff at Onterra: Brenton Butterfield, Dan Cibulka, Eddie Heath, and Todd Hanke, for their help in collecting samples and analyzing data.

Literature CitedNES. 1999. Lake Management Plan for

East Alaska Lake, Kewaunee County, WI. NES Project No.: 13168002.

Onterra, LLC. 2005. East Alaska Lake, Kewaunee County, WI, Alum Treatment Feasibility Study.

[WDNR]. 2009. Wisconsin 2010 Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology (WisCALM). PUB WT-913.

Tim Hoyman, CLM, is the founder of Onterra, LLC, a lake management planning firm based in De Pere, WI. As the company’s lead aquatic ecologist, Tim is involved with all of the firm’s projects, but his specialty is water quality monitoring and assessment. Tim first became a member of NALMS in 1992 while studying limnology at Iowa State University. Tim can be reached at [email protected]. x

Figure 7. Bottom core extracted from the deepest location in east alaska Lake approximately one year after the alum treatment. The white section is the alum layer that has settled approximately two inches into the soft bottom sediments.

Figure 8. Total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen profile results from October 2010, 2011, and 2012. The alum treatment occurred after the October 2011 samples were collected.

While the environmental data are great to see, especially for a professional limnologist that has worked on the lake for over a decade, the most satisfying evidence was when long-time Tri-Lakes Association President, Bill Iwen, called to say, “People are actually swimming in East Alaska Lake again!”

The Future of East Alaska Lake The one-year post treatment results certainly look promising for East Alaska

Lake; however, time will tell if the treatment effects last for the 20 or more years for which the Tri-Lakes Association hopes. After the professional water quality monitoring ends in 2013, volunteers will be relied upon to collect samples through Wisconsin’s Citizen Lake Monitoring Network. Data resulting from that program will be useful in determining the longevity of the alum treatment; therefore, it is essential that the association be consistent in providing volunteers to collect the samples.


Cedar Lake – A Lesson in Persistence David Bucaro


As we all know, lake management is not for the faint of heart. It can be a long, drawn-out process of

lengthy planning and consensus-building, fundraising, and finally, implementation. Results, as demonstrated by visible lake improvements, may take many more years. Plans often change or require regular updating. This is a story about one small lake community that has worked for over 40 years to improve the condition of their lake. After many small successes, they are on the verge of the “Big One.”

Background Cedar Lake is a 781-acre kettle lake located in northwest Indiana, just 18 miles south of the shores of Lake Michigan (Figure 1). The lake is shallow with a maximum depth of only 14 feet and a mean depth of 7.9 feet. Cedar Lake’s watershed is small (4,800 acres), largely because the north-south Continental Drainage Divide lies immediately to the north of the lake. Thirty-six percent of the watershed is in agricultural use. The Town of Cedar Lake and adjoining residential areas make up 31 percent of the watershed. The “Lake of the Red Cedars” was impacted by humans as early as the early 1870s when ditches were cut to lower the lake to better drain local farmlands. The Indiana Commission of Fisheries began stocking the lake with black bass and northern pike as early as 1905. With the establishment of a railway in the 1870s, Cedar Lake rapidly became a popular resort area, with many vacationers arriving via rail from Chicago. The resident local population in 1950 was estimated as 3,900 but as many as 25,000 tourists would visit the lake on a typical summer day. By 1960 the permanent population had grown to over 5,700. All of the residences had Figure 1. Location Map of Cedar Lake, indiana.


Cedar Lake – A Lesson in Persistence David Bucaro

on-site sewage septic systems and raw or inadequately treated sewage entering the lake was a common problem, resulting in disagreeable algal blooms and high fecal coliform bacteria counts. Sanitary sewer lines were installed around the lake and in the town in 1972 but infiltration and other problems caused untreated sewage to enter the lake for many years following.

Previous Studies At the urging of local residents, the Indiana Legislature appropriated funds in 1979 for a comprehensive study to diagnose Cedar Lake’s water quality problems. This study and another in 1982 funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Clean Lakes Program were both undertaken by the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs (Echelberger and Jones 1984). This effort found that:• Cedar Lake has a meromictic

circulation – no permanent thermal stratification was detected. A long fetch of 2.1 miles and shallow water depths keep the lake well-mixed by prevailing winds.

• Sediment accumulation exceeded 17 feet from the original glacial bottom. Surficial sediments were enriched with organic matter, phosphorus, lead and zinc. The latter two were likely airshed effects of the steel industry along Lake Michigan.

• Brief periods of calm, even as short as overnight, allow the bottom waters to go anoxic due to high BOD and nutrient enrichment of the surficial sediments. This allows temporary internal phosphorus release that mixes throughout the water column when winds and recreational boat traffic resume.

• Modeling and direct measure determined that areal internal phosphorus loading rates were as high as 2.0 g/m2-yr (86 percent of total areal phosphorus loading).

• Total phosphorus concentrations in the water exceeded 300 µg/L; 60 percent were in soluble form. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations exceeded 1.8 mg/L. Chlorophyll-a concentrations exceeded 130 µg/L.

This study recommended a remediation plan that included watershed

management, an in-lake alum treatment, and a complete fisheries renovation. Dredging for nutrient control was not recommended because tests demonstrated that although removing enriched surficial sediments would reduce internal phosphorus loading, the lake would continue to be highly eutrophic due to residual internal phosphorus release and watershed loadings. The recommendations in the completed Phase I Report could not be implemented due to lack of local, state, and federal funds. A 1991 study funded by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources Lake and River Enhancement (LARE) Program focused on diagnosing specific watershed sources and identifying solutions (Jones and Marnatti 1991). Recommendations included agricultural and urban BMPs, correction of sewer system surging and overflows, wetlands enhancements, rerouting a previously diverted inlet back into the lake, repairs to the lake’s outlet control structure, and a carp management program. A 2001 Section 319 watershed study (Harza 1998) focused on identifying specific sources of non-point source pollution in the five subwatersheds draining into Cedar Lake. This study identified priority watersheds to focus remediation efforts on. Remediation recommended included constructed wetlands for NPS control, streambank stabilization, agricultural BMPs, and golf course nutrient management among others.

