Date post: | 04-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | mohammed-hamed-siddiqui |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 25
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
1/25
A REVIEW ON NEUROPROSTHETICS
PRESENTED
BY
M.H.SIDDIQUI
(FINAL YEAR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING)
GUIDED
BY
PROF.V.KRISHNA MANOHAR
DEAN(R&D), HEAD DEPARTMENT OF BME
DR.BHAUSAHEB NANDURKAR COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
YAVATMAL 445001 (MS) INDIA
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
2/25
Contents
Introduction to neuroprosthetics
History
Types of neuroprosthetics
Applications
Obstacles
Current developments
Future directions
Conclusions
References
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
3/25
Introduction to neuroprosthetics
Neuroprosthetic is a discipline related to neuroscience andbiomedical engineering concerned with developing neural
prostheses
Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can
substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might
have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
4/25
Block diagram of neuroprosthetics
Figure: Block diagram for neuroprosthetics
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
5/25
History
The first known cochlear implant was created in 1957
The first motor prosthesis for foot drop in hemiplegia in
1961
The first auditory brainstem implant in 1977
In 1988, the lumbar anterior root implant facilitated
standing and walking, respectively, for a group of
paraplegics
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
6/25
Types of neuroprosthetics
Sensory prosthetics Visual prosthetics
Auditory prosthetics
Prosthetics for pin relief
Motor prosthetics
Bladder control implants
Motor prosthetics for conscious control of movement
Sensory/motor prosthetics
Cognitive prosthesis
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
7/25
Visual prosthetics
A visual prosthesis can create a sense of image byelectrically stimulating neurons in the visual system
A camera would wirelessly transmit to an implant
The implant would map the image across an array of
electrodes
Stimulating these optic neurons in the retina thus will
create an image
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
8/25
Auditory prosthetics
Cochlear implants (CI) acquire and process the sound andconvert it into electrical energy for subsequent delivery to
the auditory nerve
The microphone of the CI system receives sound from theexternal environment and sends it to processor
The processor digitizes the sound and filters it into
separate frequency bands that are sent to the appropriatetonotonic region in the cochlea
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
9/25
Prosthetics for pain relief
The SCS (Spinal Cord Stimulator) device has two main
components, electrode, generator
The technical goal of SCS for neuropathic pain is to maskthe area of a patient's pain with a stimulation induced
tingling, known as "paresthesia
Because this overlap is necessary (but not sufficient) toachieve pain relief
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
10/25
Bladder control implants
To paraplegia patients have difficulty emptying theirbladders
Brindley developed the sacral anterior root stimulator
This device is implanted over the spinal cord, controlled by
an external transmitter, it delivers intermittent stimulation
which improves bladder emptying
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
11/25
Motor prosthetics for conciuos control of
movement
Researchers are attempting to build motor
neuroprosthetics that will restore movement and ability to
communicate with the outside world
Researchers have built interfaces that allow patients to
move computer cursors
Beginning to build robotic limbs that patients can controlby thinking about movement
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
12/25
Sensory/motor prosthetics
In 2002 an array of 100 electrodes was implanted directly
into the nerve fibers of the scientist Kevin Warwick
The recorded signal was used to control a robot arm
developed by Warwick's colleague, Peter Kyberd and was
able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm.
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
13/25
Cognitive prostheses
Cognitive prostheses use to restore cognitive functions ofbrain tissue loss due to injury, disease
An area of the brain traditionally associated with a
particular function (e.g. auditory cortex) can performfunctions associated with another portion of the brain (e.g.
auditory cortex processing visual information)
Implants could take advantage of brain plasticity to restorecognitive function even if the native tissue has been
destroyed
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
14/25
Applications
Alzheimer's Disease
Hippocampal Deficits
Traumatic Brain Injury
Parkinson's Disease
Speech Deficits
Paralysis
Spinal Cord Injuries
Societal Impact/Market Information
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
15/25
Alzheimers/Hippocampal disease
Dr. Theodore Berger at the university of southernCalifornia is working on the these two disease
It is an disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking
ability
Research is still going on cognitive implants to overcome
the diseases
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
16/25
Parkinsons disease
The symptoms for Parkinson disease is shaking, rigidity,
slowness of the movement
Parkinson disease result from the death of dopaminegenerating cell
A possible solution for the disease is a device that
supplements the dopamine when given specific neuralinputs
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
17/25
Speech deficits
The success of cochlear implants suggest that cortical
implants to the speech areas of the brain can be developed
to improve speech in such patients
This field is still need more development
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
18/25
Paralysis
Paralysis results from many sources, stroke, traumaticbrain injury, neurodegenerative diseases
Many patients would benefit from a prosthetic device that
controls limb movement via devices that read neurons inbrain
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
19/25
Social impacts/market information
1 million people in the United States are affected by
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease is projected to affect more than 107million people worldwide by the year 2050
More than 1.4 million people in the United States suffer
traumatic brain injury
Approximately 7.5 million people in the United States have
trouble speaking
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
20/25
Obstacles
Mathematical Modeling Size
Power Consumption
Bio Compatibility
Data Transmission
Correct Implantation
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
21/25
Current developments
Andersen Lab
Hippocampal Prosthetic
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
22/25
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
23/25
Conclusions
Research into neuroprosthetics is an ongoing and cutting-edge area of science. We should expect to see many more
developments in the future
It is an exciting time within the field of neuroprosthetics.Currently, research is only beginning to crack the electrical
information encoding the information in a human subjects
thoughts
these issues should not be viewed as obstacles but rather as
milestones that will be achieved
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
24/25
ReferencesDaniel Garrison. "Minimizing Thermal Effects of In Vivo Body
Sensors" http://www.springerlink.com/content/qjjwu2l4n363j278/
Retrieved May 5, 2010
Laura Bailey. "HUniversity of Michigan News Service"
http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2006/Feb06/r020606a Retrieved February 6, 2006
Handa G (2006) "Neural Prosthesis Past, Present and
Future" Indian Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
17(1)A. Y. Chow, V. Y. Chow, K. Packo, J. Pollack, G. Peyman,
and R. Schuchard, "The artificial silicon retina microchip for
the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa,"
Arch.Ophthalmol., vol. 122, p. 460, 2004
7/31/2019 A Review on Neuroprosthetics by m.h.siddiqui
25/25
Thanks a lot