Local Efforts State and federal resources, along with limited local monies, have funded these many studies to characterize the lake and diagnose its problems. However, funds to implement study recommendations have been in hard to come by. In the meantime, local efforts have undertaken a number of ambitious projects to improve the lake and its environs. In addition to making significant improvements to the sanitary sewer system to prevent surcharges to the lake, the Town of Cedar Lake completed a comprehensive plan in 2007 that outlines a long-term plan for controlled development within the lake’s watershed. The Town also passed stormwater management and zoning ordinances along with a stormwater user fee to address

non-point source sediment and nutrient inputs to the lake. Through these efforts watershed loadings have continued to dramatically decline. The Cedar Lake Enhancement Association is a non-profit grass roots organization with the goal of making Cedar Lake a more valuable resource and has been a long standing advocate for ecosystem restoration within the watershed. Over the past three decades, they have implemented a number of projects through locally-raised money and an aggressive and constant pursuit of state and federal restoration grants. Projects implemented include bank erosion protection (wetland creation, enhancements and plantings), inlet channel stabilization, and lakeshore or streambank stabilization, all of which have reduced watershed loadings and improved conditions within the Lake and its tributaries.

Current Feasibility Study In 2002, the Cedar Lake Enhancement Association partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District to evaluate opportunities to restore the aquatic ecosystem of Cedar Lake. Based upon the significance of the resource, the Corps identified a federal interest in conducting a comprehensive feasibility study to address ecosystem degradation within the lake (USACE 2002). The overall problem within Cedar Lake is the holistic decrease in biodiversity due to a history of dramatic manipulations to functional processes and physical habitat structure. Cedar Lake is a vulnerable system due to its small drainage area and its natural condition as an oligotrophic lake. These factors limit natural processes from repairing past damages to physical and chemical components. The lake efficiently traps watershed inflows that contain sediment and nutrient loads that are both physically and chemically unsuitable to the natural system. The result is an ecosystem that exhibits a host of problems including the absence of suitable substrates for aquatic macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fishes; absence of submerged aquatic macrophyte beds and emergent marshes within the littoral zone; absence of a functioning native glacial lake fish assemblage; and overall physical and chemical impairments that allow for non-


native invasive species including algae to dominate. Even though several studies had been conducted on Cedar Lake, the mechanisms causing nutrient recycling were not entirely understood. Additional detailed studies were performed in order to establish baseline conditions for restoration. In partnership with Sandia National Laboratories, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and water quality EFDC model was developed of the lake with the goal of accurately reflecting how boundary-condition perturbations affect sediment resuspension, water quality, and overall lake health (Figure 2). A significant amount of field work was done that fed the modeling analyses, which included a new bathymetric survey, sediment core and grab sampling to determine physical and chemical characteristics (Figure 3), measuring potential sediment erodibility using a portable ASSET flume (Figure 4), biological sampling, and conducting long-term water quality sampling (Figure 5). The model illustrates the strong correlation between sediment phosphorus concentrations, algal concentrations, dissolved oxygen, and ecosystem Figure 2. 3-D environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (eFDC) Model developed by Sandia national

Laboratories (SnL).

Figure 3. Sediment core sampling taken 7/13/2005; pictured are Dirk O’Daniel, SnL and David Bucaro, USaCe.

health, which reinforces the identification of phosphorous as the nutrient of concern in the Cedar Lake system. Internal phosphorus loadings were determined to account for nearly 90 percent of the total annual loading followed by 9 percent from the watershed and 1 percent from atmospheric deposition (James 2007). Internal phosphorus loadings are due to advection-diffusion from the bed and sediment resuspension from both wind and boat induced waves. The Carlson Trophic State Index was used as an indicator of ecosystem health, which varied over the year with a maximum reaching 76 in the late summer corresponding to hypereutrophic conditions. Over most of the year the lake displays either eutrophic or hypereutrophic conditions. Available sediment

phosphorus in the surficial sediments was measured as much as 200 mg/kg. Many of the sediment samples collected had a thick (up to several inches) coating of algae growing on them (Figure 6). There was a distinct gradient of algae from the north basin to the south basin, with the greatest growths observed in the south basin, which coincides with the prevailing wind direction to the south. Microscopic analysis revealed the algae present in the overlain sediments to be mainly cyanobacteria, which are associated with water column blooms (specifically, Microcystis and Planktolyngbya), not the expected benthic growths that should be present. After the algal layer was removed (Figure 7), sediments were shown to be very light and lumpy in most cases, having the appearance of cottage cheese, which are easily resuspended. Through these detailed modeling and field analyses a clear restoration strategy for Cedar Lake was established to include addressing the internal nutrient recycling, further reducing watershed loadings, and restoring the physical aquatic habitat. Several restoration plans were formulated


Figure 4. Sediment erodibility testing using a Mobile adjustable Shear Stress erosion and Transport (aSSeT) Flume taken 7/13/2005. Pictured is Jesse Roberts, SnL.

Figure 5. Deploying a YSi Water Quality Sonde in the lake taken 7/13/2005. Pictured is Casey Pittman, USaCe.

to address ecosystem degradation of the lake. Specific habitat types targeted for restoration are fringe marsh, shallow and deep littoral zones, and the bathypelagic zone in order to improve biodiversity. Alternatives were derived from several restoration measures including sediment removal, nutrient inactivation, dilution and flushing, creation of in-lake structures, littoral vegetation restoration, fish community management, and institutional controls. All plans were evaluated for completeness, effectiveness, efficiency, and acceptability. A habitat suitability index was developed to estimate the benefits of each plan on biological function and habitat structure within the laucustrine ecosystem. A total of 396 alternative plans were formulated based upon 14 restoration measures. A cost-effective and incremental cost analysis was performed on the suite of plans and determined there were nine “best buy” plans that would provide the greatest increase in output for the least increase in costs. From these plans that have the lowest incremental costs per unit of output, a single plan was identified as

the National Ecosystem Restoration (NER) Plan that most efficiently achieves the restoration goals for Cedar Lake and could be Federally supported.

Recommendations of the Ecosystem Restoration Management Plan The recommended NER plan (Figure 8) includes a combination of six restoration measures that address both the functional and structural ecosystem impairments existing at Cedar Lake:• Sediment Removal –

Mechanical dredging of 140,000 yd3 of the highest phosphorus-concentrated sediments and algal layers in the south basin. Material would be slurried using recycled effluent and hydraulically pumped 8,000 feet to a 96-acre sediment dewatering facility that encompasses containment dikes, storage

Figure 6. algal coating taken from the surface of bed sediments; taken 4/01/2008.

and clarification cells and a temporary treatment facility. Upon completion, the placement site would be developed for recreational use including ball fields.

• Nutrient Inactivation – Treating 400 acres across the lake with aluminum sulfate (alum) with spatially varying dosages in order to target residual


Figure 7. Cedar lake sediments after algal coating removed; taken 4/1/2008.

available sediment phosphorus concentrations to less than 20 mg/kg.

• Dilution and Flushing – Reconnect Founders Creek back to its historic connection to Cedar Lake by rerouting 1,400 feet of the channel and creating a 100-foot riparian stream corridor.

• Littoral Macrophyte Restoration – Restore 35 acres of emergent and 95 acres of submergent aquatic vegetation along the shoreline of the lake with depths up to 4 feet.

• Fish Community Management – Renovate the fish community through a single treatment of Rotenone and the introduction of predatory and native glacial lacustrine fish species.

• Institutional Controls – Increase no wake zones along the perimeter of the lake from 200 to 400 feet and place additional marker buoys.

Implementation of the ecosystem restoration management plan would be phased over four years beginning with construction of the sediment dewatering facility, rerouting Founders Creek, applying a single Rotenone treatment, dredging, applying a single alum

Figure 8. Layout map of national ecosystem Restoration Plan.

treatment, increasing no-wake zones, planting littoral aquatic vegetation and restocking of native fish species. The total first cost of the NER Plan is estimated to be $20 million, which would be cost-shared 65 percent federal and 35 percent non-federal. The Town of Cedar Lake has requested consideration of an additional $7 million in dredging be performed, that would be a 100 percent non-federal responsibility.

Next Steps The feasibility study is scheduled to be complete in 2013. Design and implementation would follow execution of a formal partnership agreement. The first phase of the restoration plan is anticipated to begin in 2015. The entire community has been working toward implementation of a comprehensive restoration plan for decades and is very excited to see the work of so many over so long come to fruition. Their long-


lasting commitment to Cedar Lake is remarkable and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is proud to be a partner in the restoration of this valuable resource.

ReferencesEchelberger, W.F. and W.W. Jones.

1979. Cedar Lake Restoration Feasibility Study. Prepared for Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA), Bloomington, Indiana.

Echelberger, W.F. and W.W. Jones. 1984. Cedar Lake Restoration Feasibility Study – Final Report. ESAC-84-01. Prepared for Clean Lakes Coordinator, State of Indiana. Indiana University SPEA, Bloomington, Indiana.

Harza Engineering Company, Inc. (Harza). 1998. Cedar Lake engineering Feasibility Study. Prepared for Cedar Lake Enhancement Association, Inc. (CLEA). September.

James, S., Alhmann, M., Jones, C., Bucaro, D. and Roberts J. 2007. Development of a Hydrodynamic, Sediment Transport, and Water Quality Model for evaluation of ecosystem Restoration Measures at Cedar Lake, indiana. Sandia National Laboratories.

Jones, W.W. and J. Marnatti. 1991. Cedar Lake enhancement Study – Final Report. Prepared for Cedar Lake Chamber of Commerce. Indiana University SPEA, Bloomington, Indiana. June.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2002. Section 206 Preliminary Restoration Plan, Cedar Lake, indiana, Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration. December.

David Bucaro is a civil works planner and civil engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For nearly 15 years he has worked on several large flood risk management, navigation, and environmental restoration planning studies within the Chicago District. He enjoys the challenges associated with helping engineer solutions to the many water resources problems facing our nation. He can be reached at: [email protected]. x

workgroups related to assessment of lakes and field protocol development. She was recently appointed as president-elect for the Oklahoma Clean Lakes and Watershed Association (OCLWA), Oklahoma’s state affiliate of NALMS. Julie graduated from the University of Central Oklahoma in 1995 with a BS in biology.

REGION 10 DIRECTOR – FRANK WILHELM Frank Wilhelm earned BS and MS degrees from Trent University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Alberta. After a NSERC post-doc at the University of Otago he joined the faculty at Southern Illinois University in 2001. In 2007, he moved to the University of Idaho, where he is currently an associate professor in the Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences. Frank teaches freshmen limnology and current issues in the aquatic sciences to seniors, and advanced limnology to graduates. Research with graduate students focuses on using large mesocosms to examine the remediation of cyanobacteria; the use of experimental flumes to examine methods to reduce Didymo;

and examining the role of Mysis in lake food webs. He attends NALMS conferences, is a CLP, presents workshops, and is an associate editor of Lake and Reservoir Management. Since 2008, he has served as the chair of the scholarship committee on the board of WALPA.

STUDENT AT-LARGE DIRECTOR – LINDSEy WITTHAUS Lindsey’s love of lakes began at young age with frequent family trips to local reservoirs and grew during her undergraduate career at the University of Pittsburgh, where she studied past climate using lake sediments from the Yukon Territory. Recently, she completed her MS degree in environmental science utilizing in-lake nutrient empirical models. Currently, she is a doctoral student and NSF IGERT Fellow at the University of Kansas in the Environmental Science Program studying the implications of extreme climate events on water quality in Kansas reservoirs. Lindsey’s first interaction with NALMS was at the fall 2010 meeting. Following the fall meeting, Lindsey worked with Dana Bigham and others in the NALMS student committee.

( . . . election Results continued from page 18)


Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin Thomas M. Slawski, Jeffrey A. Thornton, & Hebin Lin


A Hidden Gem

The Mukwonago River, a tributary stream to the Illinois-Fox River, is a hidden gem in the rapidly urbanizing

landscape of southeastern Wisconsin. With significant portions of this river system designated as Outstanding and Exceptional Resources Waters under Wisconsin’s Administrative Code, the Mukwonago River represents a rare resource in the metropolitan-Milwaukee area. From its spring-fed headwaters in Walworth County, through Lulu, Eagle Spring, and Phantom Lakes, to its discharge into the Illinois-Fox River near the Village of Mukwonago in Waukesha County, the Mukwonago River fulfills a variety of ecosystem services, ranging from provisioning and regulating services to cultural services. While there has been varying emphases on specific ecosystem services over time, the net outcome of the recognition of the value of the Mukwonago River environment has been the protection and preservation of a unique system within the urbanized metropolitan Milwaukee region. The river links a number of communities, in both Walworth and Waukesha Counties (Figure 1). These communities include the Villages of East Troy, Eagle, North Prairie, and Mukwonago, and the Towns of Eagle, East Troy, Genesee, LaGrange, Mukwonago, Ottawa, Palmyra, Troy, and Vernon. While the towns remain largely rural in character, the Villages have traditionally served as centers of commerce and trade. Incorporated around 1900, the majority of the Villages are located in proximity to the river, whose waters served to power the mills

Planning for Protection: Southeastern Wisconsin’s Mukwonago River Basin

Figure 1. Project location map showing the position of the Mukwonago River watershed within the Greater Milwaukee region, Wisconsin, USa.


Planning for Protection in SE Wisconsin Thomas M. Slawski, Jeffrey A. Thornton, & Hebin Lin

The United Nation’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment introduced the concept of ecosystem services that has been widely adopted as a mechanism to link our human uses of the ecosystem to the natural resources. Four levels of services have been generally defined, including:

• Provisioning services — those attributes of the natural environment that support fisheries, provide irrigation water, and otherwise provide the basis for the supply of food and water to our communities;

•Regulating services — those attributes of the natural environment that regulate floods, contribute to the “self-purification” of our waters, and benefit human societies;

• Cultural (and aesthetic) services — those attributes of the natural environment that inspire poets and authors, artists, and sculptors, and provide the natural beauty that we all admire; in the case of water resources these attributes also include the waters of life vital to many of the world’s religions; and,

• Sustaining services — that encompass those attributes relating to the existence of the natural world, including the creation of soils and occurrences of minerals and other elements.

associated with the dams that were built to impound Eagle Spring Lake, Beulah Lake, and (Lower) Phantom Lake. In the words of the World Lake Vision, these waterbodies form “the pearls along a chain of river.” Over time, the working lakes gave way to their current roles as recreational waters. During this transition, these waterbodies largely avoided the fates of other lakes in the region and remained relatively natural in character (aside from the impoundments that augmented their volumes). The relatively low population densities of this portion of southeastern Wisconsin limited the human impacts associated with the waste and stormwater discharges that degraded so many of the larger lakes located closer to the major urban centers – Madison, Milwaukee, and Chicago – that are all located within an hour or two of these lakes.

Changing Roles This is not to say that the lakes and the river that links them have always been free of human disturbances. Reference to 1940 aerial photographs shows that there was considerable agricultural development along the Mukwonago River, much of it in close proximity to the stream. This development, as well as subsequent development of recreational facilities such as the Rainbow Springs Golf Course and Resort, led to some of the ditching and straightening of the stream course that characterizes so many of the streams in this region. However, for reasons that remain obscure, much

Figure 2. Land use adjacent to the mainstem of the Mukwonago River downstream of eagle Spring Lake showing conversion of agricultural lands in 1941 to naturally vegetated riparian corridor in 2005. Source: SLWRPC.

of this agricultural activity gave way to less intensive land uses and the reestablishment of the riparian corridor than can be seen today, as depicted in the 2005 aerial photography (Figure 2). This withdrawal of human activities from the riverbanks has undoubtedly contributed to the resurgence of native vegetation, restoration of natural habitat, and protection of water quality in the stream that has led to the exceptional and outstanding resource water classifications. An abundance of groundwater, linked in part to the deep bedrock valley in which the river basin sits also has minimized the warming of the waters of this stream and has sustained the populations of brook trout that contribute to the high values of


the Index of Biotic Integrity reported from sampling sites along this stream system. Almost 50 species of fish are found in this system, including five species considered to be endangered, threatened, or of special

Figure 3. Selected fish and mussel species found within the Mukwonago River. Source: SLWRPC.

concern: the lake chubsucker, pugnose shiner, greater redhorse, longear sunfish, and starhead topminnow (Figure 3). More than 25 species within any given reach of a stream is considered to be exceptional.

The groundwater inflows may also sustain the high population of mussels found in this river system. Sixteen species of native mussels have been found, including the only known remaining viable population of the rainbow shell mussel.


In fact, the mussel populations were historically so abundant that prior to 2006, when the mussel fishery was closed, an almost unlimited number of these shellfish could be removed from the waters of the state. Notwithstanding, the river and its lakes have not been free of human interferences. As previously noted, three of the five natural lakes along the river have been impounded to augment their water levels, while Eagle Spring Lake has been modified further by the creation of two new bays that were formerly wetland. All of the lakes have had some level of development, although Lulu Lake upstream of Eagle Spring Lake is probably the least disturbed and is now in the protective ownership of The Nature Conservancy and the State of Wisconsin. Many areas of the lake shorelines have been hardened to minimize the erosional effects of a regulated water level, and the buildable shorelines developed for residential (and some commercial) uses. Yet these disturbances are highly localized, and the extensive conservancy lands offset these human intrusions into the natural environment to a large extent. That said, the Mukwonago River and its lakes are actively utilized for a wide variety of active and passive recreational uses. The larger lakes – Lulu, Eagle Spring, Beulah, Upper Phantom, and Lower Phantom Lakes – are heavily utilized for recreational boating during the open water season and support considerable vehicular traffic during the ice-bound season. Angling is an important year-round activity, and numerous local and state natural areas and recreational lands surround the river and its lakes (Figure 4).

Individual and Collective Stewardship Perhaps because of this convergence of high-value natural landscape and intensive human activity, the communities in the watershed have sought to provide protections for this valuable set of resources. Individual citizens, the landowners, have taken it upon themselves to locate residences and other domestic buildings away from the riverbanks, allowing for the resurgence of the natural vegetation that defines the river’s course. Their stewardship is acknowledged, and

Figure 4. The Mukwonago River system supports a variety of recreational activities.

recognized by the testimony of the high quality environmental lands within this watershed. In addition, the creation of voluntary governmental bodies – public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts – around Eagle Spring, Beulah, and Upper and Lower Phantom Lakes speaks loudly of the recognition by the citizens of the unique quality of this watershed. These lake districts have proven instrumental in controlling, to the extent possible, the occurrences of nonnative species in the lakes as well as limiting the contamination of the lake waters. Long before onsite sewage system inspections became the law, the lake districts were contracting with county government to conduct annual inspections of such systems to ensure their adequate functioning to protect lake water quality. In addition, local governments supported these citizen-led efforts through adoption of building standards requiring setbacks and open space. Notably the Town of Mukwonago, as an example, voluntarily limited further urban density growth within the Town for the expressed purpose of protecting and preserving the quality of life represented by the natural environmental corridors and good water quality around and in the streams and lakes. In this same vein, the Village of Mukwonago water utility has been

working with the local lake organizations to develop a water supply strategy that is cognizant of the ecosystem values inherent in the aquatic environment of the Mukwonago River and its lakes. While each of the public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts has worked independently to formulate and implement lake management plans for the lakes within their jurisdictions, the joint efforts of the three lake districts, in concert with the efforts of The Nature Conservancy and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, have led to the creation of the Mukwonago River Partnership, a citizen-led initiative conducted in partnership with the Friends of the Mukwonago River, that is dedicated to protecting and preserving the entire river system. This effort, while recognizing the presence of humans on the landscape, is designed to minimize the environmental footprint of the people, while promoting and protecting the human use of this unique environment. This unusual combination of organizations has created a unique cooperative framework within which the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission has been able to formulate a strategic plan to guide the communities in their efforts. One outcome of this effort has been the recognition of the fact that the river is a


system, linking the lakes located along its course into a cascade of waters sharing an interconnection that, during the regional floods of 2008, resulted in actions being taken by the Eagle Spring Lake community to reduce floodwater flows through the Eagle Spring Dam in an (successful) effort to protect the impoundment on Lower Phantom Lake which was in danger of being washed away by the high runoff volumes created by the 1:250 year or greater recurrence interval river flows.

The Mukwonago River Watershed Protection Plan The strategic plan is based upon three primary concepts, namely, restoring connectivity along the main stem of the Mukwonago River, restoring and maintaining connectivity of the tributary streams to the main stem of the Mukwonago River, and protecting and expanding riparian buffers (Figure 5). While the plan does not suggest removal of the main stem dams, creating Lower Phantom Lake and Eagle Spring Lake, consideration of fish and aquatic organism passage is proposed at such time as the structures are repaired or replaced. The studies associated with the formulation of the plan clearly documented the occurrence of populations of aquatic organisms scattered throughout the watershed which might benefit from connection with other populations both up and down stream. In this regard, SEWRPC staff noted that species dependent upon the numerous springs discharging into the Mukwonago River may be limited in their distribution by water temperatures, so due cognizance must be given to these constraints. However, the Illinois-Fox River forms a diverse end point for the Mukwonago system as well as a natural reservoir of aquatic species native to the region. To

Figure 5. Three-tier prioritization strategy within the Mukwonago River watershed.

this end, as has been noted, the protection of groundwater recharge and discharge areas is of paramount importance for maintaining the biodiversity along the main stem of the river. An important finding of this planning project was that Jericho Creek, long thought to be of minor importance, actually plays a major role in maintaining the ecological health of the system. Currently, the riparian land owners have individually worked to preserve the stream corridor that buffers the Creek from surrounding development. At the headwaters of this Creek, the Village of North Prairie should be recognized as having taken direct action to preserve the important riparian buffers, and ensure adequate setbacks from the watercourse. Upstream of this confluence, The Nature Conservancy and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources have worked cooperatively to acquire, restore, and reconnect tributary waters to the river, most recently removing two small constructed ponds that had been used for fish rearing in the mid-

1900s. Downstream of this confluence, the Lake Beulah Management District, in cooperation with the Town of East Troy, has been tireless in their efforts to protect groundwater. Research associated with their groundwater protection efforts has highlighted the important role that groundwater inflows play in regulating available phosphorus concentrations in Lake Beulah and in moderating other aspects of the lake environment.

The Value of Ecosystem Services is Recognized and Realized The individual and combined actions of all of the stakeholders present in and surrounding the river have been the key ingredients in protecting and preserving this exceptional and outstanding resource water. While an unconventional example of the Payments of Improving Ecosystem Services in the Watershed, these efforts have resulted in investments in ecosystem protection being made by stakeholders both within and without the watershed. State government has invested in the acquisition of the Rainbow Springs Golf


Course and Resort, now the Mukwonago River Unit of the Kettle Moraine State Forest. This acquisition made with public funds has provided the opportunity to remove obstructions to organism passage and navigation along a major portion of the middle reaches of the Mukwonago River. Likewise, The Nature Conservancy, through dedicated donations, membership fee investments, and use of State and other grants, has invested in acquisition and restoration projects in the headwater areas of the river system. In this regard, the activities of the many volunteers who work with The Nature Conservancy staff and the Friends of the Mukwonago River should be recognized for their “sweat equity” invested in protecting and restoring key areas within the watershed. Their work has real value both in accomplishing the protection aspects of the strategic plan as well as in informing and engaging citizen and governmental stakeholders in the process of watershed protection. These contributions often are overlooked. Beyond these organizational efforts, the actions of individual landowners, as previously noted, have been and remain essential for maintaining and improving the state of the waters. Historically, these actions have been engaged through the three public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts that exist around Eagle Spring Lake, Lake Beulah, and the Phantom Lakes. For reasons of geography, these three special purpose governmental units are strategically located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river system; the Lake Beulah district being located on a tributary stream that enters the middle reaches of the river. These districts have played a major role in informing the public about nonnative species, control of aquatic invasive species, and lake-friendly shoreland living. In addition, these districts have undertaken active programs of aquatic plant and fisheries management, notably associated with the control of introduced carp, as well as onsite sewage system inspection and management. Much of the water quantity, water quality, and ecological monitoring undertaken in this watershed has been at the initiative of, and coordinated by, the lake districts and their respective commissioners, landowners, and electors (registered voters living in

the district but not necessarily owning property). Such actions are a direct and dedicated investment in this resource.

A Bright Future The heightened awareness of the quality of the Mukwonago River and its watershed created as an outcome of the planning project has resulted in an engaged and active citizenry, and a recognition of the river and its lakes as a valuable resource, both in terms of traditional economic systems of valuation and in terms of ecological importance in an increasingly urbanized area of Wisconsin. The river protection plan has supported the formation of both governmental and nongovernmental mechanisms to ensure the longevity and continuity of this high quality natural resource. For this reason, the Mukwonago River, its multiple lakes, and geographic basin, including the people for whom this river has real and spiritual value, is likely to remain rare and precious gem in the landscape.

For Further ReadingInternational Lake Environment

Committee Foundation and United Nations Environment Programme. 2003. World Lake Vision: a Call to action. The International Lake Environment Committee Foundation, Shiga Prefectural Government, and United Nations Environment Programme-International Environment Technology Centre., Japan. ISBN 4-9901546-0-6; http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/wlv/complete/wlv_c_english.PDF.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. ISBN 1-59726-040-1; http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf.

Research Center for Sustainability and Environment – Shiga University and International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. 2011. Development of iLBM Platform Process: evolving Guidelines through Participatory improvement. Otsushigyo Photo Printing Co. Ltd; http://www.ilec.or.jp/eg/pubs/ILBMplatform/Development_of_ILBM_Platform_Process_amendment.pdf.

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission Community Assistance Planning Report No. 309. 2010. Mukwonago River Watershed Protection Plan; http://www.sewrpc.org/SEWRPCFiles/Publications/CAPR/capr-309-mukwonago-river-watershed-protection-plan.pdf?.

Thomas M. Slawski is a principal specialist biologist in the Natural Resources Planning Division of the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (e-mail: [email protected]). He specializes in fisheries biology and the restoration of structure and function within disturbed flowing water ecosystems through remeandering channelized streams, reconnecting floodplains, and restoring ecological integrity. He is the principal author of the Mukwonago River Protection Plan.

Jeffrey A. Thornton, CLM, is a principal planner in the Environmental Planning Division of the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (e-mail: [email protected]). He specializes in lake management.

Hebin Lin is a Ph.D. candidate in the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies at Kyoto University (e-mail: [email protected]). She has developed the method of Payments for Ecosystem Services at the Watershed Scale (PES-W) which has been incorporated into the annual training course on Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM), co-organized by the International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and held in Japan. x


Student CornerRyan Largura

Before accepting a position as a student research assistant at Indiana University’s School

of Public and Environmental Affairs with the Indiana Clean Lakes Program two summers ago, I had not traveled along northeast Indiana’s country roads extensively. The rolling landscape and winding roads occasionally gave the impression that all roads led back to our initial starting point, but only if you ignore a few wrong turns along the way. Nevertheless, it quickly became apparent on the initial lake sampling trip into this region why Blatchley and Ashley (1900) called the lakes of northern Indiana “the brightest gems in the corona of the State.” One of the little gems we sampled, named Lake Gage, reflected an alluring turquoise hue. Later, I was informed that Lake Gage held marl deposits (Figure 1). A quick Internet search revealed a report entitled “The Lakes of Northern Indiana and Their Associated Marl Deposits,” courtesy of the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources (Blatchley and Ashley, 1900). Blatchley was the state geologist at the time and was also a nationally important entomologist. It turned out that marl deposits were the cause of the turquoise color in Lake Gage and marl was also a mineral mined in Indiana lakes beginning in the 19th century. What began as a curiosity about the color of a lake eventually lead me to information about marl and discoveries about historical figure Willis S. Blatchley.

Marl Formation and Composition Discussion of lakes both present and historic in northeast Indiana inevitably begins during the Pleistocene Epoch when glaciers sculpted the landscape seen today.

Marl Lakes and Marl Mining in Indiana

Figure 1. Lake Gage, a marl lake (and kettle lake) in Steuben County, indiana. Estyer Photo.

Indiana’s topography was formed less by successive glaciations of the pre-Illinoian and Illinoian drifts, but ultimately by the final retreat of the Wisconsinan drifts. Research conducted by the Indiana Academy of Science indicates the prevailing reason for kettle lake formation in northeast Indiana was from the slow deterioration of the Saginaw Lobe as part of the Wisconsinan drift. Quicker recession of the neighboring Michigan and Erie Lobes created outwash channels that cut off the Saginaw Lobe and allowed burial of fragmented ice blocks in the glacial drift to later form kettle lakes. Marl derives its chemical composition from the high percentage of calcium carbonate left behind from

glacial drift. Marls of the Great Lakes region differ in geologic formation from “greensand” marl found in New Jersey, which contains the mineral glauconite and a high ratio of phosphorus. Common descriptions of marl are of soft, amorphous, calcareous clay, and in the title of Michigan’s 1903 geological survey they refer to it as “bog lime.” Its actual composition may also contain varying amounts of shells, sand, and organic matter in addition to other constituents such as magnesium and silica. Marl deposits in Indiana lakes, present and extinct, are up to 45 feet thick and are often associated with springs that percolated up through glacial clays and limestone in the drift. The springs


Ryan Largura

dissolved and became saturated with calcium carbonate. The precipitation of marl within littoral zones arises from the reduced solubility of calcium carbonate as a result of macrophytes’ uptake of carbon dioxide, a process called biogenic decalcification. Backscattering of light through the calcium carbonate floc suspended in the water of marl lakes give the water its characteristic turquoise color (Figure 2). Marl beds are found in the New England states and in New York. Deposits are frequent and important in Michigan and in the northern portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. They occur in Wisconsin and Minnesota, but deposits in these two states haven’t been exploited much (Eckel,1905). Lakes of the Great Lakes region that harbor marl deposits are considered to be of low productivity. Wetzel (1970) found that photosynthesis rates were lagging in these lakes having low levels of dissolved organic compounds, high concentrations of divalent cations, and increased alkalinity. The particulate CaCO3 found in marl causes the adsorbtion and complexion of some dissolved organic compounds so they are no longer available for use. Photosynthetic production is hindered by the buffering capacity in these lakes because of the lack of carbon accessible to algae and macrophytes.

Marl Use Marl was used in Indiana as early as 1834 as a flux in the blast furnaces of the “St. Joseph Iron Works,” a five-to-six block area that would later become the city of Mishawaka. Other documented uses of marl in the state include its enduring role as a fertilizer and as a component of mortar if first it was burned to create lime. This predates its later use in the production of portland cement. As the story goes, the oӧlitic building stone found on the Isle of Portland, England, inspired Joseph Aspdin to name his newly created artificial cement after the island in 1824. Fittingly, Joseph worked in the construction industry as a bricklayer who lived in Leeds and no doubt shared with many other great inventors, little appreciation for how widespread his creation would become. Nearly 50 years passed, however, before portland cement

Figure 2. Typical turquoise water color of a northern indiana marl lake.

manufacturing made its way stateside and opened the first U.S. plant in the state of Pennsylvania in 1872. Five years later in South Bend, Indiana, a father-and-son duo, Thoms and Duane Millen, were joined by John H. Leslie to establish the first portland cement plant in the state. Another son, Homer, soon joined them and the company became known as Millen and Sons. Their stake in history was the first plant to use marl and clay in the manufacture of portland cement. The

marl was mined from nearby lakes around the University of Notre Dame’s campus. Marl mining in northern Indiana re-shaped the morphology of many glacial lakes. In the late 1800s, it was common for companies to own the lakes they extracted marl from. Big Turkey Lake in Steuben and Lagrange Counties is but one example. The Wabash Portland Cement Company owned both Big Turkey and Little Turkey lakes and had their cement works nearby. Figure 3 shows an 1899

Figure 3. Big Turkey Lake, indiana (l) 1899 with marsh and drained lake area containing marl deposits in black; water surface area was 250 acres, and (r) the lake today at 450 acres.


map from Blatchley and Ashley (1900) of the two-basin lake before marl extraction compared with a current aerial image of the lake. Blatchley and Ashley’s 1900 report listed 32 lakes in the northern three tiers of Indiana counties that had workable marl deposits. Many of these were worked by marl mining operations. The fine texture of marl made it an ideal raw material for cement production, but economics proved to be the deciding factor when compared to the use of cheaper crushed limestone. The variation of marl deposits in both quantity and quality ended marl mining in Indiana for portland cement in 1940. The agricultural use of marl, however, continued and allowed companies to mine marl on a relatively large scale. Self-reported data by marl mining companies to the Indiana Geological Survey between 1954 and 1980 showed the largest annual amount, corrected for inflation, to be worth about $620,000 in 1958. The largest volume mined came in 1964 at 97,898 cubic yards. In 2010, only four sites reported marl production to the USGS, three were in South Carolina and one in Michigan. Collectively, the quarries output in sales totaled $21.4 million.

ReferencesBlatchley, W.S. and Ashley, G.H. 1900.

The Lakes of Northern Indiana and Their Associated Marl Deposits. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 25: 31-321.

Eckel, E.C. 1905. Cement Materials and Industry of the United States. Bulletin No. 243, United States Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

Hale, D.J. 1903. Marl (Bog Lime) and Its Application to the Manufacture of Portland Cement. Geological Survey of Michigan Vol. 8, Part 3.

Wayne, W.J. 1971. Marl Resources of Indiana. Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey Bulletin 42-G. Bloomington, IN.

Wetzel, R.G. 1970. Recent and Postglacial Production Rates of a Marl Lake. Limnology and Oceanography 15: 491-503.

Ryan Largura was a December 2012 MSES graduate of Indiana University’s School of Public and Environmental Affairs. He now resides in St. Louis, MO with his wife and daughter. x

Visit nexsens.com

Lake Stratification Studies

Thermal Discharge Monitoring

Wave and Current Monitoring

Water Quality Profiling

Water monitoring has never been easier. NexSens buoy-based systems simplify the setup and operation of real-time underwater sensor networks.

Next Issue – Spring 2013

LakeLineThe spring issue will have the

theme, “Lake Management for

Fish and Wildlife.”

In addition to fisheries,

we’ll explore birds’, turtles’, and

otters’ use and impacts upon

lakes, and we’ll see how

shoreland management

can enhance wildlife use.

x

We'd like to hear from you!

Tell us what you think of LakeLine.

We welcome your comments about specific articles and

about the magazine in general.

What would you like to see in LakeLine?

Send comments by letter or e-mail to editor

Bill Jones (see page 6 for

contact information).

x


Literature SearchBill Jones

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Applied ScienceBird, D.F., B. Brylinsky, C. Huirong, D.B. Donald, D.Y. Huang, G. Alessandra, K. David, K. Hedy, B.G. Kotak, P.R. Leavitt, C.C. Nielsen, S. Reedyk, R.C. Rooney, S.B. Watson, R.W. Zurawell and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2012. High microcystin concentrations occur only at low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in nutrient-rich Canadian lakes. Can J Fisheries aquat Sci, 69(9): 1457-1462.

Ecology LettersRemmel, E.J. and D.K. Hambright. 2012. Toxin-assisted micropredation: Experimental evidence shows that contact micropredation rather than exotoxicity is the role of Prymnesium toxins. ecol Letters, 15(2): 126-132.

Freshwater BiologyBattarbee, R.W., N.J. Anderson, H. Bennion and G.L.Simpson. 2012. Combining limnological and palaeolimnological data to disentangle the effects of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystems: problems and potential. Freshwater Biol, 57(10): 2091-2106.

Battarbee, R.W. and H. Bennion. 2012. Using palaeolimnological and limnological data to reconstruct the recent history of European lake ecosystems: Introduction. Freshwater Biol, 57(10):1979-1985.

Korosi, J.B. and J.P Smol. 2012. Contrasts between dystrophic and clearwater lakes in the long-term effects of acidification on cladoceran assemblages. Freshwater Biol, 57(12): 2449-2464.

Global Change BiologyTaranu, Z.E., R.W. Zurawell, F. Pick and I. Gregory-Eaves. 2012. Predicting cyanobacterial dynamics in the face of global change: The importance of scale and environmental context. Global Change Biol, 18(12): 3477-3490.

Hydrological ProcessesEhsanzadeh, E., K. Garth and S. Christopher. 2012. The impact of climatic variability and change in the hydroclimatology of Lake Winnipeg watershed. Hydrol Process, 26(18): 2802-2813.

W. Lei and Y. Jaehyung. 2012. Modelling detention basins measured from high-resolution light detection and ranging data. Hydrol Process, 26(19): 2973-2984.

International Journal of Water Resources DevelopmentGastelum, J.R. 2012. Analysis of Arizona’s water resources system. internat J Water Resour Dev, 28(4): 615-628.

Journal of Applied EcologyElizabeta, B., C.J. Wiley, S.A. Bailey and F. Chris. 2012. Role of domestic shipping in the introduction or secondary spread of nonindigenous species: Biological invasions within the Laurentian Great Lakes. J appl ecol, 49(5): 1124-1130.

Journal of Plankton ResearchBeisner, Beatrix E. 2012. A plankton research gem: The probable closure of the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada. J Plankton Res, 34(10): 849-852.

Mello, M.M.E., M.C.S. Soares, F. Roland and M.T. Lrling. 2012. Growth inhibition and colony formation in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa induced by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. J Plankton Res, 34(11): 987-994.

Northern Journal of Applied ForestryCaron, J.A., R.H. Germain and N.M. Anderson. 2012. Parcelization and land use: A case study in the New York City watershed. north J applied Forestry, 29(2): 74-80.

Regions and CohesionBerry, K.D., L. Saito, D. Kauneckis and K.A. Berry. 2012. Understanding perceptions of successful cooperation on water quality issues: A comparison across six western U.S. interstate watersheds. Regions & Cohesion, 2(2): 57-82.

Restoration EcologyRogers, M. W. and M.S. Allen. 2012. An ecosystem model for exploring lake restoration effects on fish communities and fisheries in Florida. Restor ecol, 20(5): 612-622.

River Restoration ApplicationsSanderson J. S., N. Rowan, T. Wilding, B.P. Bledsoe, W.J. Miller and N.L. Poff. 2012. Getting to scale with environmental flow assessment: The Watershed Flow Evaluation Tool. River Res applications, 28(9): 1369-1377.


33rd International Symposium of theNorth American Lake Management Society

Lake Management in an Era of UncertaintyOctober 29th to November 3rd, 2013

San Diego, California

For sponsorship or general information contact the conference committee at:

[email protected]

Educational and Recreational Activities:Reception at the Scripps Birch Aquarium

Tour of the Salton SeaTour of Advanced Water Purification Plant Lake Elsinore restorationSan Diego Zoo & Safari parkWhale WatchingDeep Sea Fishing

Planned Special Sessions:Climate Change and Lake Management Invasive Species West of the 100th MeridianSustainability of our Lakes and Reservoirs Salton Sea Management and RestorationInter-basin Water TransfersLake & River Management in Arid Regions

USBR

NASA Earth Observatory

Town and Country Resort

NPS

City of San Diego

Date post:	09-Apr-2022
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

A publication of the North American Lake Management ...

Documents